4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
310 =item BASIC DOCUMENTATION
314 =item perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
316 SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, AVAILABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, AUTHOR, FILES, SEE ALSO,
317 DIAGNOSTICS, BUGS, NOTES
319 =item perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
328 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
336 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
346 =item Simple statements
348 =item Compound statements
356 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
360 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
362 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
368 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
382 =item Scalar value constructors
384 =item List value constructors
388 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
396 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
406 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
408 =item The Arrow Operator
410 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
414 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
416 =item Binding Operators
418 =item Multiplicative Operators
420 =item Additive Operators
422 =item Shift Operators
424 =item Named Unary Operators
426 =item Relational Operators
428 =item Equality Operators
432 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
434 =item C-style Logical And
436 =item C-style Logical Or
438 =item Range Operators
440 =item Conditional Operator
442 =item Assignment Operators
446 =item List Operators (Rightward)
452 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
454 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
456 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
458 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
460 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
462 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
463 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
464 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
465 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
467 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
469 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
470 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
471 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
472 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
477 =item Constant Folding
479 =item Bitwise String Operators
481 =item Integer Arithmetic
483 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
491 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
501 =item Private Variables via my()
503 =item Persistent Private Variables
505 =item Temporary Values via local()
507 =item Lvalue subroutines
509 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
511 =item When to Still Use local()
513 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
514 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
515 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
517 =item Pass by Reference
521 =item Constant Functions
523 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
527 =item Subroutine Attributes
535 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
543 =item Perl Functions by Category
545 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
546 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
547 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
548 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
549 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
550 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
551 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
552 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
553 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
554 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
559 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
561 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
562 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
563 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
564 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
565 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
566 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
567 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
568 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
569 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
570 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
571 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
572 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
573 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
574 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
575 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
576 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
577 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
578 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
579 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
580 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
581 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
582 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
583 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
584 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
585 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
586 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
587 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
588 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST,
589 mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
590 msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR :
591 ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open
592 FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir
593 DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package,
594 package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR,
595 pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT,
596 LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/,
597 qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta,
598 rand EXPR, rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read
599 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR,
600 readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo,
601 ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR,
602 require, reset EXPR, reset, return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir
603 DIRHANDLE, rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME,
604 rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir
605 DIRHANDLE,POS, select FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT,
606 semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
607 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
608 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
609 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
610 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
611 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
612 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
613 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
614 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
615 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
616 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
617 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
618 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
619 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
620 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
621 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
622 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
623 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
624 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
625 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
626 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
627 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
628 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
629 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
630 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
631 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
637 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
643 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
651 =item Making References
653 =item Using References
671 =item Distribution Conditions
677 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
683 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
684 more elaborate constructs
688 =item COMMON MISTAKES
690 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
692 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
698 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
702 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
704 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
706 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
710 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
714 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
716 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
718 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
722 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
726 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
728 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
730 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
734 =item HASHES OF HASHES
738 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
740 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
742 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
746 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
750 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
752 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
754 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
766 =head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
776 =item Simple word matching
778 =item Using character classes
780 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
781 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
782 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
783 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
784 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
785 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n"
787 =item Matching this or that
789 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
791 =item Extracting matches
793 =item Matching repetitions
795 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
796 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
797 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
798 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
803 =item Search and replace
805 =item The split operator
813 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
817 =item Acknowledgments
823 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
831 =item Verbatim Paragraph
833 =item Command Paragraph
835 =item Ordinary Block of Text
839 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
841 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
851 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
859 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
877 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
879 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
880 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
881 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
882 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
884 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
886 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
887 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
888 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
892 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
894 =item Numerical Traps
896 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
898 =item General data type traps
900 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
901 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
903 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
905 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
907 =item Precedence Traps
909 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
912 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
914 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
915 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
918 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
920 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
926 =item Interpolation Traps
928 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
929 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
935 =item Unclassified Traps
937 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
944 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
954 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
956 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
958 =item Location of Perl
960 =item Command Switches
962 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo[=bar,baz]>,
963 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
964 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
965 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
966 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
967 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
974 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
975 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
976 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
980 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
988 =head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
996 =item Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
998 =item What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
1000 =item Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
1004 =item Backward Compatibility
1006 =item Category Hierarchy
1008 =item Fatal Warnings
1010 =item Reporting Warnings from a Module
1022 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
1028 =item The Perl Debugger
1032 =item Debugger Commands
1034 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
1035 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
1036 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
1037 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
1038 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
1039 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
1040 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
1041 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
1042 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
1044 =item Configurable Options
1046 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
1047 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
1048 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
1049 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
1050 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
1051 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
1053 =item Debugger input/output
1055 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
1058 =item Debugging compile-time statements
1060 =item Debugger Customization
1062 =item Readline Support
1064 =item Editor Support for Debugging
1066 =item The Perl Profiler
1070 =item Debugging regular expressions
1072 =item Debugging memory usage
1080 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1088 =item Predefined Names
1090 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1091 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1092 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1093 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1094 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1095 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1096 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1097 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1098 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1099 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1100 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1101 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1102 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1103 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1104 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1105 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1106 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1107 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1108 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1109 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1110 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1111 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1112 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1113 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1114 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1115 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1116 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1117 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1118 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1120 =item Error Indicators
1122 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1130 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
1136 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
1138 =item Growing Your Own
1140 =item Access and Printing
1150 =head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
1156 =item Open E<agrave> la shell
1164 =item The Minus File
1166 =item Mixing Reads and Writes
1172 =item Open E<agrave> la C
1176 =item Permissions E<agrave> la mode
1180 =item Obscure Open Tricks
1184 =item Re-Opening Files (dups)
1186 =item Dispelling the Dweomer
1188 =item Paths as Opens
1190 =item Single Argument Open
1192 =item Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
1196 =item Other I/O Issues
1200 =item Opening Non-File Files
1210 =item AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
1216 =head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
1222 =item Part 1: The basics
1226 =item Simple word matching
1228 =item Using character classes
1230 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
1231 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
1232 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
1233 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
1234 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
1235 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
1236 Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
1237 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1238 end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
1239 single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
1240 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1241 end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
1242 of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
1243 C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
1244 string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
1245 but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
1246 C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
1247 line within the string
1249 =item Matching this or that
1251 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
1253 0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
1254 alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
1255 so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
1256 So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
1257 group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
1258 and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
1259 second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
1260 the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
1261 character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
1262 matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
1263 the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
1266 =item Extracting matches
1268 =item Matching repetitions
1270 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
1271 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
1272 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
1273 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
1274 times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
1275 earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
1276 C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
1277 regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
1278 C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
1279 as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
1280 there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
1281 if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
1282 the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
1283 will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
1284 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1285 all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
1286 0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
1287 times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
1288 i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
1289 least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
1290 C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
1291 C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
1292 C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
1293 consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
1294 the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
1295 (little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
1296 match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
1297 to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
1298 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1299 all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
1300 string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
1301 string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
1302 the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
1303 element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
1304 backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
1305 Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
1306 and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
1308 =item Building a regexp
1310 specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
1311 parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
1312 and optimizing the final combined regexp
1314 =item Using regular expressions in Perl
1318 =item Part 2: Power tools
1322 =item More on characters, strings, and character classes
1324 =item Compiling and saving regular expressions
1326 =item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
1328 =item Non-capturing groupings
1330 =item Looking ahead and looking behind
1332 =item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
1334 =item Conditional expressions
1336 =item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
1338 =item Pragmas and debugging
1346 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1350 =item Acknowledgments
1356 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
1366 =item Making References
1368 =item Using References
1370 =item Symbolic references
1372 =item Not-so-symbolic references
1374 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
1376 =item Function Templates
1386 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1396 =item Regular Expressions
1398 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1400 =item Extended Patterns
1402 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1403 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1404 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1405 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1409 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1411 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1413 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1415 =item Combining pieces together
1417 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1418 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1419 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1420 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1422 =item Creating custom RE engines
1432 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
1440 =item Format Variables
1450 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
1458 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
1465 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
1471 =item The use locale pragma
1473 =item The setlocale function
1475 =item Finding locales
1477 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
1479 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
1481 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
1483 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
1485 =item Fixing system locale configuration
1487 =item The localeconv function
1491 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
1495 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
1497 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
1499 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
1501 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
1505 =item Other categories
1511 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
1512 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
1513 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
1514 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
1515 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
1516 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
1517 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
1518 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
1522 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
1523 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
1529 =item Backward compatibility
1531 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
1533 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
1535 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
1537 =item Freely available locale definitions
1541 =item An imperfect standard
1549 =item Broken systems
1559 =head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
1567 =item Important Caveat
1569 Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
1570 to enable a few features
1572 =item Byte and Character semantics
1574 =item Effects of character semantics
1576 =item Character encodings for input and output
1586 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
1587 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
1603 =item Using open() for IPC
1609 =item Background Processes
1611 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
1613 =item Safe Pipe Opens
1615 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
1617 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
1621 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
1625 =item Internet Line Terminators
1627 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
1629 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
1633 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
1637 =item A Simple Client
1639 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
1641 =item A Webget Client
1643 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
1647 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
1649 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
1651 =item UDP: Message Passing
1665 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
1675 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
1677 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
1678 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
1679 files, directories and network sockets
1681 =item Resource limits
1683 =item Killing the parent process
1685 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
1687 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
1689 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
1690 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
1691 application, Thread-safety of extensions
1703 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
1711 =item Storing numbers
1713 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
1715 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
1717 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
1718 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
1719 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
1728 =head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
1734 =item What Is A Thread Anyway?
1736 =item Threaded Program Models
1748 =item Native threads
1750 =item What kind of threads are perl threads?
1752 =item Threadsafe Modules
1758 =item Basic Thread Support
1760 =item Creating Threads
1762 =item Giving up control
1764 =item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
1766 =item Errors In Threads
1768 =item Ignoring A Thread
1772 =item Threads And Data
1776 =item Shared And Unshared Data
1778 =item Thread Pitfall: Races
1780 =item Controlling access: lock()
1782 =item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
1784 =item Queues: Passing Data Around
1788 =item Threads And Code
1792 =item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
1794 Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
1796 =item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
1798 =item Subroutine Locks
1802 =item Locking A Subroutine
1806 =item General Thread Utility Routines
1810 =item What Thread Am I In?
1814 =item Are These Threads The Same?
1816 =item What Threads Are Running?
1820 =item A Complete Example
1828 =item Introductory Texts
1830 =item OS-Related References
1832 =item Other References
1836 =item Acknowledgements
1844 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
1850 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
1859 =item Numbers endianness and Width
1861 =item Files and Filesystems
1863 =item System Interaction
1865 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
1867 =item External Subroutines (XS)
1869 =item Standard Modules
1873 =item Character sets and character encoding
1875 =item Internationalisation
1877 =item System Resources
1887 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
1888 http://testers.cpan.org/
1896 =item DOS and Derivatives
1898 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
1906 =item EBCDIC Platforms
1914 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
1918 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1920 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
1921 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
1922 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
1923 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
1924 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
1925 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
1926 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
1927 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
1928 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
1929 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
1930 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
1931 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
1932 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
1933 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
1934 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
1935 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
1936 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
1937 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
1938 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
1939 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
1940 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
1941 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1942 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
1943 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
1944 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
1950 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
1951 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
1952 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
1953 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
1954 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
1957 =item Supported Platforms
1961 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
1967 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
1975 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
1977 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
1979 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
1983 =item Protecting Your Programs
1991 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
1999 =item If we could talk to the animals...
2001 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
2003 =item Invoking a barnyard
2005 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2007 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2009 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2011 =item A few notes about @ISA
2013 =item Overriding the methods
2015 =item Starting the search from a different place
2017 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2019 =item Where we're at so far...
2021 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2023 =item Invoking an instance method
2025 =item Accessing the instance data
2027 =item How to build a horse
2029 =item Inheriting the constructor
2031 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2033 =item Adding parameters to a method
2035 =item More interesting instances
2037 =item A horse of a different color
2049 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2055 =item Creating a Class
2059 =item Object Representation
2061 =item Class Interface
2063 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2065 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2069 =item Other Object Methods
2077 =item Accessing Class Data
2079 =item Debugging Methods
2081 =item Class Destructors
2083 =item Documenting the Interface
2093 =item Overridden Methods
2095 =item Multiple Inheritance
2097 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2101 =item Alternate Object Representations
2105 =item Arrays as Objects
2107 =item Closures as Objects
2111 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2115 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2117 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2121 =item Metaclassical Tools
2127 =item Data Members as Variables
2131 =item Object Terminology
2137 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2143 =item Acknowledgments
2149 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2155 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2159 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2161 =item Inheritance Concerns
2163 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2165 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2167 =item Monadic Classes
2169 =item Translucent Attributes
2173 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2177 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2179 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2181 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2183 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2185 =item Translucency Revisited
2193 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2195 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2201 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2209 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2211 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2213 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2215 =item Method Invocation
2219 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2221 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2227 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2235 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2241 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2243 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2245 =item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
2247 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2249 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2251 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2253 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2255 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2257 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2259 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2265 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2277 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2281 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2286 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2287 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2288 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2290 =item Tying FileHandles
2292 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2293 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2295 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2307 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
2319 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
2331 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
2337 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
2341 =item Pragmatic Modules
2343 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
2344 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops,
2345 overload, re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
2347 =item Standard Modules
2349 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
2350 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2351 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
2352 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
2353 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
2354 Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
2355 English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
2356 ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
2357 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
2358 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
2359 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
2360 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
2361 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
2362 File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
2363 File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
2364 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
2365 I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
2366 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
2367 Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
2368 Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser,
2369 Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Termcap,
2370 Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell,
2371 Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine,
2372 Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex,
2373 Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar,
2374 Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm,
2375 UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
2377 =item Extension Modules
2383 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2384 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2385 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2386 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2387 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2388 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2389 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2390 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2391 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2392 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2393 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2394 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2395 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2396 North America, South America
2398 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2402 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2404 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2405 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2406 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2407 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2408 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2409 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2410 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2411 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2412 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2413 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2414 care when changing a released module
2416 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2418 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2419 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2420 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2421 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2423 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2425 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2426 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2427 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2428 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2429 can then be reduced to a small
2437 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2447 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2448 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2460 =head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
2470 =item What should I make into a module?
2472 =item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
2474 Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
2476 =item Step-by-step: Making the module
2478 Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
2479 L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
2480 documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
2482 =item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
2484 Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
2485 tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
2495 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
2496 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2506 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
2508 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
2510 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
2512 =item What is perl6?
2514 =item How stable is Perl?
2516 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
2518 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
2521 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
2523 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
2525 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
2527 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
2529 =item What is a JAPH?
2531 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
2533 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
2534 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
2538 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2542 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
2543 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
2551 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
2553 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
2555 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
2557 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
2560 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
2561 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
2563 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
2564 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
2566 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
2568 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
2570 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
2572 =item Where should I post source code?
2576 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
2578 =item Perl in Magazines
2580 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
2582 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
2584 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
2586 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
2588 =item Where do I send bug reports?
2590 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
2594 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2598 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2607 =item How do I do (anything)?
2609 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
2611 =item Is there a Perl shell?
2613 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
2615 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
2617 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
2619 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
2621 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
2623 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
2625 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
2627 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
2629 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
2631 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
2633 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
2635 =item What is undump?
2637 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
2639 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
2641 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
2643 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
2645 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
2647 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
2649 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
2651 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
2653 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
2655 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
2657 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
2659 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
2661 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
2663 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
2665 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
2666 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
2668 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
2671 =item What's MakeMaker?
2675 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2679 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2690 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
2691 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
2693 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
2695 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
2698 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
2700 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
2702 =item How do I multiply matrices?
2704 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
2706 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
2708 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
2716 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
2718 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
2720 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
2722 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
2724 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
2726 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
2728 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
2736 =item How do I validate input?
2738 =item How do I unescape a string?
2740 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
2742 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
2744 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
2746 =item How do I reverse a string?
2748 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
2750 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
2752 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
2754 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
2756 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
2759 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
2761 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
2762 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
2764 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
2766 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
2768 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
2770 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
2772 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
2774 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
2776 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
2778 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
2779 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
2788 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
2790 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
2792 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
2794 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
2795 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
2796 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
2797 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
2800 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
2802 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
2803 intersection of two arrays?
2805 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
2807 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
2809 =item How do I handle linked lists?
2811 =item How do I handle circular lists?
2813 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
2815 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
2817 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
2819 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
2821 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
2823 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
2825 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
2829 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
2833 =item How do I process an entire hash?
2835 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
2838 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
2840 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
2842 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
2844 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
2846 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
2848 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
2850 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
2852 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
2854 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
2856 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
2858 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
2861 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
2862 array of hashes or arrays?
2864 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
2872 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
2874 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
2876 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
2878 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
2880 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
2882 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
2884 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
2888 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2892 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2901 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
2903 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
2904 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
2906 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
2908 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
2910 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
2912 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
2913 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
2915 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
2917 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
2919 =item How can I write() into a string?
2921 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
2923 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
2925 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
2927 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
2929 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
2931 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
2933 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
2935 =item How can I lock a file?
2937 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
2939 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
2940 the file. How can I do this?
2942 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
2944 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
2946 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
2948 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
2950 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
2952 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
2954 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
2956 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
2958 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
2960 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
2962 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
2964 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
2965 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
2967 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
2969 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
2970 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
2972 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
2974 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
2978 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2982 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2990 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
2991 and unmaintainable code?
2993 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
2995 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
2997 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
3000 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
3002 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
3005 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
3007 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
3009 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
3011 =item What is C</o> really for?
3013 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
3016 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
3018 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
3020 =item How do I process each word on each line?
3022 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
3024 =item How can I do approximate matching?
3026 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
3028 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
3030 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
3032 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
3034 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
3036 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
3038 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
3040 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
3044 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3048 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
3049 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
3057 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
3059 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
3062 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
3065 =item How do I skip some return values?
3067 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
3069 =item What's an extension?
3071 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
3073 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
3075 =item How do I create a module?
3077 =item How do I create a class?
3079 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
3081 =item What's a closure?
3083 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
3085 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
3088 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
3091 =item How do I create a static variable?
3093 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
3094 Between local() and my()?
3096 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
3099 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
3101 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
3103 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
3105 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
3107 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
3109 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
3111 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
3113 =item How can I find out my current package?
3115 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
3117 =item How do I clear a package?
3119 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
3123 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3127 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
3136 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
3138 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
3140 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
3142 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
3144 =item How do I print something out in color?
3146 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
3148 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
3150 =item How do I clear the screen?
3152 =item How do I get the screen size?
3154 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
3156 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
3158 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
3160 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
3162 =item How do I start a process in the background?
3164 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
3166 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
3168 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
3170 =item How do I set the time and date?
3172 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
3174 =item How can I measure time under a second?
3176 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
3178 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
3179 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
3181 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
3183 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
3185 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
3187 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
3189 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
3191 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
3193 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
3195 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
3197 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
3199 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
3202 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
3204 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
3206 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
3208 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
3211 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
3212 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
3213 changes to be visible?
3217 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
3220 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
3222 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
3224 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
3226 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
3228 =item How do I set CPU limits?
3230 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
3232 =item How do I use an SQL database?
3234 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
3236 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
3238 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
3240 =item What's the difference between require and use?
3242 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
3244 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
3247 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
3249 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
3253 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3257 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
3266 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
3269 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
3271 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
3273 =item How do I extract URLs?
3275 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
3276 file on another machine?
3278 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
3280 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
3282 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
3284 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
3286 =item How do I redirect to another page?
3288 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
3290 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
3292 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
3293 CGI script to do bad things?
3295 =item How do I parse a mail header?
3297 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
3299 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
3301 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
3303 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
3305 =item How do I send mail?
3307 =item How do I read mail?
3309 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
3311 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
3313 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
3315 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
3319 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3323 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3333 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3337 =item Using The Back Ends
3341 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3345 =item The Decompiling Back End
3347 =item The Lint Back End
3349 =item The Simple C Back End
3351 =item The Bytecode Back End
3353 =item The Optimized C Back End
3355 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3356 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3357 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3361 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3367 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3377 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3378 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3382 =item Compiling your C program
3384 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3386 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3388 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3390 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3392 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3394 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3396 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3398 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3403 =item Embedding Perl under Windows
3413 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
3419 =item Debugger Internals
3423 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
3427 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
3429 =item Debugging regular expressions
3433 =item Compile-time output
3435 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
3436 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
3437 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
3440 =item Types of nodes
3442 =item Run-time output
3446 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
3450 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
3452 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
3453 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
3456 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3458 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3460 =item B<-DL> details
3464 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3472 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3484 =item Version caveat
3486 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3498 =item What has gone on?
3500 =item Writing good test scripts
3504 =item What's new here?
3506 =item Input and Output Parameters
3508 =item The XSUBPP Program
3510 =item The TYPEMAP file
3512 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3516 =item What has happened here?
3518 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3520 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3522 =item More about XSUB arguments
3524 =item The Argument Stack
3526 =item Extending your Extension
3528 =item Documenting your Extension
3530 =item Installing your Extension
3534 =item New Things in this Example
3538 =item New Things in this Example
3540 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3542 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3544 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3546 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3562 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3574 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3576 =item The Argument Stack
3578 =item The RETVAL Variable
3580 =item The MODULE Keyword
3582 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3584 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3586 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3588 =item The CODE: Keyword
3590 =item The INIT: Keyword
3592 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3594 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3596 =item Default Parameter Values
3598 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3600 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3602 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3604 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3606 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3608 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3610 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3612 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3614 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3616 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3618 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3620 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3622 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3624 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3626 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3628 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3630 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3632 =item The CASE: Keyword
3634 =item The & Unary Operator
3636 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3638 =item Using XS With C++
3640 =item Interface Strategy
3642 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3656 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3668 =item What is an "IV"?
3670 =item Working with SVs
3672 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3674 =item Working with AVs
3676 =item Working with HVs
3678 =item Hash API Extensions
3682 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3684 =item Creating New Variables
3686 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3688 =item Stashes and Globs
3690 =item Double-Typed SVs
3692 =item Magic Variables
3694 =item Assigning Magic
3696 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3700 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3702 =item Localizing changes
3704 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3705 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3706 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3707 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3708 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3709 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3710 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3711 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3712 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3720 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3722 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3724 =item Memory Allocation
3728 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3732 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3742 =item Examining the tree
3744 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3746 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3748 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3750 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3754 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3758 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3760 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3762 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3766 =item Internal Functions
3768 A, p, d, s, n, r, f, m, o, j, x
3772 =item Formatted Printing of IVs and UVs
3774 =item Source Documentation
3778 =item Unicode Support
3782 =item What B<is> Unicode, anyway?
3784 =item How can I recognise a UTF8 string?
3786 =item How does UTF8 represent Unicode characters?
3788 =item How does Perl store UTF8 strings?
3790 =item How do I convert a string to UTF8?
3792 =item Is there anything else I need to know?
3802 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3808 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3810 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3812 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3832 =item Determining the Context
3836 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3842 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3844 =item Passing Parameters
3846 =item Returning a Scalar
3848 =item Returning a list of values
3850 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3852 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3856 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3860 =item Using call_argv
3862 =item Using call_method
3866 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3868 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3870 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3871 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3874 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3876 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3888 =head2 perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
3898 L<perldoc|perldoc>, L<pod2man|pod2man> and L<pod2text|pod2text>,
3899 L<pod2html|pod2html> and L<pod2latex|pod2latex>, L<pod2usage|pod2usage>,
3900 L<podselect|podselect>, L<podchecker|podchecker>, L<splain|splain>,
3901 L<roffitall|roffitall>
3905 L<a2p|a2p>, L<s2p|s2p>, L<find2perl|find2perl>
3909 L<perlbug|perlbug>, L<h2ph|h2ph>, L<c2ph|c2ph> and L<pstruct|pstruct>,
3910 L<h2xs|h2xs>, L<dprofpp|dprofpp>, L<perlcc|perlcc>
3918 =head2 perlfilter - Source Filters
3928 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
3930 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
3932 B<Decryption Filters>
3934 =item CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
3936 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
3938 =item USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
3950 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
3958 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
3959 B<filter_fetch_value>
3965 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
3967 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
3977 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
3983 AvFILL, av_clear, av_delete, av_exists, av_extend, av_fetch, av_fill,
3984 av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift,
3985 bytes_to_utf8, call_argv, call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS, Copy,
3986 croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv,
3987 eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, get_av, get_cv, get_hv,
3988 get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod,
3989 gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD,
3990 G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV,
3991 HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete,
3992 hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent,
3993 hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv,
3994 hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA,
3995 isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number,
3996 MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
3997 mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
3998 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv,
3999 newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv,
4000 ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse,
4001 perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal,
4002 PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs,
4003 PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc,
4004 require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST,
4005 strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy,
4006 SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off,
4007 SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off,
4008 SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK,
4009 SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force,
4010 SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off,
4011 SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT,
4012 SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, svtype, SvTYPE, SVt_IV,
4013 SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUV,
4014 SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn,
4015 sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_clear,
4016 sv_cmp, sv_cmp_locale, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_free, sv_gets,
4017 sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_len_utf8,
4018 sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_pvn_force, sv_pvutf8n_force,
4019 sv_reftype, sv_replace, sv_rvweaken, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv,
4020 sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg,
4021 sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv,
4022 sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg,
4023 sv_true, sv_unmagic, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg,
4024 sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode, sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_vcatpvfn,
4025 sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, U8 *s, utf8_to_bytes, warn, XPUSHi,
4026 XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV,
4027 XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES,
4028 XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION,
4029 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
4037 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
4052 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
4060 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
4061 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
4062 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
4063 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
4064 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
4065 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
4066 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
4067 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
4068 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
4069 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
4073 =item Co-existence with stdio
4075 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
4076 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
4077 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
4078 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
4079 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
4080 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
4086 =head2 perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
4092 =item Infrastructure
4096 =item Mailing list archives
4098 =item Bug tracking system
4100 =item Regression Tests
4102 Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to
4125 Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs
4129 =item Perl Internals
4135 =item Garbage Collection
4137 =item Reliable signals
4139 Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed
4140 sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN
4142 =item Interpolated regex performance bugs
4144 =item Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp
4146 =item Make XS easier to use
4148 =item Make embedded Perl easier to use
4150 =item Namespace cleanup
4162 =item A clear division into tutorial and reference
4164 =item Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions
4166 =item More tutorials
4168 Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging
4170 =item Include a search tool
4172 =item Include a locate tool
4174 =item Separate function manpages by default
4176 =item Users can't find the manpages
4178 =item Install ALL Documentation
4180 =item Outstanding issues to be documented
4182 =item Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl
4184 =item Replace man with a perl program
4186 =item Unicode tutorial
4194 =item Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition 2
4196 =item Module versions
4204 VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice
4206 =item Procedural options
4210 =item y2k localtime/gmtime
4212 =item Export File::Find variables
4216 =item Debugger attach/detach
4218 =item Regular Expression debugger
4220 =item Alternative RE Syntax
4222 =item Bundled modules
4228 =item Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc.
4230 =item POD Converters
4246 =item POSIX on non-POSIX
4248 =item Portable installations
4256 =item Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest
4258 =item Sort out the spawnvp() mess
4260 =item Work out DLL versioning
4266 =item Would be nice to have
4268 C<pack "(stuff)*">, Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled
4269 perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format
4270 BOTTOM, -i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input
4271 should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun
4272 debugger, lvalue functions
4274 =item Possible pragmas
4286 =item constant function cache
4288 =item foreach(reverse...)
4290 =item Cache eval tree
4294 =item Shrink opcode tables
4296 =item Cache hash value
4298 =item Optimize away @_ where possible
4300 =item Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b }
4302 =item Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization
4306 =item Vague possibilities
4308 ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?,
4309 Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real
4310 threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al
4312 =item To Do Or Not To Do
4316 =item Making my() work on "package" variables
4318 =item "or" testing defined not truth
4320 =item "dynamic" lexicals
4322 =item "class"-based, rather than package-based "lexicals"
4338 =item External threads
4344 =item Per-thread GVs
4356 =item Precompiled modules
4360 =item Typed lexicals
4370 =item Cached compilation
4374 =item Recently Finished Tasks
4378 =item Figure a way out of $^(capital letter)
4384 =item Namespace cleanup
4396 =head2 perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
4402 Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the
4403 implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is
4404 the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does
4405 it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is
4406 the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough
4407 documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much
4408 work?, Patches speak louder than words, L<perlguts>, L<perlxstut> and
4409 L<perlxs>, L<perlapi>, F<Porting/pumpkin.pod>, The perl5-porters FAQ
4413 =item Finding Your Way Around
4415 Core modules, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter
4417 =item Elements of the interpreter
4419 Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running
4421 =item Internal Variable Types
4427 Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack
4429 =item Millions of Macros
4431 =item Poking at Perl
4433 =item Using a source-level debugger
4435 run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue,
4438 =item Dumping Perl Data Structures
4444 I<The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began.>
4452 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
4460 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
4472 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
4474 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
4478 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
4482 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.8.0
4488 =item Core Enhancements
4490 =item Modules and Pragmata
4492 =item Utility Changes
4494 =item Improved Documentation
4496 =item Performance enhancements
4498 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4502 =item gcc automatically tried if 'cc' does not seem to be working
4506 =item Platform specific changes
4508 =item Significant bug fixes
4510 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4512 (perhaps you forgot to load "%s"?), Ambiguous range in transliteration
4517 =item Incompatible Changes
4519 =item Known Problems
4521 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4523 =item Reporting Bugs
4531 =head2 perl56delta, perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4537 =item Core Enhancements
4541 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4543 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4545 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4547 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4549 =item "our" declarations
4551 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4553 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4555 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4557 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4559 =item open() with more than two arguments
4561 =item 64-bit support
4563 =item Large file support
4569 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4571 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4573 =item File globbing implemented internally
4575 =item Support for CHECK blocks
4577 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4579 =item Better pseudo-random number generator
4581 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4583 =item Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4585 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4587 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4589 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4591 =item Comments in pack() templates
4593 =item Weak references
4595 =item Binary numbers supported
4597 =item Lvalue subroutines
4599 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4601 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4603 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4605 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4607 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4609 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4611 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4613 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4615 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4617 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4619 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4621 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4623 =item Improved diagnostics
4625 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4627 =item More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4629 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4631 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4633 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4635 =item Improved security features
4637 =item More functional bareword prototype (*)
4639 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4641 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4643 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4645 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4647 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4649 =item Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings
4653 =item Modules and Pragmata
4659 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4660 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4661 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4662 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4663 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4664 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4665 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4666 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4672 =item Utility Changes
4686 =item The Perl Debugger
4690 =item Improved Documentation
4692 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4693 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4694 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4695 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4697 =item Performance enhancements
4701 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4703 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4705 =item Faster subroutine calls
4707 =item delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4711 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4715 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4717 =item New Configure flags
4719 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4725 =item -Duselargefiles
4727 =item installusrbinperl
4733 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
4737 =item Platform specific changes
4741 =item Supported platforms
4745 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
4753 =item Significant bug fixes
4757 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
4759 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
4761 =item All compilation errors are true errors
4763 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
4765 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
4767 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
4769 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
4771 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
4773 =item Failures in DESTROY()
4775 =item Locale bugs fixed
4779 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
4781 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
4783 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
4785 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
4789 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4791 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
4792 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
4793 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
4794 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
4795 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
4796 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
4797 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
4798 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
4799 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
4800 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
4801 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
4802 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
4803 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
4804 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
4805 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
4806 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
4807 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
4808 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
4809 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
4810 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
4811 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
4812 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
4813 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
4814 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
4815 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
4816 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
4817 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
4818 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
4819 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
4820 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
4821 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
4822 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
4823 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
4824 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
4825 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
4826 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
4827 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
4828 around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string,
4829 Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS"
4830 instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows,
4831 Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored,
4832 Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on
4833 zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This
4834 Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL
4835 environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode
4836 '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized
4837 escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute
4838 list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in
4839 subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of
4840 CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
4844 =item Incompatible Changes
4848 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
4850 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed,
4851 Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form
4852 C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number
4853 generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, C<undef> fails on
4854 read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles,
4855 Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, delete(), values() and
4856 C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS)
4857 enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed,
4858 C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator,
4859 Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed, Semantics of bit
4860 operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their
4863 =item C Source Incompatibilities
4865 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
4867 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
4869 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
4871 =item Binary Incompatibilities
4875 =item Known Problems
4879 =item Thread test failures
4881 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
4883 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
4885 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
4887 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
4890 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
4892 =item Arrow operator and arrays
4894 =item Experimental features
4896 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
4897 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
4898 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
4903 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4905 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
4906 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as
4907 \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>"
4908 to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
4910 =item Reporting Bugs
4918 =head2 perl5005delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.005
4924 =item About the new versioning system
4926 =item Incompatible Changes
4930 =item WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
4932 =item Default installation structure has changed
4934 =item Perl Source Compatibility
4936 =item C Source Compatibility
4938 Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must
4939 now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source
4940 compatibility issues
4942 =item Binary Compatibility
4944 =item Security fixes may affect compatibility
4946 =item Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
4960 =item Regular Expressions
4962 Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression
4963 constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other
4964 improvements, Incompatible changes
4966 =item Improved malloc()
4968 =item Quicksort is internally implemented
4970 =item Reliable signals
4972 =item Reliable stack pointers
4974 =item More generous treatment of carriage returns
4978 =item Better support for multiple interpreters
4980 =item Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
4982 =item C<%!> is transparently tied to the L<Errno> module
4984 =item Pseudo-hashes are supported
4986 =item C<EXPR foreach EXPR> is supported
4988 =item Keywords can be globally overridden
4990 =item C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32
4992 =item C<foreach (1..1000000)> optimized
4994 =item C<Foo::> can be used as implicitly quoted package name
4996 =item C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> tests existence of a package
4998 =item Better locale support
5000 =item Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
5002 =item prototype() returns useful results on builtins
5004 =item Extended support for exception handling
5006 =item Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
5008 =item All C<printf> format conversions are handled internally
5010 =item New C<INIT> keyword
5012 =item New C<lock> keyword
5014 =item New C<qr//> operator
5016 =item C<our> is now a reserved word
5018 =item Tied arrays are now fully supported
5020 =item Tied handles support is better
5022 =item 4th argument to substr
5024 =item Negative LENGTH argument to splice
5026 =item Magic lvalues are now more magical
5028 =item <> now reads in records
5032 =item Supported Platforms
5038 =item Changes in existing support
5042 =item Modules and Pragmata
5048 B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed,
5049 ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
5050 Thread, attrs, fields, re
5052 =item Changes in existing modules
5054 Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File,
5055 MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark
5059 =item Utility Changes
5061 =item Documentation Changes
5063 =item New Diagnostics
5065 Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index
5066 while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent
5067 package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check
5068 filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't
5069 goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element,
5070 Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber
5071 for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions,
5072 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character
5073 class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in
5074 insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s:
5075 Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming
5076 package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such
5077 field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously
5078 large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance
5079 detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found
5080 where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use
5081 of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed
5083 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5085 Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s, Cannot open
5086 temporary file, regexp too big
5088 =item Configuration Changes
5098 =head2 perl5004delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.004
5104 =item Supported Environments
5110 =item List assignment to %ENV works
5112 =item "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error now lists @INC
5114 =item Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
5116 =item $PERL5OPT environment variable
5118 =item Limitations on B<-M>, B<-m>, and B<-T> options
5120 =item More precise warnings
5122 =item Deprecated: Inherited C<AUTOLOAD> for non-methods
5124 =item Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
5126 =item Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
5128 =item Group vector changeable with C<$)>
5130 =item Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
5132 =item Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc.
5134 =item No resetting of $. on implicit close
5136 =item C<wantarray> may return undef
5138 =item C<eval EXPR> determines value of EXPR in scalar context
5140 =item Changes to tainting checks
5142 No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No
5143 spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
5145 =item New Opcode module and revised Safe module
5147 =item Embedding improvements
5149 =item Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
5151 =item Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
5153 =item New and changed syntax
5157 =item New and changed builtin constants
5161 =item New and changed builtin variables
5165 =item New and changed builtin functions
5167 delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in
5168 Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module
5169 VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, C<m//gc> does not
5170 reset search position on failure, C<m//x> ignores whitespace before ?*+{},
5171 nested C<sub{}> closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals
5173 =item New builtin methods
5175 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
5177 =item TIEHANDLE now supported
5179 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this
5180 LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
5182 =item Malloc enhancements
5184 -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
5186 =item Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
5190 =item Support for More Operating Systems
5206 use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use
5207 constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
5213 =item Required Updates
5215 =item Installation directories
5217 =item Module information summary
5231 =item Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
5235 =item Utility Changes
5241 Sends converted HTML to standard output
5245 C<void> XSUBs now default to returning nothing
5249 =item C Language API Changes
5251 C<gv_fetchmethod> and C<perl_call_sv>, C<perl_eval_pv>, Extended API for
5254 =item Documentation Changes
5256 L<perldelta>, L<perlfaq>, L<perllocale>, L<perltoot>, L<perlapio>,
5257 L<perlmodlib>, L<perldebug>, L<perlsec>
5259 =item New Diagnostics
5261 "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is
5262 not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too
5263 large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free
5264 nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
5265 Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort
5266 subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
5267 use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant
5268 subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did
5269 not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too
5270 long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT:
5271 %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number,
5272 internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type
5273 in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once:
5274 possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of
5275 memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible
5276 attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words
5277 with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found
5278 while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for
5279 "B<-T>" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist,
5280 Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to
5281 mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with
5282 defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay
5283 shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in
5284 prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX,
5285 PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
5295 =head2 perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS (possibly very outdated information)
5311 B<Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library>, B<Version of Amiga OS>
5313 =item Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS
5315 =item Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS
5317 fork(), some features of the UNIX filesystem regarding link count and file
5318 dates, inplace operation (the -i switch) without backup file, umask()
5319 works, but the correct permissions are only set when the file is
5326 =item Accessing documentation
5334 =item B<GNU> C<info> files
5346 =item Getting the perl source
5352 =item Installing the built perl
5362 =head2 perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
5372 =item Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it)
5374 =item Cygwin Configuration
5376 C<PATH>, I<nroff>, Permissions
5384 =item Strip Binaries
5386 =item Optional Libraries
5388 C<-lcrypt>, C<-lgdbm> (C<use GDBM_File>), C<-ldb> (C<use DB_File>),
5389 C<-lcygipc> (C<use IPC::SysV>)
5391 =item Configure-time Options
5393 C<-Uusedl>, C<-Uusemymalloc>, C<-Dusemultiplicity>, C<-Duseperlio>,
5394 C<-Duse64bitint>, C<-Duselongdouble>, C<-Dusethreads>, C<-Duselargefiles>
5396 =item Suspicious Warnings
5398 Whoa There, I<dlsym()>, Win9x and C<d_eofnblk>, Checking how std your stdio
5399 is.., Compiler/Preprocessor defines
5417 =item File Permissions
5421 =item Filetime Granularity
5423 =item Tainting Checks
5427 =item Script Portability
5429 Pathnames, Text/Binary, F<.exe>, chown(), Miscellaneous
5437 Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl
5438 Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts
5448 =head2 perldos - Perl under DOS, W31, W95.
5462 =item Shortcomings of Perl under DOS
5478 =head2 perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix
5487 =item Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX
5497 =item Portability Between PA-RISC Versions
5499 =item Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX
5501 =item The HP ANSI C Compiler
5503 =item Using Large Files with Perl
5509 =item GDBM and Threads
5511 =item NFS filesystems and utime(2)
5513 =item perl -P and //
5523 =head2 perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen
5532 =item Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen
5534 =item Failures during C<make test>
5536 op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t
5538 =item Building external modules
5548 =head2 perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
5564 EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh
5566 =item Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...)
5568 =item Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl
5574 =item Frequently asked questions
5578 =item I cannot run external programs
5580 =item I cannot embed perl into my program, or use F<perl.dll> from my
5583 Is your program EMX-compiled with C<-Zmt -Zcrtdll>?, Did you use
5586 =item C<``> and pipe-C<open> do not work under DOS.
5588 =item Cannot start C<find.exe "pattern" file>
5596 =item Automatic binary installation
5598 C<PERL_BADLANG>, C<PERL_BADFREE>, F<Config.pm>
5600 =item Manual binary installation
5602 Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable
5603 (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library,
5604 Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl
5605 and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation,
5606 Perl manual in F<.INF> format, Pdksh
5612 =item Accessing documentation
5616 =item OS/2 F<.INF> file
5624 =item GNU C<info> files
5638 =item Getting perl source
5640 =item Application of the patches
5648 A lot of C<bad free>, Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, F<op/fs.t>,
5649 F<lib/io_pipe.t>, F<lib/io_sock.t>, F<op/stat.t>, F<lib/io_udp.t>
5651 =item Installing the built perl
5653 =item C<a.out>-style build
5661 =item Some C</> became C<\> in pdksh.
5663 =item C<'errno'> - unresolved external
5665 =item Problems with tr or sed
5667 =item Some problem (forget which ;-)
5669 =item Library ... not found
5671 =item Segfault in make
5675 =item Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port
5679 =item C<setpriority>, C<getpriority>
5683 =item C<extproc> on the first line
5685 =item Additional modules:
5687 =item Prebuilt methods:
5689 C<File::Copy::syscopy>, C<DynaLoader::mod2fname>, C<Cwd::current_drive()>,
5690 C<Cwd::sys_chdir(name)>, C<Cwd::change_drive(name)>,
5691 C<Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)>,
5692 C<Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_cwd(name)>,
5693 C<Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)>, C<Cwd::extLibpath([type])>,
5694 C<Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )>
5700 C<popen>, C<tmpnam>, C<tmpfile>, C<ctermid>, C<stat>, C<flock>
5714 =item F<perl___.exe>
5716 =item Why strange names?
5718 =item Why dynamic linking?
5720 =item Why chimera build?
5722 explicit fork(), open FH, "|-", open FH, "-|"
5730 =item C<PERLLIB_PREFIX>
5732 =item C<PERL_BADLANG>
5734 =item C<PERL_BADFREE>
5736 =item C<PERL_SH_DIR>
5738 =item C<USE_PERL_FLOCK>
5740 =item C<TMP> or C<TEMP>
5750 =item DLL name mangling
5754 =item Calls to external programs
5756 =item Memory allocation
5760 C<COND_WAIT>, F<os2.c>
5774 =head2 perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390.
5786 =item Setup and utilities
5790 =item Build, test, install
5812 =head2 perlposix-bc, README.posix-bc - building and installing Perl for
5853 =head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
5861 =item Organization of Perl Images
5867 =item Perl Extensions
5869 =item Installing static extensions
5871 =item Installing dynamic extensions
5875 =item File specifications
5881 =item Wildcard expansion
5887 =item PERL5LIB and PERLLIB
5893 =item I/O redirection and backgrounding
5895 =item Command line switches
5901 =item Perl functions
5903 File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump,
5904 exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select
5905 (system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime
5906 LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS
5908 =item Perl variables
5910 %ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $|
5912 =item Standard modules with VMS-specific differences
5926 =head2 perlwin32 - Perl under Win32
5938 Make, Command Shell, Borland C++, Microsoft Visual C++, Mingw32 with GCC
5948 Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line,
5949 Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific
5950 Extensions, Running Perl Scripts, Miscellaneous Things
5954 =item BUGS AND CAVEATS
5964 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
5966 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
5978 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
5988 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
5998 =item Built-in Attributes
6000 locked, method, lvalue
6002 =item Available Subroutines
6006 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
6008 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
6010 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
6018 =item Default exports
6020 =item Available exports
6022 =item Export tags defined
6032 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6044 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
6060 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
6074 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
6088 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
6101 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
6110 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
6116 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
6126 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
6136 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
6147 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
6149 =item The I<splain> Program
6163 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
6177 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
6187 =item subpragma access
6193 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
6204 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
6214 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
6224 =item Adding directories to @INC
6226 =item Deleting directories from @INC
6228 =item Restoring original @INC
6238 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
6249 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
6257 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
6263 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
6275 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
6285 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
6287 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
6289 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
6291 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
6293 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
6295 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
6297 =item Overloadable Operations
6299 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
6300 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
6301 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
6303 =item Inheritance and overloading
6305 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
6306 is inherited by derived classes
6310 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
6318 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
6320 =item Copy Constructor
6326 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
6328 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
6329 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
6330 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
6333 =item Losing overloading
6335 =item Run-time Overloading
6337 =item Public functions
6339 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
6341 =item Overloading constants
6343 integer, float, binary, q, qr
6345 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6347 =item Metaphor clash
6353 =item Two-face scalars
6355 =item Two-face references
6357 =item Symbolic calculator
6359 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
6371 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6381 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
6393 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
6395 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
6399 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
6403 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
6411 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
6419 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
6423 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
6433 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
6445 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
6455 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
6463 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
6464 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
6468 =head2 warnings::register - warnings import function
6470 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
6472 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
6482 =item DBM Comparisons
6492 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
6502 =item Subroutine Stubs
6504 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6506 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6508 =item Package Lexicals
6510 =item Not Using AutoLoader
6512 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
6522 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
6530 $keep, $check, $modtime
6534 =item Multiple packages
6542 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
6550 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
6554 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
6562 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
6576 =item B::PVMG METHODS
6580 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
6582 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
6584 =item B::PVLV METHODS
6586 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
6590 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
6594 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
6595 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
6599 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
6600 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
6604 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
6608 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
6613 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
6615 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
6619 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
6621 =item B::UNOP METHOD
6625 =item B::BINOP METHOD
6629 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
6633 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
6637 =item B::PMOP METHODS
6639 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
6641 =item B::SVOP METHOD
6645 =item B::PADOP METHOD
6649 =item B::PVOP METHOD
6653 =item B::LOOP METHODS
6655 redoop, nextop, lastop
6657 =item B::COP METHODS
6659 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
6663 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
6665 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
6666 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
6667 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
6668 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
6674 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
6687 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
6699 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6711 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
6721 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
6722 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
6723 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
6733 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
6743 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
6744 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
6754 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
6764 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
6765 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
6766 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
6778 =item Context of ".."
6782 =item Deprecated features
6790 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
6802 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
6812 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
6813 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
6815 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
6835 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
6847 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
6855 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
6857 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
6858 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
6860 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
6870 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
6880 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6886 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
6898 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
6910 =head2 B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded
6912 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
6924 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
6934 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
6942 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6954 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
6968 =item Standard Exports
6970 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
6971 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
6972 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
6974 =item Optional Exports
6976 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
6977 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
6978 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
6994 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
6998 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
7012 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
7022 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
7023 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
7024 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
7034 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
7046 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
7048 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
7050 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
7051 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
7052 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
7054 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
7056 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
7058 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
7060 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
7062 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
7064 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
7066 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
7068 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
7070 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
7072 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
7074 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
7076 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
7078 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
7080 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
7082 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
7084 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
7085 B<:standard>, B<:all>
7089 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, -autoload,
7090 -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
7092 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
7094 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
7095 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
7100 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
7104 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
7106 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
7108 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
7110 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
7112 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
7114 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
7116 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
7118 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
7121 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
7125 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
7129 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
7131 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
7133 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
7135 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
7137 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
7139 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
7140 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
7142 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
7146 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
7150 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
7152 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
7154 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
7156 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
7160 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
7162 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
7164 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
7168 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
7170 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
7174 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
7178 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
7182 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
7186 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
7190 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
7192 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
7194 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
7198 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
7200 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
7201 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
7203 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
7209 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
7210 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
7212 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
7214 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
7215 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
7218 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7224 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7228 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7230 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
7231 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
7232 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
7233 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_software ()>,
7234 B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>, B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>,
7235 B<http()>, B<https()>
7237 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
7239 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
7240 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7244 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
7246 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7248 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
7249 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7251 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7253 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7257 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
7258 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
7259 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
7260 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
7261 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
7262 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
7263 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
7264 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
7265 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
7266 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
7267 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
7268 ...and many many more..
7270 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7278 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
7288 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7296 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
7305 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
7307 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
7311 =item Changing the default message
7323 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
7331 =item USING CGI::Cookie
7333 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
7337 =item Creating New Cookies
7339 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
7341 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
7343 =item Manipulating Cookies
7345 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
7349 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7357 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
7365 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
7367 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
7369 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
7371 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
7375 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7383 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
7393 =item Tags that won't be formatted
7395 =item Customizing the Indenting
7407 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
7415 =item USING CGI::Push
7417 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
7421 =item Heterogeneous Pages
7423 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
7427 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
7429 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7437 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
7447 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7455 =head2 CGI::Util - various utilities
7457 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
7467 =item Interactive Mode
7469 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
7470 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
7471 distribution, Signals
7479 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
7481 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
7483 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
7485 =item Methods in the four Classes
7493 =item Finding packages and VERSION
7497 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
7503 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
7504 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
7505 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
7506 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
7510 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
7512 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
7520 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
7522 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
7524 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
7534 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
7544 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
7557 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
7567 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
7575 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
7585 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
7595 =item The C<struct()> function
7597 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
7599 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
7600 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
7602 =item Initializing with C<new>
7608 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
7610 =item Author and Modification History
7614 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
7622 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
7634 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
7638 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
7639 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
7640 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
7644 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
7645 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
7649 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
7650 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
7651 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
7655 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
7656 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
7657 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
7661 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
7662 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
7663 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
7664 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
7665 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
7666 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
7667 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
7668 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
7669 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
7670 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>,
7671 C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>,
7672 C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
7673 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
7674 C<d_getespwnam>, C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>,
7675 C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>,
7676 C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>,
7677 C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>,
7678 C<d_getpbyname>, C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>,
7679 C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>, C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>,
7680 C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getprpwnam>, C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>,
7681 C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspnam>,
7682 C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>,
7683 C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>,
7684 C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>,
7685 C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>,
7686 C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
7687 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
7688 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>,
7689 C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>,
7690 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
7691 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
7692 C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
7693 C<d_nv_preserves_uv_bits>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
7694 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
7695 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
7696 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
7697 C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
7698 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
7699 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
7700 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
7701 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
7702 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
7703 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
7704 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
7705 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
7706 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
7707 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
7708 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
7709 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
7710 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
7711 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>,
7712 C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>,
7713 C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>,
7714 C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>,
7715 C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>,
7716 C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>,
7717 C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>,
7718 C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
7719 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
7720 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
7721 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
7722 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
7723 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
7724 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
7725 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
7729 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
7730 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
7734 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
7735 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
7739 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
7740 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
7744 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
7748 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
7749 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
7750 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
7751 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
7752 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
7753 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
7754 C<i_prot>, C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>,
7755 C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>,
7756 C<i_string>, C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>,
7757 C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>,
7758 C<i_sysmode>, C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>,
7759 C<i_syssecrt>, C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
7760 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
7761 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
7762 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
7763 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
7764 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
7765 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
7766 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
7767 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
7768 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
7769 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
7770 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
7774 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
7778 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
7779 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
7780 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
7781 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
7782 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
7787 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
7788 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
7789 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
7793 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
7794 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
7795 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
7799 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
7800 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
7801 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
7805 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
7806 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
7810 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
7815 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
7816 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
7817 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
7818 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
7822 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
7826 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
7827 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
7831 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
7832 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
7833 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
7834 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
7835 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
7836 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
7837 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>,
7838 C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>,
7839 C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>,
7840 C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>,
7841 C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>,
7842 C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>,
7843 C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>,
7844 C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
7848 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
7849 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
7853 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
7854 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
7855 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
7856 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
7857 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
7858 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
7859 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
7860 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
7865 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
7866 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
7867 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
7871 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
7883 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
7893 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
7905 =item Global Variables
7907 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
7908 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
7913 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
7914 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
7916 =item Client Callback Methods
7918 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
7919 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
7920 CLIENT->output(LIST)
7930 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
7938 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
7942 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
7944 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
7946 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
7948 =item Default Parameters
7950 =item In Memory Databases
7958 =item A Simple Example
7966 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
7968 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
7970 =item The get_dup() Method
7972 =item The find_dup() Method
7974 =item The del_dup() Method
7976 =item Matching Partial Keys
7984 =item The 'bval' Option
7986 =item A Simple Example
7988 =item Extra RECNO Methods
7990 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
7991 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
7993 =item Another Example
7997 =item THE API INTERFACE
7999 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
8000 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
8001 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
8002 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
8006 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
8007 B<filter_fetch_value>
8013 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
8015 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
8019 =item HINTS AND TIPS
8023 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
8025 =item Safe ways to lock a database
8027 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
8029 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
8031 =item The untie() Gotcha
8035 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
8039 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
8041 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
8043 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
8045 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
8065 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
8066 printing and C<eval>
8078 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
8079 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
8080 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
8087 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
8089 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8090 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8091 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8092 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8093 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8094 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8095 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8096 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8097 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8098 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8099 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8100 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
8120 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
8128 =item PROFILE FORMAT
8140 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
8152 =item A simple scalar string
8154 =item A simple scalar number
8156 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
8158 =item A reference to a simple scalar
8160 =item A reference to an array
8162 =item A reference to a hash
8164 =item Dumping a large array or hash
8166 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
8168 =item A reference to a subroutine
8182 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
8192 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
8202 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
8214 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
8215 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
8216 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
8221 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
8222 veryCompact, set, get
8228 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
8236 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
8237 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
8238 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
8239 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
8246 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
8259 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
8272 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
8287 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
8303 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
8315 =item Selecting What To Export
8317 =item Specialised Import Lists
8319 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
8321 =item Module Version Checking
8323 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
8325 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
8331 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
8341 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
8362 mv source... destination
8364 cp source... destination
8382 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
8394 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
8395 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
8405 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
8415 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
8427 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
8428 packlist(), version()
8436 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
8444 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
8450 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
8460 =item VMS implementation
8462 =item Win32 implementation
8470 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8479 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
8483 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8494 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
8506 =item Preloaded methods
8526 =item SelfLoaded methods
8572 file_name_is_absolute
8578 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
8618 maybe_command_in_dirs
8656 replace_manpage_separator
8670 test_via_harness (o)
8700 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8711 =item Methods always loaded
8723 =item SelfLoaded methods
8725 guess_name (override)
8729 find_perl (override)
8733 maybe_command (override)
8735 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
8737 perl_script (override)
8739 file_name_is_absolute (override)
8741 replace_manpage_separator
8743 init_others (override)
8745 constants (override)
8749 const_cccmd (override)
8751 pm_to_blib (override)
8753 tool_autosplit (override)
8755 tool_sxubpp (override)
8757 xsubpp_version (override)
8759 tools_other (override)
8769 top_targets (override)
8773 dynamic_lib (override)
8775 dynamic_bs (override)
8777 static_lib (override)
8779 manifypods (override)
8781 processPL (override)
8783 installbin (override)
8789 realclean (override)
8791 dist_basics (override)
8793 dist_core (override)
8797 dist_test (override)
8801 perldepend (override)
8807 test_via_harness (override)
8809 test_via_script (override)
8811 makeaperl (override)
8815 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8842 test_via_harness (o)
8844 tool_autosplit (override)
8862 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
8872 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
8874 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
8882 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
8886 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
8888 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
8890 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
8892 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
8894 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
8895 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
8896 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
8897 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
8898 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
8899 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
8900 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
8901 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
8902 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
8903 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
8904 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
8905 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
8906 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
8907 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
8910 =item Additional lowercase attributes
8912 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
8915 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
8917 =item Hintsfile support
8919 =item Distribution Support
8921 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
8922 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
8923 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
8925 =item Disabling an extension
8939 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
8951 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
8955 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
8956 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
8964 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
8976 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
8986 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
8995 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
9003 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
9015 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
9023 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
9033 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
9045 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
9055 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
9059 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
9067 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
9071 C<basename>, C<dirname>
9075 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
9085 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
9099 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
9109 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
9111 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
9121 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
9129 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
9141 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
9149 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
9150 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
9156 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
9164 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
9165 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
9169 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
9177 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
9189 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
9203 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
9221 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
9249 file_name_is_absolute
9269 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
9279 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
9311 file_name_is_absolute
9333 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
9349 =item Methods always loaded
9351 canonpath (override)
9369 case_tolerant (override)
9373 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9375 splitpath (override)
9391 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
9421 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
9443 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
9457 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
9467 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
9475 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
9483 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
9485 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
9503 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
9517 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
9529 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
9537 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
9543 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
9551 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
9561 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
9577 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
9585 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
9587 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
9591 =item Simple options
9593 =item A little bit less simple options
9595 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
9597 =item Options with values
9599 =item Options with multiple values
9601 =item Options with hash values
9603 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
9605 =item Options with multiple names
9607 =item Case and abbreviations
9609 =item Summary of Option Specifications
9611 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
9615 =item Advanced Possibilities
9619 =item Documentation and help texts
9621 =item Storing options in a hash
9625 =item The lonesome dash
9627 =item Argument call-back
9631 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
9633 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
9634 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
9635 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
9636 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
9638 =item Return values and Errors
9644 =item Default destinations
9646 =item Alternative option starters
9648 =item Configuration variables
9654 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
9658 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
9669 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
9680 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
9690 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
9698 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9699 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
9709 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
9719 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
9723 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
9731 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
9741 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
9745 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
9746 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
9747 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
9748 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
9760 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
9770 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
9774 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
9784 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
9794 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
9795 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
9805 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
9819 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
9833 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
9834 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
9835 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
9845 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
9859 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
9860 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
9870 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
9886 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
9899 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
9913 hostpath(), peerpath()
9923 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
9932 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9933 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
9943 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
9953 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
9957 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
9965 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
9976 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
9980 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
9981 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
9982 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
9983 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
9995 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10005 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10009 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10019 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10029 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10030 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10040 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
10055 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
10066 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10070 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10071 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10072 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10082 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
10097 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10098 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10108 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
10109 AF_INET domain sockets
10125 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10138 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
10139 AF_UNIX domain sockets
10153 hostpath(), peerpath()
10163 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10173 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10174 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10185 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
10199 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
10212 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
10222 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10223 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10224 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10235 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
10253 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10263 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10264 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10275 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
10286 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10287 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10288 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10299 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
10307 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
10316 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
10324 Canonical notation, Input, Output
10328 =item Autocreating constants
10336 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
10349 =item STRINGIFICATION
10353 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
10359 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
10361 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
10369 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
10377 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
10383 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
10385 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
10389 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10391 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
10395 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
10397 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10399 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
10400 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
10404 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
10414 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
10424 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
10436 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
10437 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
10447 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
10464 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
10481 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
10496 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
10513 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
10523 =item IMPLEMENTATION
10529 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
10539 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
10551 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
10553 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
10554 or optag, an operator set (opset)
10556 =item Opcode Functions
10558 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
10559 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
10560 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
10563 =item Manipulating Opsets
10565 =item TO DO (maybe)
10571 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
10573 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
10574 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
10575 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
10584 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
10593 a new namespace, an operator mask
10599 =item RECENT CHANGES
10601 =item Methods in class Safe
10603 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
10604 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
10605 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
10606 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
10608 =item Some Safety Issues
10610 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
10618 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
10631 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
10645 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
10646 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
10647 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
10648 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
10649 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
10650 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
10651 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
10652 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
10653 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
10654 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
10655 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
10656 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
10657 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
10658 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
10659 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
10660 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
10661 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
10662 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
10663 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
10664 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
10665 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod,
10666 strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain,
10667 tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile,
10668 tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc,
10669 unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs,
10676 =item POSIX::SigAction
10680 =item POSIX::SigSet
10682 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
10684 =item POSIX::Termios
10686 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
10687 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
10688 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
10689 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
10690 values, c_oflag field values
10694 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
10698 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
10702 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
10760 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
10766 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
10772 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
10784 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
10785 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
10786 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
10787 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
10788 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
10789 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
10790 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
10791 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
10796 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
10797 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
10798 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
10799 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
10800 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
10801 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
10802 section, Hyperlinks
10814 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
10817 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
10819 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
10821 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
10823 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
10825 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
10833 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
10843 B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc>
10851 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
10861 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
10862 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
10877 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
10890 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
10897 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
10921 =item B<was_cutting()>
10927 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
10939 =item B<cmd_name()>
10951 =item B<raw_text()>
10957 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
10963 =item B<cmd_separator()>
10969 =item B<parse_tree()>
10975 =item B<file_line()>
10981 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
10993 =item B<cmd_name()>
11017 =item B<raw_text()>
11023 =item B<left_delimiter()>
11029 =item B<right_delimiter()>
11035 =item B<parse_tree()>
11041 =item B<file_line()>
11053 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
11071 =item B<children()>
11089 =item B<raw_text()>
11107 =head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
11119 =item OBJECT METHODS
11127 =item Data Accessors
11143 B<ReplaceNAMEwithSection>
11145 B<StartWithNewPage>
11159 =item Subclassed methods
11173 B<interior_sequence>
11189 =item Methods for headings
11197 =item Internal methods
11203 B<_replace_special_chars>
11209 B<_clean_latex_commands>
11225 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
11233 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
11238 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
11239 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
11249 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
11285 =item Pod::Hyperlink
11325 =item Pod::Cache::Item
11353 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
11365 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
11367 =item PARSING OPTIONS
11369 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
11370 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
11376 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11384 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11390 =item B<verbatim()>
11392 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11398 =item B<textblock()>
11400 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11406 =item B<interior_sequence()>
11412 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11424 =item B<initialize()>
11430 =item B<begin_pod()>
11436 =item B<begin_input()>
11442 =item B<end_input()>
11454 =item B<preprocess_line()>
11460 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
11466 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
11472 =item B<parse_text()>
11474 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
11475 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
11476 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
11482 =item B<interpolate()>
11488 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
11494 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
11500 =item B<parse_from_file()>
11506 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
11512 =item B<errorsub()>
11524 =item B<parseopts()>
11530 =item B<output_file()>
11536 =item B<output_handle()>
11542 =item B<input_file()>
11548 =item B<input_handle()>
11554 =item B<input_streams()>
11560 =item B<top_stream()>
11566 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11572 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
11578 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
11584 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
11592 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
11612 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
11625 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
11627 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
11633 =item OBJECT METHODS
11639 =item B<curr_headings()>
11651 =item B<add_selection()>
11657 =item B<clear_selections()>
11663 =item B<match_section()>
11669 =item B<is_selected()>
11675 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
11681 =item B<podselect()>
11683 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
11689 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11695 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
11701 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
11707 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
11719 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
11727 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
11731 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
11732 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
11744 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
11760 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
11761 text with format escapes
11775 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
11784 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
11793 =item Recommended Use
11801 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
11805 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
11813 C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>, C<O_RDWR>
11819 =item C<sdbm store returned -1, errno 22, key "..." at ...>
11823 =item BUGS AND WARNINGS
11827 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
11835 a new namespace, an operator mask
11841 =item RECENT CHANGES
11843 =item Methods in class Safe
11845 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
11846 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
11847 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
11848 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
11850 =item Some Safety Issues
11852 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
11860 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
11870 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
11880 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
11890 =item The __DATA__ token
11892 =item SelfLoader autoloading
11894 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
11896 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
11898 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
11900 =item Classes and inherited methods.
11904 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
11908 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
11920 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
11921 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
11929 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
11930 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
11931 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
11932 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
11933 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
11937 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
11947 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
11959 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
11960 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
11968 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
11969 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
11980 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
11981 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
11989 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
11990 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12001 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
12011 Invalid attribute name %s, Identifier %s used only once: possible typo, No
12012 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword %s not allowed while "strict subs"
12021 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
12033 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
12041 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
12051 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
12052 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
12060 =item Minimal set of supported functions
12062 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
12063 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
12065 =item Additional supported functions
12067 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
12075 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
12085 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
12097 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
12107 =item The test script output
12115 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
12116 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
12117 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
12130 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
12142 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
12153 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
12154 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
12155 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
12156 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
12157 backslashed double-quote)
12163 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
12180 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
12195 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
12209 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
12220 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
12221 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
12222 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
12226 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
12234 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
12242 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12244 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
12250 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
12258 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12260 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
12264 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
12276 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
12286 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
12294 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
12295 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
12296 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
12297 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
12305 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
12314 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
12315 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
12316 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
12317 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
12319 =item MORE INFORMATION
12323 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
12331 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
12332 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
12336 =item MORE INFORMATION
12340 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
12358 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
12367 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
12369 =item MORE INFORMATION
12373 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
12385 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
12393 =item IMPLEMENTATION
12399 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
12414 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
12429 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
12441 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
12449 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
12450 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
12454 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
12469 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
12480 =item System Specifics
12494 =head2 Win32 - Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
12502 =item Alphabetical Listing of Win32 Functions
12504 Win32::AbortSystemShutdown(MACHINE), Win32::BuildNumber(),
12505 Win32::CopyFile(FROM, TO, OVERWRITE), Win32::DomainName(),
12506 Win32::ExpandEnvironmentStrings(STRING), Win32::FormatMessage(ERRORCODE),
12507 Win32::FsType(), Win32::FreeLibrary(HANDLE), Win32::GetArchName(),
12508 Win32::GetChipName(), Win32::GetCwd(), Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME),
12509 Win32::GetLastError(), Win32::GetLongPathName(PATHNAME),
12510 Win32::GetNextAvailDrive(), Win32::GetOSVersion(),
12511 Win32::GetShortPathName(PATHNAME), Win32::GetProcAddress(INSTANCE,
12512 PROCNAME), Win32::GetTickCount(), Win32::InitiateSystemShutdown(MACHINE,
12513 MESSAGE, TIMEOUT, FORCECLOSE, REBOOT), Win32::IsWinNT(), Win32::IsWin95(),
12514 Win32::LoadLibrary(LIBNAME), Win32::LoginName(),
12515 Win32::LookupAccountName(SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SID, SIDTYPE),
12516 Win32::LookupAccountSID(SYSTEM, SID, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SIDTYPE),
12517 Win32::MsgBox(MESSAGE [, FLAGS [, TITLE]]), Win32::NodeName(),
12518 Win32::RegisterServer(LIBRARYNAME), Win32::SetCwd(NEWDIRECTORY),
12519 Win32::SetLastError(ERROR), Win32::Sleep(TIME), Win32::Spawn(COMMAND, ARGS,
12520 PID), Win32::UnregisterServer(LIBRARYNAME)
12526 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
12538 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
12540 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
12541 don't all have manual pages yet:
12567 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles