3 * Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
4 * by Larry Wall and others
6 * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
7 * License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
12 * 'What a fix!' said Sam. 'That's the one place in all the lands we've ever
13 * heard of that we don't want to see any closer; and that's the one place
14 * we're trying to get to! And that's just where we can't get, nohow.'
16 * [p.603 of _The Lord of the Rings_, IV/I: "The Taming of Sméagol"]
18 * 'Well do I understand your speech,' he answered in the same language;
19 * 'yet few strangers do so. Why then do you not speak in the Common Tongue,
20 * as is the custom in the West, if you wish to be answered?'
21 * --Gandalf, addressing Théoden's door wardens
23 * [p.508 of _The Lord of the Rings_, III/vi: "The King of the Golden Hall"]
25 * ...the travellers perceived that the floor was paved with stones of many
26 * hues; branching runes and strange devices intertwined beneath their feet.
28 * [p.512 of _The Lord of the Rings_, III/vi: "The King of the Golden Hall"]
32 #define PERL_IN_UTF8_C
36 /* Separate prototypes needed because in ASCII systems these
37 * usually macros but they still are compiled as code, too. */
38 PERL_CALLCONV UV Perl_utf8n_to_uvchr(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags);
39 PERL_CALLCONV U8* Perl_uvchr_to_utf8(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv);
42 static const char unees[] =
43 "Malformed UTF-8 character (unexpected end of string)";
46 =head1 Unicode Support
48 This file contains various utility functions for manipulating UTF8-encoded
49 strings. For the uninitiated, this is a method of representing arbitrary
50 Unicode characters as a variable number of bytes, in such a way that
51 characters in the ASCII range are unmodified, and a zero byte never appears
52 within non-zero characters.
58 =for apidoc is_ascii_string
60 Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string are ASCII (i.e. none
61 of them even raise the question of UTF-8-ness).
63 See also is_utf8_string(), is_utf8_string_loclen(), and is_utf8_string_loc().
69 Perl_is_ascii_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
71 const U8* const send = s + (len ? len : strlen((const char *)s));
74 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_ASCII_STRING;
76 for (; x < send; ++x) {
77 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*x))
85 =for apidoc uvuni_to_utf8_flags
87 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint C<uv> to the end
88 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
89 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
90 end of the new character. In other words,
92 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
96 d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
98 (which is equivalent to)
100 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
102 is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
110 Perl_uvuni_to_utf8_flags(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
112 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UVUNI_TO_UTF8_FLAGS;
114 if (ckWARN(WARN_UTF8)) {
115 if (UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(uv) &&
116 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_SURROGATE))
117 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8), "UTF-16 surrogate 0x%04"UVxf, uv);
119 ((uv >= 0xFDD0 && uv <= 0xFDEF &&
120 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_FDD0))
122 ((uv & 0xFFFE) == 0xFFFE && /* Either FFFE or FFFF. */
123 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_FFFF))) &&
124 /* UNICODE_ALLOW_SUPER includes
125 * FFFEs and FFFFs beyond 0x10FFFF. */
126 ((uv <= PERL_UNICODE_MAX) ||
127 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_SUPER))
129 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8),
130 "Unicode non-character 0x%04"UVxf" is illegal for interchange", uv);
132 if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv)) {
133 *d++ = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
138 STRLEN len = UNISKIP(uv);
141 *p-- = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE((uv & UTF_CONTINUATION_MASK) | UTF_CONTINUATION_MARK);
142 uv >>= UTF_ACCUMULATION_SHIFT;
144 *p = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE((uv & UTF_START_MASK(len)) | UTF_START_MARK(len));
147 #else /* Non loop style */
149 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 6) | 0xc0);
150 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
154 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 12) | 0xe0);
155 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
156 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
160 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 18) | 0xf0);
161 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
162 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
163 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
166 if (uv < 0x4000000) {
167 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 24) | 0xf8);
168 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
169 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
170 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
171 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
174 if (uv < 0x80000000) {
175 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 30) | 0xfc);
176 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
177 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
178 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
179 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
180 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
184 if (uv < UTF8_QUAD_MAX)
187 *d++ = 0xfe; /* Can't match U+FEFF! */
188 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 30) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
189 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
190 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
191 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
192 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
193 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
198 *d++ = 0xff; /* Can't match U+FFFE! */
199 *d++ = 0x80; /* 6 Reserved bits */
200 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 60) & 0x0f) | 0x80); /* 2 Reserved bits */
201 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 54) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
202 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 48) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
203 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 42) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
204 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 36) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
205 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 30) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
206 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
207 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
208 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
209 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
210 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
214 #endif /* Loop style */
219 Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
220 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid
221 UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character
222 will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
224 This is the "slow" version as opposed to the "fast" version which is
225 the "unrolled" IS_UTF8_CHAR(). E.g. for t/uni/class.t the speed
226 difference is a factor of 2 to 3. For lengths (UTF8SKIP(s)) of four
227 or less you should use the IS_UTF8_CHAR(), for lengths of five or more
228 you should use the _slow(). In practice this means that the _slow()
229 will be used very rarely, since the maximum Unicode code point (as of
230 Unicode 4.1) is U+10FFFF, which encodes in UTF-8 to four bytes. Only
231 the "Perl extended UTF-8" (the infamous 'v-strings') will encode into
236 S_is_utf8_char_slow(const U8 *s, const STRLEN len)
242 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_CHAR_SLOW;
244 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(u))
247 if (!UTF8_IS_START(u))
250 if (len < 2 || !UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(s[1]))
256 u = NATIVE_TO_UTF(u);
258 u &= UTF_START_MASK(len);
262 if (!UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
264 uv = UTF8_ACCUMULATE(uv, *s);
271 if ((STRLEN)UNISKIP(uv) < len)
278 =for apidoc is_utf8_char
280 Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
281 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII on non-EBCDIC machines)
282 character is a valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8
283 character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
287 Perl_is_utf8_char(const U8 *s)
289 const STRLEN len = UTF8SKIP(s);
291 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_CHAR;
293 if (IS_UTF8_CHAR_FAST(len))
294 return IS_UTF8_CHAR(s, len) ? len : 0;
295 #endif /* #ifdef IS_UTF8_CHAR */
296 return is_utf8_char_slow(s, len);
301 =for apidoc is_utf8_string
303 Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string form a valid
304 UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does
305 not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8'
306 because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.
308 See also is_ascii_string(), is_utf8_string_loclen(), and is_utf8_string_loc().
314 Perl_is_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
316 const U8* const send = s + (len ? len : strlen((const char *)s));
319 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_STRING;
323 /* Inline the easy bits of is_utf8_char() here for speed... */
324 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*x))
326 else if (!UTF8_IS_START(*x))
329 /* ... and call is_utf8_char() only if really needed. */
332 if (IS_UTF8_CHAR_FAST(c)) {
333 if (!IS_UTF8_CHAR(x, c))
337 c = is_utf8_char_slow(x, c);
340 #endif /* #ifdef IS_UTF8_CHAR */
355 Implemented as a macro in utf8.h
357 =for apidoc is_utf8_string_loc
359 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
360 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
361 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>.
363 See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string().
365 =for apidoc is_utf8_string_loclen
367 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
368 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
369 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>, and the number of UTF-8
370 encoded characters in the C<el>.
372 See also is_utf8_string_loc() and is_utf8_string().
378 Perl_is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
380 const U8* const send = s + (len ? len : strlen((const char *)s));
385 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_STRING_LOCLEN;
388 /* Inline the easy bits of is_utf8_char() here for speed... */
389 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*x))
391 else if (!UTF8_IS_START(*x))
394 /* ... and call is_utf8_char() only if really needed. */
397 if (IS_UTF8_CHAR_FAST(c)) {
398 if (!IS_UTF8_CHAR(x, c))
401 c = is_utf8_char_slow(x, c);
404 #endif /* #ifdef IS_UTF8_CHAR */
423 =for apidoc utf8n_to_uvuni
425 Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine.
426 Returns the Unicode code point value of the first character in the string C<s>
427 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than C<curlen>;
428 C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
430 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour
431 is dependent on the value of C<flags>: if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY,
432 it is assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and this function
433 will silently just set C<retlen> to C<-1> and return zero. If the
434 C<flags> does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about
435 malformations will be given, C<retlen> will be set to the expected
436 length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be returned.
438 The C<flags> can also contain various flags to allow deviations from
439 the strict UTF-8 encoding (see F<utf8.h>).
441 Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.
447 Perl_utf8n_to_uvuni(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
450 const U8 * const s0 = s;
453 const bool dowarn = ckWARN_d(WARN_UTF8);
454 const UV startbyte = *s;
455 STRLEN expectlen = 0;
458 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8N_TO_UVUNI;
460 /* This list is a superset of the UTF8_ALLOW_XXX. */
462 #define UTF8_WARN_EMPTY 1
463 #define UTF8_WARN_CONTINUATION 2
464 #define UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION 3
465 #define UTF8_WARN_FE_FF 4
466 #define UTF8_WARN_SHORT 5
467 #define UTF8_WARN_OVERFLOW 6
468 #define UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE 7
469 #define UTF8_WARN_LONG 8
470 #define UTF8_WARN_FFFF 9 /* Also FFFE. */
473 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_EMPTY)) {
474 warning = UTF8_WARN_EMPTY;
478 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(uv)) {
481 return (UV) (NATIVE_TO_UTF(*s));
484 if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(uv) &&
485 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_CONTINUATION)) {
486 warning = UTF8_WARN_CONTINUATION;
490 if (UTF8_IS_START(uv) && curlen > 1 && !UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(s[1]) &&
491 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_NON_CONTINUATION)) {
492 warning = UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION;
497 uv = NATIVE_TO_UTF(uv);
499 if ((uv == 0xfe || uv == 0xff) &&
500 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_FE_FF)) {
501 warning = UTF8_WARN_FE_FF;
506 if (!(uv & 0x20)) { len = 2; uv &= 0x1f; }
507 else if (!(uv & 0x10)) { len = 3; uv &= 0x0f; }
508 else if (!(uv & 0x08)) { len = 4; uv &= 0x07; }
509 else if (!(uv & 0x04)) { len = 5; uv &= 0x03; }
511 else if (!(uv & 0x02)) { len = 6; uv &= 0x01; }
512 else { len = 7; uv &= 0x01; }
514 else if (!(uv & 0x02)) { len = 6; uv &= 0x01; }
515 else if (!(uv & 0x01)) { len = 7; uv = 0; }
516 else { len = 13; uv = 0; } /* whoa! */
524 if ((curlen < expectlen) &&
525 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_SHORT)) {
526 warning = UTF8_WARN_SHORT;
535 if (!UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s) &&
536 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_NON_CONTINUATION)) {
538 warning = UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION;
542 uv = UTF8_ACCUMULATE(uv, *s);
544 /* These cannot be allowed. */
546 if (expectlen != 13 && !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_LONG)) {
547 warning = UTF8_WARN_LONG;
551 else { /* uv < ouv */
552 /* This cannot be allowed. */
553 warning = UTF8_WARN_OVERFLOW;
561 if (UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(uv) &&
562 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_SURROGATE)) {
563 warning = UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE;
565 } else if ((expectlen > (STRLEN)UNISKIP(uv)) &&
566 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_LONG)) {
567 warning = UTF8_WARN_LONG;
569 } else if (UNICODE_IS_ILLEGAL(uv) &&
570 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF)) {
571 warning = UTF8_WARN_FFFF;
579 if (flags & UTF8_CHECK_ONLY) {
581 *retlen = ((STRLEN) -1);
586 SV* const sv = newSVpvs_flags("Malformed UTF-8 character ", SVs_TEMP);
589 case 0: /* Intentionally empty. */ break;
590 case UTF8_WARN_EMPTY:
591 sv_catpvs(sv, "(empty string)");
593 case UTF8_WARN_CONTINUATION:
594 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(unexpected continuation byte 0x%02"UVxf", with no preceding start byte)", uv);
596 case UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION:
598 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(unexpected non-continuation byte 0x%02"UVxf", immediately after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
599 (UV)s[1], startbyte);
601 const int len = (int)(s-s0);
602 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(unexpected non-continuation byte 0x%02"UVxf", %d byte%s after start byte 0x%02"UVxf", expected %d bytes)",
603 (UV)s[1], len, len > 1 ? "s" : "", startbyte, (int)expectlen);
607 case UTF8_WARN_FE_FF:
608 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(byte 0x%02"UVxf")", uv);
610 case UTF8_WARN_SHORT:
611 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(%d byte%s, need %d, after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
612 (int)curlen, curlen == 1 ? "" : "s", (int)expectlen, startbyte);
613 expectlen = curlen; /* distance for caller to skip */
615 case UTF8_WARN_OVERFLOW:
616 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(overflow at 0x%"UVxf", byte 0x%02x, after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
619 case UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE:
620 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(UTF-16 surrogate 0x%04"UVxf")", uv);
623 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(%d byte%s, need %d, after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
624 (int)expectlen, expectlen == 1 ? "": "s", UNISKIP(uv), startbyte);
627 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(character 0x%04"UVxf")", uv);
630 sv_catpvs(sv, "(unknown reason)");
635 const char * const s = SvPVX_const(sv);
638 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8),
639 "%s in %s", s, OP_DESC(PL_op));
641 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8), "%s", s);
646 *retlen = expectlen ? expectlen : len;
652 =for apidoc utf8_to_uvchr
654 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s>
655 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
656 length, in bytes, of that character.
658 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
659 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
665 Perl_utf8_to_uvchr(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
667 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_TO_UVCHR;
669 return utf8n_to_uvchr(s, UTF8_MAXBYTES, retlen,
670 ckWARN(WARN_UTF8) ? 0 : UTF8_ALLOW_ANY);
674 =for apidoc utf8_to_uvuni
676 Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string C<s>
677 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
678 length, in bytes, of that character.
680 This function should only be used when the returned UV is considered
681 an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
683 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
684 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
690 Perl_utf8_to_uvuni(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
692 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_TO_UVUNI;
694 /* Call the low level routine asking for checks */
695 return Perl_utf8n_to_uvuni(aTHX_ s, UTF8_MAXBYTES, retlen,
696 ckWARN(WARN_UTF8) ? 0 : UTF8_ALLOW_ANY);
700 =for apidoc utf8_length
702 Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string C<s> in characters.
703 Stops at C<e> (inclusive). If C<e E<lt> s> or if the scan would end
704 up past C<e>, croaks.
710 Perl_utf8_length(pTHX_ const U8 *s, const U8 *e)
715 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_LENGTH;
717 /* Note: cannot use UTF8_IS_...() too eagerly here since e.g.
718 * the bitops (especially ~) can create illegal UTF-8.
719 * In other words: in Perl UTF-8 is not just for Unicode. */
722 goto warn_and_return;
724 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s))
735 Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8),
736 "%s in %s", unees, OP_DESC(PL_op));
738 Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8), unees);
745 =for apidoc utf8_distance
747 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers C<a>
750 WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the
757 Perl_utf8_distance(pTHX_ const U8 *a, const U8 *b)
759 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_DISTANCE;
761 return (a < b) ? -1 * (IV) utf8_length(a, b) : (IV) utf8_length(b, a);
767 Return the UTF-8 pointer C<s> displaced by C<off> characters, either
770 WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* C<off> is within
771 the UTF-8 data pointed to by C<s> *and* that on entry C<s> is aligned
772 on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character.
778 Perl_utf8_hop(pTHX_ const U8 *s, I32 off)
780 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_HOP;
783 /* Note: cannot use UTF8_IS_...() too eagerly here since e.g
784 * the bitops (especially ~) can create illegal UTF-8.
785 * In other words: in Perl UTF-8 is not just for Unicode. */
794 while (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
802 =for apidoc utf8_to_bytes
804 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into native byte encoding.
805 Unlike C<bytes_to_utf8>, this over-writes the original string, and
806 updates len to contain the new length.
807 Returns zero on failure, setting C<len> to -1.
809 If you need a copy of the string, see C<bytes_from_utf8>.
815 Perl_utf8_to_bytes(pTHX_ U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
818 U8 * const send = s + *len;
821 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_TO_BYTES;
823 /* ensure valid UTF-8 and chars < 256 before updating string */
827 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) &&
828 (!UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(c) || (s >= send)
829 || !(c = *s++) || !UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(c))) {
830 *len = ((STRLEN) -1);
838 *d++ = (U8)utf8_to_uvchr(s, &ulen);
847 =for apidoc bytes_from_utf8
849 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into native byte encoding.
850 Unlike C<utf8_to_bytes> but like C<bytes_to_utf8>, returns a pointer to
851 the newly-created string, and updates C<len> to contain the new
852 length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, C<len>
853 is unchanged. Do nothing if C<is_utf8> points to 0. Sets C<is_utf8> to
854 0 if C<s> is converted or consisted entirely of characters that are invariant
855 in utf8 (i.e., US-ASCII on non-EBCDIC machines).
861 Perl_bytes_from_utf8(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
868 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BYTES_FROM_UTF8;
874 /* ensure valid UTF-8 and chars < 256 before converting string */
875 for (send = s + *len; s < send;) {
877 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c)) {
878 if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(c) && s < send &&
879 (c = *s++) && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(c))
888 Newx(d, (*len) - count + 1, U8);
889 s = start; start = d;
892 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c)) {
893 /* Then it is two-byte encoded */
894 c = UTF8_ACCUMULATE(NATIVE_TO_UTF(c), *s++);
895 c = ASCII_TO_NATIVE(c);
905 =for apidoc bytes_to_utf8
907 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from the native encoding into UTF-8.
908 Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets C<len> to
909 reflect the new length.
911 A NUL character will be written after the end of the string.
913 If you want to convert to UTF-8 from encodings other than
914 the native (Latin1 or EBCDIC),
915 see sv_recode_to_utf8().
921 Perl_bytes_to_utf8(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
923 const U8 * const send = s + (*len);
927 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BYTES_TO_UTF8;
930 Newx(d, (*len) * 2 + 1, U8);
934 const UV uv = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(*s++);
935 if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv))
936 *d++ = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
938 *d++ = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(uv);
939 *d++ = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(uv);
948 * Convert native (big-endian) or reversed (little-endian) UTF-16 to UTF-8.
950 * Destination must be pre-extended to 3/2 source. Do not use in-place.
951 * We optimize for native, for obvious reasons. */
954 Perl_utf16_to_utf8(pTHX_ U8* p, U8* d, I32 bytelen, I32 *newlen)
959 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF16_TO_UTF8;
961 if (bytelen == 1 && p[0] == 0) { /* Be understanding. */
968 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: utf16_to_utf8: odd bytelen %"UVuf, (UV)bytelen);
973 UV uv = (p[0] << 8) + p[1]; /* UTF-16BE */
977 *d++ = UNI_TO_NATIVE(uv);
984 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 6) | 0xc0);
985 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
988 if (uv >= 0xd800 && uv < 0xdbff) { /* surrogates */
989 UV low = (p[0] << 8) + p[1];
991 if (low < 0xdc00 || low >= 0xdfff)
992 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-16 surrogate");
993 uv = ((uv - 0xd800) << 10) + (low - 0xdc00) + 0x10000;
996 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 12) | 0xe0);
997 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
998 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1002 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 18) | 0xf0);
1003 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1004 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1005 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1009 *newlen = d - dstart;
1013 /* Note: this one is slightly destructive of the source. */
1016 Perl_utf16_to_utf8_reversed(pTHX_ U8* p, U8* d, I32 bytelen, I32 *newlen)
1019 U8* const send = s + bytelen;
1021 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF16_TO_UTF8_REVERSED;
1024 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: utf16_to_utf8_reversed: odd bytelen %"UVuf,
1028 const U8 tmp = s[0];
1033 return utf16_to_utf8(p, d, bytelen, newlen);
1036 /* for now these are all defined (inefficiently) in terms of the utf8 versions */
1039 Perl_is_uni_alnum(pTHX_ UV c)
1041 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1042 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1043 return is_utf8_alnum(tmpbuf);
1047 Perl_is_uni_idfirst(pTHX_ UV c)
1049 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1050 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1051 return is_utf8_idfirst(tmpbuf);
1055 Perl_is_uni_alpha(pTHX_ UV c)
1057 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1058 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1059 return is_utf8_alpha(tmpbuf);
1063 Perl_is_uni_ascii(pTHX_ UV c)
1065 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1066 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1067 return is_utf8_ascii(tmpbuf);
1071 Perl_is_uni_space(pTHX_ UV c)
1073 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1074 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1075 return is_utf8_space(tmpbuf);
1079 Perl_is_uni_digit(pTHX_ UV c)
1081 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1082 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1083 return is_utf8_digit(tmpbuf);
1087 Perl_is_uni_upper(pTHX_ UV c)
1089 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1090 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1091 return is_utf8_upper(tmpbuf);
1095 Perl_is_uni_lower(pTHX_ UV c)
1097 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1098 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1099 return is_utf8_lower(tmpbuf);
1103 Perl_is_uni_cntrl(pTHX_ UV c)
1105 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1106 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1107 return is_utf8_cntrl(tmpbuf);
1111 Perl_is_uni_graph(pTHX_ UV c)
1113 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1114 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1115 return is_utf8_graph(tmpbuf);
1119 Perl_is_uni_print(pTHX_ UV c)
1121 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1122 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1123 return is_utf8_print(tmpbuf);
1127 Perl_is_uni_punct(pTHX_ UV c)
1129 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1130 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1131 return is_utf8_punct(tmpbuf);
1135 Perl_is_uni_xdigit(pTHX_ UV c)
1137 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1138 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1139 return is_utf8_xdigit(tmpbuf);
1143 Perl_to_uni_upper(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1145 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_UPPER;
1147 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1148 return to_utf8_upper(p, p, lenp);
1152 Perl_to_uni_title(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1154 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_TITLE;
1156 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1157 return to_utf8_title(p, p, lenp);
1161 Perl_to_uni_lower(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1163 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_LOWER;
1165 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1166 return to_utf8_lower(p, p, lenp);
1170 Perl_to_uni_fold(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1172 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_FOLD;
1174 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1175 return to_utf8_fold(p, p, lenp);
1178 /* for now these all assume no locale info available for Unicode > 255 */
1181 Perl_is_uni_alnum_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1183 return is_uni_alnum(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1187 Perl_is_uni_idfirst_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1189 return is_uni_idfirst(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1193 Perl_is_uni_alpha_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1195 return is_uni_alpha(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1199 Perl_is_uni_ascii_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1201 return is_uni_ascii(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1205 Perl_is_uni_space_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1207 return is_uni_space(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1211 Perl_is_uni_digit_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1213 return is_uni_digit(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1217 Perl_is_uni_upper_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1219 return is_uni_upper(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1223 Perl_is_uni_lower_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1225 return is_uni_lower(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1229 Perl_is_uni_cntrl_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1231 return is_uni_cntrl(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1235 Perl_is_uni_graph_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1237 return is_uni_graph(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1241 Perl_is_uni_print_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1243 return is_uni_print(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1247 Perl_is_uni_punct_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1249 return is_uni_punct(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1253 Perl_is_uni_xdigit_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1255 return is_uni_xdigit(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1259 Perl_to_uni_upper_lc(pTHX_ U32 c)
1261 /* XXX returns only the first character -- do not use XXX */
1262 /* XXX no locale support yet */
1264 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1265 return (U32)to_uni_upper(c, tmpbuf, &len);
1269 Perl_to_uni_title_lc(pTHX_ U32 c)
1271 /* XXX returns only the first character XXX -- do not use XXX */
1272 /* XXX no locale support yet */
1274 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1275 return (U32)to_uni_title(c, tmpbuf, &len);
1279 Perl_to_uni_lower_lc(pTHX_ U32 c)
1281 /* XXX returns only the first character -- do not use XXX */
1282 /* XXX no locale support yet */
1284 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1285 return (U32)to_uni_lower(c, tmpbuf, &len);
1289 S_is_utf8_common(pTHX_ const U8 *const p, SV **swash,
1290 const char *const swashname)
1294 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_COMMON;
1296 if (!is_utf8_char(p))
1299 *swash = swash_init("utf8", swashname, &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
1300 return swash_fetch(*swash, p, TRUE) != 0;
1304 Perl_is_utf8_alnum(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1308 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_ALNUM;
1310 /* NOTE: "IsWord", not "IsAlnum", since Alnum is a true
1311 * descendant of isalnum(3), in other words, it doesn't
1312 * contain the '_'. --jhi */
1313 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_alnum, "IsWord");
1317 Perl_is_utf8_idfirst(pTHX_ const U8 *p) /* The naming is historical. */
1321 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_IDFIRST;
1325 /* is_utf8_idstart would be more logical. */
1326 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_idstart, "IdStart");
1330 Perl_is_utf8_idcont(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1334 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_IDCONT;
1338 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_idcont, "IdContinue");
1342 Perl_is_utf8_alpha(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1346 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_ALPHA;
1348 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_alpha, "IsAlpha");
1352 Perl_is_utf8_ascii(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1356 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_ASCII;
1358 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_ascii, "IsAscii");
1362 Perl_is_utf8_space(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1366 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_SPACE;
1368 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_space, "IsSpacePerl");
1372 Perl_is_utf8_digit(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1376 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_DIGIT;
1378 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_digit, "IsDigit");
1382 Perl_is_utf8_upper(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1386 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_UPPER;
1388 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_upper, "IsUppercase");
1392 Perl_is_utf8_lower(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1396 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_LOWER;
1398 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_lower, "IsLowercase");
1402 Perl_is_utf8_cntrl(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1406 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_CNTRL;
1408 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_cntrl, "IsCntrl");
1412 Perl_is_utf8_graph(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1416 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_GRAPH;
1418 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_graph, "IsGraph");
1422 Perl_is_utf8_print(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1426 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_PRINT;
1428 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_print, "IsPrint");
1432 Perl_is_utf8_punct(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1436 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_PUNCT;
1438 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_punct, "IsPunct");
1442 Perl_is_utf8_xdigit(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1446 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_XDIGIT;
1448 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_xdigit, "Isxdigit");
1452 Perl_is_utf8_mark(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1456 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_MARK;
1458 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_mark, "IsM");
1462 =for apidoc to_utf8_case
1464 The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding
1465 the character that is being converted.
1467 The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the
1468 conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length
1471 The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
1473 Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl,
1474 and loaded by SWASHNEW, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually,
1475 but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
1477 The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the
1478 hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through
1479 Perl_to_utf8_case().
1481 The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash
1487 Perl_to_utf8_case(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp,
1488 SV **swashp, const char *normal, const char *special)
1491 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1493 const UV uv0 = utf8_to_uvchr(p, NULL);
1494 /* The NATIVE_TO_UNI() and UNI_TO_NATIVE() mappings
1495 * are necessary in EBCDIC, they are redundant no-ops
1496 * in ASCII-ish platforms, and hopefully optimized away. */
1497 const UV uv1 = NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv0);
1499 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_CASE;
1501 uvuni_to_utf8(tmpbuf, uv1);
1503 if (!*swashp) /* load on-demand */
1504 *swashp = swash_init("utf8", normal, &PL_sv_undef, 4, 0);
1506 /* The 0xDF is the only special casing Unicode code point below 0x100. */
1507 if (special && (uv1 == 0xDF || uv1 > 0xFF)) {
1508 /* It might be "special" (sometimes, but not always,
1509 * a multicharacter mapping) */
1510 HV * const hv = get_hv(special, 0);
1514 (svp = hv_fetch(hv, (const char*)tmpbuf, UNISKIP(uv1), FALSE)) &&
1518 s = SvPV_const(*svp, len);
1520 len = uvuni_to_utf8(ustrp, NATIVE_TO_UNI(*(U8*)s)) - ustrp;
1523 /* If we have EBCDIC we need to remap the characters
1524 * since any characters in the low 256 are Unicode
1525 * code points, not EBCDIC. */
1526 U8 *t = (U8*)s, *tend = t + len, *d;
1533 const UV c = utf8_to_uvchr(t, &tlen);
1535 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, UNI_TO_NATIVE(c));
1544 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, UNI_TO_NATIVE(*t));
1549 Copy(tmpbuf, ustrp, len, U8);
1551 Copy(s, ustrp, len, U8);
1557 if (!len && *swashp) {
1558 const UV uv2 = swash_fetch(*swashp, tmpbuf, TRUE);
1561 /* It was "normal" (a single character mapping). */
1562 const UV uv3 = UNI_TO_NATIVE(uv2);
1563 len = uvchr_to_utf8(ustrp, uv3) - ustrp;
1567 if (!len) /* Neither: just copy. */
1568 len = uvchr_to_utf8(ustrp, uv0) - ustrp;
1573 return len ? utf8_to_uvchr(ustrp, 0) : 0;
1577 =for apidoc to_utf8_upper
1579 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and
1580 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1581 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
1582 the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
1584 The first character of the uppercased version is returned
1585 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1590 Perl_to_utf8_upper(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1594 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_UPPER;
1596 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1597 &PL_utf8_toupper, "ToUpper", "utf8::ToSpecUpper");
1601 =for apidoc to_utf8_title
1603 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and
1604 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1605 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
1606 titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
1608 The first character of the titlecased version is returned
1609 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1614 Perl_to_utf8_title(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1618 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_TITLE;
1620 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1621 &PL_utf8_totitle, "ToTitle", "utf8::ToSpecTitle");
1625 =for apidoc to_utf8_lower
1627 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and
1628 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1629 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
1630 lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
1632 The first character of the lowercased version is returned
1633 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1638 Perl_to_utf8_lower(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1642 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_LOWER;
1644 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1645 &PL_utf8_tolower, "ToLower", "utf8::ToSpecLower");
1649 =for apidoc to_utf8_fold
1651 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and
1652 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1653 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
1654 foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to
1657 The first character of the foldcased version is returned
1658 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1663 Perl_to_utf8_fold(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1667 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_FOLD;
1669 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1670 &PL_utf8_tofold, "ToFold", "utf8::ToSpecFold");
1674 * A "swash" is a swatch hash.
1675 * A "swatch" is a bit vector generated by utf8.c:S_swash_get().
1676 * C<pkg> is a pointer to a package name for SWASHNEW, should be "utf8".
1677 * For other parameters, see utf8::SWASHNEW in lib/utf8_heavy.pl.
1680 Perl_swash_init(pTHX_ const char* pkg, const char* name, SV *listsv, I32 minbits, I32 none)
1685 const size_t pkg_len = strlen(pkg);
1686 const size_t name_len = strlen(name);
1687 HV * const stash = gv_stashpvn(pkg, pkg_len, 0);
1690 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SWASH_INIT;
1692 PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_MAGIC);
1697 if (!gv_fetchmeth(stash, "SWASHNEW", 8, -1)) { /* demand load utf8 */
1699 errsv_save = newSVsv(ERRSV);
1700 /* It is assumed that callers of this routine are not passing in any
1701 user derived data. */
1702 /* Need to do this after save_re_context() as it will set PL_tainted to
1703 1 while saving $1 etc (see the code after getrx: in Perl_magic_get).
1704 Even line to create errsv_save can turn on PL_tainted. */
1705 SAVEBOOL(PL_tainted);
1707 Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, newSVpvn(pkg,pkg_len),
1710 sv_setsv(ERRSV, errsv_save);
1711 SvREFCNT_dec(errsv_save);
1717 mPUSHp(pkg, pkg_len);
1718 mPUSHp(name, name_len);
1723 errsv_save = newSVsv(ERRSV);
1724 if (call_method("SWASHNEW", G_SCALAR))
1725 retval = newSVsv(*PL_stack_sp--);
1727 retval = &PL_sv_undef;
1729 sv_setsv(ERRSV, errsv_save);
1730 SvREFCNT_dec(errsv_save);
1733 if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
1734 CopHINTS_set(PL_curcop, PL_hints);
1736 if (!SvROK(retval) || SvTYPE(SvRV(retval)) != SVt_PVHV) {
1738 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't find Unicode property definition \"%"SVf"\"",
1740 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "SWASHNEW didn't return an HV ref");
1746 /* This API is wrong for special case conversions since we may need to
1747 * return several Unicode characters for a single Unicode character
1748 * (see lib/unicore/SpecCase.txt) The SWASHGET in lib/utf8_heavy.pl is
1749 * the lower-level routine, and it is similarly broken for returning
1750 * multiple values. --jhi */
1751 /* Now SWASHGET is recasted into S_swash_get in this file. */
1754 * Returns the value of property/mapping C<swash> for the first character
1755 * of the string C<ptr>. If C<do_utf8> is true, the string C<ptr> is
1756 * assumed to be in utf8. If C<do_utf8> is false, the string C<ptr> is
1757 * assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding. Caches the swatch in C<swash>.
1760 Perl_swash_fetch(pTHX_ SV *swash, const U8 *ptr, bool do_utf8)
1763 HV *const hv = MUTABLE_HV(SvRV(swash));
1768 const U8 *tmps = NULL;
1772 const UV c = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(*ptr);
1774 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SWASH_FETCH;
1776 if (!do_utf8 && !UNI_IS_INVARIANT(c)) {
1777 tmputf8[0] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(c);
1778 tmputf8[1] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(c);
1781 /* Given a UTF-X encoded char 0xAA..0xYY,0xZZ
1782 * then the "swatch" is a vec() for al the chars which start
1784 * So the key in the hash (klen) is length of encoded char -1
1786 klen = UTF8SKIP(ptr) - 1;
1790 /* If char in invariant then swatch is for all the invariant chars
1791 * In both UTF-8 and UTF-8-MOD that happens to be UTF_CONTINUATION_MARK
1793 needents = UTF_CONTINUATION_MARK;
1794 off = NATIVE_TO_UTF(ptr[klen]);
1797 /* If char is encoded then swatch is for the prefix */
1798 needents = (1 << UTF_ACCUMULATION_SHIFT);
1799 off = NATIVE_TO_UTF(ptr[klen]) & UTF_CONTINUATION_MASK;
1803 * This single-entry cache saves about 1/3 of the utf8 overhead in test
1804 * suite. (That is, only 7-8% overall over just a hash cache. Still,
1805 * it's nothing to sniff at.) Pity we usually come through at least
1806 * two function calls to get here...
1808 * NB: this code assumes that swatches are never modified, once generated!
1811 if (hv == PL_last_swash_hv &&
1812 klen == PL_last_swash_klen &&
1813 (!klen || memEQ((char *)ptr, (char *)PL_last_swash_key, klen)) )
1815 tmps = PL_last_swash_tmps;
1816 slen = PL_last_swash_slen;
1819 /* Try our second-level swatch cache, kept in a hash. */
1820 SV** svp = hv_fetch(hv, (const char*)ptr, klen, FALSE);
1822 /* If not cached, generate it via swash_get */
1823 if (!svp || !SvPOK(*svp)
1824 || !(tmps = (const U8*)SvPV_const(*svp, slen))) {
1825 /* We use utf8n_to_uvuni() as we want an index into
1826 Unicode tables, not a native character number.
1828 const UV code_point = utf8n_to_uvuni(ptr, UTF8_MAXBYTES, 0,
1830 0 : UTF8_ALLOW_ANY);
1831 swatch = swash_get(swash,
1832 /* On EBCDIC & ~(0xA0-1) isn't a useful thing to do */
1833 (klen) ? (code_point & ~(needents - 1)) : 0,
1836 if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME)
1837 CopHINTS_set(PL_curcop, PL_hints);
1839 svp = hv_store(hv, (const char *)ptr, klen, swatch, 0);
1841 if (!svp || !(tmps = (U8*)SvPV(*svp, slen))
1842 || (slen << 3) < needents)
1843 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_fetch got improper swatch");
1846 PL_last_swash_hv = hv;
1847 assert(klen <= sizeof(PL_last_swash_key));
1848 PL_last_swash_klen = (U8)klen;
1849 /* FIXME change interpvar.h? */
1850 PL_last_swash_tmps = (U8 *) tmps;
1851 PL_last_swash_slen = slen;
1853 Copy(ptr, PL_last_swash_key, klen, U8);
1856 switch ((int)((slen << 3) / needents)) {
1858 bit = 1 << (off & 7);
1860 return (tmps[off] & bit) != 0;
1865 return (tmps[off] << 8) + tmps[off + 1] ;
1868 return (tmps[off] << 24) + (tmps[off+1] << 16) + (tmps[off+2] << 8) + tmps[off + 3] ;
1870 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_fetch got swatch of unexpected bit width");
1871 NORETURN_FUNCTION_END;
1875 * Returns a swatch (a bit vector string) for a code point sequence
1876 * that starts from the value C<start> and comprises the number C<span>.
1877 * A C<swash> must be an object created by SWASHNEW (see lib/utf8_heavy.pl).
1878 * Should be used via swash_fetch, which will cache the swatch in C<swash>.
1881 S_swash_get(pTHX_ SV* swash, UV start, UV span)
1884 U8 *l, *lend, *x, *xend, *s;
1885 STRLEN lcur, xcur, scur;
1886 HV *const hv = MUTABLE_HV(SvRV(swash));
1887 SV** const listsvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "LIST", FALSE);
1888 SV** const typesvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "TYPE", FALSE);
1889 SV** const bitssvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "BITS", FALSE);
1890 SV** const nonesvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "NONE", FALSE);
1891 SV** const extssvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "EXTRAS", FALSE);
1892 const U8* const typestr = (U8*)SvPV_nolen(*typesvp);
1893 const int typeto = typestr[0] == 'T' && typestr[1] == 'o';
1894 const STRLEN bits = SvUV(*bitssvp);
1895 const STRLEN octets = bits >> 3; /* if bits == 1, then octets == 0 */
1896 const UV none = SvUV(*nonesvp);
1897 const UV end = start + span;
1899 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SWASH_GET;
1901 if (bits != 1 && bits != 8 && bits != 16 && bits != 32) {
1902 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get doesn't expect bits %"UVuf,
1906 /* create and initialize $swatch */
1907 scur = octets ? (span * octets) : (span + 7) / 8;
1908 swatch = newSV(scur);
1910 s = (U8*)SvPVX(swatch);
1911 if (octets && none) {
1912 const U8* const e = s + scur;
1915 *s++ = (U8)(none & 0xff);
1916 else if (bits == 16) {
1917 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 8) & 0xff);
1918 *s++ = (U8)( none & 0xff);
1920 else if (bits == 32) {
1921 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 24) & 0xff);
1922 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 16) & 0xff);
1923 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 8) & 0xff);
1924 *s++ = (U8)( none & 0xff);
1930 (void)memzero((U8*)s, scur + 1);
1932 SvCUR_set(swatch, scur);
1933 s = (U8*)SvPVX(swatch);
1935 /* read $swash->{LIST} */
1936 l = (U8*)SvPV(*listsvp, lcur);
1941 I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
1943 U8* const nl = (U8*)memchr(l, '\n', lend - l);
1946 min = grok_hex((char *)l, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
1950 l = nl + 1; /* 1 is length of "\n" */
1954 l = lend; /* to LIST's end at which \n is not found */
1960 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
1962 max = grok_hex((char *)l, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
1971 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT |
1972 PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
1974 val = grok_hex((char *)l, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
1983 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s: illegal mapping '%s'",
1989 val = 0; /* bits == 1, then val should be ignored */
1996 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s: illegal mapping '%s'", typestr, l);
2000 val = 0; /* bits == 1, then val should be ignored */
2014 if (!none || val < none) {
2019 for (key = min; key <= max; key++) {
2023 /* offset must be non-negative (start <= min <= key < end) */
2024 offset = octets * (key - start);
2026 s[offset] = (U8)(val & 0xff);
2027 else if (bits == 16) {
2028 s[offset ] = (U8)((val >> 8) & 0xff);
2029 s[offset + 1] = (U8)( val & 0xff);
2031 else if (bits == 32) {
2032 s[offset ] = (U8)((val >> 24) & 0xff);
2033 s[offset + 1] = (U8)((val >> 16) & 0xff);
2034 s[offset + 2] = (U8)((val >> 8) & 0xff);
2035 s[offset + 3] = (U8)( val & 0xff);
2038 if (!none || val < none)
2042 else { /* bits == 1, then val should be ignored */
2046 for (key = min; key <= max; key++) {
2047 const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(key - start);
2050 s[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
2056 /* read $swash->{EXTRAS} */
2057 x = (U8*)SvPV(*extssvp, xcur);
2065 SV **otherbitssvp, *other;
2069 const U8 opc = *x++;
2073 nl = (U8*)memchr(x, '\n', xend - x);
2075 if (opc != '-' && opc != '+' && opc != '!' && opc != '&') {
2077 x = nl + 1; /* 1 is length of "\n" */
2081 x = xend; /* to EXTRAS' end at which \n is not found */
2088 namelen = nl - namestr;
2092 namelen = xend - namestr;
2096 othersvp = hv_fetch(hv, (char *)namestr, namelen, FALSE);
2097 otherhv = MUTABLE_HV(SvRV(*othersvp));
2098 otherbitssvp = hv_fetchs(otherhv, "BITS", FALSE);
2099 otherbits = (STRLEN)SvUV(*otherbitssvp);
2100 if (bits < otherbits)
2101 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get found swatch size mismatch");
2103 /* The "other" swatch must be destroyed after. */
2104 other = swash_get(*othersvp, start, span);
2105 o = (U8*)SvPV(other, olen);
2108 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get got improper swatch");
2110 s = (U8*)SvPV(swatch, slen);
2111 if (bits == 1 && otherbits == 1) {
2113 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get found swatch length mismatch");
2137 STRLEN otheroctets = otherbits >> 3;
2139 U8* const send = s + slen;
2144 if (otherbits == 1) {
2145 otherval = (o[offset >> 3] >> (offset & 7)) & 1;
2149 STRLEN vlen = otheroctets;
2157 if (opc == '+' && otherval)
2158 NOOP; /* replace with otherval */
2159 else if (opc == '!' && !otherval)
2161 else if (opc == '-' && otherval)
2163 else if (opc == '&' && !otherval)
2166 s += octets; /* no replacement */
2171 *s++ = (U8)( otherval & 0xff);
2172 else if (bits == 16) {
2173 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 8) & 0xff);
2174 *s++ = (U8)( otherval & 0xff);
2176 else if (bits == 32) {
2177 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 24) & 0xff);
2178 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 16) & 0xff);
2179 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 8) & 0xff);
2180 *s++ = (U8)( otherval & 0xff);
2184 sv_free(other); /* through with it! */
2190 =for apidoc uvchr_to_utf8
2192 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint C<uv> to the end
2193 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
2194 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
2195 end of the new character. In other words,
2197 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
2199 is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
2206 /* On ASCII machines this is normally a macro but we want a
2207 real function in case XS code wants it
2210 Perl_uvchr_to_utf8(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv)
2212 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UVCHR_TO_UTF8;
2214 return Perl_uvuni_to_utf8_flags(aTHX_ d, NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv), 0);
2218 Perl_uvchr_to_utf8_flags(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
2220 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UVCHR_TO_UTF8_FLAGS;
2222 return Perl_uvuni_to_utf8_flags(aTHX_ d, NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv), flags);
2226 =for apidoc utf8n_to_uvchr
2229 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string
2231 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
2232 length, in bytes, of that character.
2234 Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.
2238 /* On ASCII machines this is normally a macro but we want
2239 a real function in case XS code wants it
2242 Perl_utf8n_to_uvchr(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen,
2245 const UV uv = Perl_utf8n_to_uvuni(aTHX_ s, curlen, retlen, flags);
2247 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8N_TO_UVCHR;
2249 return UNI_TO_NATIVE(uv);
2253 =for apidoc pv_uni_display
2255 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv,
2256 length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
2257 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
2259 The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display
2260 isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH
2261 to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n')
2262 (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\).
2263 UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both
2264 UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
2266 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
2270 Perl_pv_uni_display(pTHX_ SV *dsv, const U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
2275 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PV_UNI_DISPLAY;
2279 for (s = (const char *)spv, e = s + len; s < e; s += UTF8SKIP(s)) {
2281 /* This serves double duty as a flag and a character to print after
2282 a \ when flags & UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is true.
2286 if (pvlim && SvCUR(dsv) >= pvlim) {
2290 u = utf8_to_uvchr((U8*)s, 0);
2292 const unsigned char c = (unsigned char)u & 0xFF;
2293 if (flags & UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH) {
2310 const char string = ok;
2311 sv_catpvs(dsv, "\\");
2312 sv_catpvn(dsv, &string, 1);
2315 /* isPRINT() is the locale-blind version. */
2316 if (!ok && (flags & UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT) && isPRINT(c)) {
2317 const char string = c;
2318 sv_catpvn(dsv, &string, 1);
2323 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ dsv, "\\x{%"UVxf"}", u);
2326 sv_catpvs(dsv, "...");
2332 =for apidoc sv_uni_display
2334 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv,
2335 the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
2336 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
2338 The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
2340 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
2345 Perl_sv_uni_display(pTHX_ SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
2347 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SV_UNI_DISPLAY;
2349 return Perl_pv_uni_display(aTHX_ dsv, (const U8*)SvPVX_const(ssv),
2350 SvCUR(ssv), pvlim, flags);
2354 =for apidoc ibcmp_utf8
2356 Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false
2357 if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the
2358 string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is true,
2359 the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2
2360 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit
2363 If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied
2364 in there (they will point at the beginning of the I<next> character).
2365 If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are the end
2366 pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any
2367 circumstances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and
2368 s2+l2 will be used as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan,
2369 and which qualify towards defining a successful match: all the scans
2370 that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for
2371 a match to succeed).
2373 For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used
2374 instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see
2375 http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
2379 Perl_ibcmp_utf8(pTHX_ const char *s1, char **pe1, register UV l1, bool u1, const char *s2, char **pe2, register UV l2, bool u2)
2382 register const U8 *p1 = (const U8*)s1;
2383 register const U8 *p2 = (const U8*)s2;
2384 register const U8 *f1 = NULL;
2385 register const U8 *f2 = NULL;
2386 register U8 *e1 = NULL;
2387 register U8 *q1 = NULL;
2388 register U8 *e2 = NULL;
2389 register U8 *q2 = NULL;
2390 STRLEN n1 = 0, n2 = 0;
2391 U8 foldbuf1[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
2392 U8 foldbuf2[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
2394 STRLEN foldlen1, foldlen2;
2397 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IBCMP_UTF8;
2401 /* assert(e1 || l1); */
2402 if (e1 == 0 || (l1 && l1 < (UV)(e1 - (const U8*)s1)))
2403 f1 = (const U8*)s1 + l1;
2406 /* assert(e2 || l2); */
2407 if (e2 == 0 || (l2 && l2 < (UV)(e2 - (const U8*)s2)))
2408 f2 = (const U8*)s2 + l2;
2410 /* This shouldn't happen. However, putting an assert() there makes some
2412 /* assert((e1 == 0 && f1 == 0) || (e2 == 0 && f2 == 0) || (f1 == 0 && f2 == 0)); */
2413 if ((e1 == 0 && f1 == 0) || (e2 == 0 && f2 == 0) || (f1 == 0 && f2 == 0))
2414 return 1; /* mismatch; possible infinite loop or false positive */
2417 natbuf[1] = 0; /* Need to terminate the buffer. */
2419 while ((e1 == 0 || p1 < e1) &&
2420 (f1 == 0 || p1 < f1) &&
2421 (e2 == 0 || p2 < e2) &&
2422 (f2 == 0 || p2 < f2)) {
2425 to_utf8_fold(p1, foldbuf1, &foldlen1);
2427 uvuni_to_utf8(natbuf, (UV) NATIVE_TO_UNI(((UV)*p1)));
2428 to_utf8_fold(natbuf, foldbuf1, &foldlen1);
2435 to_utf8_fold(p2, foldbuf2, &foldlen2);
2437 uvuni_to_utf8(natbuf, (UV) NATIVE_TO_UNI(((UV)*p2)));
2438 to_utf8_fold(natbuf, foldbuf2, &foldlen2);
2444 if ( UTF8SKIP(q1) != UTF8SKIP(q2) ||
2445 (UTF8SKIP(q1) == 1 && *q1 != *q2) ||
2446 memNE((char*)q1, (char*)q2, UTF8SKIP(q1)) )
2447 return 1; /* mismatch */
2454 p1 += u1 ? UTF8SKIP(p1) : 1;
2456 p2 += u2 ? UTF8SKIP(p2) : 1;
2460 /* A match is defined by all the scans that specified
2461 * an explicit length reaching their final goals. */
2462 match = (f1 == 0 || p1 == f1) && (f2 == 0 || p2 == f2);
2471 return match ? 0 : 1; /* 0 match, 1 mismatch */
2476 * c-indentation-style: bsd
2478 * indent-tabs-mode: t
2481 * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 noet: