3 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
7 The biggest trap of all is forgetting to use the B<-w> switch; see
8 L<perlrun>. The second biggest trap is not making your entire program
9 runnable under C<use strict>.
13 Accustomed B<awk> users should take special note of the following:
19 The English module, loaded via
23 allows you to refer to special variables (like $RS) as
24 though they were in B<awk>; see L<perlvar> for details.
28 Semicolons are required after all simple statements in Perl (except
29 at the end of a block). Newline is not a statement delimiter.
33 Curly brackets are required on C<if>s and C<while>s.
37 Variables begin with "$" or "@" in Perl.
41 Arrays index from 0. Likewise string positions in substr() and
46 You have to decide whether your array has numeric or string indices.
50 Associative array values do not spring into existence upon mere
55 You have to decide whether you want to use string or numeric
60 Reading an input line does not split it for you. You get to split it
61 yourself to an array. And the split() operator has different
66 The current input line is normally in $_, not $0. It generally does
67 not have the newline stripped. ($0 is the name of the program
68 executed.) See L<perlvar>.
72 $E<lt>I<digit>E<gt> does not refer to fields--it refers to substrings matched
73 by the last match pattern.
77 The print() statement does not add field and record separators unless
78 you set C<$,> and C<$\>. You can set $OFS and $ORS if you're using
83 You must open your files before you print to them.
87 The range operator is "..", not comma. The comma operator works as in
92 The match operator is "=~", not "~". ("~" is the one's complement
97 The exponentiation operator is "**", not "^". "^" is the XOR
98 operator, as in C. (You know, one could get the feeling that B<awk> is
99 basically incompatible with C.)
103 The concatenation operator is ".", not the null string. (Using the
104 null string would render C</pat/ /pat/> unparsable, because the third slash
105 would be interpreted as a division operator--the tokenizer is in fact
106 slightly context sensitive for operators like "/", "?", and "E<gt>".
107 And in fact, "." itself can be the beginning of a number.)
111 The C<next>, C<exit>, and C<continue> keywords work differently.
116 The following variables work differently:
119 ARGC $#ARGV or scalar @ARGV
123 FS (whatever you like)
124 NF $#Fld, or some such
136 You cannot set $RS to a pattern, only a string.
140 When in doubt, run the B<awk> construct through B<a2p> and see what it
147 Cerebral C programmers should take note of the following:
153 Curly brackets are required on C<if>'s and C<while>'s.
157 You must use C<elsif> rather than C<else if>.
161 The C<break> and C<continue> keywords from C become in
162 Perl C<last> and C<next>, respectively.
163 Unlike in C, these do I<NOT> work within a C<do { } while> construct.
167 There's no switch statement. (But it's easy to build one on the fly.)
171 Variables begin with "$" or "@" in Perl.
175 C<printf()> does not implement the "*" format for interpolating
176 field widths, but it's trivial to use interpolation of double-quoted
177 strings to achieve the same effect.
181 Comments begin with "#", not "/*".
185 You can't take the address of anything, although a similar operator
186 in Perl is the backslash, which creates a reference.
190 C<ARGV> must be capitalized. C<$ARGV[0]> is C's C<argv[1]>, and C<argv[0]>
195 System calls such as link(), unlink(), rename(), etc. return nonzero for
200 Signal handlers deal with signal names, not numbers. Use C<kill -l>
201 to find their names on your system.
207 Seasoned B<sed> programmers should take note of the following:
213 Backreferences in substitutions use "$" rather than "\".
217 The pattern matching metacharacters "(", ")", and "|" do not have backslashes
222 The range operator is C<...>, rather than comma.
228 Sharp shell programmers should take note of the following:
234 The back-tick operator does variable interpolation without regard to
235 the presence of single quotes in the command.
239 The back-tick operator does no translation of the return value, unlike B<csh>.
243 Shells (especially B<csh>) do several levels of substitution on each
244 command line. Perl does substitution in only certain constructs
245 such as double quotes, back-ticks, angle brackets, and search patterns.
249 Shells interpret scripts a little bit at a time. Perl compiles the
250 entire program before executing it (except for C<BEGIN> blocks, which
251 execute at compile time).
255 The arguments are available via @ARGV, not $1, $2, etc.
259 The environment is not automatically made available as separate scalar
266 Practicing Perl Programmers should take note of the following:
272 Remember that many operations behave differently in a list
273 context than they do in a scalar one. See L<perldata> for details.
277 Avoid barewords if you can, especially all lower-case ones.
278 You can't tell by just looking at it whether a bareword is
279 a function or a string. By using quotes on strings and
280 parentheses on function calls, you won't ever get them confused.
284 You cannot discern from mere inspection which built-ins
285 are unary operators (like chop() and chdir())
286 and which are list operators (like print() and unlink()).
287 (User-defined subroutines can be B<only> list operators, never
288 unary ones.) See L<perlop>.
292 People have a hard time remembering that some functions
293 default to $_, or @ARGV, or whatever, but that others which
294 you might expect to do not.
298 The E<lt>FHE<gt> construct is not the name of the filehandle, it is a readline
299 operation on that handle. The data read is assigned to $_ only if the
300 file read is the sole condition in a while loop:
303 while ($_ = <FH>) { }..
304 <FH>; # data discarded!
308 Remember not to use "C<=>" when you need "C<=~>";
309 these two constructs are quite different:
316 The C<do {}> construct isn't a real loop that you can use
321 Use C<my()> for local variables whenever you can get away with
322 it (but see L<perlform> for where you can't).
323 Using C<local()> actually gives a local value to a global
324 variable, which leaves you open to unforeseen side-effects
329 If you localize an exported variable in a module, its exported value will
330 not change. The local name becomes an alias to a new value but the
331 external name is still an alias for the original.
335 =head2 Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
337 Practicing Perl4 Programmers should take note of the following
338 Perl4-to-Perl5 specific traps.
340 They're crudely ordered according to the following list:
344 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
346 Anything that's been fixed as a perl4 bug, removed as a perl4 feature
347 or deprecated as a perl4 feature with the intent to encourage usage of
348 some other perl5 feature.
352 Traps that appear to stem from the new parser.
354 =item Numerical Traps
356 Traps having to do with numerical or mathematical operators.
358 =item General data type traps
360 Traps involving perl standard data types.
362 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
364 Traps related to context within lists, scalar statements/declarations.
366 =item Precedence Traps
368 Traps related to the precedence of parsing, evaluation, and execution of
371 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
373 Traps related to the use of pattern matching.
375 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
377 Traps related to the use of signals and signal handlers, general subroutines,
378 and sorting, along with sorting subroutines.
386 Traps specific to the use of C<dbmopen()>, and specific dbm implementations.
388 =item Unclassified Traps
394 If you find an example of a conversion trap that is not listed here,
395 please submit it to Bill Middleton F<wjm@best.com> for inclusion.
396 Also note that at least some of these can be caught with C<-w>.
398 =head2 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
400 Anything that has been discontinued, deprecated, or fixed as
405 =item * Discontinuance
407 Symbols starting with "_" are no longer forced into package main, except
408 for C<$_> itself (and C<@_>, etc.).
414 print "\$_legacy is ",$_legacy,"\n";
416 # perl4 prints: $_legacy is 1
417 # perl5 prints: $_legacy is
421 Double-colon is now a valid package separator in a variable name. Thus these
422 behave differently in perl4 vs. perl5, because the packages don't exist.
424 $a=1;$b=2;$c=3;$var=4;
426 print "$var::abc::xyz\n";
428 # perl4 prints: 1::2::3 4::abc::xyz
431 Given that C<::> is now the preferred package delimiter, it is debatable
432 whether this should be classed as a bug or not.
433 (The older package delimiter, ' ,is used here)
439 # perl5 prints: Can't find string terminator "'" anywhere before EOF
441 Also see precedence traps, for parsing C<$:>.
445 The second and third arguments of C<splice()> are now evaluated in scalar
446 context (as the Camel says) rather than list context.
448 sub sub1{return(0,2) } # return a 2-elem array
449 sub sub2{ return(1,2,3)} # return a 3-elem array
450 @a1 = ("a","b","c","d","e");
451 @a2 = splice(@a1,&sub1,&sub2);
452 print join(' ',@a2),"\n";
455 # perl5 prints: c d e
457 =item * Discontinuance
459 You can't do a C<goto> into a block that is optimized away. Darn.
465 print "Here I is!\n";
468 # perl4 prints: Here I is!
469 # perl5 dumps core (SEGV)
471 =item * Discontinuance
473 It is no longer syntactically legal to use whitespace as the name
474 of a variable, or as a delimiter for any kind of quote construct.
479 print "a is $a, b is $b\n";
481 # perl4 prints: a is foo bar, b is baz
482 # perl5 errors: Bare word found where operator expected
484 =item * Discontinuance
486 The archaic while/if BLOCK BLOCK syntax is no longer supported.
495 # perl4 prints: True!
496 # perl5 errors: syntax error at test.pl line 1, near "if {"
500 The C<**> operator now binds more tightly than unary minus.
501 It was documented to work this way before, but didn't.
508 =item * Discontinuance
510 The meaning of C<foreach{}> has changed slightly when it is iterating over a
511 list which is not an array. This used to assign the list to a
512 temporary array, but no longer does so (for efficiency). This means
513 that you'll now be iterating over the actual values, not over copies of
514 the values. Modifications to the loop variable can change the original
517 @list = ('ab','abc','bcd','def');
518 foreach $var (grep(/ab/,@list)){
521 print (join(':',@list));
523 # perl4 prints: ab:abc:bcd:def
524 # perl5 prints: 1:1:bcd:def
526 To retain Perl4 semantics you need to assign your list
527 explicitly to a temporary array and then iterate over that. For
528 example, you might need to change
530 foreach $var (grep(/ab/,@list)){
534 foreach $var (@tmp = grep(/ab/,@list)){
536 Otherwise changing $var will clobber the values of @list. (This most often
537 happens when you use C<$_> for the loop variable, and call subroutines in
538 the loop that don't properly localize C<$_>.)
540 =item * Discontinuance
542 C<split> with no arguments now behaves like C<split ' '> (which doesn't
543 return an initial null field if $_ starts with whitespace), it used to
544 behave like C<split /\s+/> (which does).
547 print join(':', split);
549 # perl4 prints: :hi:mom
550 # perl5 prints: hi:mom
554 Perl 4 would ignore any text which was attached to an C<-e> switch,
555 always taking the code snippet from the following arg. Additionally, it
556 would silently accept an C<-e> switch without a following arg. Both of
557 these behaviors have been fixed.
559 perl -e'print "attached to -e"' 'print "separate arg"'
561 # perl4 prints: separate arg
562 # perl5 prints: attached to -e
567 # perl5 dies: No code specified for -e.
569 =item * Discontinuance
571 In Perl 4 the return value of C<push> was undocumented, but it was
572 actually the last value being pushed onto the target list. In Perl 5
573 the return value of C<push> is documented, but has changed, it is the
574 number of elements in the resulting list.
577 print push(@x, 'first new', 'second new');
579 # perl4 prints: second new
584 Some error messages will be different.
586 =item * Discontinuance
588 Some bugs may have been inadvertently removed. :-)
594 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps from having to do with parsing.
600 Note the space between . and =
602 $string . = "more string";
605 # perl4 prints: more string
606 # perl5 prints: syntax error at - line 1, near ". ="
610 Better parsing in perl 5
614 print("hello, world\n");
616 # perl4 prints: hello, world
617 # perl5 prints: syntax error
621 "if it looks like a function, it is a function" rule.
624 ($foo == 1) ? "is one\n" : "is zero\n";
626 # perl4 prints: is zero
627 # perl5 warns: "Useless use of a constant in void context" if using -w
631 =head2 Numerical Traps
633 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with numerical operators,
634 operands, or output from same.
640 Formatted output and significant digits
642 print 7.373504 - 0, "\n";
643 printf "%20.18f\n", 7.373504 - 0;
655 This specific item has been deleted. It demonstrated how the auto-increment
656 operator would not catch when a number went over the signed int limit. Fixed
657 in version 5.003_04. But always be wary when using large integers.
664 Assignment of return values from numeric equality tests
665 does not work in perl5 when the test evaluates to false (0).
666 Logical tests now return an null, instead of 0
674 Also see the L<General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.>
675 tests for another example of this new feature...
679 =head2 General data type traps
681 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps involving most data-types, and their usage
682 within certain expressions and/or context.
688 Negative array subscripts now count from the end of the array.
690 @a = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
691 print "The third element of the array is $a[3] also expressed as $a[-2] \n";
693 # perl4 prints: The third element of the array is 4 also expressed as
694 # perl5 prints: The third element of the array is 4 also expressed as 4
698 Setting C<$#array> lower now discards array elements, and makes them
699 impossible to recover.
702 print "Before: ",join('',@a);
704 print ", After: ",join('',@a);
706 print ", Recovered: ",join('',@a),"\n";
708 # perl4 prints: Before: abcde, After: ab, Recovered: abcd
709 # perl5 prints: Before: abcde, After: ab, Recovered: ab
713 Hashes get defined before use
716 die "scalar \$s defined" if defined($s);
717 die "array \@a defined" if defined(@a);
718 die "hash \%h defined" if defined(%h);
721 # perl5 dies: hash %h defined
725 glob assignment from variable to variable will fail if the assigned
726 variable is localized subsequent to the assignment
728 @a = ("This is Perl 4");
733 # perl4 prints: This is Perl 4
738 *fred = *barney; # fred is aliased to barney
741 print "@fred"; # should print "1, 2, 4"
743 # perl4 prints: 1 2 4
744 # perl5 prints: Literal @fred now requires backslash
746 =item * (Scalar String)
748 Changes in unary negation (of strings)
749 This change effects both the return value and what it
750 does to auto(magic)increment.
757 # perl4 prints: aab : -0 : 1
758 # perl5 prints: aab : -aab : aac
762 perl 4 lets you modify constants:
766 for ($x = 0; $x < 3; $x++) {
770 print "before: $_[0]";
772 print " after: $_[0]\n";
783 # Modification of a read-only value attempted at foo.pl line 12.
788 The behavior is slightly different for:
790 print "$x", defined $x
793 # perl 5: <no output, $x is not called into existence>
795 =item * (Variable Suicide)
797 Variable suicide behavior is more consistent under Perl 5.
798 Perl5 exhibits the same behavior for associative arrays and scalars,
799 that perl4 exhibits for only scalars.
801 $aGlobal{ "aKey" } = "global value";
802 print "MAIN:", $aGlobal{"aKey"}, "\n";
807 local( *theArgument ) = @_;
808 local( %aNewLocal ); # perl 4 != 5.001l,m
809 $aNewLocal{"aKey"} = "this should never appear";
810 print "SUB: ", $theArgument{"aKey"}, "\n";
811 $aNewLocal{"aKey"} = "level $GlobalLevel"; # what should print
813 if( $GlobalLevel<4 ) {
828 # SUB: this should never appear
829 # SUB: this should never appear
830 # SUB: this should never appear
834 =head2 Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
838 =item * (list context)
840 The elements of argument lists for formats are now evaluated in list
841 context. This means you can interpolate list values now.
843 @fmt = ("foo","bar","baz");
850 # perl4 errors: Please use commas to separate fields in file
851 # perl5 prints: foo bar baz
853 =item * (scalar context)
855 The C<caller()> function now returns a false value in a scalar context
856 if there is no caller. This lets library files determine if they're
859 caller() ? (print "You rang?\n") : (print "Got a 0\n");
861 # perl4 errors: There is no caller
862 # perl5 prints: Got a 0
864 =item * (scalar context)
866 The comma operator in a scalar context is now guaranteed to give a
867 scalar context to its arguments.
873 # Perl4 prints: x = c # Thinks list context interpolates list
874 # Perl5 prints: x = 3 # Knows scalar uses length of list
876 =item * (list, builtin)
878 C<sprintf()> funkiness (array argument converted to scalar array count)
879 This test could be added to t/op/sprintf.t
881 @z = ('%s%s', 'foo', 'bar');
883 if ($x eq 'foobar') {print "ok 2\n";} else {print "not ok 2 '$x'\n";}
886 # perl5 prints: not ok 2
888 C<printf()> works fine, though:
893 # perl4 prints: foobar
894 # perl5 prints: foobar
900 =head2 Precedence Traps
902 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps involving precedence order.
908 LHS vs. RHS when both sides are getting an op.
910 @arr = ( 'left', 'right' );
911 $a{shift @arr} = shift @arr;
912 print join( ' ', keys %a );
915 # perl5 prints: right
919 These are now semantic errors because of precedence:
922 %map = ("a",1,"b",2,"c",3,"d",4);
923 $n = shift @list + 2; # first item in list plus 2
925 $m = keys %map + 2; # number of items in hash plus 2
928 # perl4 prints: n is 3, m is 6
929 # perl5 errors and fails to compile
933 The precedence of assignment operators is now the same as the precedence
934 of assignment. Perl 4 mistakenly gave them the precedence of the associated
935 operator. So you now must parenthesize them in expressions like
937 /foo/ ? ($a += 2) : ($a -= 2);
941 /foo/ ? $a += 2 : $a -= 2
943 would be erroneously parsed as
945 (/foo/ ? $a += 2 : $a) -= 2;
951 now works as a C programmer would expect.
957 is now incorrect. You need parentheses around the filehandle.
958 Otherwise, perl5 leaves the statement as its default precedence:
962 # perl4 opens or dies
963 # perl5 errors: Precedence problem: open FOO should be open(FOO)
967 perl4 gives the special variable, C<$:> precedence, where perl5
968 treats C<$::> as main C<package>
970 $a = "x"; print "$::a";
977 concatenation precedence over filetest operator?
981 # perl4 prints: no output
982 # perl5 prints: Can't modify -e in concatenation
986 Assignment to value takes precedence over assignment to key in
987 perl5 when using the shift operator on both sides.
989 @arr = ( 'left', 'right' );
990 $a{shift @arr} = shift @arr;
991 print join( ' ', keys %a );
994 # perl5 prints: right
998 =head2 General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
1000 All types of RE traps.
1004 =item * Regular Expression
1006 C<s'$lhs'$rhs'> now does no interpolation on either side. It used to
1007 interpolate C<$lhs> but not C<$rhs>. (And still does not match a literal
1011 $string = '1 2 $a $b';
1012 $string =~ s'$a'$b';
1015 # perl4 prints: $b 2 $a $b
1016 # perl5 prints: 1 2 $a $b
1018 =item * Regular Expression
1020 C<m//g> now attaches its state to the searched string rather than the
1021 regular expression. (Once the scope of a block is left for the sub, the
1022 state of the searched string is lost)
1028 sub doit{local($_) = shift; print "Got $_ "}
1030 # perl4 prints: blah blah blah
1031 # perl5 prints: infinite loop blah...
1033 =item * Regular Expression
1035 If no parentheses are used in a match, Perl4 sets C<$+> to
1036 the whole match, just like C<$&>. Perl5 does not.
1041 # perl4 prints: bcde
1044 =item * Regular Expression
1046 substitution now returns the null string if it fails
1049 $value = ($string =~ s/foo//);
1055 Also see L<Numerical Traps> for another example of this new feature.
1057 =item * Regular Expression
1059 C<s`lhs`rhs`> (using back-ticks) is now a normal substitution, with no
1063 $string =~ s`^`hostname`;
1064 print $string, "\n";
1066 # perl4 prints: <the local hostname>
1067 # perl5 prints: hostname
1069 =item * Regular Expression
1071 Stricter parsing of variables used in regular expressions
1073 s/^([^$grpc]*$grpc[$opt$plus$rep]?)//o;
1075 # perl4: compiles w/o error
1076 # perl5: with Scalar found where operator expected ..., near "$opt$plus"
1078 an added component of this example, apparently from the same script, is
1079 the actual value of the s'd string after the substitution.
1080 C<[$opt]> is a character class in perl4 and an array subscript in perl5
1085 s/^([^$grpc]*$grpc[$opt]?)/foo/;
1089 # perl5 prints: foobar
1091 =item * Regular Expression
1093 Under perl5, C<m?x?> matches only once, like C<?x?>. Under perl4, it matched
1094 repeatedly, like C</x/> or C<m!x!>.
1097 sub match { $test =~ m?once?; }
1100 # m?x? matches more then once
1103 # m?x? matches only once
1107 # perl4 prints: perl4
1108 # perl5 prints: perl5
1111 =item * Regular Expression
1113 Under perl4 and upto version 5.003, a failed C<m//g> match used to
1114 reset the internal iterator, so that subsequent C<m//g> match attempts
1115 began from the beginning of the string. In perl version 5.004 and later,
1116 failed C<m//g> matches do not reset the iterator position (which can be
1117 found using the C<pos()> function--see L<perlfunc/pos>).
1121 print $1 while ($test =~ /(o)/g);
1122 # pos $test = 0; # to get old behavior
1125 # perl4 prints: oooooo
1126 # perl5.004 prints: oo
1128 You may always reset the iterator yourself as shown in the commented line
1129 to get the old behavior.
1133 =head2 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
1135 The general group of Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with
1136 Signals, Sorting, and their related subroutines, as well as
1137 general subroutine traps. Includes some OS-Specific traps.
1143 Barewords that used to look like strings to Perl will now look like subroutine
1144 calls if a subroutine by that name is defined before the compiler sees them.
1146 sub SeeYa { warn"Hasta la vista, baby!" }
1147 $SIG{'TERM'} = SeeYa;
1148 print "SIGTERM is now $SIG{'TERM'}\n";
1150 # perl4 prints: SIGTERM is main'SeeYa
1151 # perl5 prints: SIGTERM is now main::1
1153 Use B<-w> to catch this one
1155 =item * (Sort Subroutine)
1157 reverse is no longer allowed as the name of a sort subroutine.
1159 sub reverse{ print "yup "; $a <=> $b }
1160 print sort reverse a,b,c;
1162 # perl4 prints: yup yup yup yup abc
1165 =item * warn() won't let you specify a filehandle.
1167 Although it _always_ printed to STDERR, warn() would let you specify a
1168 filehandle in perl4. With perl5 it does not.
1172 # perl4 prints: Foo!
1173 # perl5 prints: String found where operator expected
1183 Under HPUX, and some other SysV OS's, one had to reset any signal handler,
1184 within the signal handler function, each time a signal was handled with
1185 perl4. With perl5, the reset is now done correctly. Any code relying
1186 on the handler _not_ being reset will have to be reworked.
1188 Since version 5.002, Perl uses sigaction() under SysV.
1193 $SIG{'INT'} = 'gotit';
1202 while (1) {sleep(10);}
1205 # perl4 (HPUX) prints: Got INT...
1206 # perl5 (HPUX) prints: Got INT... Got INT...
1210 Under SysV OS's, C<seek()> on a file opened to append C<E<gt>E<gt>> now does
1211 the right thing w.r.t. the fopen() man page. e.g., - When a file is opened
1212 for append, it is impossible to overwrite information already in
1215 open(TEST,">>seek.test");
1216 $start = tell TEST ;
1221 seek(TEST,$start,0);
1222 print TEST "18 characters here";
1224 # perl4 (solaris) seek.test has: 18 characters here
1225 # perl5 (solaris) seek.test has: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18 characters here
1231 =head2 Interpolation Traps
1233 Perl4-to-Perl5 traps having to do with how things get interpolated
1234 within certain expressions, statements, contexts, or whatever.
1238 =item * Interpolation
1240 @ now always interpolates an array in double-quotish strings.
1242 print "To: someone@somewhere.com\n";
1244 # perl4 prints: To:someone@somewhere.com
1245 # perl5 errors : Literal @somewhere now requires backslash
1247 =item * Interpolation
1249 Double-quoted strings may no longer end with an unescaped $ or @.
1253 print "foo is $foo, bar is $bar\n";
1255 # perl4 prints: foo is foo$, bar is bar@
1256 # perl5 errors: Final $ should be \$ or $name
1258 Note: perl5 DOES NOT error on the terminating @ in $bar
1260 =item * Interpolation
1262 Perl now sometimes evaluates arbitrary expressions inside braces that occur
1263 within double quotes (usually when the opening brace is preceded by C<$>
1269 sub foo { return "bar" };
1270 print "|@{w.w.w}|${main'foo}|";
1272 # perl4 prints: |@{w.w.w}|foo|
1273 # perl5 prints: |buz|bar|
1275 Note that you can C<use strict;> to ward off such trappiness under perl5.
1277 =item * Interpolation
1279 The construct "this is $$x" used to interpolate the pid at that
1280 point, but now apparently tries to dereference C<$x>. C<$$> by itself still
1281 works fine, however.
1283 print "this is $$x\n";
1285 # perl4 prints: this is XXXx (XXX is the current pid)
1286 # perl5 prints: this is
1288 =item * Interpolation
1290 Creation of hashes on the fly with C<eval "EXPR"> now requires either both
1291 C<$>'s to be protected in the specification of the hash name, or both curlies
1292 to be protected. If both curlies are protected, the result will be compatible
1293 with perl4 and perl5. This is a very common practice, and should be changed
1294 to use the block form of C<eval{}> if possible.
1296 $hashname = "foobar";
1299 eval "\$$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
1300 (defined($foobar{'baz'})) ? (print "Yup") : (print "Nope");
1303 # perl5 prints: Nope
1307 eval "\$$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
1311 eval "\$\$hashname{'$key'} = q|$value|";
1313 causes the following result:
1315 # perl4 prints: Nope
1320 eval "\$$hashname\{'$key'\} = q|$value|";
1322 causes the following result:
1326 # and is compatible for both versions
1329 =item * Interpolation
1331 perl4 programs which unconsciously rely on the bugs in earlier perl versions.
1333 perl -e '$bar=q/not/; print "This is $foo{$bar} perl5"'
1335 # perl4 prints: This is not perl5
1336 # perl5 prints: This is perl5
1338 =item * Interpolation
1340 You also have to be careful about array references.
1345 perl 5 prints: syntax error
1347 =item * Interpolation
1349 Similarly, watch out for:
1352 print "\$$foo{bar}\n";
1354 # perl4 prints: $array{bar}
1357 Perl 5 is looking for C<$array{bar}> which doesn't exist, but perl 4 is
1358 happy just to expand $foo to "array" by itself. Watch out for this
1359 especially in C<eval>'s.
1361 =item * Interpolation
1363 C<qq()> string passed to C<eval>
1366 foreach \$y (keys %\$x\) {
1371 # perl4 runs this ok
1372 # perl5 prints: Can't find string terminator ")"
1384 Existing dbm databases created under perl4 (or any other dbm/ndbm tool)
1385 may cause the same script, run under perl5, to fail. The build of perl5
1386 must have been linked with the same dbm/ndbm as the default for C<dbmopen()>
1387 to function properly without C<tie>'ing to an extension dbm implementation.
1389 dbmopen (%dbm, "file", undef);
1393 # perl5 prints: ok (IFF linked with -ldbm or -lndbm)
1398 Existing dbm databases created under perl4 (or any other dbm/ndbm tool)
1399 may cause the same script, run under perl5, to fail. The error generated
1400 when exceeding the limit on the key/value size will cause perl5 to exit
1403 dbmopen(DB, "testdb",0600) || die "couldn't open db! $!";
1404 $DB{'trap'} = "x" x 1024; # value too large for most dbm/ndbm
1408 dbm store returned -1, errno 28, key "trap" at - line 3.
1412 dbm store returned -1, errno 28, key "trap" at - line 3.
1416 =head2 Unclassified Traps
1422 =item * Unclassified
1424 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value
1426 If the file doit.pl has:
1434 And the do.pl file has the following single line:
1438 Running doit.pl gives the following:
1440 # perl 4 prints: 3 (aborts the subroutine early)
1443 Same behavior if you replace C<do> with C<require>.
1447 As always, if any of these are ever officially declared as bugs,
1448 they'll be fixed and removed.