3 * Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
4 * by Larry Wall and others
6 * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
7 * License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
12 * 'What a fix!' said Sam. 'That's the one place in all the lands we've ever
13 * heard of that we don't want to see any closer; and that's the one place
14 * we're trying to get to! And that's just where we can't get, nohow.'
16 * [p.603 of _The Lord of the Rings_, IV/I: "The Taming of Sméagol"]
18 * 'Well do I understand your speech,' he answered in the same language;
19 * 'yet few strangers do so. Why then do you not speak in the Common Tongue,
20 * as is the custom in the West, if you wish to be answered?'
21 * --Gandalf, addressing Théoden's door wardens
23 * [p.508 of _The Lord of the Rings_, III/vi: "The King of the Golden Hall"]
25 * ...the travellers perceived that the floor was paved with stones of many
26 * hues; branching runes and strange devices intertwined beneath their feet.
28 * [p.512 of _The Lord of the Rings_, III/vi: "The King of the Golden Hall"]
32 #define PERL_IN_UTF8_C
36 /* Separate prototypes needed because in ASCII systems these
37 * usually macros but they still are compiled as code, too. */
38 PERL_CALLCONV UV Perl_utf8n_to_uvchr(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags);
39 PERL_CALLCONV U8* Perl_uvchr_to_utf8(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv);
42 static const char unees[] =
43 "Malformed UTF-8 character (unexpected end of string)";
46 =head1 Unicode Support
48 This file contains various utility functions for manipulating UTF8-encoded
49 strings. For the uninitiated, this is a method of representing arbitrary
50 Unicode characters as a variable number of bytes, in such a way that
51 characters in the ASCII range are unmodified, and a zero byte never appears
52 within non-zero characters.
58 =for apidoc is_ascii_string
60 Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string are ASCII (i.e. none
61 of them even raise the question of UTF-8-ness).
63 See also is_utf8_string(), is_utf8_string_loclen(), and is_utf8_string_loc().
69 Perl_is_ascii_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
71 const U8* const send = s + (len ? len : strlen((const char *)s));
74 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_ASCII_STRING;
76 for (; x < send; ++x) {
77 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*x))
85 =for apidoc uvuni_to_utf8_flags
87 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint C<uv> to the end
88 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
89 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
90 end of the new character. In other words,
92 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
96 d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
98 (which is equivalent to)
100 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
102 is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
110 Perl_uvuni_to_utf8_flags(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
112 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UVUNI_TO_UTF8_FLAGS;
114 if (ckWARN(WARN_UTF8)) {
115 if (UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(uv) &&
116 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_SURROGATE))
117 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8), "UTF-16 surrogate 0x%04"UVxf, uv);
119 ((uv >= 0xFDD0 && uv <= 0xFDEF &&
120 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_FDD0))
122 ((uv & 0xFFFE) == 0xFFFE && /* Either FFFE or FFFF. */
123 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_FFFF))) &&
124 /* UNICODE_ALLOW_SUPER includes
125 * FFFEs and FFFFs beyond 0x10FFFF. */
126 ((uv <= PERL_UNICODE_MAX) ||
127 !(flags & UNICODE_ALLOW_SUPER))
129 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8),
130 "Unicode non-character 0x%04"UVxf" is illegal for interchange", uv);
132 if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv)) {
133 *d++ = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
138 STRLEN len = UNISKIP(uv);
141 *p-- = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE((uv & UTF_CONTINUATION_MASK) | UTF_CONTINUATION_MARK);
142 uv >>= UTF_ACCUMULATION_SHIFT;
144 *p = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE((uv & UTF_START_MASK(len)) | UTF_START_MARK(len));
147 #else /* Non loop style */
149 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 6) | 0xc0);
150 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
154 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 12) | 0xe0);
155 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
156 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
160 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 18) | 0xf0);
161 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
162 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
163 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
166 if (uv < 0x4000000) {
167 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 24) | 0xf8);
168 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
169 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
170 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
171 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
174 if (uv < 0x80000000) {
175 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 30) | 0xfc);
176 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
177 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
178 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
179 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
180 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
184 if (uv < UTF8_QUAD_MAX)
187 *d++ = 0xfe; /* Can't match U+FEFF! */
188 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 30) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
189 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
190 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
191 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
192 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
193 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
198 *d++ = 0xff; /* Can't match U+FFFE! */
199 *d++ = 0x80; /* 6 Reserved bits */
200 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 60) & 0x0f) | 0x80); /* 2 Reserved bits */
201 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 54) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
202 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 48) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
203 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 42) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
204 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 36) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
205 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 30) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
206 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 24) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
207 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 18) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
208 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
209 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
210 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
214 #endif /* Loop style */
219 Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
220 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid
221 UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character
222 will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
224 This is the "slow" version as opposed to the "fast" version which is
225 the "unrolled" IS_UTF8_CHAR(). E.g. for t/uni/class.t the speed
226 difference is a factor of 2 to 3. For lengths (UTF8SKIP(s)) of four
227 or less you should use the IS_UTF8_CHAR(), for lengths of five or more
228 you should use the _slow(). In practice this means that the _slow()
229 will be used very rarely, since the maximum Unicode code point (as of
230 Unicode 4.1) is U+10FFFF, which encodes in UTF-8 to four bytes. Only
231 the "Perl extended UTF-8" (the infamous 'v-strings') will encode into
236 S_is_utf8_char_slow(const U8 *s, const STRLEN len)
242 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_CHAR_SLOW;
244 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(u))
247 if (!UTF8_IS_START(u))
250 if (len < 2 || !UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(s[1]))
256 u = NATIVE_TO_UTF(u);
258 u &= UTF_START_MASK(len);
262 if (!UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
264 uv = UTF8_ACCUMULATE(uv, *s);
271 if ((STRLEN)UNISKIP(uv) < len)
278 =for apidoc is_utf8_char
280 Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
281 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII on non-EBCDIC machines)
282 character is a valid UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8
283 character will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
287 Perl_is_utf8_char(const U8 *s)
289 const STRLEN len = UTF8SKIP(s);
291 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_CHAR;
293 if (IS_UTF8_CHAR_FAST(len))
294 return IS_UTF8_CHAR(s, len) ? len : 0;
295 #endif /* #ifdef IS_UTF8_CHAR */
296 return is_utf8_char_slow(s, len);
301 =for apidoc is_utf8_string
303 Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string form a valid
304 UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does
305 not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8'
306 because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.
308 See also is_ascii_string(), is_utf8_string_loclen(), and is_utf8_string_loc().
314 Perl_is_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
316 const U8* const send = s + (len ? len : strlen((const char *)s));
319 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_STRING;
323 /* Inline the easy bits of is_utf8_char() here for speed... */
324 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*x))
326 else if (!UTF8_IS_START(*x))
329 /* ... and call is_utf8_char() only if really needed. */
332 if (IS_UTF8_CHAR_FAST(c)) {
333 if (!IS_UTF8_CHAR(x, c))
337 c = is_utf8_char_slow(x, c);
340 #endif /* #ifdef IS_UTF8_CHAR */
355 Implemented as a macro in utf8.h
357 =for apidoc is_utf8_string_loc
359 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
360 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
361 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>.
363 See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string().
365 =for apidoc is_utf8_string_loclen
367 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
368 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
369 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>, and the number of UTF-8
370 encoded characters in the C<el>.
372 See also is_utf8_string_loc() and is_utf8_string().
378 Perl_is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
380 const U8* const send = s + (len ? len : strlen((const char *)s));
385 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_STRING_LOCLEN;
388 /* Inline the easy bits of is_utf8_char() here for speed... */
389 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*x))
391 else if (!UTF8_IS_START(*x))
394 /* ... and call is_utf8_char() only if really needed. */
397 if (IS_UTF8_CHAR_FAST(c)) {
398 if (!IS_UTF8_CHAR(x, c))
401 c = is_utf8_char_slow(x, c);
404 #endif /* #ifdef IS_UTF8_CHAR */
423 =for apidoc utf8n_to_uvuni
425 Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine.
426 Returns the Unicode code point value of the first character in the string C<s>
427 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than C<curlen>;
428 C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
430 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour
431 is dependent on the value of C<flags>: if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY,
432 it is assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and this function
433 will silently just set C<retlen> to C<-1> and return zero. If the
434 C<flags> does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about
435 malformations will be given, C<retlen> will be set to the expected
436 length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be returned.
438 The C<flags> can also contain various flags to allow deviations from
439 the strict UTF-8 encoding (see F<utf8.h>).
441 Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.
447 Perl_utf8n_to_uvuni(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
450 const U8 * const s0 = s;
453 const bool dowarn = ckWARN_d(WARN_UTF8);
454 const UV startbyte = *s;
455 STRLEN expectlen = 0;
458 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8N_TO_UVUNI;
460 /* This list is a superset of the UTF8_ALLOW_XXX. */
462 #define UTF8_WARN_EMPTY 1
463 #define UTF8_WARN_CONTINUATION 2
464 #define UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION 3
465 #define UTF8_WARN_FE_FF 4
466 #define UTF8_WARN_SHORT 5
467 #define UTF8_WARN_OVERFLOW 6
468 #define UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE 7
469 #define UTF8_WARN_LONG 8
470 #define UTF8_WARN_FFFF 9 /* Also FFFE. */
473 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_EMPTY)) {
474 warning = UTF8_WARN_EMPTY;
478 if (UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(uv)) {
481 return (UV) (NATIVE_TO_UTF(*s));
484 if (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(uv) &&
485 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_CONTINUATION)) {
486 warning = UTF8_WARN_CONTINUATION;
490 if (UTF8_IS_START(uv) && curlen > 1 && !UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(s[1]) &&
491 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_NON_CONTINUATION)) {
492 warning = UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION;
497 uv = NATIVE_TO_UTF(uv);
499 if ((uv == 0xfe || uv == 0xff) &&
500 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_FE_FF)) {
501 warning = UTF8_WARN_FE_FF;
506 if (!(uv & 0x20)) { len = 2; uv &= 0x1f; }
507 else if (!(uv & 0x10)) { len = 3; uv &= 0x0f; }
508 else if (!(uv & 0x08)) { len = 4; uv &= 0x07; }
509 else if (!(uv & 0x04)) { len = 5; uv &= 0x03; }
511 else if (!(uv & 0x02)) { len = 6; uv &= 0x01; }
512 else { len = 7; uv &= 0x01; }
514 else if (!(uv & 0x02)) { len = 6; uv &= 0x01; }
515 else if (!(uv & 0x01)) { len = 7; uv = 0; }
516 else { len = 13; uv = 0; } /* whoa! */
524 if ((curlen < expectlen) &&
525 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_SHORT)) {
526 warning = UTF8_WARN_SHORT;
535 if (!UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s) &&
536 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_NON_CONTINUATION)) {
538 warning = UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION;
542 uv = UTF8_ACCUMULATE(uv, *s);
544 /* These cannot be allowed. */
546 if (expectlen != 13 && !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_LONG)) {
547 warning = UTF8_WARN_LONG;
551 else { /* uv < ouv */
552 /* This cannot be allowed. */
553 warning = UTF8_WARN_OVERFLOW;
561 if (UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(uv) &&
562 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_SURROGATE)) {
563 warning = UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE;
565 } else if ((expectlen > (STRLEN)UNISKIP(uv)) &&
566 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_LONG)) {
567 warning = UTF8_WARN_LONG;
569 } else if (UNICODE_IS_ILLEGAL(uv) &&
570 !(flags & UTF8_ALLOW_FFFF)) {
571 warning = UTF8_WARN_FFFF;
579 if (flags & UTF8_CHECK_ONLY) {
581 *retlen = ((STRLEN) -1);
586 SV* const sv = newSVpvs_flags("Malformed UTF-8 character ", SVs_TEMP);
589 case 0: /* Intentionally empty. */ break;
590 case UTF8_WARN_EMPTY:
591 sv_catpvs(sv, "(empty string)");
593 case UTF8_WARN_CONTINUATION:
594 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(unexpected continuation byte 0x%02"UVxf", with no preceding start byte)", uv);
596 case UTF8_WARN_NON_CONTINUATION:
598 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(unexpected non-continuation byte 0x%02"UVxf", immediately after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
599 (UV)s[1], startbyte);
601 const int len = (int)(s-s0);
602 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(unexpected non-continuation byte 0x%02"UVxf", %d byte%s after start byte 0x%02"UVxf", expected %d bytes)",
603 (UV)s[1], len, len > 1 ? "s" : "", startbyte, (int)expectlen);
607 case UTF8_WARN_FE_FF:
608 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(byte 0x%02"UVxf")", uv);
610 case UTF8_WARN_SHORT:
611 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(%d byte%s, need %d, after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
612 (int)curlen, curlen == 1 ? "" : "s", (int)expectlen, startbyte);
613 expectlen = curlen; /* distance for caller to skip */
615 case UTF8_WARN_OVERFLOW:
616 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(overflow at 0x%"UVxf", byte 0x%02x, after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
619 case UTF8_WARN_SURROGATE:
620 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(UTF-16 surrogate 0x%04"UVxf")", uv);
623 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(%d byte%s, need %d, after start byte 0x%02"UVxf")",
624 (int)expectlen, expectlen == 1 ? "": "s", UNISKIP(uv), startbyte);
627 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ sv, "(character 0x%04"UVxf")", uv);
630 sv_catpvs(sv, "(unknown reason)");
635 const char * const s = SvPVX_const(sv);
638 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8),
639 "%s in %s", s, OP_DESC(PL_op));
641 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8), "%s", s);
646 *retlen = expectlen ? expectlen : len;
652 =for apidoc utf8_to_uvchr
654 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s>
655 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
656 length, in bytes, of that character.
658 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
659 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
665 Perl_utf8_to_uvchr(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
667 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_TO_UVCHR;
669 return utf8n_to_uvchr(s, UTF8_MAXBYTES, retlen,
670 ckWARN(WARN_UTF8) ? 0 : UTF8_ALLOW_ANY);
674 =for apidoc utf8_to_uvuni
676 Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string C<s>
677 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
678 length, in bytes, of that character.
680 This function should only be used when the returned UV is considered
681 an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
683 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
684 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
690 Perl_utf8_to_uvuni(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
692 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_TO_UVUNI;
694 /* Call the low level routine asking for checks */
695 return Perl_utf8n_to_uvuni(aTHX_ s, UTF8_MAXBYTES, retlen,
696 ckWARN(WARN_UTF8) ? 0 : UTF8_ALLOW_ANY);
700 =for apidoc utf8_length
702 Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string C<s> in characters.
703 Stops at C<e> (inclusive). If C<e E<lt> s> or if the scan would end
704 up past C<e>, croaks.
710 Perl_utf8_length(pTHX_ const U8 *s, const U8 *e)
715 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_LENGTH;
717 /* Note: cannot use UTF8_IS_...() too eagerly here since e.g.
718 * the bitops (especially ~) can create illegal UTF-8.
719 * In other words: in Perl UTF-8 is not just for Unicode. */
722 goto warn_and_return;
724 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(*s))
735 Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8),
736 "%s in %s", unees, OP_DESC(PL_op));
738 Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8), unees);
745 =for apidoc utf8_distance
747 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers C<a>
750 WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the
757 Perl_utf8_distance(pTHX_ const U8 *a, const U8 *b)
759 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_DISTANCE;
761 return (a < b) ? -1 * (IV) utf8_length(a, b) : (IV) utf8_length(b, a);
767 Return the UTF-8 pointer C<s> displaced by C<off> characters, either
770 WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* C<off> is within
771 the UTF-8 data pointed to by C<s> *and* that on entry C<s> is aligned
772 on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character.
778 Perl_utf8_hop(pTHX_ const U8 *s, I32 off)
780 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_HOP;
783 /* Note: cannot use UTF8_IS_...() too eagerly here since e.g
784 * the bitops (especially ~) can create illegal UTF-8.
785 * In other words: in Perl UTF-8 is not just for Unicode. */
794 while (UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(*s))
802 =for apidoc utf8_to_bytes
804 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into native byte encoding.
805 Unlike C<bytes_to_utf8>, this over-writes the original string, and
806 updates len to contain the new length.
807 Returns zero on failure, setting C<len> to -1.
809 If you need a copy of the string, see C<bytes_from_utf8>.
815 Perl_utf8_to_bytes(pTHX_ U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
818 U8 * const send = s + *len;
821 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8_TO_BYTES;
823 /* ensure valid UTF-8 and chars < 256 before updating string */
827 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c) &&
828 (!UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(c) || (s >= send)
829 || !(c = *s++) || !UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(c))) {
830 *len = ((STRLEN) -1);
838 *d++ = (U8)utf8_to_uvchr(s, &ulen);
847 =for apidoc bytes_from_utf8
849 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into native byte encoding.
850 Unlike C<utf8_to_bytes> but like C<bytes_to_utf8>, returns a pointer to
851 the newly-created string, and updates C<len> to contain the new
852 length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, C<len>
853 is unchanged. Do nothing if C<is_utf8> points to 0. Sets C<is_utf8> to
854 0 if C<s> is converted or consisted entirely of characters that are invariant
855 in utf8 (i.e., US-ASCII on non-EBCDIC machines).
861 Perl_bytes_from_utf8(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
868 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BYTES_FROM_UTF8;
874 /* ensure valid UTF-8 and chars < 256 before converting string */
875 for (send = s + *len; s < send;) {
877 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c)) {
878 if (UTF8_IS_DOWNGRADEABLE_START(c) && s < send &&
879 (c = *s++) && UTF8_IS_CONTINUATION(c))
888 Newx(d, (*len) - count + 1, U8);
889 s = start; start = d;
892 if (!UTF8_IS_INVARIANT(c)) {
893 /* Then it is two-byte encoded */
894 c = UTF8_ACCUMULATE(NATIVE_TO_UTF(c), *s++);
895 c = ASCII_TO_NATIVE(c);
905 =for apidoc bytes_to_utf8
907 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from the native encoding into UTF-8.
908 Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets C<len> to
909 reflect the new length.
911 A NUL character will be written after the end of the string.
913 If you want to convert to UTF-8 from encodings other than
914 the native (Latin1 or EBCDIC),
915 see sv_recode_to_utf8().
921 Perl_bytes_to_utf8(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
923 const U8 * const send = s + (*len);
927 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_BYTES_TO_UTF8;
930 Newx(d, (*len) * 2 + 1, U8);
934 const UV uv = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(*s++);
935 if (UNI_IS_INVARIANT(uv))
936 *d++ = (U8)UTF_TO_NATIVE(uv);
938 *d++ = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(uv);
939 *d++ = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(uv);
948 * Convert native (big-endian) or reversed (little-endian) UTF-16 to UTF-8.
950 * Destination must be pre-extended to 3/2 source. Do not use in-place.
951 * We optimize for native, for obvious reasons. */
954 Perl_utf16_to_utf8(pTHX_ U8* p, U8* d, I32 bytelen, I32 *newlen)
959 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF16_TO_UTF8;
962 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: utf16_to_utf8: odd bytelen %"UVuf, (UV)bytelen);
967 UV uv = (p[0] << 8) + p[1]; /* UTF-16BE */
971 *d++ = UNI_TO_NATIVE(uv);
978 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 6) | 0xc0);
979 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
982 if (uv >= 0xd800 && uv <= 0xdbff) { /* surrogates */
984 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-16 surrogate");
986 UV low = (p[0] << 8) + p[1];
988 if (low < 0xdc00 || low > 0xdfff)
989 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-16 surrogate");
990 uv = ((uv - 0xd800) << 10) + (low - 0xdc00) + 0x10000;
992 } else if (uv >= 0xdc00 && uv <= 0xdfff) {
993 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Malformed UTF-16 surrogate");
996 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 12) | 0xe0);
997 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
998 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1002 *d++ = (U8)(( uv >> 18) | 0xf0);
1003 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 12) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1004 *d++ = (U8)(((uv >> 6) & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1005 *d++ = (U8)(( uv & 0x3f) | 0x80);
1009 *newlen = d - dstart;
1013 /* Note: this one is slightly destructive of the source. */
1016 Perl_utf16_to_utf8_reversed(pTHX_ U8* p, U8* d, I32 bytelen, I32 *newlen)
1019 U8* const send = s + bytelen;
1021 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF16_TO_UTF8_REVERSED;
1024 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: utf16_to_utf8_reversed: odd bytelen %"UVuf,
1028 const U8 tmp = s[0];
1033 return utf16_to_utf8(p, d, bytelen, newlen);
1036 /* for now these are all defined (inefficiently) in terms of the utf8 versions */
1039 Perl_is_uni_alnum(pTHX_ UV c)
1041 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1042 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1043 return is_utf8_alnum(tmpbuf);
1047 Perl_is_uni_idfirst(pTHX_ UV c)
1049 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1050 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1051 return is_utf8_idfirst(tmpbuf);
1055 Perl_is_uni_alpha(pTHX_ UV c)
1057 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1058 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1059 return is_utf8_alpha(tmpbuf);
1063 Perl_is_uni_ascii(pTHX_ UV c)
1065 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1066 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1067 return is_utf8_ascii(tmpbuf);
1071 Perl_is_uni_space(pTHX_ UV c)
1073 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1074 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1075 return is_utf8_space(tmpbuf);
1079 Perl_is_uni_digit(pTHX_ UV c)
1081 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1082 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1083 return is_utf8_digit(tmpbuf);
1087 Perl_is_uni_upper(pTHX_ UV c)
1089 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1090 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1091 return is_utf8_upper(tmpbuf);
1095 Perl_is_uni_lower(pTHX_ UV c)
1097 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1098 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1099 return is_utf8_lower(tmpbuf);
1103 Perl_is_uni_cntrl(pTHX_ UV c)
1105 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1106 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1107 return is_utf8_cntrl(tmpbuf);
1111 Perl_is_uni_graph(pTHX_ UV c)
1113 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1114 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1115 return is_utf8_graph(tmpbuf);
1119 Perl_is_uni_print(pTHX_ UV c)
1121 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1122 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1123 return is_utf8_print(tmpbuf);
1127 Perl_is_uni_punct(pTHX_ UV c)
1129 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES+1];
1130 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1131 return is_utf8_punct(tmpbuf);
1135 Perl_is_uni_xdigit(pTHX_ UV c)
1137 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1138 uvchr_to_utf8(tmpbuf, c);
1139 return is_utf8_xdigit(tmpbuf);
1143 Perl_to_uni_upper(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1145 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_UPPER;
1147 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1148 return to_utf8_upper(p, p, lenp);
1152 Perl_to_uni_title(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1154 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_TITLE;
1156 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1157 return to_utf8_title(p, p, lenp);
1161 Perl_to_uni_lower(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1163 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_LOWER;
1165 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1166 return to_utf8_lower(p, p, lenp);
1170 Perl_to_uni_fold(pTHX_ UV c, U8* p, STRLEN *lenp)
1172 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UNI_FOLD;
1174 uvchr_to_utf8(p, c);
1175 return to_utf8_fold(p, p, lenp);
1178 /* for now these all assume no locale info available for Unicode > 255 */
1181 Perl_is_uni_alnum_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1183 return is_uni_alnum(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1187 Perl_is_uni_idfirst_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1189 return is_uni_idfirst(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1193 Perl_is_uni_alpha_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1195 return is_uni_alpha(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1199 Perl_is_uni_ascii_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1201 return is_uni_ascii(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1205 Perl_is_uni_space_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1207 return is_uni_space(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1211 Perl_is_uni_digit_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1213 return is_uni_digit(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1217 Perl_is_uni_upper_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1219 return is_uni_upper(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1223 Perl_is_uni_lower_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1225 return is_uni_lower(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1229 Perl_is_uni_cntrl_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1231 return is_uni_cntrl(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1235 Perl_is_uni_graph_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1237 return is_uni_graph(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1241 Perl_is_uni_print_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1243 return is_uni_print(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1247 Perl_is_uni_punct_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1249 return is_uni_punct(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1253 Perl_is_uni_xdigit_lc(pTHX_ UV c)
1255 return is_uni_xdigit(c); /* XXX no locale support yet */
1259 Perl_to_uni_upper_lc(pTHX_ U32 c)
1261 /* XXX returns only the first character -- do not use XXX */
1262 /* XXX no locale support yet */
1264 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1265 return (U32)to_uni_upper(c, tmpbuf, &len);
1269 Perl_to_uni_title_lc(pTHX_ U32 c)
1271 /* XXX returns only the first character XXX -- do not use XXX */
1272 /* XXX no locale support yet */
1274 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1275 return (U32)to_uni_title(c, tmpbuf, &len);
1279 Perl_to_uni_lower_lc(pTHX_ U32 c)
1281 /* XXX returns only the first character -- do not use XXX */
1282 /* XXX no locale support yet */
1284 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1285 return (U32)to_uni_lower(c, tmpbuf, &len);
1289 S_is_utf8_common(pTHX_ const U8 *const p, SV **swash,
1290 const char *const swashname)
1294 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_COMMON;
1296 if (!is_utf8_char(p))
1299 *swash = swash_init("utf8", swashname, &PL_sv_undef, 1, 0);
1300 return swash_fetch(*swash, p, TRUE) != 0;
1304 Perl_is_utf8_alnum(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1308 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_ALNUM;
1310 /* NOTE: "IsWord", not "IsAlnum", since Alnum is a true
1311 * descendant of isalnum(3), in other words, it doesn't
1312 * contain the '_'. --jhi */
1313 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_alnum, "IsWord");
1317 Perl_is_utf8_idfirst(pTHX_ const U8 *p) /* The naming is historical. */
1321 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_IDFIRST;
1325 /* is_utf8_idstart would be more logical. */
1326 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_idstart, "IdStart");
1330 Perl_is_utf8_idcont(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1334 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_IDCONT;
1338 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_idcont, "IdContinue");
1342 Perl_is_utf8_alpha(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1346 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_ALPHA;
1348 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_alpha, "IsAlpha");
1352 Perl_is_utf8_ascii(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1356 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_ASCII;
1358 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_ascii, "IsAscii");
1362 Perl_is_utf8_space(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1366 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_SPACE;
1368 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_space, "IsSpacePerl");
1372 Perl_is_utf8_perl_space(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1376 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_PERL_SPACE;
1378 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_perl_space, "IsPerlSpace");
1382 Perl_is_utf8_perl_word(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1386 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_PERL_WORD;
1388 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_perl_word, "IsPerlWord");
1392 Perl_is_utf8_digit(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1396 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_DIGIT;
1398 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_digit, "IsDigit");
1402 Perl_is_utf8_posix_digit(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1406 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_POSIX_DIGIT;
1408 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_posix_digit, "IsPosixDigit");
1412 Perl_is_utf8_upper(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1416 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_UPPER;
1418 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_upper, "IsUppercase");
1422 Perl_is_utf8_lower(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1426 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_LOWER;
1428 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_lower, "IsLowercase");
1432 Perl_is_utf8_cntrl(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1436 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_CNTRL;
1438 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_cntrl, "IsCntrl");
1442 Perl_is_utf8_graph(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1446 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_GRAPH;
1448 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_graph, "IsGraph");
1452 Perl_is_utf8_print(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1456 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_PRINT;
1458 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_print, "IsPrint");
1462 Perl_is_utf8_punct(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1466 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_PUNCT;
1468 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_punct, "IsPunct");
1472 Perl_is_utf8_xdigit(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1476 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_XDIGIT;
1478 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_xdigit, "IsXDigit");
1482 Perl_is_utf8_mark(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1486 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_MARK;
1488 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_mark, "IsM");
1492 Perl_is_utf8_X_begin(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1496 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_BEGIN;
1498 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_begin, "_X_Begin");
1502 Perl_is_utf8_X_extend(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1506 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_EXTEND;
1508 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_extend, "_X_Extend");
1512 Perl_is_utf8_X_prepend(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1516 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_PREPEND;
1518 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_prepend, "GCB=Prepend");
1522 Perl_is_utf8_X_non_hangul(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1526 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_NON_HANGUL;
1528 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_non_hangul, "HST=Not_Applicable");
1532 Perl_is_utf8_X_L(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1536 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_L;
1538 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_L, "GCB=L");
1542 Perl_is_utf8_X_LV(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1546 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_LV;
1548 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_LV, "GCB=LV");
1552 Perl_is_utf8_X_LVT(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1556 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_LVT;
1558 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_LVT, "GCB=LVT");
1562 Perl_is_utf8_X_T(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1566 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_T;
1568 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_T, "GCB=T");
1572 Perl_is_utf8_X_V(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1576 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_V;
1578 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_V, "GCB=V");
1582 Perl_is_utf8_X_LV_LVT_V(pTHX_ const U8 *p)
1586 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IS_UTF8_X_LV_LVT_V;
1588 return is_utf8_common(p, &PL_utf8_X_LV_LVT_V, "_X_LV_LVT_V");
1592 =for apidoc to_utf8_case
1594 The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding
1595 the character that is being converted.
1597 The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the
1598 conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length
1601 The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
1603 Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl,
1604 and loaded by SWASHNEW, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually,
1605 but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
1607 The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the
1608 hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through
1609 Perl_to_utf8_case().
1611 The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash
1617 Perl_to_utf8_case(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp,
1618 SV **swashp, const char *normal, const char *special)
1621 U8 tmpbuf[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
1623 const UV uv0 = utf8_to_uvchr(p, NULL);
1624 /* The NATIVE_TO_UNI() and UNI_TO_NATIVE() mappings
1625 * are necessary in EBCDIC, they are redundant no-ops
1626 * in ASCII-ish platforms, and hopefully optimized away. */
1627 const UV uv1 = NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv0);
1629 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_CASE;
1631 uvuni_to_utf8(tmpbuf, uv1);
1633 if (!*swashp) /* load on-demand */
1634 *swashp = swash_init("utf8", normal, &PL_sv_undef, 4, 0);
1635 /* This is the beginnings of a skeleton of code to read the info section
1636 * that is in all the swashes in case we ever want to do that, so one can
1637 * read things whose maps aren't code points, and whose default if missing
1638 * is not to the code point itself. This was just to see if it actually
1639 * worked. Details on what the possibilities are are in perluniprops.pod
1640 HV * const hv = get_hv("utf8::SwashInfo", 0);
1643 svp = hv_fetch(hv, (const char*)normal, strlen(normal), FALSE);
1646 HV * const this_hash = SvRV(*svp);
1647 svp = hv_fetch(this_hash, "type", strlen("type"), FALSE);
1648 s = SvPV_const(*svp, len);
1652 /* The 0xDF is the only special casing Unicode code point below 0x100. */
1653 if (special && (uv1 == 0xDF || uv1 > 0xFF)) {
1654 /* It might be "special" (sometimes, but not always,
1655 * a multicharacter mapping) */
1656 HV * const hv = get_hv(special, 0);
1660 (svp = hv_fetch(hv, (const char*)tmpbuf, UNISKIP(uv1), FALSE)) &&
1664 s = SvPV_const(*svp, len);
1666 len = uvuni_to_utf8(ustrp, NATIVE_TO_UNI(*(U8*)s)) - ustrp;
1669 /* If we have EBCDIC we need to remap the characters
1670 * since any characters in the low 256 are Unicode
1671 * code points, not EBCDIC. */
1672 U8 *t = (U8*)s, *tend = t + len, *d;
1679 const UV c = utf8_to_uvchr(t, &tlen);
1681 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, UNI_TO_NATIVE(c));
1690 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, UNI_TO_NATIVE(*t));
1695 Copy(tmpbuf, ustrp, len, U8);
1697 Copy(s, ustrp, len, U8);
1703 if (!len && *swashp) {
1704 const UV uv2 = swash_fetch(*swashp, tmpbuf, TRUE);
1707 /* It was "normal" (a single character mapping). */
1708 const UV uv3 = UNI_TO_NATIVE(uv2);
1709 len = uvchr_to_utf8(ustrp, uv3) - ustrp;
1713 if (!len) /* Neither: just copy. In other words, there was no mapping
1714 defined, which means that the code point maps to itself */
1715 len = uvchr_to_utf8(ustrp, uv0) - ustrp;
1720 return len ? utf8_to_uvchr(ustrp, 0) : 0;
1724 =for apidoc to_utf8_upper
1726 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and
1727 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1728 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
1729 the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
1731 The first character of the uppercased version is returned
1732 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1737 Perl_to_utf8_upper(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1741 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_UPPER;
1743 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1744 &PL_utf8_toupper, "ToUpper", "utf8::ToSpecUpper");
1748 =for apidoc to_utf8_title
1750 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and
1751 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1752 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
1753 titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
1755 The first character of the titlecased version is returned
1756 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1761 Perl_to_utf8_title(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1765 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_TITLE;
1767 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1768 &PL_utf8_totitle, "ToTitle", "utf8::ToSpecTitle");
1772 =for apidoc to_utf8_lower
1774 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and
1775 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1776 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
1777 lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
1779 The first character of the lowercased version is returned
1780 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1785 Perl_to_utf8_lower(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1789 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_LOWER;
1791 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1792 &PL_utf8_tolower, "ToLower", "utf8::ToSpecLower");
1796 =for apidoc to_utf8_fold
1798 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and
1799 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
1800 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
1801 foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to
1804 The first character of the foldcased version is returned
1805 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
1810 Perl_to_utf8_fold(pTHX_ const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
1814 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_TO_UTF8_FOLD;
1816 return Perl_to_utf8_case(aTHX_ p, ustrp, lenp,
1817 &PL_utf8_tofold, "ToFold", "utf8::ToSpecFold");
1821 * A "swash" is a swatch hash.
1822 * A "swatch" is a bit vector generated by utf8.c:S_swash_get().
1823 * C<pkg> is a pointer to a package name for SWASHNEW, should be "utf8".
1824 * For other parameters, see utf8::SWASHNEW in lib/utf8_heavy.pl.
1827 Perl_swash_init(pTHX_ const char* pkg, const char* name, SV *listsv, I32 minbits, I32 none)
1832 const size_t pkg_len = strlen(pkg);
1833 const size_t name_len = strlen(name);
1834 HV * const stash = gv_stashpvn(pkg, pkg_len, 0);
1837 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SWASH_INIT;
1839 PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_MAGIC);
1844 if (!gv_fetchmeth(stash, "SWASHNEW", 8, -1)) { /* demand load utf8 */
1846 errsv_save = newSVsv(ERRSV);
1847 /* It is assumed that callers of this routine are not passing in any
1848 user derived data. */
1849 /* Need to do this after save_re_context() as it will set PL_tainted to
1850 1 while saving $1 etc (see the code after getrx: in Perl_magic_get).
1851 Even line to create errsv_save can turn on PL_tainted. */
1852 SAVEBOOL(PL_tainted);
1854 Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, newSVpvn(pkg,pkg_len),
1857 sv_setsv(ERRSV, errsv_save);
1858 SvREFCNT_dec(errsv_save);
1864 mPUSHp(pkg, pkg_len);
1865 mPUSHp(name, name_len);
1870 errsv_save = newSVsv(ERRSV);
1871 if (call_method("SWASHNEW", G_SCALAR))
1872 retval = newSVsv(*PL_stack_sp--);
1874 retval = &PL_sv_undef;
1876 sv_setsv(ERRSV, errsv_save);
1877 SvREFCNT_dec(errsv_save);
1880 if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
1881 CopHINTS_set(PL_curcop, PL_hints);
1883 if (!SvROK(retval) || SvTYPE(SvRV(retval)) != SVt_PVHV) {
1885 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't find Unicode property definition \"%"SVf"\"",
1887 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "SWASHNEW didn't return an HV ref");
1893 /* This API is wrong for special case conversions since we may need to
1894 * return several Unicode characters for a single Unicode character
1895 * (see lib/unicore/SpecCase.txt) The SWASHGET in lib/utf8_heavy.pl is
1896 * the lower-level routine, and it is similarly broken for returning
1897 * multiple values. --jhi */
1898 /* Now SWASHGET is recasted into S_swash_get in this file. */
1901 * Returns the value of property/mapping C<swash> for the first character
1902 * of the string C<ptr>. If C<do_utf8> is true, the string C<ptr> is
1903 * assumed to be in utf8. If C<do_utf8> is false, the string C<ptr> is
1904 * assumed to be in native 8-bit encoding. Caches the swatch in C<swash>.
1907 Perl_swash_fetch(pTHX_ SV *swash, const U8 *ptr, bool do_utf8)
1910 HV *const hv = MUTABLE_HV(SvRV(swash));
1915 const U8 *tmps = NULL;
1919 const UV c = NATIVE_TO_ASCII(*ptr);
1921 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SWASH_FETCH;
1923 if (!do_utf8 && !UNI_IS_INVARIANT(c)) {
1924 tmputf8[0] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_HI(c);
1925 tmputf8[1] = (U8)UTF8_EIGHT_BIT_LO(c);
1928 /* Given a UTF-X encoded char 0xAA..0xYY,0xZZ
1929 * then the "swatch" is a vec() for all the chars which start
1931 * So the key in the hash (klen) is length of encoded char -1
1933 klen = UTF8SKIP(ptr) - 1;
1937 /* If char is invariant then swatch is for all the invariant chars
1938 * In both UTF-8 and UTF-8-MOD that happens to be UTF_CONTINUATION_MARK
1940 needents = UTF_CONTINUATION_MARK;
1941 off = NATIVE_TO_UTF(ptr[klen]);
1944 /* If char is encoded then swatch is for the prefix */
1945 needents = (1 << UTF_ACCUMULATION_SHIFT);
1946 off = NATIVE_TO_UTF(ptr[klen]) & UTF_CONTINUATION_MASK;
1950 * This single-entry cache saves about 1/3 of the utf8 overhead in test
1951 * suite. (That is, only 7-8% overall over just a hash cache. Still,
1952 * it's nothing to sniff at.) Pity we usually come through at least
1953 * two function calls to get here...
1955 * NB: this code assumes that swatches are never modified, once generated!
1958 if (hv == PL_last_swash_hv &&
1959 klen == PL_last_swash_klen &&
1960 (!klen || memEQ((char *)ptr, (char *)PL_last_swash_key, klen)) )
1962 tmps = PL_last_swash_tmps;
1963 slen = PL_last_swash_slen;
1966 /* Try our second-level swatch cache, kept in a hash. */
1967 SV** svp = hv_fetch(hv, (const char*)ptr, klen, FALSE);
1969 /* If not cached, generate it via swash_get */
1970 if (!svp || !SvPOK(*svp)
1971 || !(tmps = (const U8*)SvPV_const(*svp, slen))) {
1972 /* We use utf8n_to_uvuni() as we want an index into
1973 Unicode tables, not a native character number.
1975 const UV code_point = utf8n_to_uvuni(ptr, UTF8_MAXBYTES, 0,
1977 0 : UTF8_ALLOW_ANY);
1978 swatch = swash_get(swash,
1979 /* On EBCDIC & ~(0xA0-1) isn't a useful thing to do */
1980 (klen) ? (code_point & ~(needents - 1)) : 0,
1983 if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME)
1984 CopHINTS_set(PL_curcop, PL_hints);
1986 svp = hv_store(hv, (const char *)ptr, klen, swatch, 0);
1988 if (!svp || !(tmps = (U8*)SvPV(*svp, slen))
1989 || (slen << 3) < needents)
1990 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_fetch got improper swatch");
1993 PL_last_swash_hv = hv;
1994 assert(klen <= sizeof(PL_last_swash_key));
1995 PL_last_swash_klen = (U8)klen;
1996 /* FIXME change interpvar.h? */
1997 PL_last_swash_tmps = (U8 *) tmps;
1998 PL_last_swash_slen = slen;
2000 Copy(ptr, PL_last_swash_key, klen, U8);
2003 switch ((int)((slen << 3) / needents)) {
2005 bit = 1 << (off & 7);
2007 return (tmps[off] & bit) != 0;
2012 return (tmps[off] << 8) + tmps[off + 1] ;
2015 return (tmps[off] << 24) + (tmps[off+1] << 16) + (tmps[off+2] << 8) + tmps[off + 3] ;
2017 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_fetch got swatch of unexpected bit width");
2018 NORETURN_FUNCTION_END;
2022 * Returns a swatch (a bit vector string) for a code point sequence
2023 * that starts from the value C<start> and comprises the number C<span>.
2024 * A C<swash> must be an object created by SWASHNEW (see lib/utf8_heavy.pl).
2025 * Should be used via swash_fetch, which will cache the swatch in C<swash>.
2028 S_swash_get(pTHX_ SV* swash, UV start, UV span)
2031 U8 *l, *lend, *x, *xend, *s;
2032 STRLEN lcur, xcur, scur;
2033 HV *const hv = MUTABLE_HV(SvRV(swash));
2034 SV** const listsvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "LIST", FALSE);
2035 SV** const typesvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "TYPE", FALSE);
2036 SV** const bitssvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "BITS", FALSE);
2037 SV** const nonesvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "NONE", FALSE);
2038 SV** const extssvp = hv_fetchs(hv, "EXTRAS", FALSE);
2039 const U8* const typestr = (U8*)SvPV_nolen(*typesvp);
2040 const int typeto = typestr[0] == 'T' && typestr[1] == 'o';
2041 const STRLEN bits = SvUV(*bitssvp);
2042 const STRLEN octets = bits >> 3; /* if bits == 1, then octets == 0 */
2043 const UV none = SvUV(*nonesvp);
2044 const UV end = start + span;
2046 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SWASH_GET;
2048 if (bits != 1 && bits != 8 && bits != 16 && bits != 32) {
2049 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get doesn't expect bits %"UVuf,
2053 /* create and initialize $swatch */
2054 scur = octets ? (span * octets) : (span + 7) / 8;
2055 swatch = newSV(scur);
2057 s = (U8*)SvPVX(swatch);
2058 if (octets && none) {
2059 const U8* const e = s + scur;
2062 *s++ = (U8)(none & 0xff);
2063 else if (bits == 16) {
2064 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 8) & 0xff);
2065 *s++ = (U8)( none & 0xff);
2067 else if (bits == 32) {
2068 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 24) & 0xff);
2069 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 16) & 0xff);
2070 *s++ = (U8)((none >> 8) & 0xff);
2071 *s++ = (U8)( none & 0xff);
2077 (void)memzero((U8*)s, scur + 1);
2079 SvCUR_set(swatch, scur);
2080 s = (U8*)SvPVX(swatch);
2082 /* read $swash->{LIST} */
2083 l = (U8*)SvPV(*listsvp, lcur);
2088 I32 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
2090 U8* const nl = (U8*)memchr(l, '\n', lend - l);
2093 min = grok_hex((char *)l, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
2097 l = nl + 1; /* 1 is length of "\n" */
2101 l = lend; /* to LIST's end at which \n is not found */
2107 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT | PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
2109 max = grok_hex((char *)l, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
2118 flags = PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT |
2119 PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX;
2121 val = grok_hex((char *)l, &numlen, &flags, NULL);
2130 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s: illegal mapping '%s'",
2136 val = 0; /* bits == 1, then val should be ignored */
2143 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s: illegal mapping '%s'", typestr, l);
2147 val = 0; /* bits == 1, then val should be ignored */
2161 if (!none || val < none) {
2166 for (key = min; key <= max; key++) {
2170 /* offset must be non-negative (start <= min <= key < end) */
2171 offset = octets * (key - start);
2173 s[offset] = (U8)(val & 0xff);
2174 else if (bits == 16) {
2175 s[offset ] = (U8)((val >> 8) & 0xff);
2176 s[offset + 1] = (U8)( val & 0xff);
2178 else if (bits == 32) {
2179 s[offset ] = (U8)((val >> 24) & 0xff);
2180 s[offset + 1] = (U8)((val >> 16) & 0xff);
2181 s[offset + 2] = (U8)((val >> 8) & 0xff);
2182 s[offset + 3] = (U8)( val & 0xff);
2185 if (!none || val < none)
2189 else { /* bits == 1, then val should be ignored */
2193 for (key = min; key <= max; key++) {
2194 const STRLEN offset = (STRLEN)(key - start);
2197 s[offset >> 3] |= 1 << (offset & 7);
2203 /* read $swash->{EXTRAS} */
2204 x = (U8*)SvPV(*extssvp, xcur);
2212 SV **otherbitssvp, *other;
2216 const U8 opc = *x++;
2220 nl = (U8*)memchr(x, '\n', xend - x);
2222 if (opc != '-' && opc != '+' && opc != '!' && opc != '&') {
2224 x = nl + 1; /* 1 is length of "\n" */
2228 x = xend; /* to EXTRAS' end at which \n is not found */
2235 namelen = nl - namestr;
2239 namelen = xend - namestr;
2243 othersvp = hv_fetch(hv, (char *)namestr, namelen, FALSE);
2244 otherhv = MUTABLE_HV(SvRV(*othersvp));
2245 otherbitssvp = hv_fetchs(otherhv, "BITS", FALSE);
2246 otherbits = (STRLEN)SvUV(*otherbitssvp);
2247 if (bits < otherbits)
2248 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get found swatch size mismatch");
2250 /* The "other" swatch must be destroyed after. */
2251 other = swash_get(*othersvp, start, span);
2252 o = (U8*)SvPV(other, olen);
2255 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get got improper swatch");
2257 s = (U8*)SvPV(swatch, slen);
2258 if (bits == 1 && otherbits == 1) {
2260 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: swash_get found swatch length mismatch");
2284 STRLEN otheroctets = otherbits >> 3;
2286 U8* const send = s + slen;
2291 if (otherbits == 1) {
2292 otherval = (o[offset >> 3] >> (offset & 7)) & 1;
2296 STRLEN vlen = otheroctets;
2304 if (opc == '+' && otherval)
2305 NOOP; /* replace with otherval */
2306 else if (opc == '!' && !otherval)
2308 else if (opc == '-' && otherval)
2310 else if (opc == '&' && !otherval)
2313 s += octets; /* no replacement */
2318 *s++ = (U8)( otherval & 0xff);
2319 else if (bits == 16) {
2320 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 8) & 0xff);
2321 *s++ = (U8)( otherval & 0xff);
2323 else if (bits == 32) {
2324 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 24) & 0xff);
2325 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 16) & 0xff);
2326 *s++ = (U8)((otherval >> 8) & 0xff);
2327 *s++ = (U8)( otherval & 0xff);
2331 sv_free(other); /* through with it! */
2337 =for apidoc uvchr_to_utf8
2339 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint C<uv> to the end
2340 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
2341 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
2342 end of the new character. In other words,
2344 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
2346 is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
2353 /* On ASCII machines this is normally a macro but we want a
2354 real function in case XS code wants it
2357 Perl_uvchr_to_utf8(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv)
2359 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UVCHR_TO_UTF8;
2361 return Perl_uvuni_to_utf8_flags(aTHX_ d, NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv), 0);
2365 Perl_uvchr_to_utf8_flags(pTHX_ U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
2367 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UVCHR_TO_UTF8_FLAGS;
2369 return Perl_uvuni_to_utf8_flags(aTHX_ d, NATIVE_TO_UNI(uv), flags);
2373 =for apidoc utf8n_to_uvchr
2376 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string
2378 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
2379 length, in bytes, of that character.
2381 Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.
2385 /* On ASCII machines this is normally a macro but we want
2386 a real function in case XS code wants it
2389 Perl_utf8n_to_uvchr(pTHX_ const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen,
2392 const UV uv = Perl_utf8n_to_uvuni(aTHX_ s, curlen, retlen, flags);
2394 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_UTF8N_TO_UVCHR;
2396 return UNI_TO_NATIVE(uv);
2400 =for apidoc pv_uni_display
2402 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv,
2403 length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
2404 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
2406 The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display
2407 isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH
2408 to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n')
2409 (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\).
2410 UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both
2411 UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
2413 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
2417 Perl_pv_uni_display(pTHX_ SV *dsv, const U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
2422 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PV_UNI_DISPLAY;
2426 for (s = (const char *)spv, e = s + len; s < e; s += UTF8SKIP(s)) {
2428 /* This serves double duty as a flag and a character to print after
2429 a \ when flags & UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is true.
2433 if (pvlim && SvCUR(dsv) >= pvlim) {
2437 u = utf8_to_uvchr((U8*)s, 0);
2439 const unsigned char c = (unsigned char)u & 0xFF;
2440 if (flags & UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH) {
2457 const char string = ok;
2458 sv_catpvs(dsv, "\\");
2459 sv_catpvn(dsv, &string, 1);
2462 /* isPRINT() is the locale-blind version. */
2463 if (!ok && (flags & UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT) && isPRINT(c)) {
2464 const char string = c;
2465 sv_catpvn(dsv, &string, 1);
2470 Perl_sv_catpvf(aTHX_ dsv, "\\x{%"UVxf"}", u);
2473 sv_catpvs(dsv, "...");
2479 =for apidoc sv_uni_display
2481 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv,
2482 the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
2483 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
2485 The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
2487 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
2492 Perl_sv_uni_display(pTHX_ SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
2494 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_SV_UNI_DISPLAY;
2496 return Perl_pv_uni_display(aTHX_ dsv, (const U8*)SvPVX_const(ssv),
2497 SvCUR(ssv), pvlim, flags);
2501 =for apidoc ibcmp_utf8
2503 Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false
2504 if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the
2505 string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is true,
2506 the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2
2507 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit
2510 If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied
2511 in there (they will point at the beginning of the I<next> character).
2512 If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are the end
2513 pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any
2514 circumstances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and
2515 s2+l2 will be used as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan,
2516 and which qualify towards defining a successful match: all the scans
2517 that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for
2518 a match to succeed).
2520 For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used
2521 instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see
2522 http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
2526 Perl_ibcmp_utf8(pTHX_ const char *s1, char **pe1, register UV l1, bool u1, const char *s2, char **pe2, register UV l2, bool u2)
2529 register const U8 *p1 = (const U8*)s1;
2530 register const U8 *p2 = (const U8*)s2;
2531 register const U8 *f1 = NULL;
2532 register const U8 *f2 = NULL;
2533 register U8 *e1 = NULL;
2534 register U8 *q1 = NULL;
2535 register U8 *e2 = NULL;
2536 register U8 *q2 = NULL;
2537 STRLEN n1 = 0, n2 = 0;
2538 U8 foldbuf1[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
2539 U8 foldbuf2[UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1];
2541 STRLEN foldlen1, foldlen2;
2544 PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IBCMP_UTF8;
2548 /* assert(e1 || l1); */
2549 if (e1 == 0 || (l1 && l1 < (UV)(e1 - (const U8*)s1)))
2550 f1 = (const U8*)s1 + l1;
2553 /* assert(e2 || l2); */
2554 if (e2 == 0 || (l2 && l2 < (UV)(e2 - (const U8*)s2)))
2555 f2 = (const U8*)s2 + l2;
2557 /* This shouldn't happen. However, putting an assert() there makes some
2559 /* assert((e1 == 0 && f1 == 0) || (e2 == 0 && f2 == 0) || (f1 == 0 && f2 == 0)); */
2560 if ((e1 == 0 && f1 == 0) || (e2 == 0 && f2 == 0) || (f1 == 0 && f2 == 0))
2561 return 1; /* mismatch; possible infinite loop or false positive */
2564 natbuf[1] = 0; /* Need to terminate the buffer. */
2566 while ((e1 == 0 || p1 < e1) &&
2567 (f1 == 0 || p1 < f1) &&
2568 (e2 == 0 || p2 < e2) &&
2569 (f2 == 0 || p2 < f2)) {
2572 to_utf8_fold(p1, foldbuf1, &foldlen1);
2574 uvuni_to_utf8(natbuf, (UV) NATIVE_TO_UNI(((UV)*p1)));
2575 to_utf8_fold(natbuf, foldbuf1, &foldlen1);
2582 to_utf8_fold(p2, foldbuf2, &foldlen2);
2584 uvuni_to_utf8(natbuf, (UV) NATIVE_TO_UNI(((UV)*p2)));
2585 to_utf8_fold(natbuf, foldbuf2, &foldlen2);
2591 if ( UTF8SKIP(q1) != UTF8SKIP(q2) ||
2592 (UTF8SKIP(q1) == 1 && *q1 != *q2) ||
2593 memNE((char*)q1, (char*)q2, UTF8SKIP(q1)) )
2594 return 1; /* mismatch */
2601 p1 += u1 ? UTF8SKIP(p1) : 1;
2603 p2 += u2 ? UTF8SKIP(p2) : 1;
2607 /* A match is defined by all the scans that specified
2608 * an explicit length reaching their final goals. */
2609 match = (f1 == 0 || p1 == f1) && (f2 == 0 || p2 == f2);
2618 return match ? 0 : 1; /* 0 match, 1 mismatch */
2623 * c-indentation-style: bsd
2625 * indent-tabs-mode: t
2628 * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 noet: