4 use File::Basename qw(&basename &dirname);
7 # List explicitly here the variables you want Configure to
8 # generate. Metaconfig only looks for shell variables, so you
9 # have to mention them as if they were shell variables, not
10 # %Config entries. Thus you write
12 # to ensure Configure will look for $Config{startperl}.
14 # This forces PL files to create target in same directory as PL file.
15 # This is so that make depend always knows where to find PL derivatives.
18 my $file = basename($0, '.PL');
19 $file .= '.com' if $^O eq 'VMS';
21 open OUT,">$file" or die "Can't create $file: $!";
23 print "Extracting $file (with variable substitutions)\n";
25 # In this section, perl variables will be expanded during extraction.
26 # You can use $Config{...} to use Configure variables.
28 print OUT <<"!GROK!THIS!";
30 eval 'exec $Config{perlpath} -S \$0 \${1+"\$@"}'
31 if \$running_under_some_shell;
34 # In the following, perl variables are not expanded during extraction.
36 print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!';
40 h2xs - convert .h C header files to Perl extensions
44 B<h2xs> [B<-ACOPXacdfkmx>] [B<-F> addflags] [B<-M> fmask] [B<-n> module_name] [B<-o> tmask] [B<-p> prefix] [B<-s> subs] [B<-v> version] [B<-b> compat_version] [headerfile ... [extra_libraries]]
50 I<h2xs> builds a Perl extension from C header files. The extension
51 will include functions which can be used to retrieve the value of any
52 #define statement which was in the C header files.
54 The I<module_name> will be used for the name of the extension. If
55 module_name is not supplied then the name of the first header file
56 will be used, with the first character capitalized.
58 If the extension might need extra libraries, they should be included
59 here. The extension Makefile.PL will take care of checking whether
60 the libraries actually exist and how they should be loaded.
61 The extra libraries should be specified in the form -lm -lposix, etc,
62 just as on the cc command line. By default, the Makefile.PL will
63 search through the library path determined by Configure. That path
64 can be augmented by including arguments of the form B<-L/another/library/path>
65 in the extra-libraries argument.
73 Omit all autoload facilities. This is the same as B<-c> but also removes the
74 S<C<use AutoLoader>> statement from the .pm file.
78 Omits creation of the F<Changes> file, and adds a HISTORY section to
81 =item B<-F> I<addflags>
83 Additional flags to specify to C preprocessor when scanning header for
84 function declarations. Should not be used without B<-x>.
86 =item B<-M> I<regular expression>
88 selects functions/macros to process.
92 Allows a pre-existing extension directory to be overwritten.
96 Omit the autogenerated stub POD section.
100 Omit the XS portion. Used to generate templates for a module which is not
101 XS-based. C<-c> and C<-f> are implicitly enabled.
105 Generate an accessor method for each element of structs and unions. The
106 generated methods are named after the element name; will return the current
107 value of the element if called without additional arguments; and will set
108 the element to the supplied value (and return the new value) if called with
109 an additional argument. Embedded structures and unions are returned as a
110 pointer rather than the complete structure, to facilitate chained calls.
112 These methods all apply to the Ptr type for the structure; additionally
113 two methods are constructed for the structure type itself, C<_to_ptr>
114 which returns a Ptr type pointing to the same structure, and a C<new>
115 method to construct and return a new structure, initialised to zeroes.
119 Omit C<constant()> from the .xs file and corresponding specialised
120 C<AUTOLOAD> from the .pm file.
124 Turn on debugging messages.
128 Allows an extension to be created for a header even if that header is
129 not found in standard include directories.
133 Print the usage, help and version for this h2xs and exit.
137 For function arguments declared as C<const>, omit the const attribute in the
142 B<Experimental>: for each variable declared in the header file(s), declare
143 a perl variable of the same name magically tied to the C variable.
145 =item B<-n> I<module_name>
147 Specifies a name to be used for the extension, e.g., S<-n RPC::DCE>
149 =item B<-o> I<regular expression>
151 Use "opaque" data type for the C types matched by the regular
152 expression, even if these types are C<typedef>-equivalent to types
153 from typemaps. Should not be used without B<-x>.
155 This may be useful since, say, types which are C<typedef>-equivalent
156 to integers may represent OS-related handles, and one may want to work
157 with these handles in OO-way, as in C<$handle-E<gt>do_something()>.
158 Use C<-o .> if you want to handle all the C<typedef>ed types as opaque types.
160 The type-to-match is whitewashed (except for commas, which have no
161 whitespace before them, and multiple C<*> which have no whitespace
164 =item B<-p> I<prefix>
166 Specify a prefix which should be removed from the Perl function names, e.g., S<-p sec_rgy_>
167 This sets up the XS B<PREFIX> keyword and removes the prefix from functions that are
168 autoloaded via the C<constant()> mechanism.
170 =item B<-s> I<sub1,sub2>
172 Create a perl subroutine for the specified macros rather than autoload with the constant() subroutine.
173 These macros are assumed to have a return type of B<char *>, e.g., S<-s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wildcard_sid>.
175 =item B<-v> I<version>
177 Specify a version number for this extension. This version number is added
178 to the templates. The default is 0.01.
182 Automatically generate XSUBs basing on function declarations in the
183 header file. The package C<C::Scan> should be installed. If this
184 option is specified, the name of the header file may look like
185 C<NAME1,NAME2>. In this case NAME1 is used instead of the specified string,
186 but XSUBs are emitted only for the declarations included from file NAME2.
188 Note that some types of arguments/return-values for functions may
189 result in XSUB-declarations/typemap-entries which need
190 hand-editing. Such may be objects which cannot be converted from/to a
191 pointer (like C<long long>), pointers to functions, or arrays. See
192 also the section on L<LIMITATIONS of B<-x>>.
194 =item B<-b> I<version>
196 Generates a .pm file which is backwards compatible with the specified
199 For versions < 5.6.0, the changes are.
200 - no use of 'our' (uses 'use vars' instead)
203 Specifying a compatibility version higher than the version of perl you
204 are using to run h2xs will have no effect.
211 # Default behavior, extension is Rusers
214 # Same, but extension is RUSERS
215 h2xs -n RUSERS rpcsvc/rusers
217 # Extension is rpcsvc::rusers. Still finds <rpcsvc/rusers.h>
220 # Extension is ONC::RPC. Still finds <rpcsvc/rusers.h>
221 h2xs -n ONC::RPC rpcsvc/rusers
223 # Without constant() or AUTOLOAD
224 h2xs -c rpcsvc/rusers
226 # Creates templates for an extension named RPC
229 # Extension is ONC::RPC.
232 # Makefile.PL will look for library -lrpc in
233 # additional directory /opt/net/lib
234 h2xs rpcsvc/rusers -L/opt/net/lib -lrpc
236 # Extension is DCE::rgynbase
237 # prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
238 h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ dce/rgynbase
240 # Extension is DCE::rgynbase
241 # prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
242 # subroutines are created for sec_rgy_wildcard_name and sec_rgy_wildcard_sid
243 h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ \
244 -s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wildcard_sid dce/rgynbase
246 # Make XS without defines in perl.h, but with function declarations
247 # visible from perl.h. Name of the extension is perl1.
248 # When scanning perl.h, define -DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT(x)=
249 # Extra backslashes below because the string is passed to shell.
250 # Note that a directory with perl header files would
251 # be added automatically to include path.
252 h2xs -xAn perl1 -F "-DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT\(x\)=" perl.h
254 # Same with function declaration in proto.h as visible from perl.h.
255 h2xs -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
257 # Same but select only functions which match /^av_/
258 h2xs -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
260 # Same but treat SV* etc as "opaque" types
261 h2xs -o '^[S]V \*$' -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
263 =head2 Extension based on F<.h> and F<.c> files
265 Suppose that you have some C files implementing some functionality,
266 and the corresponding header files. How to create an extension which
267 makes this functionality accessable in Perl? The example below
268 assumes that the header files are F<interface_simple.h> and
269 I<interface_hairy.h>, and you want the perl module be named as
270 C<Ext::Ension>. If you need some preprocessor directives and/or
271 linking with external libraries, see the flags C<-F>, C<-L> and C<-l>
276 =item Find the directory name
278 Start with a dummy run of h2xs:
280 h2xs -Afn Ext::Ension
282 The only purpose of this step is to create the needed directories, and
283 let you know the names of these directories. From the output you can
284 see that the directory for the extension is F<Ext/Ension>.
288 Copy your header files and C files to this directory F<Ext/Ension>.
290 =item Create the extension
292 Run h2xs, overwriting older autogenerated files:
294 h2xs -Oxan Ext::Ension interface_simple.h interface_hairy.h
296 h2xs looks for header files I<after> changing to the extension
297 directory, so it will find your header files OK.
299 =item Archive and test
311 It is important to do C<make dist> as early as possible. This way you
312 can easily merge(1) your changes to autogenerated files if you decide
313 to edit your C<.h> files and rerun h2xs.
315 Do not forget to edit the documentation in the generated F<.pm> file.
317 Consider the autogenerated files as skeletons only, you may invent
318 better interfaces than what h2xs could guess.
320 Consider this section as a guideline only, some other options of h2xs
321 may better suit your needs.
327 No environment variables are used.
331 Larry Wall and others
335 L<perl>, L<perlxstut>, L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>, and L<AutoLoader>.
339 The usual warnings if it cannot read or write the files involved.
341 =head1 LIMITATIONS of B<-x>
343 F<h2xs> would not distinguish whether an argument to a C function
344 which is of the form, say, C<int *>, is an input, output, or
345 input/output parameter. In particular, argument declarations of the
352 should be better rewritten as
358 if C<n> is an input parameter.
360 Additionally, F<h2xs> has no facilities to intuit that a function
367 takes a pair of address and length of data at this address, so it is better
368 to rewrite this function as
378 RETVAL = foo(s, len);
388 char *s = SvPV(sv,len);
393 MODULE = foo PACKAGE = foo PREFIX = my_
399 See L<perlxs> and L<perlxstut> for additional details.
406 my( $H2XS_VERSION ) = ' $Revision: 1.21 $ ' =~ /\$Revision:\s+([^\s]+)/;
407 my $TEMPLATE_VERSION = '0.01';
409 my $compat_version = $];
415 die "h2xs [-ACOPXacdfhkmx] [-F addflags] [-M fmask] [-n module_name] [-o tmask] [-p prefix] [-s subs] [-v version] [headerfile [extra_libraries]]
416 version: $H2XS_VERSION
417 -A Omit all autoloading facilities (implies -c).
418 -C Omit creating the Changes file, add HISTORY heading to stub POD.
419 -F Additional flags for C preprocessor (used with -x).
420 -M Mask to select C functions/macros (default is select all).
421 -O Allow overwriting of a pre-existing extension directory.
422 -P Omit the stub POD section.
423 -X Omit the XS portion (implies both -c and -f).
424 -a Generate get/set accessors for struct and union members (used with -x).
425 -c Omit the constant() function and specialised AUTOLOAD from the XS file.
426 -d Turn on debugging messages.
427 -f Force creation of the extension even if the C header does not exist.
428 -h Display this help message
429 -k Omit 'const' attribute on function arguments (used with -x).
430 -m Generate tied variables for access to declared variables.
431 -n Specify a name to use for the extension (recommended).
432 -o Regular expression for \"opaque\" types.
433 -p Specify a prefix which should be removed from the Perl function names.
434 -s Create subroutines for specified macros.
435 -v Specify a version number for this extension.
436 -x Autogenerate XSUBs using C::Scan.
437 -b Specify a perl version to be backwards compatibile with
439 are any libraries that might be needed for loading the
440 extension, e.g. -lm would try to link in the math library.
445 getopts("ACF:M:OPXacdfhkmn:o:p:s:v:xb:") || usage;
446 use vars qw($opt_A $opt_C $opt_F $opt_M $opt_O $opt_P $opt_X $opt_a $opt_c $opt_d
447 $opt_f $opt_h $opt_k $opt_m $opt_n $opt_o $opt_p $opt_s $opt_v $opt_x
453 usage "You cannot use -b and -m at the same time.\n" if ($opt_b && $opt_m);
454 $opt_b =~ /^\d+\.\d+\.\d+/ ||
455 usage "You must provide the backwards compatibility version in X.Y.Z form. " .
457 my ($maj,$min,$sub) = split(/\./,$opt_b,3);
458 $compat_version = sprintf("%d.%03d%02d",$maj,$min,$sub);
462 $TEMPLATE_VERSION = $opt_v;
466 $opt_c = 1 if $opt_A;
468 # -X implies -c and -f
469 $opt_c = $opt_f = 1 if $opt_X;
471 my %const_xsub = map { $_,1 } split(/,+/, $opt_s) if $opt_s;
475 while (my $arg = shift) {
476 if ($arg =~ /^-l/i) {
477 $extralibs = "$arg @ARGV";
483 usage "Must supply header file or module name\n"
484 unless (@path_h or $opt_n);
489 $fmask = qr{$opt_M} if defined $opt_M;
490 $tmask = qr{$opt_o} if defined $opt_o;
491 my $tmask_all = $tmask && $opt_o eq '.';
494 eval {require C::Scan; 1}
496 C::Scan required if you use -x option.
497 To install C::Scan, execute
498 perl -MCPAN -e "install C::Scan"
500 unless ($tmask_all) {
501 $C::Scan::VERSION >= 0.70
503 C::Scan v. 0.70 or later required unless you use -o . option.
504 You have version $C::Scan::VERSION installed as $INC{'C/Scan.pm'}.
505 To install C::Scan, execute
506 perl -MCPAN -e "install C::Scan"
509 if (($opt_m || $opt_a) && $C::Scan::VERSION < 0.73) {
511 C::Scan v. 0.73 or later required to use -m or -a options.
512 You have version $C::Scan::VERSION installed as $INC{'C/Scan.pm'}.
513 To install C::Scan, execute
514 perl -MCPAN -e "install C::Scan"
518 elsif ($opt_o or $opt_F) {
520 Options -o and -F do not make sense without -x.
524 my @path_h_ini = @path_h;
525 my ($name, %fullpath, %prefix, %seen_define, %prefixless, %const_names);
533 if ($^O eq 'VMS') { # Consider overrides of default location
534 # XXXX This is not equivalent to what the older version did:
535 # it was looking at $hadsys header-file per header-file...
536 my($hadsys) = grep s!^sys/!!i , @path_h;
537 @paths = qw( Sys$Library VAXC$Include );
538 push @paths, ($hadsys ? 'GNU_CC_Include[vms]' : 'GNU_CC_Include[000000]');
539 push @paths, qw( DECC$Library_Include DECC$System_Include );
542 @paths = (File::Spec->curdir(), $Config{usrinc},
543 (split ' ', $Config{locincpth}), '/usr/include');
545 foreach my $path_h (@path_h) {
549 if ( $name !~ /::/ ) {
556 if( $path_h =~ s#::#/#g && $opt_n ){
557 warn "Nesting of headerfile ignored with -n\n";
559 $path_h .= ".h" unless $path_h =~ /\.h$/;
560 my $fullpath = $path_h;
561 $path_h =~ s/,.*$// if $opt_x;
562 $fullpath{$path_h} = $fullpath;
564 # Minor trickery: we can't chdir() before we processed the headers
565 # (so know the name of the extension), but the header may be in the
566 # extension directory...
567 my $tmp_path_h = $path_h;
568 my $rel_path_h = $path_h;
570 if (not -f $path_h) {
572 for my $dir (@paths) {
574 if -f ($path_h = File::Spec->catfile($dir, $tmp_path_h));
577 $rel_path_h = $path_h;
579 (my $epath = $module) =~ s,::,/,g;
580 $epath = File::Spec->catdir('ext', $epath) if -d 'ext';
581 $rel_path_h = File::Spec->catfile($epath, $tmp_path_h);
582 $path_h = $tmp_path_h; # Used during -x
588 die "Can't find $tmp_path_h in @dirs\n"
589 if ( ! $opt_f && ! -f "$rel_path_h" );
590 # Scan the header file (we should deal with nested header files)
591 # Record the names of simple #define constants into const_names
592 # Function prototypes are processed below.
593 open(CH, "<$rel_path_h") || die "Can't open $rel_path_h: $!\n";
596 if (/^[ \t]*#[ \t]*define\s+([\$\w]+)\b(?!\()\s*(?=[^" \t])(.*)/) {
599 $rest =~ s!/\*.*?(\*/|\n)|//.*!!g; # Remove comments
602 # Cannot do: (-1) and ((LHANDLE)3) are OK:
603 #print("Skip non-wordy $def => $rest\n"),
604 # next defines if $rest =~ /[^\w\$]/;
606 print("Skip stringy $def => $rest\n") if $opt_d;
609 print "Matched $_ ($def)\n" if $opt_d;
610 $seen_define{$def} = $rest;
612 next if /^_.*_h_*$/i; # special case, but for what?
613 if (defined $opt_p) {
614 if (!/^$opt_p(\d)/) {
615 ++$prefix{$_} if s/^$opt_p//;
618 warn "can't remove $opt_p prefix from '$_'!\n";
621 $prefixless{$def} = $_;
622 if (!$fmask or /$fmask/) {
623 print "... Passes mask of -M.\n" if $opt_d and $fmask;
635 my ($ext, $nested, @modparts, $modfname, $modpname);
636 (chdir 'ext', $ext = 'ext/') if -d 'ext';
638 if( $module =~ /::/ ){
640 @modparts = split(/::/,$module);
641 $modfname = $modparts[-1];
642 $modpname = join('/',@modparts);
647 $modfname = $modpname = $module;
652 warn "Overwriting existing $ext$modpname!!!\n" if -e $modpname;
655 die "Won't overwrite existing $ext$modpname\n" if -e $modpname;
660 mkdir("$modpath$_", 0777);
664 mkdir($modpname, 0777);
665 chdir($modpname) || die "Can't chdir $ext$modpname: $!\n";
670 my $fdecls_parsed = [];
677 my @fnames_no_prefix;
681 if( ! $opt_X ){ # use XS, unless it was disabled
682 open(XS, ">$modfname.xs") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/$modfname.xs: $!\n";
684 require Config; # Run-time directive
685 warn "Scanning typemaps...\n";
689 my $addflags = $opt_F || '';
691 foreach my $filename (@path_h) {
695 if ($fullpath{$filename} =~ /,/) {
699 warn "Scanning $filename for functions...\n";
700 $c = new C::Scan 'filename' => $filename, 'filename_filter' => $filter,
701 'add_cppflags' => $addflags, 'c_styles' => [qw(C++ C9X)];
702 $c->set('includeDirs' => ["$Config::Config{archlib}/CORE"]);
704 push @$fdecls_parsed, @{ $c->get('parsed_fdecls') };
705 push(@$fdecls, @{$c->get('fdecls')});
707 push @td, @{$c->get('typedefs_maybe')};
709 my $structs = $c->get('typedef_structs');
710 @structs{keys %$structs} = values %$structs;
714 %vdecl_hash = %{ $c->get('vdecl_hash') };
715 @vdecls = sort keys %vdecl_hash;
716 for (local $_ = 0; $_ < @vdecls; ++$_) {
717 my $var = $vdecls[$_];
718 my($type, $post) = @{ $vdecl_hash{$var} };
720 warn "Can't handle variable '$type $var $post', skipping.\n";
721 splice @vdecls, $_, 1;
724 $type = normalize_type($type);
725 $vdecl_hash{$var} = $type;
729 unless ($tmask_all) {
730 warn "Scanning $filename for typedefs...\n";
731 my $td = $c->get('typedef_hash');
732 # eval {require 'dumpvar.pl'; ::dumpValue($td)} or warn $@ if $opt_d;
733 my @f_good_td = grep $td->{$_}[1] eq '', keys %$td;
734 push @good_td, @f_good_td;
735 @typedefs_pre{@f_good_td} = map $_->[0], @$td{@f_good_td};
739 $typedef_rex = qr(\b(?<!struct )(?:@good_td)\b) if @good_td;
741 %known_fnames = map @$_[1,3], @$fdecls_parsed; # [1,3] is NAME, FULLTEXT
744 for my $i (0..$#$fdecls_parsed) {
745 next unless $fdecls_parsed->[$i][1] =~ /$fmask/; # [1] is NAME
747 print "... Function $fdecls_parsed->[$i][1] passes -M mask.\n"
750 $fdecls = [@$fdecls[@good]];
751 $fdecls_parsed = [@$fdecls_parsed[@good]];
753 @fnames = sort map $_->[1], @$fdecls_parsed; # 1 is NAME
756 my %h = map( ($_->[1], $_), @$fdecls_parsed);
757 $fdecls_parsed = [ @h{@fnames} ];
759 @fnames_no_prefix = @fnames;
761 = sort map { ++$prefix{$_} if s/^$opt_p(?!\d)//; $_ } @fnames_no_prefix;
762 # Remove macros which expand to typedefs
763 print "Typedefs are @td.\n" if $opt_d;
764 my %td = map {($_, $_)} @td;
765 # Add some other possible but meaningless values for macros
766 for my $k (qw(char double float int long short unsigned signed void)) {
767 $td{"$_$k"} = "$_$k" for ('', 'signed ', 'unsigned ');
769 # eval {require 'dumpvar.pl'; ::dumpValue( [\@td, \%td] ); 1} or warn $@;
772 while (keys %td > $n) {
775 while (($k, $v) = each %seen_define) {
776 # print("found '$k'=>'$v'\n"),
777 $bad_macs{$k} = $td{$k} = $td{$v} if exists $td{$v};
780 # Now %bad_macs contains names of bad macros
781 for my $k (keys %bad_macs) {
782 delete $const_names{$prefixless{$k}};
783 print "Ignoring macro $k which expands to a typedef name '$bad_macs{$k}'\n" if $opt_d;
787 my @const_names = sort keys %const_names;
789 open(PM, ">$modfname.pm") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/$modfname.pm: $!\n";
792 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/$modfname.pm\n";
794 if ( $compat_version < 5.006 ) {
812 unless( $opt_X || $opt_c || $opt_A ){
813 # we'll have an AUTOLOAD(), and it will have $AUTOLOAD and
825 print PM <<"END" if ! $opt_X; # use DynaLoader, unless XS was disabled
830 # Are we using AutoLoader or not?
831 unless ($opt_A) { # no autoloader whatsoever.
832 unless ($opt_c) { # we're doing the AUTOLOAD
833 print PM "use AutoLoader;\n";
836 print PM "use AutoLoader qw(AUTOLOAD);\n"
840 if ( $compat_version < 5.006 ) {
841 if ( $opt_X || $opt_c || $opt_A ) {
842 print PM 'use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS);';
844 print PM 'use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS $AUTOLOAD);';
849 my $myISA = 'our @ISA = qw(Exporter'; # We seem to always want this.
850 $myISA .= ' DynaLoader' unless $opt_X; # no XS
852 $myISA =~ s/^our // if $compat_version < 5.006;
854 print PM "\n$myISA\n\n";
856 my @exported_names = (@const_names, @fnames_no_prefix, map '$'.$_, @vdecls);
859 # Items to export into callers namespace by default. Note: do not export
860 # names by default without a very good reason. Use EXPORT_OK instead.
861 # Do not simply export all your public functions/methods/constants.
863 # This allows declaration use $module ':all';
864 # If you do not need this, moving things directly into \@EXPORT or \@EXPORT_OK
866 our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( 'all' => [ qw(
870 our \@EXPORT_OK = ( \@{ \$EXPORT_TAGS{'all'} } );
875 our \$VERSION = '$TEMPLATE_VERSION';
879 $tmp =~ s/^our //mg if $compat_version < 5.006;
883 printf PM "our(@{[ join ', ', map '$'.$_, @vdecls ]});\n\n";
887 $tmp = ( $compat_version < 5.006 ? "" : "our \$AUTOLOAD;" );
888 print PM <<"END" unless $opt_c or $opt_X;
890 # This AUTOLOAD is used to 'autoload' constants from the constant()
891 # XS function. If a constant is not found then control is passed
892 # to the AUTOLOAD in AutoLoader.
896 (\$constname = \$AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*:://;
897 croak "&$module::constant not defined" if \$constname eq 'constant';
898 my \$val = constant(\$constname, \@_ ? \$_[0] : 0);
900 if (\$! =~ /Invalid/ || \$!{EINVAL}) {
901 \$AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD = \$AUTOLOAD;
902 goto &AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD;
905 croak "Your vendor has not defined $module macro \$constname";
910 # Fixed between 5.005_53 and 5.005_61
911 if (\$] >= 5.00561) {
912 *\$AUTOLOAD = sub () { \$val };
915 *\$AUTOLOAD = sub { \$val };
923 if( ! $opt_X ){ # print bootstrap, unless XS is disabled
925 bootstrap $module \$VERSION;
929 # tying the variables can happen only after bootstrap
933 @{[ join "\n", map " _tievar_$_(\$$_);", @vdecls ]}
940 if( $opt_P ){ # if POD is disabled
949 # Preloaded methods go here.
952 print PM <<"END" unless $opt_A;
954 # Autoload methods go after $after, and are processed by the autosplit program.
963 my $author = "A. U. Thor";
964 my $email = 'a.u.thor@a.galaxy.far.far.away';
967 $revhist = <<EOT if $opt_C;
973 #=item $TEMPLATE_VERSION
975 #Original version; created by h2xs $H2XS_VERSION with options
991 if (@const_names and not $opt_P) {
993 #=head2 Exportable constants
995 # @{[join "\n ", @const_names]}
1000 if (defined $fdecls and @$fdecls and not $opt_P) {
1002 #=head2 Exportable functions
1006 # $exp_doc .= <<EOD if $opt_p;
1007 #When accessing these functions from Perl, prefix C<$opt_p> should be removed.
1011 # @{[join "\n ", @known_fnames{@fnames}]}
1018 if ($opt_x && $opt_a) {
1020 $meth_doc .= accessor_docs($name, $struct)
1021 while ($name, $struct) = each %structs;
1024 my $pod = <<"END" unless $opt_P;
1025 ## Below is stub documentation for your module. You better edit it!
1029 #$module - Perl extension for blah blah blah
1038 #Stub documentation for $module, created by h2xs. It looks like the
1039 #author of the extension was negligent enough to leave the stub
1043 $exp_doc$meth_doc$revhist
1046 #$author, E<lt>${email}E<gt>
1055 $pod =~ s/^\#//gm unless $opt_P;
1056 print PM $pod unless $opt_P;
1061 if( ! $opt_X ){ # print XS, unless it is disabled
1062 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/$modfname.xs\n";
1071 foreach my $path_h (@path_h_ini) {
1073 $h =~ s#^/usr/include/##;
1074 if ($^O eq 'VMS') { $h =~ s#.*vms\]#sys/# or $h =~ s#.*[:>\]]##; }
1075 print XS qq{#include <$h>\n};
1080 my %pointer_typedefs;
1081 my %struct_typedefs;
1085 my $out = $pointer_typedefs{$type};
1086 return $out if defined $out;
1088 $out = ($type =~ /\*$/);
1089 # This converts only the guys which do not have trailing part in the typedef
1091 and $typedef_rex and $type =~ s/($typedef_rex)/$typedefs_pre{$1}/go) {
1092 $type = normalize_type($type);
1093 print "Is-Pointer: Type mutation via typedefs: $otype ==> $type\n"
1095 $out = td_is_pointer($type);
1097 return ($pointer_typedefs{$otype} = $out);
1102 my $out = $struct_typedefs{$type};
1103 return $out if defined $out;
1105 $out = ($type =~ /^(struct|union)\b/) && !td_is_pointer($type);
1106 # This converts only the guys which do not have trailing part in the typedef
1108 and $typedef_rex and $type =~ s/($typedef_rex)/$typedefs_pre{$1}/go) {
1109 $type = normalize_type($type);
1110 print "Is-Struct: Type mutation via typedefs: $otype ==> $type\n"
1112 $out = td_is_struct($type);
1114 return ($struct_typedefs{$otype} = $out);
1117 # Some macros will bomb if you try to return them from a double-returning func.
1118 # Say, ((char *)0), or strlen (if somebody #define STRLEN strlen).
1119 # Fortunately, we can detect both these cases...
1120 sub protect_convert_to_double {
1123 return '' unless defined ($val = $seen_define{$in});
1124 return '(IV)' if $known_fnames{$val};
1125 # OUT_t of ((OUT_t)-1):
1126 return '' unless $val =~ /^\s*(\(\s*)?\(\s*([^()]*?)\s*\)/;
1127 td_is_pointer($2) ? '(IV)' : '';
1130 # For each of the generated functions, length($pref) leading
1131 # letters are already checked. Moreover, it is recommended that
1132 # the generated functions uses switch on letter at offset at least
1133 # $off + length($pref).
1135 # The given list has length($pref) chars removed at front, it is
1136 # guarantied that $off leading chars in the rest are the same for all
1139 # Returns: how at which offset it was decided to make a switch, or -1 if none.
1144 my ($fh, $pref, $off, $list) = (shift,shift,shift,shift);
1146 my $offarg = length $pref;
1148 if (@$list == 0) { # Can happen on the initial iteration only
1151 constant(char *name, int len, int arg)
1160 if (@$list == 1) { # Can happen on the initial iteration only
1161 my $protect = protect_convert_to_double("$pref$list->[0]");
1165 constant(char *name, int len, int arg)
1168 if (strEQ(name + $offarg, "$list->[0]")) { /* $pref removed */
1169 #ifdef $pref$list->[0]
1170 return $protect$pref$list->[0];
1183 for my $n (@$list) {
1184 my $c = substr $n, $off, 1;
1185 $leading{$c} = [] unless exists $leading{$c};
1186 push @{$leading{$c}}, substr $n, $off + 1;
1189 if (keys(%leading) == 1) {
1190 return 1 + write_const $fh, $pref, $off + 1, $list;
1193 my $leader = substr $list->[0], 0, $off;
1194 foreach my $letter (keys %leading) {
1195 write_const $fh, "$pref$leader$letter", 0, $leading{$letter}
1196 if @{$leading{$letter}} > 1;
1199 my $npref = "_$pref";
1200 $npref = '' if $pref eq '';
1204 constant$npref(char *name, int len, int arg)
1208 print $fh <<"END" if $npref eq '';
1212 print $fh <<"END" if $off;
1213 if ($offarg + $off >= len ) {
1220 switch (name[$offarg + $off]) {
1223 foreach my $letter (sort keys %leading) {
1225 $let = '\0' if $letter eq '';
1230 if (@{$leading{$letter}} > 1) {
1231 # It makes sense to call a function
1234 if (!strnEQ(name + $offarg,"$leader", $off))
1239 return constant_$pref$leader$letter(name, len, arg);
1245 = protect_convert_to_double("$pref$leader$letter$leading{$letter}[0]");
1248 if (strEQ(name + $offarg, "$leader$letter$leading{$letter}[0]")) { /* $pref removed */
1249 #ifdef $pref$leader$letter$leading{$letter}[0]
1250 return $protect$pref$leader$letter$leading{$letter}[0];
1277 croak("$module::%s not implemented on this architecture", s);
1283 write_const(\*XS, '', 0, \@const_names);
1286 print_tievar_subs(\*XS, $_, $vdecl_hash{$_}) for @vdecls;
1289 $prefix = "PREFIX = $opt_p" if defined $opt_p;
1291 # Now switch from C to XS by issuing the first MODULE declaration:
1294 MODULE = $module PACKAGE = $module $prefix
1298 foreach (sort keys %const_xsub) {
1307 croak("Your vendor has not defined the $module macro $_");
1316 # If a constant() function was written then output a corresponding
1318 print XS <<"END" unless $opt_c;
1326 char * s = SvPV(sv, len);
1329 RETVAL = constant(s,len,arg);
1341 my ($type, $name, $args) = @$decl;
1342 return if $seen_decl{$name}++; # Need to do the same for docs as well?
1344 my @argnames = map {$_->[1]} @$args;
1345 my @argtypes = map { normalize_type( $_->[0], 1 ) } @$args;
1347 s/^\s*const\b\s*// for @argtypes;
1349 my @argarrays = map { $_->[4] || '' } @$args;
1350 my $numargs = @$args;
1351 if ($numargs and $argtypes[-1] eq '...') {
1353 $argnames[-1] = '...';
1356 $type = normalize_type($type, 1);
1364 for my $arg (0 .. $numargs - 1) {
1366 $argtypes[$arg] $argnames[$arg]$argarrays[$arg]
1371 sub print_tievar_subs {
1372 my($fh, $name, $type) = @_;
1375 _get_$name(IV index, SV *sv) {
1380 (void)call_pv("$module\::_get_$name", G_DISCARD);
1385 _set_$name(IV index, SV *sv) {
1390 (void)call_pv("$module\::_set_$name", G_DISCARD);
1397 sub print_tievar_xsubs {
1398 my($fh, $name, $type) = @_;
1406 uf.uf_val = &_get_$name;
1407 uf.uf_set = &_set_$name;
1408 uf.uf_index = (IV)&_get_$name;
1409 sv_magic(sv, 0, 'U', (char*)&uf, sizeof(uf));
1413 $type THIS = NO_INIT
1429 sub print_accessors {
1430 my($fh, $name, $struct) = @_;
1431 return unless defined $struct && $name !~ /\s|_ANON/;
1432 $name = normalize_type($name);
1433 my $ptrname = normalize_type("$name *");
1436 MODULE = $module PACKAGE = ${name} $prefix
1440 $name THIS = NO_INIT
1443 if (sv_derived_from(ST(0), "$name")) {
1445 char *s = SvPV((SV*)SvRV(ST(0)), len);
1446 if (len != sizeof(THIS))
1447 croak("Size \%d of packed data != expected \%d",
1449 RETVAL = ($name *)s;
1452 croak("THIS is not of type $name");
1458 char *CLASS = NO_INIT
1461 Zero((void*)&RETVAL, sizeof(RETVAL), char);
1465 MODULE = $module PACKAGE = ${name}Ptr $prefix
1468 my @items = @$struct;
1470 my $item = shift @items;
1471 if ($item->[0] =~ /_ANON/) {
1472 if (defined $item->[2]) {
1474 @$_[0, 1], "$item->[2]_$_->[2]", "$item->[2].$_->[2]",
1475 ], @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1477 push @items, @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1480 my $type = normalize_type($item->[0]);
1481 my $ttype = $structs{$type} ? normalize_type("$type *") : $type;
1484 $item->[2](THIS, __value = NO_INIT)
1490 THIS->$item->[-1] = __value;
1492 $type eq $ttype ? "THIS->$item->[-1]" : "&(THIS->$item->[-1])"
1503 my($name, $struct) = @_;
1504 return unless defined $struct && $name !~ /\s|_ANON/;
1505 $name = normalize_type($name);
1506 my $ptrname = $name . 'Ptr';
1507 my @items = @$struct;
1510 my $item = shift @items;
1511 if ($item->[0] =~ /_ANON/) {
1512 if (defined $item->[2]) {
1514 @$_[0, 1], "$item->[2]_$_->[2]", "$item->[2].$_->[2]",
1515 ], @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1517 push @items, @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1520 push @list, $item->[2];
1523 my $methods = (join '(...)>, C<', @list) . '(...)';
1527 #=head2 Object and class methods for C<$name>/C<$ptrname>
1529 #The principal Perl representation of a C object of type C<$name> is an
1530 #object of class C<$ptrname> which is a reference to an integer
1531 #representation of a C pointer. To create such an object, one may use
1534 # my \$buffer = $name->new();
1535 # my \$obj = \$buffer->_to_ptr();
1537 #This exersizes the following two methods, and an additional class
1538 #C<$name>, the internal representation of which is a reference to a
1539 #packed string with the C structure. Keep in mind that \$buffer should
1540 #better survive longer than \$obj.
1544 #=item C<\$object_of_type_$name-E<gt>_to_ptr()>
1546 #Converts an object of type C<$name> to an object of type C<$ptrname>.
1548 #=item C<$name-E<gt>new()>
1550 #Creates an empty object of type C<$name>. The corresponding packed
1551 #string is zeroed out.
1555 #return the current value of the corresponding element if called
1556 #without additional arguments. Set the element to the supplied value
1557 #(and return the new value) if called with an additional argument.
1559 #Applicable to objects of type C<$ptrname>.
1568 # Should be called before any actual call to normalize_type().
1570 # We do not want to read ./typemap by obvios reasons.
1571 my @tm = qw(../../../typemap ../../typemap ../typemap);
1572 my $stdtypemap = "$Config::Config{privlib}/ExtUtils/typemap";
1573 unshift @tm, $stdtypemap;
1574 my $proto_re = "[" . quotemeta('\$%&*@;') . "]" ;
1576 # Start with useful default values
1577 $typemap{float} = 'T_DOUBLE';
1579 foreach my $typemap (@tm) {
1580 next unless -e $typemap ;
1581 # skip directories, binary files etc.
1582 warn " Scanning $typemap\n";
1583 warn("Warning: ignoring non-text typemap file '$typemap'\n"), next
1584 unless -T $typemap ;
1585 open(TYPEMAP, $typemap)
1586 or warn ("Warning: could not open typemap file '$typemap': $!\n"), next;
1587 my $mode = 'Typemap';
1590 if (/^INPUT\s*$/) { $mode = 'Input'; next; }
1591 elsif (/^OUTPUT\s*$/) { $mode = 'Output'; next; }
1592 elsif (/^TYPEMAP\s*$/) { $mode = 'Typemap'; next; }
1593 elsif ($mode eq 'Typemap') {
1594 next if /^\s*($|\#)/ ;
1596 if ( ($type, $image) =
1597 /^\s*(.*?\S)\s+(\S+)\s*($proto_re*)\s*$/o
1598 # This may reference undefined functions:
1599 and not ($image eq 'T_PACKED' and $typemap eq $stdtypemap)) {
1600 $typemap{normalize_type($type)} = $image;
1604 close(TYPEMAP) or die "Cannot close $typemap: $!";
1606 %std_types = %types_seen;
1611 sub normalize_type { # Second arg: do not strip const's before \*
1613 my $do_keep_deep_const = shift;
1614 # If $do_keep_deep_const this is heuristical only
1615 my $keep_deep_const = ($do_keep_deep_const ? '\b(?![^(,)]*\*)' : '');
1617 = "(?:\\b(?:(?:__const__|const)$keep_deep_const|static|inline|__inline__)\\b\\s*)*";
1618 if ($do_keep_deep_const) { # Keep different compiled /RExen/o separately!
1619 $type =~ s/$ignore_mods//go;
1622 $type =~ s/$ignore_mods//go;
1624 $type =~ s/([^\s\w])/ \1 /g;
1628 $type =~ s/\* (?=\*)/*/g;
1629 $type =~ s/\. \. \./.../g;
1631 $types_seen{$type}++
1632 unless $type eq '...' or $type eq 'void' or $std_types{$type};
1638 sub assign_typemap_entry {
1642 if ($tmask and $type =~ /$tmask/) {
1643 print "Type $type matches -o mask\n" if $opt_d;
1644 $entry = (td_is_struct($type) ? "T_OPAQUE_STRUCT" : "T_PTROBJ");
1646 elsif ($typedef_rex and $type =~ s/($typedef_rex)/$typedefs_pre{$1}/go) {
1647 $type = normalize_type $type;
1648 print "Type mutation via typedefs: $otype ==> $type\n" if $opt_d;
1649 $entry = assign_typemap_entry($type);
1651 $entry ||= $typemap{$otype}
1652 || (td_is_struct($type) ? "T_OPAQUE_STRUCT" : "T_PTROBJ");
1653 $typemap{$otype} = $entry;
1654 $need_opaque = 1 if $entry eq "T_OPAQUE_STRUCT";
1659 print_tievar_xsubs(\*XS, $_, $vdecl_hash{$_});
1663 for my $decl (@$fdecls_parsed) { print_decl(\*XS, $decl) }
1665 while (my($name, $struct) = each %structs) {
1666 print_accessors(\*XS, $name, $struct);
1675 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/typemap\n";
1676 open TM, ">typemap" or die "Cannot open typemap file for write: $!";
1678 for $type (sort keys %types_seen) {
1679 my $entry = assign_typemap_entry $type;
1680 print TM $type, "\t" x (5 - int((length $type)/8)), "\t$entry\n"
1683 print TM <<'EOP' if $need_opaque; # Older Perls do not have correct entry
1684 #############################################################################
1687 if (sv_derived_from($arg, \"${ntype}\")) {
1689 char *s = SvPV((SV*)SvRV($arg), len);
1691 if (len != sizeof($var))
1692 croak(\"Size %d of packed data != expected %d\",
1697 croak(\"$var is not of type ${ntype}\")
1698 #############################################################################
1701 sv_setref_pvn($arg, \"${ntype}\", (char *)&$var, sizeof($var));
1704 close TM or die "Cannot close typemap file for write: $!";
1709 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/Makefile.PL\n";
1710 open(PL, ">Makefile.PL") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/Makefile.PL: $!\n";
1713 use ExtUtils::MakeMaker;
1714 # See lib/ExtUtils/MakeMaker.pm for details of how to influence
1715 # the contents of the Makefile that is written.
1717 'NAME' => '$module',
1718 'VERSION_FROM' => '$modfname.pm', # finds \$VERSION
1719 'PREREQ_PM' => {}, # e.g., Module::Name => 1.1
1720 (\$] >= 5.005 ? ## Add these new keywords supported since 5.005
1721 (ABSTRACT_FROM => '$modfname.pm', # retrieve abstract from module
1722 AUTHOR => '$author <$email>') : ()),
1724 if (!$opt_X) { # print C stuff, unless XS is disabled
1725 $opt_F = '' unless defined $opt_F;
1726 my $I = (((glob '*.h') || (glob '*.hh')) ? '-I.' : '');
1727 my $Ihelp = ($I ? '-I. ' : '');
1728 my $Icomment = ($I ? '' : <<EOC);
1729 # Insert -I. if you add *.h files later:
1733 'LIBS' => ['$extralibs'], # e.g., '-lm'
1734 'DEFINE' => '$opt_F', # e.g., '-DHAVE_SOMETHING'
1735 $Icomment 'INC' => '$I', # e.g., '$Ihelp-I/usr/include/other'
1738 my $C = grep $_ ne "$modfname.c", (glob '*.c'), (glob '*.cc'), (glob '*.C');
1739 my $Cpre = ($C ? '' : '# ');
1740 my $Ccomment = ($C ? '' : <<EOC);
1741 # Un-comment this if you add C files to link with later:
1745 $Ccomment $Cpre\'OBJECT' => '\$(O_FILES)', # link all the C files too
1749 close(PL) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/Makefile.PL: $!\n";
1751 # Create a simple README since this is a CPAN requirement
1752 # and it doesnt hurt to have one
1753 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/README\n";
1754 open(RM, ">README") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/README:$!\n";
1755 my $thisyear = (gmtime)[5] + 1900;
1756 my $rmhead = "$modpname version $TEMPLATE_VERSION";
1757 my $rmheadeq = "=" x length($rmhead);
1762 The README is used to introduce the module and provide instructions on
1763 how to install the module, any machine dependencies it may have (for
1764 example C compilers and installed libraries) and any other information
1765 that should be provided before the module is installed.
1767 A README file is required for CPAN modules since CPAN extracts the
1768 README file from a module distribution so that people browsing the
1769 archive can use it get an idea of the modules uses. It is usually a
1770 good idea to provide version information here so that people can
1771 decide whether fixes for the module are worth downloading.
1775 To install this module type the following:
1784 This module requires these other modules and libraries:
1788 COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE
1790 Put the correct copyright and licence information here.
1792 Copyright (C) $thisyear $author blah blah blah
1795 close(RM) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/README: $!\n";
1797 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/test.pl\n";
1798 open(EX, ">test.pl") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/test.pl: $!\n";
1800 # Before `make install' is performed this script should be runnable with
1801 # `make test'. After `make install' it should work as `perl test.pl'
1803 #########################
1805 # change 'tests => 1' to 'tests => last_test_to_print';
1808 BEGIN { plan tests => 1 };
1814 ok(1); # If we made it this far, we're ok.
1816 #########################
1818 # Insert your test code below, the Test module is use()ed here so read
1819 # its man page ( perldoc Test ) for help writing this test script.
1822 close(EX) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/test.pl: $!\n";
1825 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/Changes\n";
1827 open(EX, ">Changes") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/Changes: $!\n";
1828 @ARGS = map {/[\s\"\'\`\$*?^|&<>\[\]\{\}\(\)]/ ? "'$_'" : $_} @ARGS;
1830 Revision history for Perl extension $module.
1832 $TEMPLATE_VERSION @{[scalar localtime]}
1833 \t- original version; created by h2xs $H2XS_VERSION with options
1837 close(EX) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/Changes: $!\n";
1840 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/MANIFEST\n";
1841 open(MANI,'>MANIFEST') or die "Can't create MANIFEST: $!";
1844 eval {opendir(D,'.');};
1845 unless ($@) { @files = readdir(D); closedir(D); }
1847 if (!@files) { @files = map {chomp && $_} `ls`; }
1850 # Clip trailing '.' for portability -- non-VMS OSs don't expect it
1852 # Fix up for case-sensitive file systems
1853 s/$modfname/$modfname/i && next;
1854 $_ = "\U$_" if $_ eq 'manifest' or $_ eq 'changes';
1855 $_ = 'Makefile.PL' if $_ eq 'makefile.pl';
1858 print MANI join("\n",@files), "\n";
1862 close OUT or die "Can't close $file: $!";
1863 chmod 0755, $file or die "Can't reset permissions for $file: $!\n";
1864 exec("$Config{'eunicefix'} $file") if $Config{'eunicefix'} ne ':';