4 use File::Basename qw(&basename &dirname);
7 # List explicitly here the variables you want Configure to
8 # generate. Metaconfig only looks for shell variables, so you
9 # have to mention them as if they were shell variables, not
10 # %Config entries. Thus you write
12 # to ensure Configure will look for $Config{startperl}.
14 # This forces PL files to create target in same directory as PL file.
15 # This is so that make depend always knows where to find PL derivatives.
18 my $file = basename($0, '.PL');
19 $file .= '.com' if $^O eq 'VMS';
21 open OUT,">$file" or die "Can't create $file: $!";
23 print "Extracting $file (with variable substitutions)\n";
25 # In this section, perl variables will be expanded during extraction.
26 # You can use $Config{...} to use Configure variables.
28 print OUT <<"!GROK!THIS!";
30 eval 'exec $Config{perlpath} -S \$0 \${1+"\$@"}'
31 if \$running_under_some_shell;
34 # In the following, perl variables are not expanded during extraction.
36 print OUT <<'!NO!SUBS!';
42 h2xs - convert .h C header files to Perl extensions
46 B<h2xs> [B<-ACOPXacdfkmx>] [B<-F> addflags] [B<-M> fmask] [B<-n> module_name] [B<-o> tmask] [B<-p> prefix] [B<-s> subs] [B<-v> version] [B<-b> compat_version] [headerfile ... [extra_libraries]]
52 I<h2xs> builds a Perl extension from C header files. The extension
53 will include functions which can be used to retrieve the value of any
54 #define statement which was in the C header files.
56 The I<module_name> will be used for the name of the extension. If
57 module_name is not supplied then the name of the first header file
58 will be used, with the first character capitalized.
60 If the extension might need extra libraries, they should be included
61 here. The extension Makefile.PL will take care of checking whether
62 the libraries actually exist and how they should be loaded. The extra
63 libraries should be specified in the form -lm -lposix, etc, just as on
64 the cc command line. By default, the Makefile.PL will search through
65 the library path determined by Configure. That path can be augmented
66 by including arguments of the form B<-L/another/library/path> in the
67 extra-libraries argument.
73 =item B<-A>, B<--omit-autoload>
75 Omit all autoload facilities. This is the same as B<-c> but also
76 removes the S<C<use AutoLoader>> statement from the .pm file.
78 =item B<-C>, B<--omit-changes>
80 Omits creation of the F<Changes> file, and adds a HISTORY section to
83 =item B<-F>, B<--cpp-flags>=I<addflags>
85 Additional flags to specify to C preprocessor when scanning header for
86 function declarations. Should not be used without B<-x>.
88 =item B<-M>, B<--func-mask>=I<regular expression>
90 selects functions/macros to process.
92 =item B<-O>, B<--overwrite-ok>
94 Allows a pre-existing extension directory to be overwritten.
96 =item B<-P>, B<--omit-pod>
98 Omit the autogenerated stub POD section.
100 =item B<-X>, B<--omit-XS>
102 Omit the XS portion. Used to generate templates for a module which is not
103 XS-based. C<-c> and C<-f> are implicitly enabled.
105 =item B<-a>, B<--gen-accessors>
107 Generate an accessor method for each element of structs and unions. The
108 generated methods are named after the element name; will return the current
109 value of the element if called without additional arguments; and will set
110 the element to the supplied value (and return the new value) if called with
111 an additional argument. Embedded structures and unions are returned as a
112 pointer rather than the complete structure, to facilitate chained calls.
114 These methods all apply to the Ptr type for the structure; additionally
115 two methods are constructed for the structure type itself, C<_to_ptr>
116 which returns a Ptr type pointing to the same structure, and a C<new>
117 method to construct and return a new structure, initialised to zeroes.
119 =item B<-b>, B<--compat-version>=I<version>
121 Generates a .pm file which is backwards compatible with the specified
124 For versions < 5.6.0, the changes are.
125 - no use of 'our' (uses 'use vars' instead)
128 Specifying a compatibility version higher than the version of perl you
129 are using to run h2xs will have no effect.
131 =item B<-c>, B<--omit-constant>
133 Omit C<constant()> from the .xs file and corresponding specialised
134 C<AUTOLOAD> from the .pm file.
136 =item B<-d>, B<--debugging>
138 Turn on debugging messages.
140 =item B<-f>, B<--force>
142 Allows an extension to be created for a header even if that header is
143 not found in standard include directories.
145 =item B<-h>, B<-?>, B<--help>
147 Print the usage, help and version for this h2xs and exit.
149 =item B<-k>, B<--omit-const-func>
151 For function arguments declared as C<const>, omit the const attribute in the
154 =item B<-m>, B<--gen-tied-var>
156 B<Experimental>: for each variable declared in the header file(s), declare
157 a perl variable of the same name magically tied to the C variable.
159 =item B<-n>, B<--name>=I<module_name>
161 Specifies a name to be used for the extension, e.g., S<-n RPC::DCE>
163 =item B<-o>, B<--opaque-re>=I<regular expression>
165 Use "opaque" data type for the C types matched by the regular
166 expression, even if these types are C<typedef>-equivalent to types
167 from typemaps. Should not be used without B<-x>.
169 This may be useful since, say, types which are C<typedef>-equivalent
170 to integers may represent OS-related handles, and one may want to work
171 with these handles in OO-way, as in C<$handle-E<gt>do_something()>.
172 Use C<-o .> if you want to handle all the C<typedef>ed types as opaque
175 The type-to-match is whitewashed (except for commas, which have no
176 whitespace before them, and multiple C<*> which have no whitespace
179 =item B<-p>, B<--remove-prefix>=I<prefix>
181 Specify a prefix which should be removed from the Perl function names,
182 e.g., S<-p sec_rgy_> This sets up the XS B<PREFIX> keyword and removes
183 the prefix from functions that are autoloaded via the C<constant()>
186 =item B<-s>, B<--const-subs>=I<sub1,sub2>
188 Create a perl subroutine for the specified macros rather than autoload
189 with the constant() subroutine. These macros are assumed to have a
190 return type of B<char *>, e.g.,
191 S<-s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wildcard_sid>.
193 =item B<-t>, B<--default-type>=I<type>
195 Specify the internal type that the constant() mechanism uses for macros.
196 The default is IV (signed integer). Currently all macros found during the
197 header scanning process will be assumed to have this type. Future versions
198 of C<h2xs> may gain the ability to make educated guesses.
200 =item B<-v>, B<--version>=I<version>
202 Specify a version number for this extension. This version number is added
203 to the templates. The default is 0.01.
205 =item B<-x>, B<--autogen-xsubs>
207 Automatically generate XSUBs basing on function declarations in the
208 header file. The package C<C::Scan> should be installed. If this
209 option is specified, the name of the header file may look like
210 C<NAME1,NAME2>. In this case NAME1 is used instead of the specified
211 string, but XSUBs are emitted only for the declarations included from
214 Note that some types of arguments/return-values for functions may
215 result in XSUB-declarations/typemap-entries which need
216 hand-editing. Such may be objects which cannot be converted from/to a
217 pointer (like C<long long>), pointers to functions, or arrays. See
218 also the section on L<LIMITATIONS of B<-x>>.
225 # Default behavior, extension is Rusers
228 # Same, but extension is RUSERS
229 h2xs -n RUSERS rpcsvc/rusers
231 # Extension is rpcsvc::rusers. Still finds <rpcsvc/rusers.h>
234 # Extension is ONC::RPC. Still finds <rpcsvc/rusers.h>
235 h2xs -n ONC::RPC rpcsvc/rusers
237 # Without constant() or AUTOLOAD
238 h2xs -c rpcsvc/rusers
240 # Creates templates for an extension named RPC
243 # Extension is ONC::RPC.
246 # Makefile.PL will look for library -lrpc in
247 # additional directory /opt/net/lib
248 h2xs rpcsvc/rusers -L/opt/net/lib -lrpc
250 # Extension is DCE::rgynbase
251 # prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
252 h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ dce/rgynbase
254 # Extension is DCE::rgynbase
255 # prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
256 # subroutines are created for sec_rgy_wildcard_name and sec_rgy_wildcard_sid
257 h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ \
258 -s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wildcard_sid dce/rgynbase
260 # Make XS without defines in perl.h, but with function declarations
261 # visible from perl.h. Name of the extension is perl1.
262 # When scanning perl.h, define -DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT(x)=
263 # Extra backslashes below because the string is passed to shell.
264 # Note that a directory with perl header files would
265 # be added automatically to include path.
266 h2xs -xAn perl1 -F "-DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT\(x\)=" perl.h
268 # Same with function declaration in proto.h as visible from perl.h.
269 h2xs -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
271 # Same but select only functions which match /^av_/
272 h2xs -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
274 # Same but treat SV* etc as "opaque" types
275 h2xs -o '^[S]V \*$' -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h
277 =head2 Extension based on F<.h> and F<.c> files
279 Suppose that you have some C files implementing some functionality,
280 and the corresponding header files. How to create an extension which
281 makes this functionality accessable in Perl? The example below
282 assumes that the header files are F<interface_simple.h> and
283 I<interface_hairy.h>, and you want the perl module be named as
284 C<Ext::Ension>. If you need some preprocessor directives and/or
285 linking with external libraries, see the flags C<-F>, C<-L> and C<-l>
290 =item Find the directory name
292 Start with a dummy run of h2xs:
294 h2xs -Afn Ext::Ension
296 The only purpose of this step is to create the needed directories, and
297 let you know the names of these directories. From the output you can
298 see that the directory for the extension is F<Ext/Ension>.
302 Copy your header files and C files to this directory F<Ext/Ension>.
304 =item Create the extension
306 Run h2xs, overwriting older autogenerated files:
308 h2xs -Oxan Ext::Ension interface_simple.h interface_hairy.h
310 h2xs looks for header files I<after> changing to the extension
311 directory, so it will find your header files OK.
313 =item Archive and test
325 It is important to do C<make dist> as early as possible. This way you
326 can easily merge(1) your changes to autogenerated files if you decide
327 to edit your C<.h> files and rerun h2xs.
329 Do not forget to edit the documentation in the generated F<.pm> file.
331 Consider the autogenerated files as skeletons only, you may invent
332 better interfaces than what h2xs could guess.
334 Consider this section as a guideline only, some other options of h2xs
335 may better suit your needs.
341 No environment variables are used.
345 Larry Wall and others
349 L<perl>, L<perlxstut>, L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>, and L<AutoLoader>.
353 The usual warnings if it cannot read or write the files involved.
355 =head1 LIMITATIONS of B<-x>
357 F<h2xs> would not distinguish whether an argument to a C function
358 which is of the form, say, C<int *>, is an input, output, or
359 input/output parameter. In particular, argument declarations of the
366 should be better rewritten as
372 if C<n> is an input parameter.
374 Additionally, F<h2xs> has no facilities to intuit that a function
381 takes a pair of address and length of data at this address, so it is better
382 to rewrite this function as
392 RETVAL = foo(s, len);
402 char *s = SvPV(sv,len);
407 MODULE = foo PACKAGE = foo PREFIX = my_
413 See L<perlxs> and L<perlxstut> for additional details.
420 my( $H2XS_VERSION ) = ' $Revision: 1.21 $ ' =~ /\$Revision:\s+([^\s]+)/;
421 my $TEMPLATE_VERSION = '0.01';
423 my $compat_version = $];
428 $Text::Wrap::huge = 'overflow';
429 $Text::Wrap::columns = 80;
430 use ExtUtils::Constant qw (constant_types C_constant XS_constant autoload);
435 h2xs [OPTIONS ... ] [headerfile [extra_libraries]]
436 version: $H2XS_VERSION
438 -A, --omit-autoload Omit all autoloading facilities (implies -c).
439 -C, --omit-changes Omit creating the Changes file, add HISTORY heading
441 -F, --cpp-flags Additional flags for C preprocessor (used with -x).
442 -M, --func-mask Mask to select C functions/macros
443 (default is select all).
444 -O, --overwrite-ok Allow overwriting of a pre-existing extension directory.
445 -P, --omit-pod Omit the stub POD section.
446 -X, --omit-XS Omit the XS portion (implies both -c and -f).
447 -a, --gen-accessors Generate get/set accessors for struct and union members (used with -x).
448 -b, --compat-version Specify a perl version to be backwards compatibile with
449 -c, --omit-constant Omit the constant() function and specialised AUTOLOAD
451 -d, --debugging Turn on debugging messages.
452 -f, --force Force creation of the extension even if the C header
454 -h, -?, --help Display this help message
455 -k, --omit-const-func Omit 'const' attribute on function arguments
457 -m, --gen-tied-var Generate tied variables for access to declared
459 -n, --name Specify a name to use for the extension (recommended).
460 -o, --opaque-re Regular expression for \"opaque\" types.
461 -p, --remove-prefix Specify a prefix which should be removed from the
463 -s, --const-subs Create subroutines for specified macros.
464 -t, --default-type Default type for autoloaded constants
465 -v, --version Specify a version number for this extension.
466 -x, --autogen-xsubs Autogenerate XSUBs using C::Scan.
469 are any libraries that might be needed for loading the
470 extension, e.g. -lm would try to link in the math library.
498 Getopt::Long::Configure('bundling');
501 'omit-autoload|A' => \$opt_A,
502 'omit-changes|C' => \$opt_C,
503 'cpp-flags|F=s' => \$opt_F,
504 'func-mask|M=s' => \$opt_M,
505 'overwrite_ok|O' => \$opt_O,
506 'omit-pod|P' => \$opt_P,
507 'omit-XS|X' => \$opt_X,
508 'gen-accessors|a' => \$opt_a,
509 'compat-version|b=s' => \$opt_b,
510 'omit-constant|c' => \$opt_c,
511 'debugging|d' => \$opt_d,
512 'force|f' => \$opt_f,
513 'help|h|?' => \$opt_h,
514 'omit-const-func|k' => \$opt_k,
515 'gen-tied-var|m' => \$opt_m,
516 'name|n=s' => \$opt_n,
517 'opaque-re|o=s' => \$opt_o,
518 'remove-prefix|p=s' => \$opt_p,
519 'const-subs|s=s' => \$opt_s,
520 'default-type|t=s' => \$opt_t,
521 'version|v=s' => \$opt_v,
522 'autogen-xsubs|x=s' => \$opt_x
525 GetOptions(%options) || usage;
530 usage "You cannot use -b and -m at the same time.\n" if ($opt_b && $opt_m);
531 $opt_b =~ /^\d+\.\d+\.\d+/ ||
532 usage "You must provide the backwards compatibility version in X.Y.Z form. " .
534 my ($maj,$min,$sub) = split(/\./,$opt_b,3);
535 $compat_version = sprintf("%d.%03d%02d",$maj,$min,$sub);
539 $TEMPLATE_VERSION = $opt_v;
543 $opt_c = 1 if $opt_A;
545 # -X implies -c and -f
546 $opt_c = $opt_f = 1 if $opt_X;
548 my %const_xsub = map { $_,1 } split(/,+/, $opt_s) if $opt_s;
554 while (my $arg = shift) {
555 if ($arg =~ /^-l/i) {
556 $extralibs = "$arg @ARGV";
562 usage "Must supply header file or module name\n"
563 unless (@path_h or $opt_n);
568 $fmask = qr{$opt_M} if defined $opt_M;
569 $tmask = qr{$opt_o} if defined $opt_o;
570 my $tmask_all = $tmask && $opt_o eq '.';
573 eval {require C::Scan; 1}
575 C::Scan required if you use -x option.
576 To install C::Scan, execute
577 perl -MCPAN -e "install C::Scan"
579 unless ($tmask_all) {
580 $C::Scan::VERSION >= 0.70
582 C::Scan v. 0.70 or later required unless you use -o . option.
583 You have version $C::Scan::VERSION installed as $INC{'C/Scan.pm'}.
584 To install C::Scan, execute
585 perl -MCPAN -e "install C::Scan"
588 if (($opt_m || $opt_a) && $C::Scan::VERSION < 0.73) {
590 C::Scan v. 0.73 or later required to use -m or -a options.
591 You have version $C::Scan::VERSION installed as $INC{'C/Scan.pm'}.
592 To install C::Scan, execute
593 perl -MCPAN -e "install C::Scan"
597 elsif ($opt_o or $opt_F) {
599 Options -o and -F do not make sense without -x.
603 my @path_h_ini = @path_h;
604 my ($name, %fullpath, %prefix, %seen_define, %prefixless, %const_names);
612 my $pre_sub_tri_graphs = 1;
613 if ($^O eq 'VMS') { # Consider overrides of default location
614 # XXXX This is not equivalent to what the older version did:
615 # it was looking at $hadsys header-file per header-file...
616 my($hadsys) = grep s!^sys/!!i , @path_h;
617 @paths = qw( Sys$Library VAXC$Include );
618 push @paths, ($hadsys ? 'GNU_CC_Include[vms]' : 'GNU_CC_Include[000000]');
619 push @paths, qw( DECC$Library_Include DECC$System_Include );
622 @paths = (File::Spec->curdir(), $Config{usrinc},
623 (split ' ', $Config{locincpth}), '/usr/include');
625 foreach my $path_h (@path_h) {
629 if ( $name !~ /::/ ) {
636 if( $path_h =~ s#::#/#g && $opt_n ){
637 warn "Nesting of headerfile ignored with -n\n";
639 $path_h .= ".h" unless $path_h =~ /\.h$/;
640 my $fullpath = $path_h;
641 $path_h =~ s/,.*$// if $opt_x;
642 $fullpath{$path_h} = $fullpath;
644 # Minor trickery: we can't chdir() before we processed the headers
645 # (so know the name of the extension), but the header may be in the
646 # extension directory...
647 my $tmp_path_h = $path_h;
648 my $rel_path_h = $path_h;
650 if (not -f $path_h) {
652 for my $dir (@paths) {
654 if -f ($path_h = File::Spec->catfile($dir, $tmp_path_h));
657 $rel_path_h = $path_h;
659 (my $epath = $module) =~ s,::,/,g;
660 $epath = File::Spec->catdir('ext', $epath) if -d 'ext';
661 $rel_path_h = File::Spec->catfile($epath, $tmp_path_h);
662 $path_h = $tmp_path_h; # Used during -x
668 die "Can't find $tmp_path_h in @dirs\n"
669 if ( ! $opt_f && ! -f "$rel_path_h" );
670 # Scan the header file (we should deal with nested header files)
671 # Record the names of simple #define constants into const_names
672 # Function prototypes are processed below.
673 open(CH, "<$rel_path_h") || die "Can't open $rel_path_h: $!\n";
676 if ($pre_sub_tri_graphs) {
677 # Preprocess all tri-graphs
678 # including things stuck in quoted string constants.
679 s/\?\?=/#/g; # | ??=| #|
680 s/\?\?\!/|/g; # | ??!| ||
681 s/\?\?'/^/g; # | ??'| ^|
682 s/\?\?\(/[/g; # | ??(| [|
683 s/\?\?\)/]/g; # | ??)| ]|
684 s/\?\?\-/~/g; # | ??-| ~|
685 s/\?\?\//\\/g; # | ??/| \|
686 s/\?\?</{/g; # | ??<| {|
687 s/\?\?>/}/g; # | ??>| }|
689 if (/^[ \t]*#[ \t]*define\s+([\$\w]+)\b(?!\()\s*(?=[^" \t])(.*)/) {
692 $rest =~ s!/\*.*?(\*/|\n)|//.*!!g; # Remove comments
695 # Cannot do: (-1) and ((LHANDLE)3) are OK:
696 #print("Skip non-wordy $def => $rest\n"),
697 # next defines if $rest =~ /[^\w\$]/;
699 print("Skip stringy $def => $rest\n") if $opt_d;
702 print "Matched $_ ($def)\n" if $opt_d;
703 $seen_define{$def} = $rest;
705 next if /^_.*_h_*$/i; # special case, but for what?
706 if (defined $opt_p) {
707 if (!/^$opt_p(\d)/) {
708 ++$prefix{$_} if s/^$opt_p//;
711 warn "can't remove $opt_p prefix from '$_'!\n";
714 $prefixless{$def} = $_;
715 if (!$fmask or /$fmask/) {
716 print "... Passes mask of -M.\n" if $opt_d and $fmask;
728 my ($ext, $nested, @modparts, $modfname, $modpname);
730 $ext = chdir 'ext' ? 'ext/' : '';
732 if( $module =~ /::/ ){
734 @modparts = split(/::/,$module);
735 $modfname = $modparts[-1];
736 $modpname = join('/',@modparts);
741 $modfname = $modpname = $module;
746 warn "Overwriting existing $ext$modpname!!!\n" if -e $modpname;
749 die "Won't overwrite existing $ext$modpname\n" if -e $modpname;
754 -d "$modpath$_" || mkdir("$modpath$_", 0777);
758 -d "$modpname" || mkdir($modpname, 0777);
759 chdir($modpname) || die "Can't chdir $ext$modpname: $!\n";
764 my $fdecls_parsed = [];
771 my @fnames_no_prefix;
775 if( ! $opt_X ){ # use XS, unless it was disabled
776 open(XS, ">$modfname.xs") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/$modfname.xs: $!\n";
778 require Config; # Run-time directive
779 warn "Scanning typemaps...\n";
783 my $addflags = $opt_F || '';
785 foreach my $filename (@path_h) {
789 if ($fullpath{$filename} =~ /,/) {
793 warn "Scanning $filename for functions...\n";
794 $c = new C::Scan 'filename' => $filename, 'filename_filter' => $filter,
795 'add_cppflags' => $addflags, 'c_styles' => [qw(C++ C9X)];
796 $c->set('includeDirs' => ["$Config::Config{archlib}/CORE"]);
798 push @$fdecls_parsed, @{ $c->get('parsed_fdecls') };
799 push(@$fdecls, @{$c->get('fdecls')});
801 push @td, @{$c->get('typedefs_maybe')};
803 my $structs = $c->get('typedef_structs');
804 @structs{keys %$structs} = values %$structs;
808 %vdecl_hash = %{ $c->get('vdecl_hash') };
809 @vdecls = sort keys %vdecl_hash;
810 for (local $_ = 0; $_ < @vdecls; ++$_) {
811 my $var = $vdecls[$_];
812 my($type, $post) = @{ $vdecl_hash{$var} };
814 warn "Can't handle variable '$type $var $post', skipping.\n";
815 splice @vdecls, $_, 1;
818 $type = normalize_type($type);
819 $vdecl_hash{$var} = $type;
823 unless ($tmask_all) {
824 warn "Scanning $filename for typedefs...\n";
825 my $td = $c->get('typedef_hash');
826 # eval {require 'dumpvar.pl'; ::dumpValue($td)} or warn $@ if $opt_d;
827 my @f_good_td = grep $td->{$_}[1] eq '', keys %$td;
828 push @good_td, @f_good_td;
829 @typedefs_pre{@f_good_td} = map $_->[0], @$td{@f_good_td};
833 $typedef_rex = qr(\b(?<!struct )(?:@good_td)\b) if @good_td;
835 %known_fnames = map @$_[1,3], @$fdecls_parsed; # [1,3] is NAME, FULLTEXT
838 for my $i (0..$#$fdecls_parsed) {
839 next unless $fdecls_parsed->[$i][1] =~ /$fmask/; # [1] is NAME
841 print "... Function $fdecls_parsed->[$i][1] passes -M mask.\n"
844 $fdecls = [@$fdecls[@good]];
845 $fdecls_parsed = [@$fdecls_parsed[@good]];
847 @fnames = sort map $_->[1], @$fdecls_parsed; # 1 is NAME
850 my %h = map( ($_->[1], $_), @$fdecls_parsed);
851 $fdecls_parsed = [ @h{@fnames} ];
853 @fnames_no_prefix = @fnames;
855 = sort map { ++$prefix{$_} if s/^$opt_p(?!\d)//; $_ } @fnames_no_prefix;
856 # Remove macros which expand to typedefs
857 print "Typedefs are @td.\n" if $opt_d;
858 my %td = map {($_, $_)} @td;
859 # Add some other possible but meaningless values for macros
860 for my $k (qw(char double float int long short unsigned signed void)) {
861 $td{"$_$k"} = "$_$k" for ('', 'signed ', 'unsigned ');
863 # eval {require 'dumpvar.pl'; ::dumpValue( [\@td, \%td] ); 1} or warn $@;
866 while (keys %td > $n) {
869 while (($k, $v) = each %seen_define) {
870 # print("found '$k'=>'$v'\n"),
871 $bad_macs{$k} = $td{$k} = $td{$v} if exists $td{$v};
874 # Now %bad_macs contains names of bad macros
875 for my $k (keys %bad_macs) {
876 delete $const_names{$prefixless{$k}};
877 print "Ignoring macro $k which expands to a typedef name '$bad_macs{$k}'\n" if $opt_d;
881 my @const_names = sort keys %const_names;
883 open(PM, ">$modfname.pm") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/$modfname.pm: $!\n";
886 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/$modfname.pm\n";
888 if ( $compat_version < 5.006 ) {
906 unless( $opt_X || $opt_c || $opt_A ){
907 # we'll have an AUTOLOAD(), and it will have $AUTOLOAD and
919 print PM <<"END" if ! $opt_X; # use DynaLoader, unless XS was disabled
924 # Are we using AutoLoader or not?
925 unless ($opt_A) { # no autoloader whatsoever.
926 unless ($opt_c) { # we're doing the AUTOLOAD
927 print PM "use AutoLoader;\n";
930 print PM "use AutoLoader qw(AUTOLOAD);\n"
934 if ( $compat_version < 5.006 ) {
935 if ( $opt_X || $opt_c || $opt_A ) {
936 print PM 'use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS);';
938 print PM 'use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS $AUTOLOAD);';
943 my $myISA = 'our @ISA = qw(Exporter'; # We seem to always want this.
944 $myISA .= ' DynaLoader' unless $opt_X; # no XS
946 $myISA =~ s/^our // if $compat_version < 5.006;
948 print PM "\n$myISA\n\n";
950 my @exported_names = (@const_names, @fnames_no_prefix, map '$'.$_, @vdecls);
953 # Items to export into callers namespace by default. Note: do not export
954 # names by default without a very good reason. Use EXPORT_OK instead.
955 # Do not simply export all your public functions/methods/constants.
957 # This allows declaration use $module ':all';
958 # If you do not need this, moving things directly into \@EXPORT or \@EXPORT_OK
960 our %EXPORT_TAGS = ( 'all' => [ qw(
964 our \@EXPORT_OK = ( \@{ \$EXPORT_TAGS{'all'} } );
969 our \$VERSION = '$TEMPLATE_VERSION';
973 $tmp =~ s/^our //mg if $compat_version < 5.006;
977 printf PM "our(@{[ join ', ', map '$'.$_, @vdecls ]});\n\n";
981 print PM autoload ($module, $compat_version) unless $opt_c or $opt_X;
983 if( ! $opt_X ){ # print bootstrap, unless XS is disabled
985 bootstrap $module \$VERSION;
989 # tying the variables can happen only after bootstrap
993 @{[ join "\n", map " _tievar_$_(\$$_);", @vdecls ]}
1000 if( $opt_P ){ # if POD is disabled
1009 # Preloaded methods go here.
1012 print PM <<"END" unless $opt_A;
1014 # Autoload methods go after $after, and are processed by the autosplit program.
1023 my ($email,$author);
1027 ($user,$author) = (getpwuid($>))[0,6];
1028 $author =~ s/,.*$//; # in case of sub fields
1029 my $domain = $Config{'mydomain'};
1031 $email = "$user\@$domain";
1034 $author ||= "A. U. Thor";
1035 $email ||= 'a.u.thor@a.galaxy.far.far.away';
1038 $revhist = <<EOT if $opt_C;
1044 #=item $TEMPLATE_VERSION
1046 #Original version; created by h2xs $H2XS_VERSION with options
1054 my $exp_doc = <<EOD;
1062 if (@const_names and not $opt_P) {
1064 #=head2 Exportable constants
1066 # @{[join "\n ", @const_names]}
1071 if (defined $fdecls and @$fdecls and not $opt_P) {
1073 #=head2 Exportable functions
1077 # $exp_doc .= <<EOD if $opt_p;
1078 #When accessing these functions from Perl, prefix C<$opt_p> should be removed.
1082 # @{[join "\n ", @known_fnames{@fnames}]}
1089 if ($opt_x && $opt_a) {
1091 $meth_doc .= accessor_docs($name, $struct)
1092 while ($name, $struct) = each %structs;
1095 my $pod = <<"END" unless $opt_P;
1096 ## Below is stub documentation for your module. You better edit it!
1100 #$module - Perl extension for blah blah blah
1109 #Stub documentation for $module, created by h2xs. It looks like the
1110 #author of the extension was negligent enough to leave the stub
1114 $exp_doc$meth_doc$revhist
1118 #Mention other useful documentation such as the documentation of
1119 #related modules or operating system documentation (such as man pages
1120 #in UNIX), or any relevant external documentation such as RFCs or
1123 #If you have a mailing list set up for your module, mention it here.
1125 #If you have a web site set up for your module, mention it here.
1129 #$author, E<lt>${email}E<gt>
1131 #=head1 COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
1133 #Copyright ${\(1900 + (localtime) [5])} by $author
1135 #This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
1136 #it under the same terms as Perl itself.
1141 $pod =~ s/^\#//gm unless $opt_P;
1142 print PM $pod unless $opt_P;
1147 if( ! $opt_X ){ # print XS, unless it is disabled
1148 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/$modfname.xs\n";
1157 foreach my $path_h (@path_h_ini) {
1159 $h =~ s#^/usr/include/##;
1160 if ($^O eq 'VMS') { $h =~ s#.*vms\]#sys/# or $h =~ s#.*[:>\]]##; }
1161 print XS qq{#include <$h>\n};
1166 my %pointer_typedefs;
1167 my %struct_typedefs;
1171 my $out = $pointer_typedefs{$type};
1172 return $out if defined $out;
1174 $out = ($type =~ /\*$/);
1175 # This converts only the guys which do not have trailing part in the typedef
1177 and $typedef_rex and $type =~ s/($typedef_rex)/$typedefs_pre{$1}/go) {
1178 $type = normalize_type($type);
1179 print "Is-Pointer: Type mutation via typedefs: $otype ==> $type\n"
1181 $out = td_is_pointer($type);
1183 return ($pointer_typedefs{$otype} = $out);
1188 my $out = $struct_typedefs{$type};
1189 return $out if defined $out;
1191 $out = ($type =~ /^(struct|union)\b/) && !td_is_pointer($type);
1192 # This converts only the guys which do not have trailing part in the typedef
1194 and $typedef_rex and $type =~ s/($typedef_rex)/$typedefs_pre{$1}/go) {
1195 $type = normalize_type($type);
1196 print "Is-Struct: Type mutation via typedefs: $otype ==> $type\n"
1198 $out = td_is_struct($type);
1200 return ($struct_typedefs{$otype} = $out);
1204 # Important. Passing an undef scalar doesn't cause the
1205 # autovivified hashref to appear back out in this scope.
1208 print XS constant_types(), "\n";
1209 foreach (C_constant ($module, undef, $opt_t, $types, undef, undef,
1215 print_tievar_subs(\*XS, $_, $vdecl_hash{$_}) for @vdecls;
1217 my $prefix = defined $opt_p ? "PREFIX = $opt_p" : '';
1219 # Now switch from C to XS by issuing the first MODULE declaration:
1222 MODULE = $module PACKAGE = $module $prefix
1226 foreach (sort keys %const_xsub) {
1235 croak("Your vendor has not defined the $module macro $_");
1244 # If a constant() function was written then output a corresponding
1247 print XS XS_constant ($module, $types) unless $opt_c;
1255 my ($type, $name, $args) = @$decl;
1256 return if $seen_decl{$name}++; # Need to do the same for docs as well?
1258 my @argnames = map {$_->[1]} @$args;
1259 my @argtypes = map { normalize_type( $_->[0], 1 ) } @$args;
1261 s/^\s*const\b\s*// for @argtypes;
1263 my @argarrays = map { $_->[4] || '' } @$args;
1264 my $numargs = @$args;
1265 if ($numargs and $argtypes[-1] eq '...') {
1267 $argnames[-1] = '...';
1270 $type = normalize_type($type, 1);
1278 for my $arg (0 .. $numargs - 1) {
1280 $argtypes[$arg] $argnames[$arg]$argarrays[$arg]
1285 sub print_tievar_subs {
1286 my($fh, $name, $type) = @_;
1289 _get_$name(IV index, SV *sv) {
1294 (void)call_pv("$module\::_get_$name", G_DISCARD);
1299 _set_$name(IV index, SV *sv) {
1304 (void)call_pv("$module\::_set_$name", G_DISCARD);
1311 sub print_tievar_xsubs {
1312 my($fh, $name, $type) = @_;
1320 uf.uf_val = &_get_$name;
1321 uf.uf_set = &_set_$name;
1322 uf.uf_index = (IV)&_get_$name;
1323 sv_magic(sv, 0, 'U', (char*)&uf, sizeof(uf));
1327 $type THIS = NO_INIT
1343 sub print_accessors {
1344 my($fh, $name, $struct) = @_;
1345 return unless defined $struct && $name !~ /\s|_ANON/;
1346 $name = normalize_type($name);
1347 my $ptrname = normalize_type("$name *");
1350 MODULE = $module PACKAGE = ${name} $prefix
1354 $name THIS = NO_INIT
1357 if (sv_derived_from(ST(0), "$name")) {
1359 char *s = SvPV((SV*)SvRV(ST(0)), len);
1360 if (len != sizeof(THIS))
1361 croak("Size \%d of packed data != expected \%d",
1363 RETVAL = ($name *)s;
1366 croak("THIS is not of type $name");
1372 char *CLASS = NO_INIT
1375 Zero((void*)&RETVAL, sizeof(RETVAL), char);
1379 MODULE = $module PACKAGE = ${name}Ptr $prefix
1382 my @items = @$struct;
1384 my $item = shift @items;
1385 if ($item->[0] =~ /_ANON/) {
1386 if (defined $item->[2]) {
1388 @$_[0, 1], "$item->[2]_$_->[2]", "$item->[2].$_->[2]",
1389 ], @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1391 push @items, @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1394 my $type = normalize_type($item->[0]);
1395 my $ttype = $structs{$type} ? normalize_type("$type *") : $type;
1398 $item->[2](THIS, __value = NO_INIT)
1404 THIS->$item->[-1] = __value;
1406 $type eq $ttype ? "THIS->$item->[-1]" : "&(THIS->$item->[-1])"
1417 my($name, $struct) = @_;
1418 return unless defined $struct && $name !~ /\s|_ANON/;
1419 $name = normalize_type($name);
1420 my $ptrname = $name . 'Ptr';
1421 my @items = @$struct;
1424 my $item = shift @items;
1425 if ($item->[0] =~ /_ANON/) {
1426 if (defined $item->[2]) {
1428 @$_[0, 1], "$item->[2]_$_->[2]", "$item->[2].$_->[2]",
1429 ], @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1431 push @items, @{ $structs{$item->[0]} };
1434 push @list, $item->[2];
1437 my $methods = (join '(...)>, C<', @list) . '(...)';
1441 #=head2 Object and class methods for C<$name>/C<$ptrname>
1443 #The principal Perl representation of a C object of type C<$name> is an
1444 #object of class C<$ptrname> which is a reference to an integer
1445 #representation of a C pointer. To create such an object, one may use
1448 # my \$buffer = $name->new();
1449 # my \$obj = \$buffer->_to_ptr();
1451 #This exersizes the following two methods, and an additional class
1452 #C<$name>, the internal representation of which is a reference to a
1453 #packed string with the C structure. Keep in mind that \$buffer should
1454 #better survive longer than \$obj.
1458 #=item C<\$object_of_type_$name-E<gt>_to_ptr()>
1460 #Converts an object of type C<$name> to an object of type C<$ptrname>.
1462 #=item C<$name-E<gt>new()>
1464 #Creates an empty object of type C<$name>. The corresponding packed
1465 #string is zeroed out.
1469 #return the current value of the corresponding element if called
1470 #without additional arguments. Set the element to the supplied value
1471 #(and return the new value) if called with an additional argument.
1473 #Applicable to objects of type C<$ptrname>.
1482 # Should be called before any actual call to normalize_type().
1484 # We do not want to read ./typemap by obvios reasons.
1485 my @tm = qw(../../../typemap ../../typemap ../typemap);
1486 my $stdtypemap = "$Config::Config{privlib}/ExtUtils/typemap";
1487 unshift @tm, $stdtypemap;
1488 my $proto_re = "[" . quotemeta('\$%&*@;') . "]" ;
1490 # Start with useful default values
1491 $typemap{float} = 'T_NV';
1493 foreach my $typemap (@tm) {
1494 next unless -e $typemap ;
1495 # skip directories, binary files etc.
1496 warn " Scanning $typemap\n";
1497 warn("Warning: ignoring non-text typemap file '$typemap'\n"), next
1498 unless -T $typemap ;
1499 open(TYPEMAP, $typemap)
1500 or warn ("Warning: could not open typemap file '$typemap': $!\n"), next;
1501 my $mode = 'Typemap';
1504 if (/^INPUT\s*$/) { $mode = 'Input'; next; }
1505 elsif (/^OUTPUT\s*$/) { $mode = 'Output'; next; }
1506 elsif (/^TYPEMAP\s*$/) { $mode = 'Typemap'; next; }
1507 elsif ($mode eq 'Typemap') {
1508 next if /^\s*($|\#)/ ;
1510 if ( ($type, $image) =
1511 /^\s*(.*?\S)\s+(\S+)\s*($proto_re*)\s*$/o
1512 # This may reference undefined functions:
1513 and not ($image eq 'T_PACKED' and $typemap eq $stdtypemap)) {
1514 $typemap{normalize_type($type)} = $image;
1518 close(TYPEMAP) or die "Cannot close $typemap: $!";
1520 %std_types = %types_seen;
1525 sub normalize_type { # Second arg: do not strip const's before \*
1527 my $do_keep_deep_const = shift;
1528 # If $do_keep_deep_const this is heuristical only
1529 my $keep_deep_const = ($do_keep_deep_const ? '\b(?![^(,)]*\*)' : '');
1531 = "(?:\\b(?:(?:__const__|const)$keep_deep_const|static|inline|__inline__)\\b\\s*)*";
1532 if ($do_keep_deep_const) { # Keep different compiled /RExen/o separately!
1533 $type =~ s/$ignore_mods//go;
1536 $type =~ s/$ignore_mods//go;
1538 $type =~ s/([^\s\w])/ $1 /g;
1542 $type =~ s/\* (?=\*)/*/g;
1543 $type =~ s/\. \. \./.../g;
1545 $types_seen{$type}++
1546 unless $type eq '...' or $type eq 'void' or $std_types{$type};
1552 sub assign_typemap_entry {
1556 if ($tmask and $type =~ /$tmask/) {
1557 print "Type $type matches -o mask\n" if $opt_d;
1558 $entry = (td_is_struct($type) ? "T_OPAQUE_STRUCT" : "T_PTROBJ");
1560 elsif ($typedef_rex and $type =~ s/($typedef_rex)/$typedefs_pre{$1}/go) {
1561 $type = normalize_type $type;
1562 print "Type mutation via typedefs: $otype ==> $type\n" if $opt_d;
1563 $entry = assign_typemap_entry($type);
1565 $entry ||= $typemap{$otype}
1566 || (td_is_struct($type) ? "T_OPAQUE_STRUCT" : "T_PTROBJ");
1567 $typemap{$otype} = $entry;
1568 $need_opaque = 1 if $entry eq "T_OPAQUE_STRUCT";
1573 print_tievar_xsubs(\*XS, $_, $vdecl_hash{$_});
1577 for my $decl (@$fdecls_parsed) { print_decl(\*XS, $decl) }
1579 while (my($name, $struct) = each %structs) {
1580 print_accessors(\*XS, $name, $struct);
1589 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/typemap\n";
1590 open TM, ">typemap" or die "Cannot open typemap file for write: $!";
1592 for $type (sort keys %types_seen) {
1593 my $entry = assign_typemap_entry $type;
1594 print TM $type, "\t" x (5 - int((length $type)/8)), "\t$entry\n"
1597 print TM <<'EOP' if $need_opaque; # Older Perls do not have correct entry
1598 #############################################################################
1601 if (sv_derived_from($arg, \"${ntype}\")) {
1603 char *s = SvPV((SV*)SvRV($arg), len);
1605 if (len != sizeof($var))
1606 croak(\"Size %d of packed data != expected %d\",
1611 croak(\"$var is not of type ${ntype}\")
1612 #############################################################################
1615 sv_setref_pvn($arg, \"${ntype}\", (char *)&$var, sizeof($var));
1618 close TM or die "Cannot close typemap file for write: $!";
1623 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/Makefile.PL\n";
1624 open(PL, ">Makefile.PL") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/Makefile.PL: $!\n";
1627 use ExtUtils::MakeMaker;
1628 # See lib/ExtUtils/MakeMaker.pm for details of how to influence
1629 # the contents of the Makefile that is written.
1631 'NAME' => '$module',
1632 'VERSION_FROM' => '$modfname.pm', # finds \$VERSION
1633 'PREREQ_PM' => {}, # e.g., Module::Name => 1.1
1634 (\$] >= 5.005 ? ## Add these new keywords supported since 5.005
1635 (ABSTRACT_FROM => '$modfname.pm', # retrieve abstract from module
1636 AUTHOR => '$author <$email>') : ()),
1638 if (!$opt_X) { # print C stuff, unless XS is disabled
1639 $opt_F = '' unless defined $opt_F;
1640 my $I = (((glob '*.h') || (glob '*.hh')) ? '-I.' : '');
1641 my $Ihelp = ($I ? '-I. ' : '');
1642 my $Icomment = ($I ? '' : <<EOC);
1643 # Insert -I. if you add *.h files later:
1647 'LIBS' => ['$extralibs'], # e.g., '-lm'
1648 'DEFINE' => '$opt_F', # e.g., '-DHAVE_SOMETHING'
1649 $Icomment 'INC' => '$I', # e.g., '${Ihelp}-I/usr/include/other'
1652 my $C = grep $_ ne "$modfname.c", (glob '*.c'), (glob '*.cc'), (glob '*.C');
1653 my $Cpre = ($C ? '' : '# ');
1654 my $Ccomment = ($C ? '' : <<EOC);
1655 # Un-comment this if you add C files to link with later:
1659 $Ccomment $Cpre\'OBJECT' => '\$(O_FILES)', # link all the C files too
1663 close(PL) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/Makefile.PL: $!\n";
1665 # Create a simple README since this is a CPAN requirement
1666 # and it doesnt hurt to have one
1667 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/README\n";
1668 open(RM, ">README") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/README:$!\n";
1669 my $thisyear = (gmtime)[5] + 1900;
1670 my $rmhead = "$modpname version $TEMPLATE_VERSION";
1671 my $rmheadeq = "=" x length($rmhead);
1676 The README is used to introduce the module and provide instructions on
1677 how to install the module, any machine dependencies it may have (for
1678 example C compilers and installed libraries) and any other information
1679 that should be provided before the module is installed.
1681 A README file is required for CPAN modules since CPAN extracts the
1682 README file from a module distribution so that people browsing the
1683 archive can use it get an idea of the modules uses. It is usually a
1684 good idea to provide version information here so that people can
1685 decide whether fixes for the module are worth downloading.
1689 To install this module type the following:
1698 This module requires these other modules and libraries:
1702 COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE
1704 Put the correct copyright and licence information here.
1706 Copyright (C) $thisyear $author
1708 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
1709 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
1712 close(RM) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/README: $!\n";
1715 my $testfile = "$testdir/1.t";
1716 unless (-d "$testdir") {
1717 mkdir "$testdir" or die "Cannot mkdir $testdir: $!\n";
1719 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/$testfile\n";
1720 my $tests = @const_names ? 2 : 1;
1722 open EX, ">$testfile" or die "Can't create $ext$modpname/$testfile: $!\n";
1724 # Before `make install' is performed this script should be runnable with
1725 # `make test'. After `make install' it should work as `perl 1.t'
1727 #########################
1729 # change 'tests => $tests' to 'tests => last_test_to_print';
1732 BEGIN { plan tests => $tests };
1734 ok(1); # If we made it this far, we're ok.
1738 my $const_names = join " ", @const_names;
1742 foreach my $constname (qw(
1744 print EX wrap ("\t", "\t", $const_names);
1745 print EX (")) {\n");
1747 next if (eval "my \\\$a = \$constname; 1");
1748 if (\$\@ =~ /^Your vendor has not defined $module macro \$constname/) {
1749 print "# pass: \$\@";
1751 print "# fail: \$\@";
1756 print "not ok 2\\n";
1764 #########################
1766 # Insert your test code below, the Test module is use()ed here so read
1767 # its man page ( perldoc Test ) for help writing this test script.
1770 close(EX) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/$testfile: $!\n";
1773 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/Changes\n";
1775 open(EX, ">Changes") || die "Can't create $ext$modpname/Changes: $!\n";
1776 @ARGS = map {/[\s\"\'\`\$*?^|&<>\[\]\{\}\(\)]/ ? "'$_'" : $_} @ARGS;
1778 Revision history for Perl extension $module.
1780 $TEMPLATE_VERSION @{[scalar localtime]}
1781 \t- original version; created by h2xs $H2XS_VERSION with options
1785 close(EX) || die "Can't close $ext$modpname/Changes: $!\n";
1788 warn "Writing $ext$modpname/MANIFEST\n";
1789 open(MANI,'>MANIFEST') or die "Can't create MANIFEST: $!";
1790 my @files = grep { -f } (<*>, <t/*>);
1792 eval {opendir(D,'.');};
1793 unless ($@) { @files = readdir(D); closedir(D); }
1795 if (!@files) { @files = map {chomp && $_} `ls`; }
1798 # Clip trailing '.' for portability -- non-VMS OSs don't expect it
1800 # Fix up for case-sensitive file systems
1801 s/$modfname/$modfname/i && next;
1802 $_ = "\U$_" if $_ eq 'manifest' or $_ eq 'changes';
1803 $_ = 'Makefile.PL' if $_ eq 'makefile.pl';
1806 print MANI join("\n",@files), "\n";
1810 close OUT or die "Can't close $file: $!";
1811 chmod 0755, $file or die "Can't reset permissions for $file: $!\n";
1812 exec("$Config{'eunicefix'} $file") if $Config{'eunicefix'} ne ':';