3 perlunitut - Perl Unicode Tutorial
7 The days of just flinging strings around are over. It's well established that
8 modern programs need to be capable of communicating funny accented letters, and
9 things like euro symbols. This means that programmers need new habits. It's
10 easy to program Unicode capable software, but it does require discipline to do
13 There's a lot to know about character sets, and text encodings. It's probably
14 best to spend a full day learning all this, but the basics can be learned in
17 These are not the very basics, though. It is assumed that you already
18 know the difference between bytes and characters, and realise (and accept!)
19 that there are many different character sets and encodings, and that your
20 program has to be explicit about them. Recommended reading is "The Absolute
21 Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode
22 and Character Sets (No Excuses!)" by Joel Spolsky, at
23 L<http://joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html>.
25 This tutorial speaks in rather absolute terms, and provides only a limited view
26 of the wealth of character string related features that Perl has to offer. For
27 most projects, this information will probably suffice.
31 It's important to set a few things straight first. This is the most important
32 part of this tutorial. This view may conflict with other information that you
33 may have found on the web, but that's mostly because many sources are wrong.
35 You may have to re-read this entire section a few times...
39 B<Unicode> is a character set with room for lots of characters. The ordinal
40 value of a character is called a B<code point>. (But in practice, the
41 distinction between code point and character is blurred, so the terms often
42 are used interchangeably.)
44 There are many, many code points, but computers work with bytes, and a byte has
45 room for only 256 values. Unicode has many more characters, so you need a
46 method to make these accessible.
48 Unicode is encoded using several competing encodings, of which UTF-8 is the
49 most used. In a Unicode encoding, multiple subsequent bytes can be used to
50 store a single code point, or simply: character.
54 B<UTF-8> is a Unicode encoding. Many people think that Unicode and UTF-8 are
55 the same thing, but they're not. There are more Unicode encodings, but much of
56 the world has standardized on UTF-8.
58 UTF-8 treats the first 128 codepoints, 0..127, the same as ASCII. They take
59 only one byte per character. All other characters are encoded as two or more
60 (up to six) bytes using a complex scheme. Fortunately, Perl handles this for
61 us, so we don't have to worry about this.
63 =head3 Text strings (character strings)
65 B<Text strings>, or B<character strings> are made of characters. Bytes are
66 irrelevant here, and so are encodings. Each character is just that: the
69 Text strings are also called B<Unicode strings>, because in Perl, every text
70 string is a Unicode string.
72 On a text string, you would do things like:
75 if ($string =~ /^\d+$/) { ... }
76 $text = ucfirst $text;
77 my $character_count = length $text;
79 The value of a character (C<ord>, C<chr>) is the corresponding Unicode code
82 =head3 Binary strings (byte strings)
84 B<Binary strings>, or B<byte strings> are made of bytes. Here, you don't have
85 characters, just bytes. All communication with the outside world (anything
86 outside of your current Perl process) is done in binary.
88 On a binary string, you would do things like:
90 my (@length_content) = unpack "(V/a)*", $binary;
91 $binary =~ s/\x00\x0F/\xFF\xF0/; # for the brave :)
93 my $byte_count = length $binary;
97 B<Encoding> (as a verb) is the conversion from I<text> to I<binary>. To encode,
98 you have to supply the target encoding, for example C<iso-8859-1> or C<UTF-8>.
99 Some encodings, like the C<iso-8859> ("latin") range, do not support the full
100 Unicode standard; characters that can't be represented are lost in the
105 B<Decoding> is the conversion from I<binary> to I<text>. To decode, you have to
106 know what encoding was used during the encoding phase. And most of all, it must
107 be something decodable. It doesn't make much sense to decode a PNG image into a
110 =head3 Internal format
112 Perl has an B<internal format>, an encoding that it uses to encode text strings
113 so it can store them in memory. All text strings are in this internal format.
114 In fact, text strings are never in any other format!
116 You shouldn't worry about what this format is, because conversion is
117 automatically done when you decode or encode.
119 =head2 Your new toolkit
121 Add to your standard heading the following line:
123 use Encode qw(encode decode);
125 Or, if you're lazy, just:
129 =head2 I/O flow (the actual 5 minute tutorial)
131 The typical input/output flow of a program is:
133 1. Receive and decode
137 If your input is binary, and is supposed to remain binary, you shouldn't decode
138 it to a text string, of course. But in all other cases, you should decode it.
140 Decoding can't happen reliably if you don't know how the data was encoded. If
141 you get to choose, it's a good idea to standardize on UTF-8.
143 my $foo = decode('UTF-8', get 'http://example.com/');
144 my $bar = decode('ISO-8859-1', readline STDIN);
145 my $xyzzy = decode('Windows-1251', $cgi->param('foo'));
147 Processing happens as you knew before. The only difference is that you're now
148 using characters instead of bytes. That's very useful if you use things like
149 C<substr>, or C<length>.
151 It's important to realize that there are no bytes in a text string. Of course,
152 Perl has its internal encoding to store the string in memory, but ignore that.
153 If you have to do anything with the number of bytes, it's probably best to move
154 that part to step 3, just after you've encoded the string. Then you know
155 exactly how many bytes it will be in the destination string.
157 The syntax for encoding text strings to binary strings is as simple as decoding:
159 $body = encode('UTF-8', $body);
161 If you needed to know the length of the string in bytes, now's the perfect time
162 for that. Because C<$body> is now a byte string, C<length> will report the
163 number of bytes, instead of the number of characters. The number of
164 characters is no longer known, because characters only exist in text strings.
166 my $byte_count = length $body;
168 And if the protocol you're using supports a way of letting the recipient know
169 which character encoding you used, please help the receiving end by using that
170 feature! For example, E-mail and HTTP support MIME headers, so you can use the
171 C<Content-Type> header. They can also have C<Content-Length> to indicate the
172 number of I<bytes>, which is always a good idea to supply if the number is
175 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8",
176 "Content-Length: $byte_count"
180 Decode everything you receive, encode everything you send out. (If it's text
183 =head1 Q and A (or FAQ)
185 After reading this document, you ought to read L<perlunifaq> too.
187 =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
189 Thanks to Johan Vromans from Squirrel Consultancy. His UTF-8 rants during the
190 Amsterdam Perl Mongers meetings got me interested and determined to find out
191 how to use character encodings in Perl in ways that don't break easily.
193 Thanks to Gerard Goossen from TTY. His presentation "UTF-8 in the wild" (Dutch
194 Perl Workshop 2006) inspired me to publish my thoughts and write this tutorial.
196 Thanks to the people who asked about this kind of stuff in several Perl IRC
197 channels, and have constantly reminded me that a simpler explanation was
200 Thanks to the people who reviewed this document for me, before it went public.
201 They are: Benjamin Smith, Jan-Pieter Cornet, Johan Vromans, Lukas Mai, Nathan
206 Juerd Waalboer <#####@juerd.nl>
210 L<perlunifaq>, L<perlunicode>, L<perluniintro>, L<Encode>