4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
310 =item BASIC DOCUMENTATION
314 =item perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
316 SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, AVAILABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, AUTHOR, FILES, SEE ALSO,
317 DIAGNOSTICS, BUGS, NOTES
319 =item perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
328 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
336 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
346 =item Simple statements
348 =item Compound statements
356 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
360 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
362 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
368 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
382 =item Scalar value constructors
384 =item List value constructors
388 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
396 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
406 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
408 =item The Arrow Operator
410 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
414 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
416 =item Binding Operators
418 =item Multiplicative Operators
420 =item Additive Operators
422 =item Shift Operators
424 =item Named Unary Operators
426 =item Relational Operators
428 =item Equality Operators
432 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
434 =item C-style Logical And
436 =item C-style Logical Or
438 =item Range Operators
440 =item Conditional Operator
442 =item Assignment Operators
446 =item List Operators (Rightward)
452 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
454 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
456 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
458 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
460 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
462 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
463 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
464 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
465 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
467 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
469 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
470 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
471 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
472 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
477 =item Constant Folding
479 =item Bitwise String Operators
481 =item Integer Arithmetic
483 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
491 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
501 =item Private Variables via my()
503 =item Persistent Private Variables
505 =item Temporary Values via local()
507 =item Lvalue subroutines
509 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
511 =item When to Still Use local()
513 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
514 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
515 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
517 =item Pass by Reference
521 =item Constant Functions
523 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
527 =item Subroutine Attributes
535 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
543 =item Perl Functions by Category
545 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
546 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
547 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
548 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
549 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
550 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
551 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
552 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
553 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
554 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
559 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
561 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
562 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
563 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
564 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
565 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
566 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
567 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
568 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
569 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
570 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
571 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
572 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
573 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
574 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
575 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
576 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
577 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
578 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
579 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
580 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
581 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
582 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
583 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
584 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
585 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
586 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
587 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
588 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
589 LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
590 ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd
591 ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module
592 LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
593 FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack
594 TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
595 ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print,
596 printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION,
597 push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/,
598 quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
599 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
600 DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv
601 SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
602 OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
603 return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
604 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
605 EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
606 FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
607 ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
608 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
609 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
610 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
611 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
612 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
613 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
614 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
615 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
616 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
617 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
618 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
619 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
620 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
621 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
622 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
623 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
624 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
625 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
626 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
627 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
628 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
629 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
630 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
631 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
632 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
638 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
644 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
652 =item Making References
654 =item Using References
672 =item Distribution Conditions
678 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
684 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
685 more elaborate constructs
689 =item COMMON MISTAKES
691 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
693 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
699 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
703 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
705 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
707 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
711 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
715 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
717 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
719 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
723 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
727 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
729 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
731 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
735 =item HASHES OF HASHES
739 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
741 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
743 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
747 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
751 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
753 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
755 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
767 =head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
777 =item Simple word matching
779 =item Using character classes
781 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
782 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
783 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
784 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
785 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
786 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n"
788 =item Matching this or that
790 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
792 =item Extracting matches
794 =item Matching repetitions
796 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
797 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
798 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
799 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
804 =item Search and replace
806 =item The split operator
814 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
818 =item Acknowledgments
824 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
832 =item Verbatim Paragraph
834 =item Command Paragraph
836 =item Ordinary Block of Text
840 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
842 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
852 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
860 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
878 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
880 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
881 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
882 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
883 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
885 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
887 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
888 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
889 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
893 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
895 =item Numerical Traps
897 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
899 =item General data type traps
901 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
902 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
904 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
906 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
908 =item Precedence Traps
910 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
913 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
915 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
916 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
919 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
921 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
927 =item Interpolation Traps
929 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
930 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
936 =item Unclassified Traps
938 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
945 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
955 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
957 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
959 =item Location of Perl
961 =item Command Switches
963 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
964 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
965 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
966 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
967 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
968 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
975 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
976 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
977 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
981 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
989 =head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
997 =item Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
999 =item What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
1001 =item Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
1005 =item Backward Compatibility
1007 =item Category Hierarchy
1009 =item Fatal Warnings
1011 =item Reporting Warnings from a Module
1023 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
1029 =item The Perl Debugger
1033 =item Debugger Commands
1035 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
1036 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
1037 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
1038 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
1039 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
1040 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
1041 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
1042 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
1043 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
1045 =item Configurable Options
1047 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
1048 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
1049 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
1050 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
1051 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
1052 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
1054 =item Debugger input/output
1056 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
1059 =item Debugging compile-time statements
1061 =item Debugger Customization
1063 =item Readline Support
1065 =item Editor Support for Debugging
1067 =item The Perl Profiler
1071 =item Debugging regular expressions
1073 =item Debugging memory usage
1081 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1089 =item Predefined Names
1091 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1092 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1093 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1094 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1095 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1096 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1097 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1098 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1099 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1100 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1101 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1102 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1103 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1104 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1105 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1106 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1107 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1108 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1109 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1110 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1111 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1112 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1113 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1114 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1115 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1116 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1117 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1118 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1119 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1121 =item Error Indicators
1123 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1131 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
1137 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
1139 =item Growing Your Own
1141 =item Access and Printing
1151 =head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
1157 =item Open E<agrave> la shell
1165 =item The Minus File
1167 =item Mixing Reads and Writes
1173 =item Open E<agrave> la C
1177 =item Permissions E<agrave> la mode
1181 =item Obscure Open Tricks
1185 =item Re-Opening Files (dups)
1187 =item Dispelling the Dweomer
1189 =item Paths as Opens
1191 =item Single Argument Open
1193 =item Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
1197 =item Other I/O Issues
1201 =item Opening Non-File Files
1211 =item AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
1217 =head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
1223 =item Part 1: The basics
1227 =item Simple word matching
1229 =item Using character classes
1231 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
1232 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
1233 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
1234 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
1235 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
1236 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
1237 Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
1238 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1239 end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
1240 single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
1241 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1242 end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
1243 of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
1244 C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
1245 string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
1246 but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
1247 C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
1248 line within the string
1250 =item Matching this or that
1252 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
1254 0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
1255 alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
1256 so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
1257 So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
1258 group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
1259 and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
1260 second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
1261 the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
1262 character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
1263 matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
1264 the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
1267 =item Extracting matches
1269 =item Matching repetitions
1271 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
1272 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
1273 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
1274 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
1275 times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
1276 earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
1277 C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
1278 regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
1279 C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
1280 as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
1281 there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
1282 if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
1283 the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
1284 will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
1285 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1286 all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
1287 0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
1288 times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
1289 i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
1290 least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
1291 C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
1292 C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
1293 C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
1294 consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
1295 the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
1296 (little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
1297 match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
1298 to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
1299 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1300 all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
1301 string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
1302 string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
1303 the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
1304 element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
1305 backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
1306 Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
1307 and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
1309 =item Building a regexp
1311 specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
1312 parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
1313 and optimizing the final combined regexp
1315 =item Using regular expressions in Perl
1319 =item Part 2: Power tools
1323 =item More on characters, strings, and character classes
1325 =item Compiling and saving regular expressions
1327 =item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
1329 =item Non-capturing groupings
1331 =item Looking ahead and looking behind
1333 =item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
1335 =item Conditional expressions
1337 =item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
1339 =item Pragmas and debugging
1347 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1351 =item Acknowledgments
1357 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
1367 =item Making References
1369 =item Using References
1371 =item Symbolic references
1373 =item Not-so-symbolic references
1375 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
1377 =item Function Templates
1387 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1397 =item Regular Expressions
1399 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1401 =item Extended Patterns
1403 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1404 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1405 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1406 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1410 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1412 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1414 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1416 =item Combining pieces together
1418 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1419 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1420 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1421 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1423 =item Creating custom RE engines
1433 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
1441 =item Format Variables
1451 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
1459 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
1466 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
1472 =item The use locale pragma
1474 =item The setlocale function
1476 =item Finding locales
1478 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
1480 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
1482 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
1484 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
1486 =item Fixing system locale configuration
1488 =item The localeconv function
1492 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
1496 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
1498 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
1500 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
1502 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
1506 =item Other categories
1512 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
1513 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
1514 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
1515 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
1516 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
1517 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
1518 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
1519 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
1523 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
1524 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
1530 =item Backward compatibility
1532 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
1534 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
1536 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
1538 =item Freely available locale definitions
1542 =item An imperfect standard
1550 =item Broken systems
1560 =head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
1568 =item Important Caveat
1570 Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
1571 to enable a few features
1573 =item Byte and Character semantics
1575 =item Effects of character semantics
1577 =item Character encodings for input and output
1587 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
1588 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
1604 =item Using open() for IPC
1610 =item Background Processes
1612 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
1614 =item Safe Pipe Opens
1616 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
1618 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
1622 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
1626 =item Internet Line Terminators
1628 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
1630 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
1634 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
1638 =item A Simple Client
1640 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
1642 =item A Webget Client
1644 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
1648 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
1650 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
1652 =item UDP: Message Passing
1666 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
1676 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
1678 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
1679 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
1680 files, directories and network sockets
1682 =item Resource limits
1684 =item Killing the parent process
1686 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
1688 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
1690 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
1691 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
1692 application, Thread-safety of extensions
1704 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
1712 =item Storing numbers
1714 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
1716 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
1718 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
1719 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
1720 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
1729 =head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
1735 =item What Is A Thread Anyway?
1737 =item Threaded Program Models
1749 =item Native threads
1751 =item What kind of threads are perl threads?
1753 =item Threadsafe Modules
1759 =item Basic Thread Support
1761 =item Creating Threads
1763 =item Giving up control
1765 =item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
1767 =item Errors In Threads
1769 =item Ignoring A Thread
1773 =item Threads And Data
1777 =item Shared And Unshared Data
1779 =item Thread Pitfall: Races
1781 =item Controlling access: lock()
1783 =item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
1785 =item Queues: Passing Data Around
1789 =item Threads And Code
1793 =item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
1795 Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
1797 =item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
1799 =item Subroutine Locks
1803 =item Locking A Subroutine
1807 =item General Thread Utility Routines
1811 =item What Thread Am I In?
1815 =item Are These Threads The Same?
1817 =item What Threads Are Running?
1821 =item A Complete Example
1829 =item Introductory Texts
1831 =item OS-Related References
1833 =item Other References
1837 =item Acknowledgements
1845 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
1851 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
1860 =item Numbers endianness and Width
1862 =item Files and Filesystems
1864 =item System Interaction
1866 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
1868 =item External Subroutines (XS)
1870 =item Standard Modules
1874 =item Character sets and character encoding
1876 =item Internationalisation
1878 =item System Resources
1888 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
1889 http://testers.cpan.org/
1897 =item DOS and Derivatives
1899 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
1907 =item EBCDIC Platforms
1915 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
1919 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1921 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
1922 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
1923 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
1924 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
1925 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
1926 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
1927 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
1928 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
1929 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
1930 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
1931 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
1932 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
1933 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
1934 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
1935 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
1936 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
1937 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
1938 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
1939 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
1940 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
1941 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
1942 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1943 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
1944 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
1945 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
1951 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
1952 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
1953 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
1954 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
1955 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
1958 =item Supported Platforms
1962 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
1968 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
1976 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
1978 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
1980 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
1984 =item Protecting Your Programs
1992 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
2000 =item If we could talk to the animals...
2002 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
2004 =item Invoking a barnyard
2006 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2008 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2010 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2012 =item A few notes about @ISA
2014 =item Overriding the methods
2016 =item Starting the search from a different place
2018 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2020 =item Where we're at so far...
2022 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2024 =item Invoking an instance method
2026 =item Accessing the instance data
2028 =item How to build a horse
2030 =item Inheriting the constructor
2032 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2034 =item Adding parameters to a method
2036 =item More interesting instances
2038 =item A horse of a different color
2050 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2056 =item Creating a Class
2060 =item Object Representation
2062 =item Class Interface
2064 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2066 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2070 =item Other Object Methods
2078 =item Accessing Class Data
2080 =item Debugging Methods
2082 =item Class Destructors
2084 =item Documenting the Interface
2094 =item Overridden Methods
2096 =item Multiple Inheritance
2098 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2102 =item Alternate Object Representations
2106 =item Arrays as Objects
2108 =item Closures as Objects
2112 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2116 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2118 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2122 =item Metaclassical Tools
2128 =item Data Members as Variables
2132 =item Object Terminology
2138 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2144 =item Acknowledgments
2150 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2156 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2160 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2162 =item Inheritance Concerns
2164 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2166 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2168 =item Monadic Classes
2170 =item Translucent Attributes
2174 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2178 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2180 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2182 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2184 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2186 =item Translucency Revisited
2194 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2196 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2202 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2210 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2212 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2214 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2216 =item Method Invocation
2220 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2222 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2228 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2236 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2242 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2244 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2246 =item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
2248 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2250 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2252 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2254 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2256 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2258 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2260 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2266 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2278 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2282 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2287 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2288 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2289 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2291 =item Tying FileHandles
2293 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2294 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2296 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2308 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
2320 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
2332 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
2338 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
2342 =item Pragmatic Modules
2344 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
2345 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops,
2346 overload, re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
2348 =item Standard Modules
2350 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
2351 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2352 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
2353 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
2354 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
2355 Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
2356 English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
2357 ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
2358 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
2359 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
2360 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
2361 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
2362 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
2363 File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
2364 File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
2365 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
2366 I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
2367 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
2368 Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
2369 Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser,
2370 Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Termcap,
2371 Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell,
2372 Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine,
2373 Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex,
2374 Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar,
2375 Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm,
2376 UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
2378 =item Extension Modules
2384 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2385 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2386 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2387 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2388 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2389 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2390 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2391 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2392 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2393 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2394 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2395 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2396 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2397 North America, South America
2399 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2403 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2405 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2406 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2407 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2408 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2409 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2410 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2411 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2412 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2413 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2414 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2415 care when changing a released module
2417 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2419 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2420 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2421 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2422 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2424 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2426 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2427 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2428 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2429 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2430 can then be reduced to a small
2438 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2448 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2449 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2461 =head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
2471 =item What should I make into a module?
2473 =item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
2475 Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
2477 =item Step-by-step: Making the module
2479 Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
2480 L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
2481 documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
2483 =item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
2485 Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
2486 tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
2496 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
2497 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2507 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
2509 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
2511 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
2513 =item What is perl6?
2515 =item How stable is Perl?
2517 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
2519 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
2522 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
2524 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
2526 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
2528 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
2530 =item What is a JAPH?
2532 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
2534 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
2535 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
2539 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2543 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
2544 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
2552 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
2554 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
2556 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
2558 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
2561 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
2562 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
2564 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
2565 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
2567 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
2569 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
2571 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
2573 =item Where should I post source code?
2577 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
2579 =item Perl in Magazines
2581 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
2583 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
2585 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
2587 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
2589 =item Where do I send bug reports?
2591 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
2595 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2599 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2608 =item How do I do (anything)?
2610 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
2612 =item Is there a Perl shell?
2614 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
2616 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
2618 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
2620 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
2622 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
2624 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
2626 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
2628 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
2630 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
2632 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
2634 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
2636 =item What is undump?
2638 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
2640 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
2642 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
2644 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
2646 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
2648 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
2650 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
2652 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
2654 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
2656 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
2658 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
2660 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
2662 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
2664 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
2666 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
2667 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
2669 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
2672 =item What's MakeMaker?
2676 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2680 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2691 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
2692 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
2694 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
2696 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
2699 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
2701 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
2703 =item How do I multiply matrices?
2705 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
2707 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
2709 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
2717 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
2719 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
2721 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
2723 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
2725 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
2727 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
2729 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
2737 =item How do I validate input?
2739 =item How do I unescape a string?
2741 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
2743 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
2745 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
2747 =item How do I reverse a string?
2749 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
2751 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
2753 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
2755 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
2757 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
2760 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
2762 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
2763 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
2765 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
2767 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
2769 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
2771 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
2773 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
2775 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
2777 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
2779 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
2780 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
2789 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
2791 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
2793 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
2795 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
2796 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
2797 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
2798 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
2801 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
2803 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
2804 intersection of two arrays?
2806 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
2808 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
2810 =item How do I handle linked lists?
2812 =item How do I handle circular lists?
2814 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
2816 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
2818 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
2820 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
2822 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
2824 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
2826 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
2830 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
2834 =item How do I process an entire hash?
2836 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
2839 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
2841 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
2843 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
2845 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
2847 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
2849 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
2851 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
2853 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
2855 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
2857 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
2859 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
2862 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
2863 array of hashes or arrays?
2865 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
2873 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
2875 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
2877 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
2879 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
2881 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
2883 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
2885 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
2889 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2893 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2902 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
2904 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
2905 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
2907 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
2909 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
2911 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
2913 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
2914 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
2916 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
2918 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
2920 =item How can I write() into a string?
2922 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
2924 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
2926 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
2928 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
2930 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
2932 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
2934 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
2936 =item How can I lock a file?
2938 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
2940 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
2941 the file. How can I do this?
2943 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
2945 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
2947 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
2949 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
2951 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
2953 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
2955 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
2957 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
2959 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
2961 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
2963 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
2965 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
2966 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
2968 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
2970 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
2971 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
2973 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
2975 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
2979 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2983 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2991 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
2992 and unmaintainable code?
2994 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
2996 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
2998 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
3001 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
3003 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
3006 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
3008 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
3010 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
3012 =item What is C</o> really for?
3014 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
3017 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
3019 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
3021 =item How do I process each word on each line?
3023 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
3025 =item How can I do approximate matching?
3027 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
3029 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
3031 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
3033 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
3035 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
3037 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
3039 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
3041 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
3045 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3049 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
3050 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
3058 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
3060 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
3063 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
3066 =item How do I skip some return values?
3068 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
3070 =item What's an extension?
3072 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
3074 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
3076 =item How do I create a module?
3078 =item How do I create a class?
3080 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
3082 =item What's a closure?
3084 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
3086 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
3089 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
3092 =item How do I create a static variable?
3094 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
3095 Between local() and my()?
3097 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
3100 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
3102 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
3104 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
3106 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
3108 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
3110 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
3112 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
3114 =item How can I find out my current package?
3116 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
3118 =item How do I clear a package?
3120 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
3124 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3128 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
3137 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
3139 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
3141 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
3143 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
3145 =item How do I print something out in color?
3147 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
3149 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
3151 =item How do I clear the screen?
3153 =item How do I get the screen size?
3155 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
3157 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
3159 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
3161 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
3163 =item How do I start a process in the background?
3165 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
3167 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
3169 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
3171 =item How do I set the time and date?
3173 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
3175 =item How can I measure time under a second?
3177 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
3179 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
3180 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
3182 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
3184 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
3186 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
3188 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
3190 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
3192 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
3194 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
3196 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
3198 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
3200 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
3203 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
3205 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
3207 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
3209 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
3212 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
3213 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
3214 changes to be visible?
3218 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
3221 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
3223 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
3225 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
3227 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
3229 =item How do I set CPU limits?
3231 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
3233 =item How do I use an SQL database?
3235 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
3237 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
3239 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
3241 =item What's the difference between require and use?
3243 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
3245 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
3248 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
3250 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
3254 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3258 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
3267 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
3270 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
3272 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
3274 =item How do I extract URLs?
3276 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
3277 file on another machine?
3279 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
3281 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
3283 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
3285 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
3287 =item How do I redirect to another page?
3289 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
3291 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
3293 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
3294 CGI script to do bad things?
3296 =item How do I parse a mail header?
3298 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
3300 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
3302 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
3304 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
3306 =item How do I send mail?
3308 =item How do I read mail?
3310 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
3312 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
3314 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
3316 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
3320 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3324 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3334 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3338 =item Using The Back Ends
3342 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3346 =item The Decompiling Back End
3348 =item The Lint Back End
3350 =item The Simple C Back End
3352 =item The Bytecode Back End
3354 =item The Optimized C Back End
3356 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3357 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3358 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3362 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3368 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3378 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3379 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3383 =item Compiling your C program
3385 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3387 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3389 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3391 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3393 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3395 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3397 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3399 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3404 =item Embedding Perl under Windows
3414 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
3420 =item Debugger Internals
3424 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
3428 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
3430 =item Debugging regular expressions
3434 =item Compile-time output
3436 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
3437 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
3438 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
3441 =item Types of nodes
3443 =item Run-time output
3447 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
3451 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
3453 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
3454 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
3457 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3459 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3461 =item B<-DL> details
3465 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3473 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3485 =item Version caveat
3487 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3499 =item What has gone on?
3501 =item Writing good test scripts
3505 =item What's new here?
3507 =item Input and Output Parameters
3509 =item The XSUBPP Program
3511 =item The TYPEMAP file
3513 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3517 =item What has happened here?
3519 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3521 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3523 =item More about XSUB arguments
3525 =item The Argument Stack
3527 =item Extending your Extension
3529 =item Documenting your Extension
3531 =item Installing your Extension
3535 =item New Things in this Example
3539 =item New Things in this Example
3541 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3543 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3545 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3547 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3563 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3575 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3577 =item The Argument Stack
3579 =item The RETVAL Variable
3581 =item The MODULE Keyword
3583 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3585 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3587 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3589 =item The CODE: Keyword
3591 =item The INIT: Keyword
3593 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3595 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3597 =item Default Parameter Values
3599 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3601 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3603 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3605 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3607 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3609 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3611 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3613 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3615 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3617 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3619 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3621 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3623 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3625 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3627 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3629 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3631 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3633 =item The CASE: Keyword
3635 =item The & Unary Operator
3637 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3639 =item Using XS With C++
3641 =item Interface Strategy
3643 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3657 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3669 =item What is an "IV"?
3671 =item Working with SVs
3673 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3675 =item Working with AVs
3677 =item Working with HVs
3679 =item Hash API Extensions
3683 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3685 =item Creating New Variables
3687 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3689 =item Stashes and Globs
3691 =item Double-Typed SVs
3693 =item Magic Variables
3695 =item Assigning Magic
3697 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3701 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3703 =item Localizing changes
3705 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3706 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3707 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3708 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3709 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3710 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3711 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3712 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3713 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3721 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3723 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3725 =item Memory Allocation
3729 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3733 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3743 =item Examining the tree
3745 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3747 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3749 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3751 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3755 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3759 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3761 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3763 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3767 =item Internal Functions
3769 A, p, d, s, n, r, f, m, o, j, x
3773 =item Source Documentation
3777 =item Unicode Support
3781 =item What B<is> Unicode, anyway?
3783 =item How can I recognise a UTF8 string?
3785 =item How does UTF8 represent Unicode characters?
3787 =item How does Perl store UTF8 strings?
3789 =item How do I convert a string to UTF8?
3791 =item Is there anything else I need to know?
3801 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3807 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3809 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3811 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3831 =item Determining the Context
3835 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3841 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3843 =item Passing Parameters
3845 =item Returning a Scalar
3847 =item Returning a list of values
3849 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3851 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3855 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3859 =item Using call_argv
3861 =item Using call_method
3865 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3867 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3869 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3870 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3873 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3875 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3887 =head2 perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
3897 L<perldoc|perldoc>, L<pod2man|pod2man> and L<pod2text|pod2text>,
3898 L<pod2html|pod2html> and L<pod2latex|pod2latex>, L<pod2usage|pod2usage>,
3899 L<podselect|podselect>, L<podchecker|podchecker>, L<splain|splain>,
3900 L<roffitall|roffitall>
3904 L<a2p|a2p>, L<s2p|s2p>, L<find2perl|find2perl>
3908 L<perlbug|perlbug>, L<h2ph|h2ph>, L<c2ph|c2ph> and L<pstruct|pstruct>,
3909 L<h2xs|h2xs>, L<dprofpp|dprofpp>, L<perlcc|perlcc>
3917 =head2 perlfilter - Source Filters
3927 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
3929 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
3931 B<Decryption Filters>
3933 =item CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
3935 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
3937 =item USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
3949 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
3957 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
3958 B<filter_fetch_value>
3964 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
3966 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
3976 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
3982 AvFILL, av_clear, av_delete, av_exists, av_extend, av_fetch, av_fill,
3983 av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift,
3984 bytes_to_utf8, call_argv, call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS, Copy,
3985 croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv,
3986 eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, get_av, get_cv, get_hv,
3987 get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod,
3988 gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD,
3989 G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV,
3990 HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete,
3991 hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent,
3992 hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv,
3993 hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA,
3994 isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number,
3995 MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
3996 mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
3997 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv,
3998 newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv,
3999 ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse,
4000 perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal,
4001 PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs,
4002 PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc,
4003 require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST,
4004 strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy,
4005 SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off,
4006 SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off,
4007 SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK,
4008 SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force,
4009 SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off,
4010 SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT,
4011 SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, svtype, SvTYPE, SVt_IV,
4012 SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUV,
4013 SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn,
4014 sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_clear,
4015 sv_cmp, sv_cmp_locale, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_free, sv_gets,
4016 sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_len_utf8,
4017 sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_pvn_force, sv_pvutf8n_force,
4018 sv_reftype, sv_replace, sv_rvweaken, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv,
4019 sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg,
4020 sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv,
4021 sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg,
4022 sv_true, sv_unmagic, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg,
4023 sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode, sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_vcatpvfn,
4024 sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, U8 *s, utf8_to_bytes, warn, XPUSHi,
4025 XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV,
4026 XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES,
4027 XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION,
4028 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
4036 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
4051 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
4059 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
4060 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
4061 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
4062 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
4063 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
4064 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
4065 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
4066 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
4067 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
4068 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
4072 =item Co-existence with stdio
4074 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
4075 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
4076 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
4077 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
4078 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
4079 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
4085 =head2 perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
4091 =item Infrastructure
4095 =item Mailing list archives
4097 =item Bug tracking system
4099 =item Regression Tests
4101 Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to
4124 Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs
4128 =item Perl Internals
4134 =item Garbage Collection
4136 =item Reliable signals
4138 Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed
4139 sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN
4141 =item Interpolated regex performance bugs
4143 =item Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp
4145 =item Make XS easier to use
4147 =item Make embedded Perl easier to use
4149 =item Namespace cleanup
4161 =item A clear division into tutorial and reference
4163 =item Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions
4165 =item More tutorials
4167 Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging
4169 =item Include a search tool
4171 =item Include a locate tool
4173 =item Separate function manpages by default
4175 =item Users can't find the manpages
4177 =item Install ALL Documentation
4179 =item Outstanding issues to be documented
4181 =item Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl
4183 =item Replace man with a perl program
4185 =item Unicode tutorial
4193 =item Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition 2
4195 =item Module versions
4203 VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice
4205 =item Procedural options
4209 =item y2k localtime/gmtime
4211 =item Export File::Find variables
4215 =item Debugger attach/detach
4217 =item Regular Expression debugger
4219 =item Alternative RE Syntax
4221 =item Bundled modules
4227 =item Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc.
4229 =item POD Converters
4245 =item POSIX on non-POSIX
4247 =item Portable installations
4255 =item Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest
4257 =item Sort out the spawnvp() mess
4259 =item Work out DLL versioning
4265 =item Would be nice to have
4267 C<pack "(stuff)*">, Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled
4268 perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format
4269 BOTTOM, -i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input
4270 should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun
4271 debugger, lvalue functions
4273 =item Possible pragmas
4285 =item constant function cache
4287 =item foreach(reverse...)
4289 =item Cache eval tree
4293 =item Shrink opcode tables
4295 =item Cache hash value
4297 =item Optimize away @_ where possible
4299 =item Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b }
4301 =item Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization
4305 =item Vague possibilities
4307 ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?,
4308 Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real
4309 threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al
4311 =item To Do Or Not To Do
4315 =item Making my() work on "package" variables
4317 =item "or" testing defined not truth
4319 =item "dynamic" lexicals
4321 =item "class"-based, rather than package-based "lexicals"
4337 =item External threads
4343 =item Per-thread GVs
4355 =item Precompiled modules
4359 =item Typed lexicals
4369 =item Cached compilation
4373 =item Recently Finished Tasks
4377 =item Figure a way out of $^(capital letter)
4383 =item Namespace cleanup
4395 =head2 perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
4401 Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the
4402 implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is
4403 the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does
4404 it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is
4405 the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough
4406 documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much
4407 work?, Patches speak louder than words, L<perlguts>, L<perlxstut> and
4408 L<perlxs>, L<perlapi>, F<Porting/pumpkin.pod>, The perl5-porters FAQ
4412 =item Finding Your Way Around
4414 Core modules, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter
4416 =item Elements of the interpreter
4418 Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running
4420 =item Internal Variable Types
4426 Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack
4428 =item Millions of Macros
4430 =item Poking at Perl
4432 =item Using a source-level debugger
4434 run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue,
4437 =item Dumping Perl Data Structures
4443 I<The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began.>
4451 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
4459 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
4471 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
4473 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
4477 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
4481 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.8.0
4487 =item Core Enhancements
4489 =item Modules and Pragmata
4491 =item Utility Changes
4493 =item Improved Documentation
4495 =item Performance enhancements
4497 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4501 =item gcc automatically tried if 'cc' does not seem to be working
4505 =item Platform specific changes
4507 =item Significant bug fixes
4509 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4511 (perhaps you forgot to load "%s"?), Ambiguous range in transliteration
4516 =item Incompatible Changes
4518 =item Known Problems
4520 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4522 =item Reporting Bugs
4530 =head2 perl56delta, perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4536 =item Core Enhancements
4540 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4542 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4544 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4546 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4548 =item "our" declarations
4550 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4552 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4554 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4556 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4558 =item open() with more than two arguments
4560 =item 64-bit support
4562 =item Large file support
4568 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4570 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4572 =item File globbing implemented internally
4574 =item Support for CHECK blocks
4576 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4578 =item Better pseudo-random number generator
4580 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4582 =item Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4584 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4586 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4588 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4590 =item Comments in pack() templates
4592 =item Weak references
4594 =item Binary numbers supported
4596 =item Lvalue subroutines
4598 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4600 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4602 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4604 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4606 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4608 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4610 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4612 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4614 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4616 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4618 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4620 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4622 =item Improved diagnostics
4624 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4626 =item More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4628 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4630 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4632 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4634 =item Improved security features
4636 =item More functional bareword prototype (*)
4638 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4640 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4642 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4644 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4646 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4648 =item Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings
4652 =item Modules and Pragmata
4658 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4659 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4660 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4661 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4662 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4663 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4664 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4665 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4671 =item Utility Changes
4685 =item The Perl Debugger
4689 =item Improved Documentation
4691 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4692 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4693 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4694 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4696 =item Performance enhancements
4700 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4702 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4704 =item Faster subroutine calls
4706 =item delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4710 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4714 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4716 =item New Configure flags
4718 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4724 =item -Duselargefiles
4726 =item installusrbinperl
4732 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
4736 =item Platform specific changes
4740 =item Supported platforms
4744 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
4752 =item Significant bug fixes
4756 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
4758 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
4760 =item All compilation errors are true errors
4762 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
4764 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
4766 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
4768 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
4770 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
4772 =item Failures in DESTROY()
4774 =item Locale bugs fixed
4778 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
4780 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
4782 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
4784 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
4788 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4790 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
4791 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
4792 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
4793 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
4794 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
4795 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
4796 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
4797 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
4798 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
4799 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
4800 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
4801 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
4802 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
4803 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
4804 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
4805 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
4806 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
4807 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
4808 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
4809 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
4810 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
4811 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
4812 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
4813 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
4814 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
4815 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
4816 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
4817 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
4818 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
4819 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
4820 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
4821 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
4822 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
4823 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
4824 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
4825 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
4826 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
4827 around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string,
4828 Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS"
4829 instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows,
4830 Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored,
4831 Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on
4832 zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This
4833 Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL
4834 environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode
4835 '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized
4836 escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute
4837 list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in
4838 subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of
4839 CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
4843 =item Incompatible Changes
4847 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
4849 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed,
4850 Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form
4851 C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number
4852 generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, C<undef> fails on
4853 read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles,
4854 Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, delete(), values() and
4855 C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS)
4856 enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed,
4857 C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator,
4858 Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed, Semantics of bit
4859 operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their
4862 =item C Source Incompatibilities
4864 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
4866 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
4868 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
4870 =item Binary Incompatibilities
4874 =item Known Problems
4878 =item Thread test failures
4880 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
4882 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
4884 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
4886 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
4889 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
4891 =item Arrow operator and arrays
4893 =item Experimental features
4895 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
4896 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
4897 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
4902 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4904 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
4905 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as
4906 \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>"
4907 to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
4909 =item Reporting Bugs
4917 =head2 perl5005delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.005
4923 =item About the new versioning system
4925 =item Incompatible Changes
4929 =item WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
4931 =item Default installation structure has changed
4933 =item Perl Source Compatibility
4935 =item C Source Compatibility
4937 Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must
4938 now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source
4939 compatibility issues
4941 =item Binary Compatibility
4943 =item Security fixes may affect compatibility
4945 =item Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
4959 =item Regular Expressions
4961 Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression
4962 constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other
4963 improvements, Incompatible changes
4965 =item Improved malloc()
4967 =item Quicksort is internally implemented
4969 =item Reliable signals
4971 =item Reliable stack pointers
4973 =item More generous treatment of carriage returns
4977 =item Better support for multiple interpreters
4979 =item Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
4981 =item C<%!> is transparently tied to the L<Errno> module
4983 =item Pseudo-hashes are supported
4985 =item C<EXPR foreach EXPR> is supported
4987 =item Keywords can be globally overridden
4989 =item C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32
4991 =item C<foreach (1..1000000)> optimized
4993 =item C<Foo::> can be used as implicitly quoted package name
4995 =item C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> tests existence of a package
4997 =item Better locale support
4999 =item Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
5001 =item prototype() returns useful results on builtins
5003 =item Extended support for exception handling
5005 =item Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
5007 =item All C<printf> format conversions are handled internally
5009 =item New C<INIT> keyword
5011 =item New C<lock> keyword
5013 =item New C<qr//> operator
5015 =item C<our> is now a reserved word
5017 =item Tied arrays are now fully supported
5019 =item Tied handles support is better
5021 =item 4th argument to substr
5023 =item Negative LENGTH argument to splice
5025 =item Magic lvalues are now more magical
5027 =item <> now reads in records
5031 =item Supported Platforms
5037 =item Changes in existing support
5041 =item Modules and Pragmata
5047 B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed,
5048 ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
5049 Thread, attrs, fields, re
5051 =item Changes in existing modules
5053 Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File,
5054 MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark
5058 =item Utility Changes
5060 =item Documentation Changes
5062 =item New Diagnostics
5064 Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index
5065 while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent
5066 package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check
5067 filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't
5068 goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element,
5069 Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber
5070 for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions,
5071 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character
5072 class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in
5073 insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s:
5074 Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming
5075 package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such
5076 field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously
5077 large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance
5078 detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found
5079 where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use
5080 of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed
5082 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5084 Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s, Cannot open
5085 temporary file, regexp too big
5087 =item Configuration Changes
5097 =head2 perl5004delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.004
5103 =item Supported Environments
5109 =item List assignment to %ENV works
5111 =item "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error now lists @INC
5113 =item Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
5115 =item $PERL5OPT environment variable
5117 =item Limitations on B<-M>, B<-m>, and B<-T> options
5119 =item More precise warnings
5121 =item Deprecated: Inherited C<AUTOLOAD> for non-methods
5123 =item Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
5125 =item Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
5127 =item Group vector changeable with C<$)>
5129 =item Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
5131 =item Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc.
5133 =item No resetting of $. on implicit close
5135 =item C<wantarray> may return undef
5137 =item C<eval EXPR> determines value of EXPR in scalar context
5139 =item Changes to tainting checks
5141 No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No
5142 spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
5144 =item New Opcode module and revised Safe module
5146 =item Embedding improvements
5148 =item Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
5150 =item Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
5152 =item New and changed syntax
5156 =item New and changed builtin constants
5160 =item New and changed builtin variables
5164 =item New and changed builtin functions
5166 delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in
5167 Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module
5168 VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, C<m//gc> does not
5169 reset search position on failure, C<m//x> ignores whitespace before ?*+{},
5170 nested C<sub{}> closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals
5172 =item New builtin methods
5174 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
5176 =item TIEHANDLE now supported
5178 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this
5179 LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
5181 =item Malloc enhancements
5183 -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
5185 =item Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
5189 =item Support for More Operating Systems
5205 use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use
5206 constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
5212 =item Required Updates
5214 =item Installation directories
5216 =item Module information summary
5230 =item Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
5234 =item Utility Changes
5240 Sends converted HTML to standard output
5244 C<void> XSUBs now default to returning nothing
5248 =item C Language API Changes
5250 C<gv_fetchmethod> and C<perl_call_sv>, C<perl_eval_pv>, Extended API for
5253 =item Documentation Changes
5255 L<perldelta>, L<perlfaq>, L<perllocale>, L<perltoot>, L<perlapio>,
5256 L<perlmodlib>, L<perldebug>, L<perlsec>
5258 =item New Diagnostics
5260 "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is
5261 not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too
5262 large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free
5263 nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
5264 Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort
5265 subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
5266 use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant
5267 subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did
5268 not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too
5269 long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT:
5270 %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number,
5271 internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type
5272 in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once:
5273 possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of
5274 memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible
5275 attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words
5276 with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found
5277 while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for
5278 "B<-T>" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist,
5279 Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to
5280 mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with
5281 defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay
5282 shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in
5283 prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX,
5284 PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
5294 =head2 perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS (possibly very outdated information)
5310 B<Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library>, B<Version of Amiga OS>
5312 =item Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS
5314 =item Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS
5316 fork(), some features of the UNIX filesystem regarding link count and file
5317 dates, inplace operation (the -i switch) without backup file, umask()
5318 works, but the correct permissions are only set when the file is
5325 =item Accessing documentation
5333 =item B<GNU> C<info> files
5345 =item Getting the perl source
5351 =item Installing the built perl
5361 =head2 perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
5371 =item Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it)
5373 =item Cygwin Configuration
5375 C<PATH>, I<nroff>, Permissions
5383 =item Strip Binaries
5385 =item Optional Libraries
5387 C<-lcrypt>, C<-lgdbm> (C<use GDBM_File>), C<-ldb> (C<use DB_File>),
5388 C<-lcygipc> (C<use IPC::SysV>)
5390 =item Configure-time Options
5392 C<-Uusedl>, C<-Uusemymalloc>, C<-Dusemultiplicity>, C<-Duseperlio>,
5393 C<-Duse64bitint>, C<-Duselongdouble>, C<-Dusethreads>, C<-Duselargefiles>
5395 =item Suspicious Warnings
5397 Whoa There, I<dlsym()>, Win9x and C<d_eofnblk>, Checking how std your stdio
5398 is.., Compiler/Preprocessor defines
5416 =item File Permissions
5420 =item Filetime Granularity
5422 =item Tainting Checks
5426 =item Script Portability
5428 Pathnames, Text/Binary, F<.exe>, chown(), Miscellaneous
5436 Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl
5437 Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts
5447 =head2 perldos - Perl under DOS, W31, W95.
5461 =item Shortcomings of Perl under DOS
5477 =head2 perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix
5486 =item Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX
5496 =item Portability Between PA-RISC Versions
5498 =item Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX
5500 =item The HP ANSI C Compiler
5502 =item Using Large Files with Perl
5508 =item GDBM and Threads
5510 =item NFS filesystems and utime(2)
5512 =item perl -P and //
5522 =head2 perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen
5531 =item Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen
5533 =item Failures during C<make test>
5535 op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t
5537 =item Building external modules
5547 =head2 perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
5563 EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh
5565 =item Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...)
5567 =item Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl
5573 =item Frequently asked questions
5577 =item I cannot run external programs
5579 =item I cannot embed perl into my program, or use F<perl.dll> from my
5582 Is your program EMX-compiled with C<-Zmt -Zcrtdll>?, Did you use
5585 =item C<``> and pipe-C<open> do not work under DOS.
5587 =item Cannot start C<find.exe "pattern" file>
5595 =item Automatic binary installation
5597 C<PERL_BADLANG>, C<PERL_BADFREE>, F<Config.pm>
5599 =item Manual binary installation
5601 Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable
5602 (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library,
5603 Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl
5604 and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation,
5605 Perl manual in F<.INF> format, Pdksh
5611 =item Accessing documentation
5615 =item OS/2 F<.INF> file
5623 =item GNU C<info> files
5637 =item Getting perl source
5639 =item Application of the patches
5647 A lot of C<bad free>, Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, F<op/fs.t>,
5648 F<lib/io_pipe.t>, F<lib/io_sock.t>, F<op/stat.t>, F<lib/io_udp.t>
5650 =item Installing the built perl
5652 =item C<a.out>-style build
5660 =item Some C</> became C<\> in pdksh.
5662 =item C<'errno'> - unresolved external
5664 =item Problems with tr or sed
5666 =item Some problem (forget which ;-)
5668 =item Library ... not found
5670 =item Segfault in make
5674 =item Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port
5678 =item C<setpriority>, C<getpriority>
5682 =item C<extproc> on the first line
5684 =item Additional modules:
5686 =item Prebuilt methods:
5688 C<File::Copy::syscopy>, C<DynaLoader::mod2fname>, C<Cwd::current_drive()>,
5689 C<Cwd::sys_chdir(name)>, C<Cwd::change_drive(name)>,
5690 C<Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)>,
5691 C<Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_cwd(name)>,
5692 C<Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)>, C<Cwd::extLibpath([type])>,
5693 C<Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )>
5699 C<popen>, C<tmpnam>, C<tmpfile>, C<ctermid>, C<stat>, C<flock>
5713 =item F<perl___.exe>
5715 =item Why strange names?
5717 =item Why dynamic linking?
5719 =item Why chimera build?
5721 explicit fork(), open FH, "|-", open FH, "-|"
5729 =item C<PERLLIB_PREFIX>
5731 =item C<PERL_BADLANG>
5733 =item C<PERL_BADFREE>
5735 =item C<PERL_SH_DIR>
5737 =item C<USE_PERL_FLOCK>
5739 =item C<TMP> or C<TEMP>
5749 =item DLL name mangling
5753 =item Calls to external programs
5755 =item Memory allocation
5759 C<COND_WAIT>, F<os2.c>
5773 =head2 perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390.
5785 =item Setup and utilities
5789 =item Build, test, install
5811 =head2 perlposix-bc, README.posix-bc - building and installing Perl for
5852 =head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
5860 =item Organization of Perl Images
5866 =item Perl Extensions
5868 =item Installing static extensions
5870 =item Installing dynamic extensions
5874 =item File specifications
5880 =item Wildcard expansion
5886 =item PERL5LIB and PERLLIB
5892 =item I/O redirection and backgrounding
5894 =item Command line switches
5900 =item Perl functions
5902 File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump,
5903 exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select
5904 (system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime
5905 LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS
5907 =item Perl variables
5909 %ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $|
5911 =item Standard modules with VMS-specific differences
5925 =head2 perlwin32 - Perl under Win32
5937 Make, Command Shell, Borland C++, Microsoft Visual C++, Mingw32 with GCC
5947 Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line,
5948 Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific
5949 Extensions, Running Perl Scripts, Miscellaneous Things
5953 =item BUGS AND CAVEATS
5963 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
5965 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
5977 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
5987 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
5997 =item Built-in Attributes
5999 locked, method, lvalue
6001 =item Available Subroutines
6005 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
6007 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
6009 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
6017 =item Default exports
6019 =item Available exports
6021 =item Export tags defined
6031 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6043 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
6059 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
6073 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
6087 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
6100 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
6109 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
6115 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
6125 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
6135 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
6146 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
6148 =item The I<splain> Program
6162 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
6176 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
6186 =item subpragma access
6192 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
6203 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
6213 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
6223 =item Adding directories to @INC
6225 =item Deleting directories from @INC
6227 =item Restoring original @INC
6237 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
6248 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
6256 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
6262 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
6274 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
6284 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
6286 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
6288 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
6290 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
6292 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
6294 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
6296 =item Overloadable Operations
6298 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
6299 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
6300 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
6302 =item Inheritance and overloading
6304 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
6305 is inherited by derived classes
6309 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
6317 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
6319 =item Copy Constructor
6325 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
6327 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
6328 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
6329 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
6332 =item Losing overloading
6334 =item Run-time Overloading
6336 =item Public functions
6338 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
6340 =item Overloading constants
6342 integer, float, binary, q, qr
6344 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6346 =item Metaphor clash
6352 =item Two-face scalars
6354 =item Two-face references
6356 =item Symbolic calculator
6358 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
6370 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6380 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
6392 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
6394 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
6398 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
6402 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
6410 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
6418 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
6422 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
6432 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
6444 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
6454 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
6462 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
6463 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
6467 =head2 warnings::register - warnings import function
6469 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
6471 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
6481 =item DBM Comparisons
6491 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
6501 =item Subroutine Stubs
6503 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6505 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6507 =item Package Lexicals
6509 =item Not Using AutoLoader
6511 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
6521 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
6529 $keep, $check, $modtime
6533 =item Multiple packages
6541 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
6549 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
6553 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
6561 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
6575 =item B::PVMG METHODS
6579 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
6581 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
6583 =item B::PVLV METHODS
6585 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
6589 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
6593 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
6594 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
6598 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
6599 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
6603 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
6607 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
6612 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
6614 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
6618 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
6620 =item B::UNOP METHOD
6624 =item B::BINOP METHOD
6628 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
6632 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
6636 =item B::PMOP METHODS
6638 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
6640 =item B::SVOP METHOD
6644 =item B::PADOP METHOD
6648 =item B::PVOP METHOD
6652 =item B::LOOP METHODS
6654 redoop, nextop, lastop
6656 =item B::COP METHODS
6658 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
6662 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
6664 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
6665 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
6666 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
6667 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
6673 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
6686 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
6698 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6710 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
6720 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
6721 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
6722 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
6732 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
6742 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
6743 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
6753 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
6763 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
6764 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
6765 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
6777 =item Context of ".."
6781 =item Deprecated features
6789 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
6801 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
6811 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
6812 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
6814 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
6834 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
6846 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
6854 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
6856 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
6857 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
6859 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
6869 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
6879 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6885 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
6897 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
6909 =head2 B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded
6911 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
6923 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
6933 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
6941 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6953 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
6967 =item Standard Exports
6969 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
6970 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
6971 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
6973 =item Optional Exports
6975 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
6976 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
6977 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
6993 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
6997 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
7011 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
7021 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
7022 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
7023 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
7033 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
7045 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
7047 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
7049 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
7050 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
7051 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
7053 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
7055 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
7057 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
7059 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
7061 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
7063 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
7065 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
7067 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
7069 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
7071 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
7073 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
7075 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
7077 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
7079 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
7081 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
7083 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
7084 B<:standard>, B<:all>
7088 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, -autoload,
7089 -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
7091 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
7093 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
7094 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
7099 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
7103 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
7105 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
7107 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
7109 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
7111 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
7113 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
7115 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
7117 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
7120 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
7124 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
7128 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
7130 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
7132 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
7134 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
7136 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
7138 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
7139 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
7141 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
7145 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
7149 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
7151 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
7153 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
7155 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
7159 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
7161 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
7163 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
7167 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
7169 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
7173 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
7177 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
7181 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
7185 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
7189 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
7191 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
7193 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
7197 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
7199 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
7200 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
7202 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
7208 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
7209 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
7211 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
7213 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
7214 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
7217 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7223 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7227 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7229 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
7230 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
7231 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
7232 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_software ()>,
7233 B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>, B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>,
7234 B<http()>, B<https()>
7236 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
7238 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
7239 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7243 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
7245 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7247 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
7248 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7250 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7252 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7256 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
7257 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
7258 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
7259 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
7260 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
7261 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
7262 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
7263 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
7264 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
7265 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
7266 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
7267 ...and many many more..
7269 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7277 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
7287 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7295 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
7304 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
7306 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
7310 =item Changing the default message
7322 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
7330 =item USING CGI::Cookie
7332 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
7336 =item Creating New Cookies
7338 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
7340 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
7342 =item Manipulating Cookies
7344 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
7348 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7356 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
7364 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
7366 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
7368 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
7370 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
7374 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7382 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
7392 =item Tags that won't be formatted
7394 =item Customizing the Indenting
7406 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
7414 =item USING CGI::Push
7416 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
7420 =item Heterogeneous Pages
7422 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
7426 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
7428 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7436 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
7446 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7454 =head2 CGI::Util - various utilities
7456 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
7466 =item Interactive Mode
7468 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
7469 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
7470 distribution, Signals
7478 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
7480 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
7482 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
7484 =item Methods in the four Classes
7492 =item Finding packages and VERSION
7496 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
7502 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
7503 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
7504 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
7505 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
7509 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
7511 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
7519 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
7521 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
7523 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
7533 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
7543 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
7556 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
7566 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
7574 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
7584 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
7594 =item The C<struct()> function
7596 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
7598 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
7599 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
7601 =item Initializing with C<new>
7607 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
7609 =item Author and Modification History
7613 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
7621 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
7633 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
7637 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
7638 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
7639 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
7643 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
7644 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
7648 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
7649 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
7650 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
7654 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
7655 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
7656 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
7660 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
7661 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
7662 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
7663 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
7664 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
7665 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
7666 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
7667 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
7668 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
7669 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>,
7670 C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>,
7671 C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
7672 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
7673 C<d_getespwnam>, C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>,
7674 C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>,
7675 C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>,
7676 C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>,
7677 C<d_getpbyname>, C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>,
7678 C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>, C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>,
7679 C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getprpwnam>, C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>,
7680 C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspnam>,
7681 C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>,
7682 C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>,
7683 C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>,
7684 C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>,
7685 C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
7686 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
7687 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>,
7688 C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>,
7689 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
7690 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
7691 C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
7692 C<d_nv_preserves_uv_bits>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
7693 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
7694 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
7695 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
7696 C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
7697 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
7698 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
7699 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
7700 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
7701 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
7702 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
7703 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
7704 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
7705 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
7706 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
7707 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
7708 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
7709 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
7710 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>,
7711 C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>,
7712 C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>,
7713 C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>,
7714 C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>,
7715 C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>,
7716 C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>,
7717 C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
7718 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
7719 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
7720 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
7721 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
7722 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
7723 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
7724 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
7728 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
7729 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
7733 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
7734 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
7738 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
7739 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
7743 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
7747 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
7748 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
7749 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
7750 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
7751 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
7752 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
7753 C<i_prot>, C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>,
7754 C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>,
7755 C<i_string>, C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>,
7756 C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>,
7757 C<i_sysmode>, C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>,
7758 C<i_syssecrt>, C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
7759 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
7760 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
7761 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
7762 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
7763 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
7764 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
7765 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
7766 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
7767 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
7768 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
7769 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
7773 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
7777 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
7778 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
7779 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
7780 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
7781 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
7786 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
7787 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
7788 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
7792 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
7793 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
7794 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
7798 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
7799 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
7800 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
7804 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
7805 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
7809 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
7814 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
7815 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
7816 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
7817 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
7821 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
7825 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
7826 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
7830 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
7831 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
7832 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
7833 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
7834 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
7835 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
7836 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>,
7837 C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>,
7838 C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>,
7839 C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>,
7840 C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>,
7841 C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>,
7842 C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>,
7843 C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
7847 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
7848 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
7852 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
7853 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
7854 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
7855 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
7856 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
7857 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
7858 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
7859 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
7864 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
7865 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
7866 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
7870 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
7882 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
7892 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
7904 =item Global Variables
7906 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
7907 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
7912 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
7913 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
7915 =item Client Callback Methods
7917 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
7918 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
7919 CLIENT->output(LIST)
7929 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
7937 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
7941 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
7943 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
7945 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
7947 =item Default Parameters
7949 =item In Memory Databases
7957 =item A Simple Example
7965 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
7967 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
7969 =item The get_dup() Method
7971 =item The find_dup() Method
7973 =item The del_dup() Method
7975 =item Matching Partial Keys
7983 =item The 'bval' Option
7985 =item A Simple Example
7987 =item Extra RECNO Methods
7989 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
7990 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
7992 =item Another Example
7996 =item THE API INTERFACE
7998 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
7999 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
8000 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
8001 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
8005 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
8006 B<filter_fetch_value>
8012 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
8014 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
8018 =item HINTS AND TIPS
8022 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
8024 =item Safe ways to lock a database
8026 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
8028 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
8030 =item The untie() Gotcha
8034 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
8038 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
8040 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
8042 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
8044 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
8064 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
8065 printing and C<eval>
8077 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
8078 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
8079 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
8086 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
8088 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8089 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8090 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8091 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8092 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8093 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8094 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8095 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8096 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8097 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8098 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8099 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
8119 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
8127 =item PROFILE FORMAT
8139 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
8151 =item A simple scalar string
8153 =item A simple scalar number
8155 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
8157 =item A reference to a simple scalar
8159 =item A reference to an array
8161 =item A reference to a hash
8163 =item Dumping a large array or hash
8165 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
8167 =item A reference to a subroutine
8181 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
8191 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
8201 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
8213 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
8214 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
8215 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
8220 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
8221 veryCompact, set, get
8227 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
8235 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
8236 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
8237 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
8238 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
8245 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
8258 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
8271 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
8286 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
8302 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
8314 =item Selecting What To Export
8316 =item Specialised Import Lists
8318 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
8320 =item Module Version Checking
8322 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
8324 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
8330 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
8340 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
8361 mv source... destination
8363 cp source... destination
8381 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
8393 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
8394 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
8404 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
8414 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
8426 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
8427 packlist(), version()
8435 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
8443 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
8449 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
8459 =item VMS implementation
8461 =item Win32 implementation
8469 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8478 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
8482 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8493 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
8505 =item Preloaded methods
8525 =item SelfLoaded methods
8571 file_name_is_absolute
8577 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
8617 maybe_command_in_dirs
8655 replace_manpage_separator
8669 test_via_harness (o)
8699 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8710 =item Methods always loaded
8722 =item SelfLoaded methods
8724 guess_name (override)
8728 find_perl (override)
8732 maybe_command (override)
8734 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
8736 perl_script (override)
8738 file_name_is_absolute (override)
8740 replace_manpage_separator
8742 init_others (override)
8744 constants (override)
8748 const_cccmd (override)
8750 pm_to_blib (override)
8752 tool_autosplit (override)
8754 tool_sxubpp (override)
8756 xsubpp_version (override)
8758 tools_other (override)
8768 top_targets (override)
8772 dynamic_lib (override)
8774 dynamic_bs (override)
8776 static_lib (override)
8778 manifypods (override)
8780 processPL (override)
8782 installbin (override)
8788 realclean (override)
8790 dist_basics (override)
8792 dist_core (override)
8796 dist_test (override)
8800 perldepend (override)
8806 test_via_harness (override)
8808 test_via_script (override)
8810 makeaperl (override)
8814 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8841 test_via_harness (o)
8843 tool_autosplit (override)
8861 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
8871 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
8873 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
8881 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
8885 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
8887 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
8889 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
8891 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
8893 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
8894 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
8895 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
8896 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
8897 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
8898 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
8899 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
8900 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
8901 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
8902 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
8903 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
8904 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
8905 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
8906 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
8909 =item Additional lowercase attributes
8911 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
8914 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
8916 =item Hintsfile support
8918 =item Distribution Support
8920 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
8921 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
8922 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
8924 =item Disabling an extension
8938 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
8950 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
8954 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
8955 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
8963 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
8975 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
8985 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
8994 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
9002 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
9014 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
9022 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
9032 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
9044 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
9054 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
9058 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
9066 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
9070 C<basename>, C<dirname>
9074 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
9084 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
9098 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
9108 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
9110 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
9120 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
9128 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
9140 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
9148 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
9149 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
9155 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
9163 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
9164 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
9168 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
9176 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
9188 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
9202 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
9220 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
9248 file_name_is_absolute
9268 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
9278 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
9310 file_name_is_absolute
9332 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
9348 =item Methods always loaded
9350 canonpath (override)
9368 case_tolerant (override)
9372 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9374 splitpath (override)
9390 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
9420 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
9442 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
9456 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
9466 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
9474 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
9482 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
9484 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
9502 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
9516 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
9528 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
9536 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
9542 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
9550 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
9560 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
9576 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
9584 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
9586 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
9590 =item Simple options
9592 =item A little bit less simple options
9594 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
9596 =item Options with values
9598 =item Options with multiple values
9600 =item Options with hash values
9602 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
9604 =item Options with multiple names
9606 =item Case and abbreviations
9608 =item Summary of Option Specifications
9610 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
9614 =item Advanced Possibilities
9618 =item Documentation and help texts
9620 =item Storing options in a hash
9624 =item The lonesome dash
9626 =item Argument call-back
9630 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
9632 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
9633 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
9634 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
9635 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
9637 =item Return values and Errors
9643 =item Default destinations
9645 =item Alternative option starters
9647 =item Configuration variables
9653 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
9657 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
9668 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
9679 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
9689 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
9697 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9698 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
9708 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
9718 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
9722 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
9730 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
9740 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
9744 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
9745 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
9746 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
9747 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
9759 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
9769 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
9773 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
9783 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
9793 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
9794 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
9804 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
9818 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
9832 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
9833 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
9834 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
9844 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
9858 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
9859 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
9869 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
9885 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
9898 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
9912 hostpath(), peerpath()
9922 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
9931 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9932 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
9942 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
9952 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
9956 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
9964 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
9975 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
9979 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
9980 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
9981 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
9982 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
9994 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10004 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10008 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10018 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10028 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10029 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10039 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
10054 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
10065 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10069 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10070 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10071 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10081 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
10096 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10097 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10107 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
10108 AF_INET domain sockets
10124 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10137 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
10138 AF_UNIX domain sockets
10152 hostpath(), peerpath()
10162 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10172 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10173 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10184 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
10198 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
10211 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
10221 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10222 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10223 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10234 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
10252 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10262 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10263 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10274 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
10285 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10286 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10287 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10298 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
10306 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
10315 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
10323 Canonical notation, Input, Output
10327 =item Autocreating constants
10335 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
10348 =item STRINGIFICATION
10352 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
10358 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
10360 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
10368 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
10376 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
10382 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
10384 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
10388 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10390 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
10394 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
10396 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10398 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
10399 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
10403 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
10413 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
10423 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
10435 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
10436 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
10446 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
10463 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
10480 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
10495 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
10512 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
10522 =item IMPLEMENTATION
10528 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
10538 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
10550 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
10552 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
10553 or optag, an operator set (opset)
10555 =item Opcode Functions
10557 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
10558 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
10559 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
10562 =item Manipulating Opsets
10564 =item TO DO (maybe)
10570 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
10572 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
10573 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
10574 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
10583 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
10592 a new namespace, an operator mask
10598 =item RECENT CHANGES
10600 =item Methods in class Safe
10602 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
10603 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
10604 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
10605 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
10607 =item Some Safety Issues
10609 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
10617 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
10630 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
10644 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
10645 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
10646 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
10647 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
10648 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
10649 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
10650 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
10651 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
10652 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
10653 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
10654 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
10655 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
10656 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
10657 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
10658 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
10659 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
10660 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
10661 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
10662 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
10663 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
10664 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod,
10665 strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain,
10666 tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile,
10667 tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc,
10668 unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs,
10675 =item POSIX::SigAction
10679 =item POSIX::SigSet
10681 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
10683 =item POSIX::Termios
10685 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
10686 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
10687 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
10688 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
10689 values, c_oflag field values
10693 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
10697 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
10701 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
10759 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
10765 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
10771 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
10783 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
10784 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
10785 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
10786 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
10787 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
10788 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
10789 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
10790 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
10795 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
10796 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
10797 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
10798 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
10799 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
10800 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
10801 section, Hyperlinks
10813 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
10816 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
10818 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
10820 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
10822 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
10824 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
10832 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
10842 B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc>
10850 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
10860 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
10861 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
10876 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
10889 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
10896 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
10920 =item B<was_cutting()>
10926 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
10938 =item B<cmd_name()>
10950 =item B<raw_text()>
10956 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
10962 =item B<cmd_separator()>
10968 =item B<parse_tree()>
10974 =item B<file_line()>
10980 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
10992 =item B<cmd_name()>
11016 =item B<raw_text()>
11022 =item B<left_delimiter()>
11028 =item B<right_delimiter()>
11034 =item B<parse_tree()>
11040 =item B<file_line()>
11052 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
11070 =item B<children()>
11088 =item B<raw_text()>
11106 =head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
11118 =item OBJECT METHODS
11126 =item Data Accessors
11142 B<ReplaceNAMEwithSection>
11144 B<StartWithNewPage>
11158 =item Subclassed methods
11172 B<interior_sequence>
11188 =item Methods for headings
11196 =item Internal methods
11202 B<_replace_special_chars>
11208 B<_clean_latex_commands>
11224 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
11232 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
11237 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
11238 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
11248 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
11284 =item Pod::Hyperlink
11324 =item Pod::Cache::Item
11352 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
11364 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
11366 =item PARSING OPTIONS
11368 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
11369 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
11375 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11383 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11389 =item B<verbatim()>
11391 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11397 =item B<textblock()>
11399 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11405 =item B<interior_sequence()>
11411 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11423 =item B<initialize()>
11429 =item B<begin_pod()>
11435 =item B<begin_input()>
11441 =item B<end_input()>
11453 =item B<preprocess_line()>
11459 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
11465 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
11471 =item B<parse_text()>
11473 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
11474 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
11475 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
11481 =item B<interpolate()>
11487 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
11493 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
11499 =item B<parse_from_file()>
11505 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
11511 =item B<errorsub()>
11523 =item B<parseopts()>
11529 =item B<output_file()>
11535 =item B<output_handle()>
11541 =item B<input_file()>
11547 =item B<input_handle()>
11553 =item B<input_streams()>
11559 =item B<top_stream()>
11565 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11571 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
11577 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
11583 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
11591 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
11611 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
11624 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
11626 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
11632 =item OBJECT METHODS
11638 =item B<curr_headings()>
11650 =item B<add_selection()>
11656 =item B<clear_selections()>
11662 =item B<match_section()>
11668 =item B<is_selected()>
11674 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
11680 =item B<podselect()>
11682 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
11688 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11694 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
11700 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
11706 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
11718 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
11726 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
11730 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
11731 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
11743 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
11759 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
11760 text with format escapes
11774 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
11783 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
11792 =item Recommended Use
11800 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
11804 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
11812 C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>, C<O_RDWR>
11818 =item C<sdbm store returned -1, errno 22, key "..." at ...>
11822 =item BUGS AND WARNINGS
11826 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
11834 a new namespace, an operator mask
11840 =item RECENT CHANGES
11842 =item Methods in class Safe
11844 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
11845 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
11846 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
11847 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
11849 =item Some Safety Issues
11851 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
11859 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
11869 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
11879 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
11889 =item The __DATA__ token
11891 =item SelfLoader autoloading
11893 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
11895 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
11897 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
11899 =item Classes and inherited methods.
11903 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
11907 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
11919 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
11920 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
11928 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
11929 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
11930 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
11931 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
11932 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
11936 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
11946 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
11958 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
11959 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
11967 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
11968 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
11979 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
11980 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
11988 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
11989 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12000 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
12010 Invalid attribute name %s, Identifier %s used only once: possible typo, No
12011 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword %s not allowed while "strict subs"
12020 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
12032 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
12040 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
12050 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
12051 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
12059 =item Minimal set of supported functions
12061 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
12062 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
12064 =item Additional supported functions
12066 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
12074 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
12084 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
12096 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
12106 =item The test script output
12114 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
12115 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
12116 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
12129 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
12141 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
12152 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
12153 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
12154 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
12155 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
12156 backslashed double-quote)
12162 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
12179 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
12194 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
12208 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
12219 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
12220 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
12221 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
12225 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
12233 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
12241 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12243 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
12249 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
12257 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12259 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
12263 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
12275 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
12285 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
12293 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
12294 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
12295 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
12296 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
12304 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
12313 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
12314 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
12315 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
12316 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
12318 =item MORE INFORMATION
12322 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
12330 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
12331 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
12335 =item MORE INFORMATION
12339 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
12357 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
12366 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
12368 =item MORE INFORMATION
12372 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
12384 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
12392 =item IMPLEMENTATION
12398 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
12413 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
12428 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
12440 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
12448 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
12449 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
12453 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
12468 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
12479 =item System Specifics
12493 =head2 Win32 - Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
12501 =item Alphabetical Listing of Win32 Functions
12503 Win32::AbortSystemShutdown(MACHINE), Win32::BuildNumber(),
12504 Win32::CopyFile(FROM, TO, OVERWRITE), Win32::DomainName(),
12505 Win32::ExpandEnvironmentStrings(STRING), Win32::FormatMessage(ERRORCODE),
12506 Win32::FsType(), Win32::FreeLibrary(HANDLE), Win32::GetArchName(),
12507 Win32::GetChipName(), Win32::GetCwd(), Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME),
12508 Win32::GetLastError(), Win32::GetLongPathName(PATHNAME),
12509 Win32::GetNextAvailDrive(), Win32::GetOSVersion(),
12510 Win32::GetShortPathName(PATHNAME), Win32::GetProcAddress(INSTANCE,
12511 PROCNAME), Win32::GetTickCount(), Win32::InitiateSystemShutdown(MACHINE,
12512 MESSAGE, TIMEOUT, FORCECLOSE, REBOOT), Win32::IsWinNT(), Win32::IsWin95(),
12513 Win32::LoadLibrary(LIBNAME), Win32::LoginName(),
12514 Win32::LookupAccountName(SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SID, SIDTYPE),
12515 Win32::LookupAccountSID(SYSTEM, SID, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SIDTYPE),
12516 Win32::MsgBox(MESSAGE [, FLAGS [, TITLE]]), Win32::NodeName(),
12517 Win32::RegisterServer(LIBRARYNAME), Win32::SetCwd(NEWDIRECTORY),
12518 Win32::SetLastError(ERROR), Win32::Sleep(TIME), Win32::Spawn(COMMAND, ARGS,
12519 PID), Win32::UnregisterServer(LIBRARYNAME)
12525 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
12537 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
12539 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
12540 don't all have manual pages yet:
12566 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles