3 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
7 The biggest trap of all is forgetting to use the B<-w> switch; see
8 L<perlrun>. The second biggest trap is not making your entire program
9 runnable under C<use strict>.
13 Accustomed B<awk> users should take special note of the following:
19 The English module, loaded via
23 allows you to refer to special variables (like $RS) as
24 though they were in B<awk>; see L<perlvar> for details.
28 Semicolons are required after all simple statements in Perl (except
29 at the end of a block). Newline is not a statement delimiter.
33 Curly brackets are required on C<if>s and C<while>s.
37 Variables begin with "$" or "@" in Perl.
41 Arrays index from 0. Likewise string positions in substr() and
46 You have to decide whether your array has numeric or string indices.
50 Hash values do not spring into existence upon mere reference.
54 You have to decide whether you want to use string or numeric
59 Reading an input line does not split it for you. You get to split it
60 yourself to an array. And the split() operator has different
65 The current input line is normally in $_, not $0. It generally does
66 not have the newline stripped. ($0 is the name of the program
67 executed.) See L<perlvar>.
71 $E<lt>I<digit>E<gt> does not refer to fields--it refers to substrings matched
72 by the last match pattern.
76 The print() statement does not add field and record separators unless
77 you set C<$,> and C<$\>. You can set $OFS and $ORS if you're using
82 You must open your files before you print to them.
86 The range operator is "..", not comma. The comma operator works as in
91 The match operator is "=~", not "~". ("~" is the one's complement
96 The exponentiation operator is "**", not "^". "^" is the XOR
97 operator, as in C. (You know, one could get the feeling that B<awk> is
98 basically incompatible with C.)
102 The concatenation operator is ".", not the null string. (Using the
103 null string would render C</pat/ /pat/> unparsable, because the third slash
104 would be interpreted as a division operator--the tokenizer is in fact
105 slightly context sensitive for operators like "/", "?", and "E<gt>".
106 And in fact, "." itself can be the beginning of a number.)
110 The C<next>, C<exit>, and C<continue> keywords work differently.
115 The following variables work differently:
118 ARGC $#ARGV or scalar @ARGV
122 FS (whatever you like)
123 NF $#Fld, or some such
135 You cannot set $RS to a pattern, only a string.
139 When in doubt, run the B<awk> construct through B<a2p> and see what it
146 Cerebral C programmers should take note of the following:
152 Curly brackets are required on C<if>'s and C<while>'s.
156 You must use C<elsif> rather than C<else if>.
160 The C<break> and C<continue> keywords from C become in
161 Perl C<last> and C<next>, respectively.
162 Unlike in C, these do I<NOT> work within a C<do { } while> construct.
166 There's no switch statement. (But it's easy to build one on the fly.)
170 Variables begin with "$" or "@" in Perl.
174 C<printf()> does not implement the "*" format for interpolating
175 field widths, but it's trivial to use interpolation of double-quoted
176 strings to achieve the same effect.
180 Comments begin with "#", not "/*".
184 You can't take the address of anything, although a similar operator
185 in Perl is the backslash, which creates a reference.
189 C<ARGV> must be capitalized. C<$ARGV[0]> is C's C<argv[1]>, and C<argv[0]>
194 System calls such as link(), unlink(), rename(), etc. return nonzero for
199 Signal handlers deal with signal names, not numbers. Use C<kill -l>
200 to find their names on your system.
206 Seasoned B<sed> programmers should take note of the following:
212 Backreferences in substitutions use "$" rather than "\".
216 The pattern matching metacharacters "(", ")", and "|" do not have backslashes
221 The range operator is C<...>, rather than comma.
227 Sharp shell programmers should take note of the following:
233 The back-tick operator does variable interpolation without regard to
234 the presence of single quotes in the command.
238 The back-tick operator does no translation of the return value, unlike B<csh>.
242 Shells (especially B<csh>) do several levels of substitution on each
243 command line. Perl does substitution in only certain constructs
244 such as double quotes, back-ticks, angle brackets, and search patterns.
248 Shells interpret scripts a little bit at a time. Perl compiles the
249 entire program before executing it (except for C<BEGIN> blocks, which
250 execute at compile time).
254 The arguments are available via @ARGV, not $1, $2, etc.
258 The environment is not automatically made available as separate scalar
265 Practicing Perl Programmers should take note of the following:
271 Remember that many operations behave differently in a list
272 context than they do in a scalar one. See L<perldata> for details.
276 Avoid barewords if you can, especially all lower-case ones.
277 You can't tell by just looking at it whether a bareword is
278 a function or a string. By using quotes on strings and
279 parentheses on function calls, you won't ever get them confused.
283 You cannot discern from mere inspection which built-ins
284 are unary operators (like chop() and chdir())
285 and which are list operators (like print() and unlink()).
286 (User-defined subroutines can be B<only> list operators, never
287 unary ones.) See L<perlop>.
291 People have a hard time remembering that some functions
292 default to $_, or @ARGV, or whatever, but that others which
293 you might expect to do not.
297 The E<lt>FHE<gt> construct is not the name of the filehandle, it is a readline
298 operation on that handle. The data read is assigned to $_ only if the
299 file read is the sole condition in a while loop:
302 while ($_ = <FH>) { }..
303 <FH>; # data discarded!
307 Remember not to use "C<=>" when you need "C<=~>";
308 these two constructs are quite different:
315 The C<do {}> construct isn't a real loop that you can use
320 Use C<my()> for local variables whenever you can get away with
321 it (but see L<perlform> for where you can't).
322 Using C<local()> actually gives a local value to a global
323 variable, which leaves you open to unforeseen side-effects
328 If you localize an exported variable in a module, its exported value will
329 not change. The local name becomes an alias to a new value but the
330 external name is still an alias for the original.
334 =head2 Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
336 Practicing Perl4 Programmers should take note of the following
337 Perl4-to-Perl5 specific traps.
339 They're crudely ordered according to the following list:
343 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
345 Anything that's been fixed as a perl4 bug, removed as a perl4 feature
346 or deprecated as a perl4 feature with the intent to encourage usage of
347 some other perl5 feature.
351 Traps that appear to stem from the new parser.
353 =item Numerical Traps
355 Traps having to do with numerical or mathematical operators.
357 =item General data type traps
359 Traps involving perl standard data types.
361 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
363 Traps related to context within lists, scalar statements/declarations.
365 =item Precedence Traps
367 Traps related to the precedence of parsing, evaluation, and execution of
370 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
372 Traps related to the use of pattern matching.
374 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
376 Traps related to the use of signals and signal handlers, general subroutines,
377 and sorting, along with sorting subroutines.
385 Traps specific to the use of C<dbmopen()>, and specific dbm implementations.
387 =item Unclassified Traps
393 If you find an example of a conversion trap that is not listed here,
394 please submit it to Bill Middleton F<wjm@best.com> for inclusion.
395 Also note that at least some of these can be caught with C<-w>.
397 =head2 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
399 Anything that has been discontinued, deprecated, or fixed as
404 =item * Discontinuance
406 Symbols starting with "_" are no longer forced into package main, except
407 for C<$_> itself (and C<@_>, etc.).
413 print "\$_legacy is ",$_legacy,"\n";
415 # perl4 prints: $_legacy is 1
416 # perl5 prints: $_legacy is
420 Double-colon is now a valid package separator in a variable name. Thus these
421 behave differently in perl4 vs. perl5, because the packages don't exist.
423 $a=1;$b=2;$c=3;$var=4;
425 print "$var::abc::xyz\n";
427 # perl4 prints: 1::2::3 4::abc::xyz
430 Given that C<::> is now the preferred package delimiter, it is debatable
431 whether this should be classed as a bug or not.
432 (The older package delimiter, ' ,is used here)
438 # perl5 prints: Can't find string terminator "'" anywhere before EOF
440 Also see precedence traps, for parsing C<$:>.
444 The second and third arguments of C<splice()> are now evaluated in scalar
445 context (as the Camel says) rather than list context.
447 sub sub1{return(0,2) } # return a 2-elem array
448 sub sub2{ return(1,2,3)} # return a 3-elem array
449 @a1 = ("a","b","c","d","e");
450 @a2 = splice(@a1,&sub1,&sub2);
451 print join(' ',@a2),"\n";
454 # perl5 prints: c d e
456 =item * Discontinuance
458 You can't do a C<goto> into a block that is optimized away. Darn.
464 print "Here I is!\n";
467 # perl4 prints: Here I is!
468 # perl5 dumps core (SEGV)
470 =item * Discontinuance
472 It is no longer syntactically legal to use whitespace as the name
473 of a variable, or as a delimiter for any kind of quote construct.
478 print "a is $a, b is $b\n";
480 # perl4 prints: a is foo bar, b is baz
481 # perl5 errors: Bare word found where operator expected
483 =item * Discontinuance
485 The archaic while/if BLOCK BLOCK syntax is no longer supported.
494 # perl4 prints: True!
495 # perl5 errors: syntax error at test.pl line 1, near "if {"
499 The C<**> operator now binds more tightly than unary minus.
500 It was documented to work this way before, but didn't.
507 =item * Discontinuance
509 The meaning of C<foreach{}> has changed slightly when it is iterating over a
510 list which is not an array. This used to assign the list to a
511 temporary array, but no longer does so (for efficiency). This means
512 that you'll now be iterating over the actual values, not over copies of
513 the values. Modifications to the loop variable can change the original
516 @list = ('ab','abc','bcd','def');
517 foreach $var (grep(/ab/,@list)){
520 print (join(':',@list));
522 # perl4 prints: ab:abc:bcd:def
523 # perl5 prints: 1:1:bcd:def
525 To retain Perl4 semantics you need to assign your list
526 explicitly to a temporary array and then iterate over that. For
527 example, you might need to change
529 foreach $var (grep(/ab/,@list)){
533 foreach $var (@tmp = grep(/ab/,@list)){
535 Otherwise changing $var will clobber the values of @list. (This most often
536 happens when you use C<$_> for the loop variable, and call subroutines in
537 the loop that don't properly localize C<$_>.)
539 =item * Discontinuance
541 C<split> with no arguments now behaves like C<split ' '> (which doesn't
542 return an initial null field if $_ starts with whitespace), it used to
543 behave like C<split /\s+/> (which does).
546 print join(':', split);
548 # perl4 prints: :hi:mom
549 # perl5 prints: hi:mom
553 Perl 4 would ignore any text which was attached to an C<-e> switch,
554 always taking the code snippet from the following arg. Additionally, it
555 would silently accept an C<-e> switch without a following arg. Both of
556 these behaviors have been fixed.
558 perl -e'print "attached to -e"' 'print "separate arg"'
560 # perl4 prints: separate arg
561 # perl5 prints: attached to -e
566 # perl5 dies: No code specified for -e.
568 =item * Discontinuance
570 In Perl 4 the return value of C<push> was undocumented, but it was
571 actually the last value being pushed onto the target list. In Perl 5
572 the return value of C<push> is documented, but has changed, it is the
573 number of elements in the resulting list.
576 print push(@x, 'first new', 'second new');
578 # perl4 prints: second new
583 Some error messages will be different.
585 =item * Discontinuance
587 Some bugs may have been inadvertently removed. :-)
593 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps from having to do with parsing.
599 Note the space between . and =
601 $string . = "more string";
604 # perl4 prints: more string
605 # perl5 prints: syntax error at - line 1, near ". ="
609 Better parsing in perl 5
613 print("hello, world\n");
615 # perl4 prints: hello, world
616 # perl5 prints: syntax error
620 "if it looks like a function, it is a function" rule.
623 ($foo == 1) ? "is one\n" : "is zero\n";
625 # perl4 prints: is zero
626 # perl5 warns: "Useless use of a constant in void context" if using -w
630 =head2 Numerical Traps
632 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with numerical operators,
633 operands, or output from same.
639 Formatted output and significant digits
641 print 7.373504 - 0, "\n";
642 printf "%20.18f\n", 7.373504 - 0;
654 This specific item has been deleted. It demonstrated how the auto-increment
655 operator would not catch when a number went over the signed int limit. Fixed
656 in version 5.003_04. But always be wary when using large integers.
663 Assignment of return values from numeric equality tests
664 does not work in perl5 when the test evaluates to false (0).
665 Logical tests now return an null, instead of 0
673 Also see the L<General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.>
674 tests for another example of this new feature...
678 =head2 General data type traps
680 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps involving most data-types, and their usage
681 within certain expressions and/or context.
687 Negative array subscripts now count from the end of the array.
689 @a = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
690 print "The third element of the array is $a[3] also expressed as $a[-2] \n";
692 # perl4 prints: The third element of the array is 4 also expressed as
693 # perl5 prints: The third element of the array is 4 also expressed as 4
697 Setting C<$#array> lower now discards array elements, and makes them
698 impossible to recover.
701 print "Before: ",join('',@a);
703 print ", After: ",join('',@a);
705 print ", Recovered: ",join('',@a),"\n";
707 # perl4 prints: Before: abcde, After: ab, Recovered: abcd
708 # perl5 prints: Before: abcde, After: ab, Recovered: ab
712 Hashes get defined before use
715 die "scalar \$s defined" if defined($s);
716 die "array \@a defined" if defined(@a);
717 die "hash \%h defined" if defined(%h);
720 # perl5 dies: hash %h defined
724 glob assignment from variable to variable will fail if the assigned
725 variable is localized subsequent to the assignment
727 @a = ("This is Perl 4");
732 # perl4 prints: This is Perl 4
737 *fred = *barney; # fred is aliased to barney
740 print "@fred"; # should print "1, 2, 4"
742 # perl4 prints: 1 2 4
743 # perl5 prints: Literal @fred now requires backslash
745 =item * (Scalar String)
747 Changes in unary negation (of strings)
748 This change effects both the return value and what it
749 does to auto(magic)increment.
756 # perl4 prints: aab : -0 : 1
757 # perl5 prints: aab : -aab : aac
761 perl 4 lets you modify constants:
765 for ($x = 0; $x < 3; $x++) {
769 print "before: $_[0]";
771 print " after: $_[0]\n";
782 # Modification of a read-only value attempted at foo.pl line 12.
787 The behavior is slightly different for:
789 print "$x", defined $x
792 # perl 5: <no output, $x is not called into existence>
794 =item * (Variable Suicide)
796 Variable suicide behavior is more consistent under Perl 5.
797 Perl5 exhibits the same behavior for hashes and scalars,
798 that perl4 exhibits for only scalars.
800 $aGlobal{ "aKey" } = "global value";
801 print "MAIN:", $aGlobal{"aKey"}, "\n";
806 local( *theArgument ) = @_;
807 local( %aNewLocal ); # perl 4 != 5.001l,m
808 $aNewLocal{"aKey"} = "this should never appear";
809 print "SUB: ", $theArgument{"aKey"}, "\n";
810 $aNewLocal{"aKey"} = "level $GlobalLevel"; # what should print
812 if( $GlobalLevel<4 ) {
827 # SUB: this should never appear
828 # SUB: this should never appear
829 # SUB: this should never appear
833 =head2 Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
837 =item * (list context)
839 The elements of argument lists for formats are now evaluated in list
840 context. This means you can interpolate list values now.
842 @fmt = ("foo","bar","baz");
849 # perl4 errors: Please use commas to separate fields in file
850 # perl5 prints: foo bar baz
852 =item * (scalar context)
854 The C<caller()> function now returns a false value in a scalar context
855 if there is no caller. This lets library files determine if they're
858 caller() ? (print "You rang?\n") : (print "Got a 0\n");
860 # perl4 errors: There is no caller
861 # perl5 prints: Got a 0
863 =item * (scalar context)
865 The comma operator in a scalar context is now guaranteed to give a
866 scalar context to its arguments.
872 # Perl4 prints: x = c # Thinks list context interpolates list
873 # Perl5 prints: x = 3 # Knows scalar uses length of list
875 =item * (list, builtin)
877 C<sprintf()> funkiness (array argument converted to scalar array count)
878 This test could be added to t/op/sprintf.t
880 @z = ('%s%s', 'foo', 'bar');
882 if ($x eq 'foobar') {print "ok 2\n";} else {print "not ok 2 '$x'\n";}
885 # perl5 prints: not ok 2
887 C<printf()> works fine, though:
892 # perl4 prints: foobar
893 # perl5 prints: foobar
899 =head2 Precedence Traps
901 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps involving precedence order.
907 LHS vs. RHS when both sides are getting an op.
909 @arr = ( 'left', 'right' );
910 $a{shift @arr} = shift @arr;
911 print join( ' ', keys %a );
914 # perl5 prints: right
918 These are now semantic errors because of precedence:
921 %map = ("a",1,"b",2,"c",3,"d",4);
922 $n = shift @list + 2; # first item in list plus 2
924 $m = keys %map + 2; # number of items in hash plus 2
927 # perl4 prints: n is 3, m is 6
928 # perl5 errors and fails to compile
932 The precedence of assignment operators is now the same as the precedence
933 of assignment. Perl 4 mistakenly gave them the precedence of the associated
934 operator. So you now must parenthesize them in expressions like
936 /foo/ ? ($a += 2) : ($a -= 2);
940 /foo/ ? $a += 2 : $a -= 2
942 would be erroneously parsed as
944 (/foo/ ? $a += 2 : $a) -= 2;
950 now works as a C programmer would expect.
956 is now incorrect. You need parentheses around the filehandle.
957 Otherwise, perl5 leaves the statement as its default precedence:
961 # perl4 opens or dies
962 # perl5 errors: Precedence problem: open FOO should be open(FOO)
966 perl4 gives the special variable, C<$:> precedence, where perl5
967 treats C<$::> as main C<package>
969 $a = "x"; print "$::a";
976 concatenation precedence over filetest operator?
980 # perl4 prints: no output
981 # perl5 prints: Can't modify -e in concatenation
985 Assignment to value takes precedence over assignment to key in
986 perl5 when using the shift operator on both sides.
988 @arr = ( 'left', 'right' );
989 $a{shift @arr} = shift @arr;
990 print join( ' ', keys %a );
993 # perl5 prints: right
997 =head2 General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
999 All types of RE traps.
1003 =item * Regular Expression
1005 C<s'$lhs'$rhs'> now does no interpolation on either side. It used to
1006 interpolate C<$lhs> but not C<$rhs>. (And still does not match a literal
1010 $string = '1 2 $a $b';
1011 $string =~ s'$a'$b';
1014 # perl4 prints: $b 2 $a $b
1015 # perl5 prints: 1 2 $a $b
1017 =item * Regular Expression
1019 C<m//g> now attaches its state to the searched string rather than the
1020 regular expression. (Once the scope of a block is left for the sub, the
1021 state of the searched string is lost)
1027 sub doit{local($_) = shift; print "Got $_ "}
1029 # perl4 prints: blah blah blah
1030 # perl5 prints: infinite loop blah...
1032 =item * Regular Expression
1034 If no parentheses are used in a match, Perl4 sets C<$+> to
1035 the whole match, just like C<$&>. Perl5 does not.
1040 # perl4 prints: bcde
1043 =item * Regular Expression
1045 substitution now returns the null string if it fails
1048 $value = ($string =~ s/foo//);
1054 Also see L<Numerical Traps> for another example of this new feature.
1056 =item * Regular Expression
1058 C<s`lhs`rhs`> (using back-ticks) is now a normal substitution, with no
1062 $string =~ s`^`hostname`;
1063 print $string, "\n";
1065 # perl4 prints: <the local hostname>
1066 # perl5 prints: hostname
1068 =item * Regular Expression
1070 Stricter parsing of variables used in regular expressions
1072 s/^([^$grpc]*$grpc[$opt$plus$rep]?)//o;
1074 # perl4: compiles w/o error
1075 # perl5: with Scalar found where operator expected ..., near "$opt$plus"
1077 an added component of this example, apparently from the same script, is
1078 the actual value of the s'd string after the substitution.
1079 C<[$opt]> is a character class in perl4 and an array subscript in perl5
1084 s/^([^$grpc]*$grpc[$opt]?)/foo/;
1088 # perl5 prints: foobar
1090 =item * Regular Expression
1092 Under perl5, C<m?x?> matches only once, like C<?x?>. Under perl4, it matched
1093 repeatedly, like C</x/> or C<m!x!>.
1096 sub match { $test =~ m?once?; }
1099 # m?x? matches more then once
1102 # m?x? matches only once
1106 # perl4 prints: perl4
1107 # perl5 prints: perl5
1110 =item * Regular Expression
1112 Under perl4 and upto version 5.003, a failed C<m//g> match used to
1113 reset the internal iterator, so that subsequent C<m//g> match attempts
1114 began from the beginning of the string. In perl version 5.004 and later,
1115 failed C<m//g> matches do not reset the iterator position (which can be
1116 found using the C<pos()> function--see L<perlfunc/pos>).
1120 print $1 while ($test =~ /(o)/g);
1121 # pos $test = 0; # to get old behavior
1124 # perl4 prints: oooooo
1125 # perl5.004 prints: oo
1127 You may always reset the iterator yourself as shown in the commented line
1128 to get the old behavior.
1132 =head2 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
1134 The general group of Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with
1135 Signals, Sorting, and their related subroutines, as well as
1136 general subroutine traps. Includes some OS-Specific traps.
1142 Barewords that used to look like strings to Perl will now look like subroutine
1143 calls if a subroutine by that name is defined before the compiler sees them.
1145 sub SeeYa { warn"Hasta la vista, baby!" }
1146 $SIG{'TERM'} = SeeYa;
1147 print "SIGTERM is now $SIG{'TERM'}\n";
1149 # perl4 prints: SIGTERM is main'SeeYa
1150 # perl5 prints: SIGTERM is now main::1
1152 Use B<-w> to catch this one
1154 =item * (Sort Subroutine)
1156 reverse is no longer allowed as the name of a sort subroutine.
1158 sub reverse{ print "yup "; $a <=> $b }
1159 print sort reverse a,b,c;
1161 # perl4 prints: yup yup yup yup abc
1164 =item * warn() won't let you specify a filehandle.
1166 Although it _always_ printed to STDERR, warn() would let you specify a
1167 filehandle in perl4. With perl5 it does not.
1171 # perl4 prints: Foo!
1172 # perl5 prints: String found where operator expected
1182 Under HPUX, and some other SysV OS's, one had to reset any signal handler,
1183 within the signal handler function, each time a signal was handled with
1184 perl4. With perl5, the reset is now done correctly. Any code relying
1185 on the handler _not_ being reset will have to be reworked.
1187 Since version 5.002, Perl uses sigaction() under SysV.
1192 $SIG{'INT'} = 'gotit';
1201 while (1) {sleep(10);}
1204 # perl4 (HPUX) prints: Got INT...
1205 # perl5 (HPUX) prints: Got INT... Got INT...
1209 Under SysV OS's, C<seek()> on a file opened to append C<E<gt>E<gt>> now does
1210 the right thing w.r.t. the fopen() man page. e.g., - When a file is opened
1211 for append, it is impossible to overwrite information already in
1214 open(TEST,">>seek.test");
1215 $start = tell TEST ;
1220 seek(TEST,$start,0);
1221 print TEST "18 characters here";
1223 # perl4 (solaris) seek.test has: 18 characters here
1224 # perl5 (solaris) seek.test has: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18 characters here
1230 =head2 Interpolation Traps
1232 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with how things get interpolated
1233 within certain expressions, statements, contexts, or whatever.
1237 =item * Interpolation
1239 @ now always interpolates an array in double-quotish strings.
1241 print "To: someone@somewhere.com\n";
1243 # perl4 prints: To:someone@somewhere.com
1244 # perl5 errors : Literal @somewhere now requires backslash
1246 =item * Interpolation
1248 Double-quoted strings may no longer end with an unescaped $ or @.
1252 print "foo is $foo, bar is $bar\n";
1254 # perl4 prints: foo is foo$, bar is bar@
1255 # perl5 errors: Final $ should be \$ or $name
1257 Note: perl5 DOES NOT error on the terminating @ in $bar
1259 =item * Interpolation
1261 Perl now sometimes evaluates arbitrary expressions inside braces that occur
1262 within double quotes (usually when the opening brace is preceded by C<$>
1268 sub foo { return "bar" };
1269 print "|@{w.w.w}|${main'foo}|";
1271 # perl4 prints: |@{w.w.w}|foo|
1272 # perl5 prints: |buz|bar|
1274 Note that you can C<use strict;> to ward off such trappiness under perl5.
1276 =item * Interpolation
1278 The construct "this is $$x" used to interpolate the pid at that
1279 point, but now apparently tries to dereference C<$x>. C<$$> by itself still
1280 works fine, however.
1282 print "this is $$x\n";
1284 # perl4 prints: this is XXXx (XXX is the current pid)
1285 # perl5 prints: this is
1287 =item * Interpolation
1289 Creation of hashes on the fly with C<eval "EXPR"> now requires either both
1290 C<$>'s to be protected in the specification of the hash name, or both curlies
1291 to be protected. If both curlies are protected, the result will be compatible
1292 with perl4 and perl5. This is a very common practice, and should be changed
1293 to use the block form of C<eval{}> if possible.
1295 $hashname = "foobar";
1298 eval "\$$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
1299 (defined($foobar{'baz'})) ? (print "Yup") : (print "Nope");
1302 # perl5 prints: Nope
1306 eval "\$$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
1310 eval "\$\$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
1312 causes the following result:
1314 # perl4 prints: Nope
1319 eval "\$$hashname\{'$key'\} = q|$value|";
1321 causes the following result:
1325 # and is compatible for both versions
1328 =item * Interpolation
1330 perl4 programs which unconsciously rely on the bugs in earlier perl versions.
1332 perl -e '$bar=q/not/; print "This is $foo{$bar} perl5"'
1334 # perl4 prints: This is not perl5
1335 # perl5 prints: This is perl5
1337 =item * Interpolation
1339 You also have to be careful about array references.
1344 perl 5 prints: syntax error
1346 =item * Interpolation
1348 Similarly, watch out for:
1351 print "\$$foo{bar}\n";
1353 # perl4 prints: $array{bar}
1356 Perl 5 is looking for C<$array{bar}> which doesn't exist, but perl 4 is
1357 happy just to expand $foo to "array" by itself. Watch out for this
1358 especially in C<eval>'s.
1360 =item * Interpolation
1362 C<qq()> string passed to C<eval>
1365 foreach \$y (keys %\$x\) {
1370 # perl4 runs this ok
1371 # perl5 prints: Can't find string terminator ")"
1383 Existing dbm databases created under perl4 (or any other dbm/ndbm tool)
1384 may cause the same script, run under perl5, to fail. The build of perl5
1385 must have been linked with the same dbm/ndbm as the default for C<dbmopen()>
1386 to function properly without C<tie>'ing to an extension dbm implementation.
1388 dbmopen (%dbm, "file", undef);
1392 # perl5 prints: ok (IFF linked with -ldbm or -lndbm)
1397 Existing dbm databases created under perl4 (or any other dbm/ndbm tool)
1398 may cause the same script, run under perl5, to fail. The error generated
1399 when exceeding the limit on the key/value size will cause perl5 to exit
1402 dbmopen(DB, "testdb",0600) || die "couldn't open db! $!";
1403 $DB{'trap'} = "x" x 1024; # value too large for most dbm/ndbm
1407 dbm store returned -1, errno 28, key "trap" at - line 3.
1411 dbm store returned -1, errno 28, key "trap" at - line 3.
1415 =head2 Unclassified Traps
1421 =item * Unclassified
1423 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value
1425 If the file doit.pl has:
1433 And the do.pl file has the following single line:
1437 Running doit.pl gives the following:
1439 # perl 4 prints: 3 (aborts the subroutine early)
1442 Same behavior if you replace C<do> with C<require>.
1446 As always, if any of these are ever officially declared as bugs,
1447 they'll be fixed and removed.