3 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
7 =head2 Predefined Names
9 The following names have special meaning to Perl. Most of the
10 punctuational names have reasonable mnemonics, or analogues in one of
11 the shells. Nevertheless, if you wish to use the long variable names,
16 at the top of your program. This will alias all the short names to the
17 long names in the current package. Some of them even have medium names,
18 generally borrowed from B<awk>.
20 To go a step further, those variables that depend on the currently
21 selected filehandle may instead be set by calling an object method on
22 the FileHandle object. (Summary lines below for this contain the word
23 HANDLE.) First you must say
27 after which you may use either
35 Each of the methods returns the old value of the FileHandle attribute.
36 The methods each take an optional EXPR, which if supplied specifies the
37 new value for the FileHandle attribute in question. If not supplied,
38 most of the methods do nothing to the current value, except for
39 autoflush(), which will assume a 1 for you, just to be different.
41 A few of these variables are considered "read-only". This means that if
42 you try to assign to this variable, either directly or indirectly through
43 a reference, you'll raise a run-time exception.
51 The default input and pattern-searching space. The following pairs are
54 while (<>) {...} # only equivalent in while!
66 (Mnemonic: underline is understood in certain operations.)
70 Contains the subpattern from the corresponding set of parentheses in
71 the last pattern matched, not counting patterns matched in nested
72 blocks that have been exited already. (Mnemonic: like \digit.)
73 These variables are all read-only.
79 The string matched by the last successful pattern match (not counting
80 any matches hidden within a BLOCK or eval() enclosed by the current
81 BLOCK). (Mnemonic: like & in some editors.) This variable is read-only.
87 The string preceding whatever was matched by the last successful
88 pattern match (not counting any matches hidden within a BLOCK or eval
89 enclosed by the current BLOCK). (Mnemonic: ` often precedes a quoted
90 string.) This variable is read-only.
96 The string following whatever was matched by the last successful
97 pattern match (not counting any matches hidden within a BLOCK or eval()
98 enclosed by the current BLOCK). (Mnemonic: ' often follows a quoted
103 print "$`:$&:$'\n"; # prints abc:def:ghi
105 This variable is read-only.
107 =item $LAST_PAREN_MATCH
111 The last bracket matched by the last search pattern. This is useful if
112 you don't know which of a set of alternative patterns matched. For
115 /Version: (.*)|Revision: (.*)/ && ($rev = $+);
117 (Mnemonic: be positive and forward looking.)
118 This variable is read-only.
120 =item $MULTILINE_MATCHING
124 Set to 1 to do multiline matching within a string, 0 to tell Perl
125 that it can assume that strings contain a single line, for the purpose
126 of optimizing pattern matches. Pattern matches on strings containing
127 multiple newlines can produce confusing results when "C<$*>" is 0. Default
128 is 0. (Mnemonic: * matches multiple things.) Note that this variable
129 only influences the interpretation of "C<^>" and "C<$>". A literal newline can
130 be searched for even when C<$* == 0>.
132 Use of "C<$*>" is deprecated in Perl 5.
134 =item input_line_number HANDLE EXPR
136 =item $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER
142 The current input line number of the last filehandle that was read.
143 This variable should be considered read-only.
144 Remember that only an explicit close on the filehandle
145 resets the line number. Since "C<E<lt>E<gt>>" never does an explicit close, line
146 numbers increase across ARGV files (but see examples under eof()).
147 (Mnemonic: many programs use "." to mean the current line number.)
149 =item input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR
151 =item $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
157 The input record separator, newline by default. Works like B<awk>'s RS
158 variable, including treating blank lines as delimiters if set to the
159 null string. You may set it to a multicharacter string to match a
160 multi-character delimiter. Note that setting it to C<"\n\n"> means
161 something slightly different than setting it to C<"">, if the file
162 contains consecutive blank lines. Setting it to C<""> will treat two or
163 more consecutive blank lines as a single blank line. Setting it to
164 C<"\n\n"> will blindly assume that the next input character belongs to the
165 next paragraph, even if it's a newline. (Mnemonic: / is used to
166 delimit line boundaries when quoting poetry.)
169 $_ = <FH>; # whole file now here
172 =item autoflush HANDLE EXPR
174 =item $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH
178 If set to nonzero, forces a flush after every write or print on the
179 currently selected output channel. Default is 0. Note that STDOUT
180 will typically be line buffered if output is to the terminal and block
181 buffered otherwise. Setting this variable is useful primarily when you
182 are outputting to a pipe, such as when you are running a Perl script
183 under rsh and want to see the output as it's happening. (Mnemonic:
184 when you want your pipes to be piping hot.)
186 =item output_field_separator HANDLE EXPR
188 =item $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR
194 The output field separator for the print operator. Ordinarily the
195 print operator simply prints out the comma separated fields you
196 specify. In order to get behavior more like B<awk>, set this variable
197 as you would set B<awk>'s OFS variable to specify what is printed
198 between fields. (Mnemonic: what is printed when there is a , in your
201 =item output_record_separator HANDLE EXPR
203 =item $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
209 The output record separator for the print operator. Ordinarily the
210 print operator simply prints out the comma separated fields you
211 specify, with no trailing newline or record separator assumed. In
212 order to get behavior more like B<awk>, set this variable as you would
213 set B<awk>'s ORS variable to specify what is printed at the end of the
214 print. (Mnemonic: you set "C<$\>" instead of adding \n at the end of the
215 print. Also, it's just like /, but it's what you get "back" from
218 =item $LIST_SEPARATOR
222 This is like "C<$,>" except that it applies to array values interpolated
223 into a double-quoted string (or similar interpreted string). Default
224 is a space. (Mnemonic: obvious, I think.)
226 =item $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR
232 The subscript separator for multi-dimensional array emulation. If you
233 refer to a hash element as
239 $foo{join($;, $a, $b, $c)}
243 @foo{$a,$b,$c} # a slice--note the @
247 ($foo{$a},$foo{$b},$foo{$c})
249 Default is "\034", the same as SUBSEP in B<awk>. Note that if your
250 keys contain binary data there might not be any safe value for "C<$;>".
251 (Mnemonic: comma (the syntactic subscript separator) is a
252 semi-semicolon. Yeah, I know, it's pretty lame, but "C<$,>" is already
253 taken for something more important.)
255 Consider using "real" multi-dimensional arrays in Perl 5.
261 The output format for printed numbers. This variable is a half-hearted
262 attempt to emulate B<awk>'s OFMT variable. There are times, however,
263 when B<awk> and Perl have differing notions of what is in fact
264 numeric. Also, the initial value is %.20g rather than %.6g, so you
265 need to set "C<$#>" explicitly to get B<awk>'s value. (Mnemonic: # is the
268 Use of "C<$#>" is deprecated in Perl 5.
270 =item format_page_number HANDLE EXPR
272 =item $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER
276 The current page number of the currently selected output channel.
277 (Mnemonic: % is page number in B<nroff>.)
279 =item format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR
281 =item $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE
285 The current page length (printable lines) of the currently selected
286 output channel. Default is 60. (Mnemonic: = has horizontal lines.)
288 =item format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR
290 =item $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT
294 The number of lines left on the page of the currently selected output
295 channel. (Mnemonic: lines_on_page - lines_printed.)
297 =item format_name HANDLE EXPR
303 The name of the current report format for the currently selected output
304 channel. Default is name of the filehandle. (Mnemonic: brother to
307 =item format_top_name HANDLE EXPR
309 =item $FORMAT_TOP_NAME
313 The name of the current top-of-page format for the currently selected
314 output channel. Default is name of the filehandle with _TOP
315 appended. (Mnemonic: points to top of page.)
317 =item format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR
319 =item $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS
323 The current set of characters after which a string may be broken to
324 fill continuation fields (starting with ^) in a format. Default is
325 S<" \n-">, to break on whitespace or hyphens. (Mnemonic: a "colon" in
326 poetry is a part of a line.)
328 =item format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR
330 =item $FORMAT_FORMFEED
334 What formats output to perform a formfeed. Default is \f.
340 The current value of the write() accumulator for format() lines. A format
341 contains formline() commands that put their result into C<$^A>. After
342 calling its format, write() prints out the contents of C<$^A> and empties.
343 So you never actually see the contents of C<$^A> unless you call
344 formline() yourself and then look at it. See L<perlform> and
345 L<perlfunc/formline()>.
351 The status returned by the last pipe close, backtick (C<``>) command,
352 or system() operator. Note that this is the status word returned by
353 the wait() system call, so the exit value of the subprocess is actually
354 (C<$? E<gt>E<gt> 8>). Thus on many systems, C<$? & 255> gives which signal,
355 if any, the process died from, and whether there was a core dump.
356 (Mnemonic: similar to B<sh> and B<ksh>.)
364 If used in a numeric context, yields the current value of errno, with
365 all the usual caveats. (This means that you shouldn't depend on the
366 value of "C<$!>" to be anything in particular unless you've gotten a
367 specific error return indicating a system error.) If used in a string
368 context, yields the corresponding system error string. You can assign
369 to "C<$!>" in order to set I<errno> if, for instance, you want "C<$!>" to return the
370 string for error I<n>, or you want to set the exit value for the die()
371 operator. (Mnemonic: What just went bang?)
377 The Perl syntax error message from the last eval() command. If null, the
378 last eval() parsed and executed correctly (although the operations you
379 invoked may have failed in the normal fashion). (Mnemonic: Where was
380 the syntax error "at"?)
382 Note that warning messages are not collected in this variable. You can,
383 however, set up a routine to process warnings by setting $SIG{__WARN__} below.
391 The process number of the Perl running this script. (Mnemonic: same
400 The real uid of this process. (Mnemonic: it's the uid you came I<FROM>,
401 if you're running setuid.)
403 =item $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID
409 The effective uid of this process. Example:
411 $< = $>; # set real to effective uid
412 ($<,$>) = ($>,$<); # swap real and effective uid
414 (Mnemonic: it's the uid you went I<TO>, if you're running setuid.) Note:
415 "C<$E<lt>>" and "C<$E<gt>>" can only be swapped on machines supporting setreuid().
423 The real gid of this process. If you are on a machine that supports
424 membership in multiple groups simultaneously, gives a space separated
425 list of groups you are in. The first number is the one returned by
426 getgid(), and the subsequent ones by getgroups(), one of which may be
427 the same as the first number. (Mnemonic: parentheses are used to I<GROUP>
428 things. The real gid is the group you I<LEFT>, if you're running setgid.)
430 =item $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID
436 The effective gid of this process. If you are on a machine that
437 supports membership in multiple groups simultaneously, gives a space
438 separated list of groups you are in. The first number is the one
439 returned by getegid(), and the subsequent ones by getgroups(), one of
440 which may be the same as the first number. (Mnemonic: parentheses are
441 used to I<GROUP> things. The effective gid is the group that's I<RIGHT> for
442 you, if you're running setgid.)
444 Note: "C<$E<lt>>", "C<$E<gt>>", "C<$(>" and "C<$)>" can only be set on machines
445 that support the corresponding I<set[re][ug]id()> routine. "C<$(>" and "C<$)>"
446 can only be swapped on machines supporting setregid().
452 Contains the name of the file containing the Perl script being
453 executed. Assigning to "C<$0>" modifies the argument area that the ps(1)
454 program sees. This is more useful as a way of indicating the
455 current program state than it is for hiding the program you're running.
456 (Mnemonic: same as B<sh> and B<ksh>.)
460 The index of the first element in an array, and of the first character
461 in a substring. Default is 0, but you could set it to 1 to make
462 Perl behave more like B<awk> (or Fortran) when subscripting and when
463 evaluating the index() and substr() functions. (Mnemonic: [ begins
466 As of Perl 5, assignment to "C<$[>" is treated as a compiler directive,
467 and cannot influence the behavior of any other file. Its use is
474 The string printed out when you say C<perl -v>. It can be used to
475 determine at the beginning of a script whether the perl interpreter
476 executing the script is in the right range of versions. If used in a
477 numeric context, returns the version + patchlevel / 1000. Example:
479 # see if getc is available
480 ($version,$patchlevel) =
481 $] =~ /(\d+\.\d+).*\nPatch level: (\d+)/;
482 print STDERR "(No filename completion available.)\n"
483 if $version * 1000 + $patchlevel < 2016;
485 or, used numerically,
487 warn "No checksumming!\n" if $] < 3.019;
489 (Mnemonic: Is this version of perl in the right bracket?)
495 The current value of the debugging flags. (Mnemonic: value of B<-D>
502 The maximum system file descriptor, ordinarily 2. System file
503 descriptors are passed to exec()ed processes, while higher file
504 descriptors are not. Also, during an open(), system file descriptors are
505 preserved even if the open() fails. (Ordinary file descriptors are
506 closed before the open() is attempted.) Note that the close-on-exec
507 status of a file descriptor will be decided according to the value of
508 C<$^F> at the time of the open, not the time of the exec.
514 The current value of the inplace-edit extension. Use C<undef> to disable
515 inplace editing. (Mnemonic: value of B<-i> switch.)
521 The internal flag that the debugger clears so that it doesn't debug
522 itself. You could conceivable disable debugging yourself by clearing
529 The time at which the script began running, in seconds since the
530 epoch (beginning of 1970). The values returned by the B<-M>, B<-A>
531 and B<-C> filetests are
538 The current value of the warning switch, either TRUE or FALSE. (Mnemonic: related to the
541 =item $EXECUTABLE_NAME
545 The name that the Perl binary itself was executed as, from C's C<argv[0]>.
549 contains the name of the current file when reading from <>.
553 The array @ARGV contains the command line arguments intended for the
554 script. Note that C<$#ARGV> is the generally number of arguments minus
555 one, since C<$ARGV[0]> is the first argument, I<NOT> the command name. See
556 "C<$0>" for the command name.
560 The array @INC contains the list of places to look for Perl scripts to
561 be evaluated by the C<do EXPR>, C<require>, or C<use> constructs. It
562 initially consists of the arguments to any B<-I> command line switches,
563 followed by the default Perl library, probably "/usr/local/lib/perl",
564 followed by ".", to represent the current directory.
568 The hash %INC contains entries for each filename that has
569 been included via C<do> or C<require>. The key is the filename you
570 specified, and the value is the location of the file actually found.
571 The C<require> command uses this array to determine whether a given file
572 has already been included.
576 The hash %ENV contains your current environment. Setting a
577 value in C<ENV> changes the environment for child processes.
581 The hash %SIG is used to set signal handlers for various
584 sub handler { # 1st argument is signal name
586 print "Caught a SIG$sig--shutting down\n";
591 $SIG{'INT'} = 'handler';
592 $SIG{'QUIT'} = 'handler';
594 $SIG{'INT'} = 'DEFAULT'; # restore default action
595 $SIG{'QUIT'} = 'IGNORE'; # ignore SIGQUIT
597 The %SIG array only contains values for the signals actually set within
598 the Perl script. Here are some other examples:
600 $SIG{PIPE} = Plumber; # SCARY!!
601 $SIG{"PIPE"} = "Plumber"; # just fine, assumes main::Plumber
602 $SIG{"PIPE"} = \&Plumber; # just fine; assume current Plumber
603 $SIG{"PIPE"} = Plumber(); # oops, what did Plumber() return??
605 The one marked scary is problematic because it's a bareword, which means
606 sometimes it's a string representing the function, and sometimes it's
607 going to call the subroutine call right then and there! Best to be sure
608 and quote it or take a reference to it. *Plumber works too. See L<perlsubs>.
610 Certain internal hooks can be also set using the %SIG hash. The
611 routine indicated by $SIG{__WARN__} is called when a warning message is
612 about to be printed. The warning message is passed as the first
613 argument. The presence of a __WARN__ hook causes the ordinary printing
614 of warnings to STDERR to be suppressed. You can use this to save warnings
615 in a variable, or turn warnings into fatal errors, like this:
617 local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { die $_[0] };
620 The routine indicated by $SIG{__DIE__} is called when a fatal exception
621 is about to be thrown. The error message is passed as the first
622 argument. When a __DIE__ hook routine returns, the exception
623 processing continues as it would have in the absence of the hook,
624 unless the hook routine itself exits via a goto, a loop exit, or a die.