4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
310 =item BASIC DOCUMENTATION
314 =item perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
316 SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, AVAILABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, AUTHOR, FILES, SEE ALSO,
317 DIAGNOSTICS, BUGS, NOTES
319 =item perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
328 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
336 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
346 =item Simple statements
348 =item Compound statements
356 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
360 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
362 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
368 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
382 =item Scalar value constructors
384 =item List value constructors
388 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
396 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
406 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
408 =item The Arrow Operator
410 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
414 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
416 =item Binding Operators
418 =item Multiplicative Operators
420 =item Additive Operators
422 =item Shift Operators
424 =item Named Unary Operators
426 =item Relational Operators
428 =item Equality Operators
432 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
434 =item C-style Logical And
436 =item C-style Logical Or
438 =item Range Operators
440 =item Conditional Operator
442 =item Assignment Operators
446 =item List Operators (Rightward)
452 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
454 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
456 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
458 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
460 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
462 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
463 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
464 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
465 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
467 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
469 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
470 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
471 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
472 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
477 =item Constant Folding
479 =item Bitwise String Operators
481 =item Integer Arithmetic
483 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
491 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
501 =item Private Variables via my()
503 =item Persistent Private Variables
505 =item Temporary Values via local()
507 =item Lvalue subroutines
509 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
511 =item When to Still Use local()
513 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
514 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
515 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
517 =item Pass by Reference
521 =item Constant Functions
523 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
527 =item Subroutine Attributes
535 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
543 =item Perl Functions by Category
545 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
546 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
547 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
548 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
549 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
550 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
551 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
552 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
553 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
554 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
559 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
561 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
562 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
563 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
564 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
565 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
566 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
567 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
568 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
569 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
570 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
571 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
572 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
573 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
574 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
575 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
576 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
577 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
578 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
579 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
580 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
581 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
582 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
583 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
584 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
585 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
586 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
587 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
588 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST,
589 mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
590 msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR :
591 ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open
592 FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir
593 DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package,
594 package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR,
595 pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT,
596 LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/,
597 qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta,
598 rand EXPR, rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read
599 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR,
600 readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo,
601 ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR,
602 require, reset EXPR, reset, return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir
603 DIRHANDLE, rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME,
604 rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir
605 DIRHANDLE,POS, select FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT,
606 semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
607 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
608 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
609 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
610 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
611 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
612 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
613 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
614 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
615 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
616 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
617 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
618 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
619 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
620 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
621 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
622 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
623 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
624 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
625 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
626 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
627 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
628 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
629 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
630 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
631 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
637 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
643 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
651 =item Making References
653 =item Using References
671 =item Distribution Conditions
677 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
683 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
684 more elaborate constructs
688 =item COMMON MISTAKES
690 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
692 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
698 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
702 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
704 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
706 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
710 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
714 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
716 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
718 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
722 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
726 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
728 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
730 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
734 =item HASHES OF HASHES
738 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
740 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
742 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
746 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
750 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
752 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
754 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
766 =head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
776 =item Simple word matching
778 =item Using character classes
780 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
781 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
782 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
783 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
784 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
785 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n"
787 =item Matching this or that
789 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
791 =item Extracting matches
793 =item Matching repetitions
795 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
796 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
797 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
798 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
803 =item Search and replace
805 =item The split operator
813 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
817 =item Acknowledgments
823 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
831 =item Verbatim Paragraph
833 =item Command Paragraph
835 =item Ordinary Block of Text
839 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
841 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
851 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
859 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
877 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
879 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
880 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
881 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
882 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
884 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
886 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
887 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
888 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
892 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
894 =item Numerical Traps
896 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
898 =item General data type traps
900 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
901 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
903 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
905 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
907 =item Precedence Traps
909 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
912 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
914 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
915 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
918 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
920 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
926 =item Interpolation Traps
928 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
929 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
935 =item Unclassified Traps
937 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
944 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
954 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
956 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
958 =item Location of Perl
960 =item Command Switches
962 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo[=bar,baz]>,
963 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
964 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
965 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
966 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
967 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
974 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
975 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
976 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
980 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
988 =head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
996 =item Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
998 =item What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
1000 =item Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
1004 =item Backward Compatibility
1006 =item Category Hierarchy
1008 =item Fatal Warnings
1010 =item Reporting Warnings from a Module
1022 =head2 perldebtut - Perl debugging tutorial
1030 =item Looking at data and -w
1032 =item Stepping through code
1034 =item Placeholder for a, w, t, T
1036 =item Regular expressions
1038 =item Some ideas for output
1054 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
1060 =item The Perl Debugger
1064 =item Debugger Commands
1066 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
1067 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
1068 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
1069 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
1070 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
1071 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
1072 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
1073 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
1074 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
1076 =item Configurable Options
1078 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
1079 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
1080 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
1081 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
1082 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
1083 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
1085 =item Debugger input/output
1087 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
1090 =item Debugging compile-time statements
1092 =item Debugger Customization
1094 =item Readline Support
1096 =item Editor Support for Debugging
1098 =item The Perl Profiler
1102 =item Debugging regular expressions
1104 =item Debugging memory usage
1112 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1120 =item Predefined Names
1122 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1123 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1124 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1125 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1126 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1127 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1128 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1129 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1130 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1131 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1132 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1133 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1134 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1135 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1136 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1137 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1138 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1139 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1140 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1141 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1142 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1143 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1144 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1145 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1146 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1147 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1148 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1149 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1150 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1152 =item Error Indicators
1154 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1162 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
1168 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
1170 =item Growing Your Own
1172 =item Access and Printing
1182 =head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
1188 =item Open E<agrave> la shell
1196 =item The Minus File
1198 =item Mixing Reads and Writes
1204 =item Open E<agrave> la C
1208 =item Permissions E<agrave> la mode
1212 =item Obscure Open Tricks
1216 =item Re-Opening Files (dups)
1218 =item Dispelling the Dweomer
1220 =item Paths as Opens
1222 =item Single Argument Open
1224 =item Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
1228 =item Other I/O Issues
1232 =item Opening Non-File Files
1242 =item AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
1248 =head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
1254 =item Part 1: The basics
1258 =item Simple word matching
1260 =item Using character classes
1262 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
1263 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
1264 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
1265 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
1266 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
1267 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
1268 Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
1269 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1270 end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
1271 single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
1272 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1273 end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
1274 of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
1275 C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
1276 string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
1277 but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
1278 C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
1279 line within the string
1281 =item Matching this or that
1283 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
1285 0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
1286 alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
1287 so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
1288 So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
1289 group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
1290 and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
1291 second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
1292 the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
1293 character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
1294 matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
1295 the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
1298 =item Extracting matches
1300 =item Matching repetitions
1302 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
1303 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
1304 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
1305 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
1306 times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
1307 earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
1308 C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
1309 regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
1310 C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
1311 as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
1312 there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
1313 if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
1314 the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
1315 will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
1316 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1317 all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
1318 0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
1319 times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
1320 i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
1321 least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
1322 C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
1323 C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
1324 C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
1325 consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
1326 the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
1327 (little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
1328 match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
1329 to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
1330 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1331 all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
1332 string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
1333 string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
1334 the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
1335 element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
1336 backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
1337 Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
1338 and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
1340 =item Building a regexp
1342 specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
1343 parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
1344 and optimizing the final combined regexp
1346 =item Using regular expressions in Perl
1350 =item Part 2: Power tools
1354 =item More on characters, strings, and character classes
1356 =item Compiling and saving regular expressions
1358 =item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
1360 =item Non-capturing groupings
1362 =item Looking ahead and looking behind
1364 =item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
1366 =item Conditional expressions
1368 =item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
1370 =item Pragmas and debugging
1378 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1382 =item Acknowledgments
1388 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
1398 =item Making References
1400 =item Using References
1402 =item Symbolic references
1404 =item Not-so-symbolic references
1406 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
1408 =item Function Templates
1418 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1428 =item Regular Expressions
1430 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1432 =item Extended Patterns
1434 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1435 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1436 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1437 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1441 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1443 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1445 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1447 =item Combining pieces together
1449 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1450 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1451 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1452 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1454 =item Creating custom RE engines
1464 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
1472 =item Format Variables
1482 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
1490 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
1497 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
1503 =item The use locale pragma
1505 =item The setlocale function
1507 =item Finding locales
1509 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
1511 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
1513 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
1515 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
1517 =item Fixing system locale configuration
1519 =item The localeconv function
1523 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
1527 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
1529 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
1531 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
1533 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
1537 =item Other categories
1543 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
1544 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
1545 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
1546 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
1547 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
1548 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
1549 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
1550 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
1554 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
1555 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
1561 =item Backward compatibility
1563 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
1565 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
1567 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
1569 =item Freely available locale definitions
1573 =item An imperfect standard
1581 =item Broken systems
1591 =head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
1599 =item Important Caveat
1601 Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
1602 to enable a few features
1604 =item Byte and Character semantics
1606 =item Effects of character semantics
1608 =item Character encodings for input and output
1618 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
1619 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
1635 =item Using open() for IPC
1641 =item Background Processes
1643 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
1645 =item Safe Pipe Opens
1647 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
1649 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
1653 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
1657 =item Internet Line Terminators
1659 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
1661 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
1665 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
1669 =item A Simple Client
1671 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
1673 =item A Webget Client
1675 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
1679 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
1681 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
1683 =item UDP: Message Passing
1697 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
1707 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
1709 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
1710 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
1711 files, directories and network sockets
1713 =item Resource limits
1715 =item Killing the parent process
1717 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
1719 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
1721 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
1722 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
1723 application, Thread-safety of extensions
1735 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
1743 =item Storing numbers
1745 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
1747 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
1749 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
1750 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
1751 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
1760 =head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
1766 =item What Is A Thread Anyway?
1768 =item Threaded Program Models
1780 =item Native threads
1782 =item What kind of threads are perl threads?
1784 =item Threadsafe Modules
1790 =item Basic Thread Support
1792 =item Creating Threads
1794 =item Giving up control
1796 =item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
1798 =item Errors In Threads
1800 =item Ignoring A Thread
1804 =item Threads And Data
1808 =item Shared And Unshared Data
1810 =item Thread Pitfall: Races
1812 =item Controlling access: lock()
1814 =item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
1816 =item Queues: Passing Data Around
1820 =item Threads And Code
1824 =item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
1826 Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
1828 =item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
1830 =item Subroutine Locks
1834 =item Locking A Subroutine
1838 =item General Thread Utility Routines
1842 =item What Thread Am I In?
1846 =item Are These Threads The Same?
1848 =item What Threads Are Running?
1852 =item A Complete Example
1860 =item Introductory Texts
1862 =item OS-Related References
1864 =item Other References
1868 =item Acknowledgements
1876 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
1882 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
1891 =item Numbers endianness and Width
1893 =item Files and Filesystems
1895 =item System Interaction
1897 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
1899 =item External Subroutines (XS)
1901 =item Standard Modules
1905 =item Character sets and character encoding
1907 =item Internationalisation
1909 =item System Resources
1919 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
1920 http://testers.cpan.org/
1928 =item DOS and Derivatives
1930 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
1938 =item EBCDIC Platforms
1946 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
1950 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1952 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
1953 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
1954 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
1955 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
1956 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
1957 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
1958 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
1959 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
1960 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
1961 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
1962 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
1963 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
1964 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
1965 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
1966 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
1967 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
1968 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
1969 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
1970 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
1971 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
1972 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
1973 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1974 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
1975 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
1976 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
1982 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
1983 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
1984 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
1985 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
1986 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
1989 =item Supported Platforms
1993 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
1999 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
2007 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
2009 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
2011 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
2015 =item Protecting Your Programs
2023 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
2031 =item If we could talk to the animals...
2033 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
2035 =item Invoking a barnyard
2037 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2039 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2041 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2043 =item A few notes about @ISA
2045 =item Overriding the methods
2047 =item Starting the search from a different place
2049 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2051 =item Where we're at so far...
2053 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2055 =item Invoking an instance method
2057 =item Accessing the instance data
2059 =item How to build a horse
2061 =item Inheriting the constructor
2063 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2065 =item Adding parameters to a method
2067 =item More interesting instances
2069 =item A horse of a different color
2081 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2087 =item Creating a Class
2091 =item Object Representation
2093 =item Class Interface
2095 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2097 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2101 =item Other Object Methods
2109 =item Accessing Class Data
2111 =item Debugging Methods
2113 =item Class Destructors
2115 =item Documenting the Interface
2125 =item Overridden Methods
2127 =item Multiple Inheritance
2129 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2133 =item Alternate Object Representations
2137 =item Arrays as Objects
2139 =item Closures as Objects
2143 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2147 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2149 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2153 =item Metaclassical Tools
2159 =item Data Members as Variables
2163 =item Object Terminology
2169 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2175 =item Acknowledgments
2181 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2187 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2191 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2193 =item Inheritance Concerns
2195 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2197 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2199 =item Monadic Classes
2201 =item Translucent Attributes
2205 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2209 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2211 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2213 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2215 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2217 =item Translucency Revisited
2225 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2227 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2233 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2241 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2243 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2245 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2247 =item Method Invocation
2251 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2253 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2259 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2267 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2273 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2275 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2277 =item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
2279 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2281 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2283 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2285 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2287 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2289 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2291 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2297 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2309 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2313 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2318 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2319 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2320 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2322 =item Tying FileHandles
2324 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2325 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2327 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2339 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
2351 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
2363 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
2369 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
2373 =item Pragmatic Modules
2375 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
2376 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops,
2377 overload, re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
2379 =item Standard Modules
2381 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
2382 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2383 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
2384 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
2385 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
2386 Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
2387 English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
2388 ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
2389 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
2390 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
2391 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
2392 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
2393 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
2394 File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
2395 File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
2396 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
2397 I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
2398 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
2399 Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
2400 Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser,
2401 Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Termcap,
2402 Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell,
2403 Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine,
2404 Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex,
2405 Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar,
2406 Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm,
2407 UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
2409 =item Extension Modules
2415 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2416 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2417 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2418 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2419 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2420 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2421 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2422 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2423 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2424 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2425 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2426 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2427 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2428 North America, South America
2430 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2434 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2436 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2437 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2438 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2439 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2440 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2441 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2442 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2443 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2444 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2445 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2446 care when changing a released module
2448 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2450 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2451 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2452 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2453 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2455 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2457 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2458 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2459 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2460 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2461 can then be reduced to a small
2469 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2479 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2480 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2492 =head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
2502 =item What should I make into a module?
2504 =item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
2506 Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
2508 =item Step-by-step: Making the module
2510 Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
2511 L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
2512 documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
2514 =item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
2516 Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
2517 tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
2527 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
2528 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2538 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
2540 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
2542 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
2544 =item What is perl6?
2546 =item How stable is Perl?
2548 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
2550 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
2553 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
2555 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
2557 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
2559 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
2561 =item What is a JAPH?
2563 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
2565 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
2566 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
2570 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2574 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
2575 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
2583 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
2585 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
2587 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
2589 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
2592 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
2593 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
2595 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
2596 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
2598 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
2600 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
2602 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
2604 =item Where should I post source code?
2608 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
2610 =item Perl in Magazines
2612 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
2614 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
2616 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
2618 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
2620 =item Where do I send bug reports?
2622 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
2626 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2630 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2639 =item How do I do (anything)?
2641 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
2643 =item Is there a Perl shell?
2645 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
2647 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
2649 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
2651 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
2653 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
2655 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
2657 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
2659 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
2661 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
2663 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
2665 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
2667 =item What is undump?
2669 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
2671 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
2673 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
2675 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
2677 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
2679 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
2681 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
2683 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
2685 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
2687 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
2689 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
2691 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
2693 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
2695 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
2697 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
2698 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
2700 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
2703 =item What's MakeMaker?
2707 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2711 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2722 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
2723 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
2725 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
2727 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
2730 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
2732 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
2734 =item How do I multiply matrices?
2736 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
2738 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
2740 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
2748 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
2750 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
2752 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
2754 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
2756 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
2758 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
2760 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
2768 =item How do I validate input?
2770 =item How do I unescape a string?
2772 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
2774 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
2776 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
2778 =item How do I reverse a string?
2780 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
2782 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
2784 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
2786 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
2788 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
2791 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
2793 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
2794 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
2796 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
2798 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
2800 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
2802 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
2804 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
2806 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
2808 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
2810 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
2811 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
2820 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
2822 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
2824 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
2826 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
2827 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
2828 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
2829 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
2832 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
2834 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
2835 intersection of two arrays?
2837 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
2839 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
2841 =item How do I handle linked lists?
2843 =item How do I handle circular lists?
2845 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
2847 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
2849 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
2851 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
2853 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
2855 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
2857 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
2861 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
2865 =item How do I process an entire hash?
2867 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
2870 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
2872 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
2874 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
2876 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
2878 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
2880 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
2882 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
2884 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
2886 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
2888 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
2890 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
2893 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
2894 array of hashes or arrays?
2896 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
2904 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
2906 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
2908 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
2910 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
2912 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
2914 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
2916 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
2920 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2924 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2933 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
2935 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
2936 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
2938 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
2940 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
2942 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
2944 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
2945 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
2947 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
2949 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
2951 =item How can I write() into a string?
2953 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
2955 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
2957 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
2959 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
2961 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
2963 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
2965 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
2967 =item How can I lock a file?
2969 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
2971 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
2972 the file. How can I do this?
2974 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
2976 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
2978 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
2980 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
2982 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
2984 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
2986 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
2988 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
2990 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
2992 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
2994 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
2996 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
2997 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
2999 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
3001 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
3002 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
3004 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
3006 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
3010 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3014 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
3022 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
3023 and unmaintainable code?
3025 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
3027 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
3029 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
3032 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
3034 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
3037 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
3039 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
3041 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
3043 =item What is C</o> really for?
3045 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
3048 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
3050 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
3052 =item How do I process each word on each line?
3054 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
3056 =item How can I do approximate matching?
3058 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
3060 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
3062 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
3064 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
3066 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
3068 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
3070 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
3072 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
3076 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3080 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
3081 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
3089 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
3091 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
3094 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
3097 =item How do I skip some return values?
3099 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
3101 =item What's an extension?
3103 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
3105 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
3107 =item How do I create a module?
3109 =item How do I create a class?
3111 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
3113 =item What's a closure?
3115 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
3117 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
3120 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
3123 =item How do I create a static variable?
3125 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
3126 Between local() and my()?
3128 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
3131 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
3133 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
3135 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
3137 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
3139 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
3141 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
3143 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
3145 =item How can I find out my current package?
3147 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
3149 =item How do I clear a package?
3151 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
3155 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3159 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
3168 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
3170 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
3172 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
3174 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
3176 =item How do I print something out in color?
3178 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
3180 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
3182 =item How do I clear the screen?
3184 =item How do I get the screen size?
3186 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
3188 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
3190 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
3192 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
3194 =item How do I start a process in the background?
3196 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
3198 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
3200 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
3202 =item How do I set the time and date?
3204 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
3206 =item How can I measure time under a second?
3208 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
3210 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
3211 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
3213 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
3215 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
3217 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
3219 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
3221 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
3223 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
3225 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
3227 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
3229 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
3231 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
3234 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
3236 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
3238 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
3240 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
3243 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
3244 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
3245 changes to be visible?
3249 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
3252 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
3254 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
3256 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
3258 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
3260 =item How do I set CPU limits?
3262 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
3264 =item How do I use an SQL database?
3266 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
3268 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
3270 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
3272 =item What's the difference between require and use?
3274 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
3276 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
3279 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
3281 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
3285 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3289 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
3298 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
3301 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
3303 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
3305 =item How do I extract URLs?
3307 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
3308 file on another machine?
3310 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
3312 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
3314 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
3316 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
3318 =item How do I redirect to another page?
3320 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
3322 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
3324 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
3325 CGI script to do bad things?
3327 =item How do I parse a mail header?
3329 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
3331 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
3333 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
3335 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
3337 =item How do I send mail?
3339 =item How do I read mail?
3341 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
3343 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
3345 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
3347 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
3351 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3355 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3365 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3369 =item Using The Back Ends
3373 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3377 =item The Decompiling Back End
3379 =item The Lint Back End
3381 =item The Simple C Back End
3383 =item The Bytecode Back End
3385 =item The Optimized C Back End
3387 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3388 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3389 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3393 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3399 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3409 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3410 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3414 =item Compiling your C program
3416 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3418 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3420 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3422 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3424 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3426 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3428 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3430 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3435 =item Embedding Perl under Windows
3445 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
3451 =item Debugger Internals
3455 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
3459 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
3461 =item Debugging regular expressions
3465 =item Compile-time output
3467 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
3468 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
3469 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
3472 =item Types of nodes
3474 =item Run-time output
3478 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
3482 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
3484 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
3485 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
3488 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3490 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3492 =item B<-DL> details
3496 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3504 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3516 =item Version caveat
3518 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3530 =item What has gone on?
3532 =item Writing good test scripts
3536 =item What's new here?
3538 =item Input and Output Parameters
3540 =item The XSUBPP Program
3542 =item The TYPEMAP file
3544 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3548 =item What has happened here?
3550 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3552 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3554 =item More about XSUB arguments
3556 =item The Argument Stack
3558 =item Extending your Extension
3560 =item Documenting your Extension
3562 =item Installing your Extension
3566 =item New Things in this Example
3570 =item New Things in this Example
3572 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3574 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3576 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3578 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3594 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3606 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3608 =item The Argument Stack
3610 =item The RETVAL Variable
3612 =item The MODULE Keyword
3614 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3616 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3618 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3620 =item The CODE: Keyword
3622 =item The INIT: Keyword
3624 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3626 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3628 =item Default Parameter Values
3630 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3632 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3634 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3636 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3638 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3640 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3642 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3644 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3646 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3648 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3650 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3652 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3654 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3656 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3658 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3660 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3662 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3664 =item The CASE: Keyword
3666 =item The & Unary Operator
3668 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3670 =item Using XS With C++
3672 =item Interface Strategy
3674 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3688 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3700 =item What is an "IV"?
3702 =item Working with SVs
3704 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3706 =item Working with AVs
3708 =item Working with HVs
3710 =item Hash API Extensions
3714 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3716 =item Creating New Variables
3718 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3720 =item Stashes and Globs
3722 =item Double-Typed SVs
3724 =item Magic Variables
3726 =item Assigning Magic
3728 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3732 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3734 =item Localizing changes
3736 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3737 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3738 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3739 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3740 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3741 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3742 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3743 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3744 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3752 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3754 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3756 =item Memory Allocation
3760 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3764 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3774 =item Examining the tree
3776 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3778 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3780 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3782 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3786 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3790 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3792 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3794 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3798 =item Internal Functions
3800 A, p, d, s, n, r, f, m, o, j, x
3804 =item Formatted Printing of IVs and UVs
3806 =item Source Documentation
3810 =item Unicode Support
3814 =item What B<is> Unicode, anyway?
3816 =item How can I recognise a UTF8 string?
3818 =item How does UTF8 represent Unicode characters?
3820 =item How does Perl store UTF8 strings?
3822 =item How do I convert a string to UTF8?
3824 =item Is there anything else I need to know?
3834 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3840 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3842 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3844 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3864 =item Determining the Context
3868 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3874 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3876 =item Passing Parameters
3878 =item Returning a Scalar
3880 =item Returning a list of values
3882 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3884 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3888 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3892 =item Using call_argv
3894 =item Using call_method
3898 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3900 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3902 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3903 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3906 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3908 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3920 =head2 perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
3930 L<perldoc|perldoc>, L<pod2man|pod2man> and L<pod2text|pod2text>,
3931 L<pod2html|pod2html> and L<pod2latex|pod2latex>, L<pod2usage|pod2usage>,
3932 L<podselect|podselect>, L<podchecker|podchecker>, L<splain|splain>,
3933 L<roffitall|roffitall>
3937 L<a2p|a2p>, L<s2p|s2p>, L<find2perl|find2perl>
3941 L<perlbug|perlbug>, L<h2ph|h2ph>, L<c2ph|c2ph> and L<pstruct|pstruct>,
3942 L<h2xs|h2xs>, L<dprofpp|dprofpp>, L<perlcc|perlcc>
3950 =head2 perlfilter - Source Filters
3960 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
3962 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
3964 B<Decryption Filters>
3966 =item CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
3968 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
3970 =item USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
3982 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
3990 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
3991 B<filter_fetch_value>
3997 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
3999 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
4009 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
4015 AvFILL, av_clear, av_delete, av_exists, av_extend, av_fetch, av_fill,
4016 av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift,
4017 bytes_to_utf8, call_argv, call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS, Copy,
4018 croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv,
4019 eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, get_av, get_cv, get_hv,
4020 get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod,
4021 gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD,
4022 G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV,
4023 HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete,
4024 hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent,
4025 hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv,
4026 hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA,
4027 isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number,
4028 MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
4029 mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
4030 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv,
4031 newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv,
4032 ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse,
4033 perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal,
4034 PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs,
4035 PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc,
4036 require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST,
4037 strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy,
4038 SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off,
4039 SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off,
4040 SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK,
4041 SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force,
4042 SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off,
4043 SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT,
4044 SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, svtype, SvTYPE, SVt_IV,
4045 SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUV,
4046 SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn,
4047 sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_clear,
4048 sv_cmp, sv_cmp_locale, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_free, sv_gets,
4049 sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_len_utf8,
4050 sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_pvn_force, sv_pvutf8n_force,
4051 sv_reftype, sv_replace, sv_rvweaken, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv,
4052 sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg,
4053 sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv,
4054 sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg,
4055 sv_true, sv_unmagic, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg,
4056 sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode, sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_vcatpvfn,
4057 sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, U8 *s, utf8_to_bytes, warn, XPUSHi,
4058 XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV,
4059 XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES,
4060 XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION,
4061 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
4069 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
4084 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
4092 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
4093 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
4094 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
4095 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
4096 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
4097 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
4098 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
4099 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
4100 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
4101 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
4105 =item Co-existence with stdio
4107 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
4108 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
4109 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
4110 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
4111 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
4112 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
4118 =head2 perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
4124 =item Infrastructure
4128 =item Mailing list archives
4130 =item Bug tracking system
4132 =item Regression Tests
4134 Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to
4157 Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs
4161 =item Perl Internals
4167 =item Garbage Collection
4169 =item Reliable signals
4171 Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed
4172 sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN
4174 =item Interpolated regex performance bugs
4176 =item Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp
4178 =item Make XS easier to use
4180 =item Make embedded Perl easier to use
4182 =item Namespace cleanup
4194 =item A clear division into tutorial and reference
4196 =item Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions
4198 =item More tutorials
4200 Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging
4202 =item Include a search tool
4204 =item Include a locate tool
4206 =item Separate function manpages by default
4208 =item Users can't find the manpages
4210 =item Install ALL Documentation
4212 =item Outstanding issues to be documented
4214 =item Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl
4216 =item Replace man with a perl program
4218 =item Unicode tutorial
4226 =item Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition 2
4228 =item Module versions
4236 VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice
4238 =item Procedural options
4242 =item y2k localtime/gmtime
4244 =item Export File::Find variables
4248 =item Debugger attach/detach
4250 =item Regular Expression debugger
4252 =item Alternative RE Syntax
4254 =item Bundled modules
4260 =item Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc.
4262 =item POD Converters
4278 =item POSIX on non-POSIX
4280 =item Portable installations
4288 =item Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest
4290 =item Sort out the spawnvp() mess
4292 =item Work out DLL versioning
4298 =item Would be nice to have
4300 C<pack "(stuff)*">, Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled
4301 perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format
4302 BOTTOM, -i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input
4303 should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun
4304 debugger, lvalue functions
4306 =item Possible pragmas
4318 =item constant function cache
4320 =item foreach(reverse...)
4322 =item Cache eval tree
4326 =item Shrink opcode tables
4328 =item Cache hash value
4330 =item Optimize away @_ where possible
4332 =item Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b }
4334 =item Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization
4338 =item Vague possibilities
4340 ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?,
4341 Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real
4342 threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al
4344 =item To Do Or Not To Do
4348 =item Making my() work on "package" variables
4350 =item "or" testing defined not truth
4352 =item "dynamic" lexicals
4354 =item "class"-based, rather than package-based "lexicals"
4370 =item External threads
4376 =item Per-thread GVs
4388 =item Precompiled modules
4392 =item Typed lexicals
4402 =item Cached compilation
4406 =item Recently Finished Tasks
4410 =item Figure a way out of $^(capital letter)
4416 =item Namespace cleanup
4428 =head2 perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
4434 Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the
4435 implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is
4436 the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does
4437 it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is
4438 the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough
4439 documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much
4440 work?, Patches speak louder than words, L<perlguts>, L<perlxstut> and
4441 L<perlxs>, L<perlapi>, F<Porting/pumpkin.pod>, The perl5-porters FAQ
4445 =item Finding Your Way Around
4447 Core modules, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter
4449 =item Elements of the interpreter
4451 Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running
4453 =item Internal Variable Types
4459 Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack
4461 =item Millions of Macros
4463 =item Poking at Perl
4465 =item Using a source-level debugger
4467 run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue,
4470 =item Dumping Perl Data Structures
4476 I<The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began.>
4484 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
4492 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
4504 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
4506 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
4510 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
4514 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.8.0
4520 =item Core Enhancements
4522 =item Modules and Pragmata
4524 =item Utility Changes
4526 =item Improved Documentation
4528 =item Performance enhancements
4530 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4534 =item gcc automatically tried if 'cc' does not seem to be working
4538 =item Platform specific changes
4540 =item Significant bug fixes
4542 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4544 (perhaps you forgot to load "%s"?), Ambiguous range in transliteration
4549 =item Incompatible Changes
4551 =item Known Problems
4553 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4555 =item Reporting Bugs
4563 =head2 perl56delta, perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4569 =item Core Enhancements
4573 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4575 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4577 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4579 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4581 =item "our" declarations
4583 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4585 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4587 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4589 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4591 =item open() with more than two arguments
4593 =item 64-bit support
4595 =item Large file support
4601 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4603 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4605 =item File globbing implemented internally
4607 =item Support for CHECK blocks
4609 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4611 =item Better pseudo-random number generator
4613 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4615 =item Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4617 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4619 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4621 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4623 =item Comments in pack() templates
4625 =item Weak references
4627 =item Binary numbers supported
4629 =item Lvalue subroutines
4631 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4633 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4635 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4637 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4639 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4641 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4643 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4645 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4647 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4649 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4651 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4653 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4655 =item Improved diagnostics
4657 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4659 =item More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4661 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4663 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4665 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4667 =item Improved security features
4669 =item More functional bareword prototype (*)
4671 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4673 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4675 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4677 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4679 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4681 =item Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings
4685 =item Modules and Pragmata
4691 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4692 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4693 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4694 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4695 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4696 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4697 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4698 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4704 =item Utility Changes
4718 =item The Perl Debugger
4722 =item Improved Documentation
4724 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4725 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4726 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4727 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4729 =item Performance enhancements
4733 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4735 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4737 =item Faster subroutine calls
4739 =item delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4743 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4747 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4749 =item New Configure flags
4751 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4757 =item -Duselargefiles
4759 =item installusrbinperl
4765 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
4769 =item Platform specific changes
4773 =item Supported platforms
4777 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
4785 =item Significant bug fixes
4789 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
4791 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
4793 =item All compilation errors are true errors
4795 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
4797 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
4799 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
4801 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
4803 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
4805 =item Failures in DESTROY()
4807 =item Locale bugs fixed
4811 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
4813 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
4815 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
4817 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
4821 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4823 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
4824 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
4825 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
4826 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
4827 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
4828 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
4829 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
4830 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
4831 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
4832 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
4833 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
4834 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
4835 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
4836 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
4837 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
4838 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
4839 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
4840 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
4841 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
4842 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
4843 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
4844 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
4845 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
4846 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
4847 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
4848 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
4849 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
4850 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
4851 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
4852 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
4853 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
4854 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
4855 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
4856 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
4857 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
4858 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
4859 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
4860 around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string,
4861 Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS"
4862 instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows,
4863 Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored,
4864 Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on
4865 zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This
4866 Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL
4867 environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode
4868 '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized
4869 escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute
4870 list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in
4871 subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of
4872 CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
4876 =item Incompatible Changes
4880 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
4882 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed,
4883 Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form
4884 C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number
4885 generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, C<undef> fails on
4886 read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles,
4887 Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, delete(), values() and
4888 C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS)
4889 enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed,
4890 C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator,
4891 Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed, Semantics of bit
4892 operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their
4895 =item C Source Incompatibilities
4897 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
4899 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
4901 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
4903 =item Binary Incompatibilities
4907 =item Known Problems
4911 =item Thread test failures
4913 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
4915 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
4917 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
4919 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
4922 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
4924 =item Arrow operator and arrays
4926 =item Experimental features
4928 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
4929 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
4930 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
4935 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4937 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
4938 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as
4939 \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>"
4940 to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
4942 =item Reporting Bugs
4950 =head2 perl5005delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.005
4956 =item About the new versioning system
4958 =item Incompatible Changes
4962 =item WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
4964 =item Default installation structure has changed
4966 =item Perl Source Compatibility
4968 =item C Source Compatibility
4970 Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must
4971 now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source
4972 compatibility issues
4974 =item Binary Compatibility
4976 =item Security fixes may affect compatibility
4978 =item Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
4992 =item Regular Expressions
4994 Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression
4995 constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other
4996 improvements, Incompatible changes
4998 =item Improved malloc()
5000 =item Quicksort is internally implemented
5002 =item Reliable signals
5004 =item Reliable stack pointers
5006 =item More generous treatment of carriage returns
5010 =item Better support for multiple interpreters
5012 =item Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
5014 =item C<%!> is transparently tied to the L<Errno> module
5016 =item Pseudo-hashes are supported
5018 =item C<EXPR foreach EXPR> is supported
5020 =item Keywords can be globally overridden
5022 =item C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32
5024 =item C<foreach (1..1000000)> optimized
5026 =item C<Foo::> can be used as implicitly quoted package name
5028 =item C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> tests existence of a package
5030 =item Better locale support
5032 =item Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
5034 =item prototype() returns useful results on builtins
5036 =item Extended support for exception handling
5038 =item Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
5040 =item All C<printf> format conversions are handled internally
5042 =item New C<INIT> keyword
5044 =item New C<lock> keyword
5046 =item New C<qr//> operator
5048 =item C<our> is now a reserved word
5050 =item Tied arrays are now fully supported
5052 =item Tied handles support is better
5054 =item 4th argument to substr
5056 =item Negative LENGTH argument to splice
5058 =item Magic lvalues are now more magical
5060 =item <> now reads in records
5064 =item Supported Platforms
5070 =item Changes in existing support
5074 =item Modules and Pragmata
5080 B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed,
5081 ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
5082 Thread, attrs, fields, re
5084 =item Changes in existing modules
5086 Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File,
5087 MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark
5091 =item Utility Changes
5093 =item Documentation Changes
5095 =item New Diagnostics
5097 Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index
5098 while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent
5099 package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check
5100 filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't
5101 goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element,
5102 Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber
5103 for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions,
5104 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character
5105 class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in
5106 insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s:
5107 Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming
5108 package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such
5109 field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously
5110 large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance
5111 detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found
5112 where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use
5113 of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed
5115 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5117 Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s, Cannot open
5118 temporary file, regexp too big
5120 =item Configuration Changes
5130 =head2 perl5004delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.004
5136 =item Supported Environments
5142 =item List assignment to %ENV works
5144 =item "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error now lists @INC
5146 =item Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
5148 =item $PERL5OPT environment variable
5150 =item Limitations on B<-M>, B<-m>, and B<-T> options
5152 =item More precise warnings
5154 =item Deprecated: Inherited C<AUTOLOAD> for non-methods
5156 =item Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
5158 =item Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
5160 =item Group vector changeable with C<$)>
5162 =item Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
5164 =item Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc.
5166 =item No resetting of $. on implicit close
5168 =item C<wantarray> may return undef
5170 =item C<eval EXPR> determines value of EXPR in scalar context
5172 =item Changes to tainting checks
5174 No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No
5175 spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
5177 =item New Opcode module and revised Safe module
5179 =item Embedding improvements
5181 =item Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
5183 =item Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
5185 =item New and changed syntax
5189 =item New and changed builtin constants
5193 =item New and changed builtin variables
5197 =item New and changed builtin functions
5199 delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in
5200 Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module
5201 VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, C<m//gc> does not
5202 reset search position on failure, C<m//x> ignores whitespace before ?*+{},
5203 nested C<sub{}> closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals
5205 =item New builtin methods
5207 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
5209 =item TIEHANDLE now supported
5211 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this
5212 LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
5214 =item Malloc enhancements
5216 -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
5218 =item Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
5222 =item Support for More Operating Systems
5238 use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use
5239 constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
5245 =item Required Updates
5247 =item Installation directories
5249 =item Module information summary
5263 =item Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
5267 =item Utility Changes
5273 Sends converted HTML to standard output
5277 C<void> XSUBs now default to returning nothing
5281 =item C Language API Changes
5283 C<gv_fetchmethod> and C<perl_call_sv>, C<perl_eval_pv>, Extended API for
5286 =item Documentation Changes
5288 L<perldelta>, L<perlfaq>, L<perllocale>, L<perltoot>, L<perlapio>,
5289 L<perlmodlib>, L<perldebug>, L<perlsec>
5291 =item New Diagnostics
5293 "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is
5294 not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too
5295 large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free
5296 nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
5297 Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort
5298 subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
5299 use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant
5300 subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did
5301 not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too
5302 long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT:
5303 %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number,
5304 internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type
5305 in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once:
5306 possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of
5307 memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible
5308 attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words
5309 with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found
5310 while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for
5311 "B<-T>" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist,
5312 Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to
5313 mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with
5314 defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay
5315 shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in
5316 prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX,
5317 PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
5327 =head2 perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS (possibly very outdated information)
5343 B<Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library>, B<Version of Amiga OS>
5345 =item Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS
5347 =item Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS
5349 fork(), some features of the UNIX filesystem regarding link count and file
5350 dates, inplace operation (the -i switch) without backup file, umask()
5351 works, but the correct permissions are only set when the file is
5358 =item Accessing documentation
5366 =item B<GNU> C<info> files
5378 =item Getting the perl source
5384 =item Installing the built perl
5394 =head2 perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
5404 =item Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it)
5406 =item Cygwin Configuration
5408 C<PATH>, I<nroff>, Permissions
5416 =item Strip Binaries
5418 =item Optional Libraries
5420 C<-lcrypt>, C<-lgdbm> (C<use GDBM_File>), C<-ldb> (C<use DB_File>),
5421 C<-lcygipc> (C<use IPC::SysV>)
5423 =item Configure-time Options
5425 C<-Uusedl>, C<-Uusemymalloc>, C<-Dusemultiplicity>, C<-Duseperlio>,
5426 C<-Duse64bitint>, C<-Duselongdouble>, C<-Dusethreads>, C<-Duselargefiles>
5428 =item Suspicious Warnings
5430 I<dlsym()>, Win9x and C<d_eofnblk>, Checking how std your stdio is..,
5431 Compiler/Preprocessor defines
5449 =item File Permissions
5453 =item Filetime Granularity
5455 =item Tainting Checks
5459 =item Script Portability
5461 Pathnames, Text/Binary, F<.exe>, chown(), Miscellaneous
5469 Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl
5470 Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts
5480 =head2 perldos - Perl under DOS, W31, W95.
5494 =item Shortcomings of Perl under DOS
5510 =head2 perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix
5519 =item Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX
5529 =item Portability Between PA-RISC Versions
5531 =item Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX
5533 =item The HP ANSI C Compiler
5535 =item Using Large Files with Perl
5541 =item GDBM and Threads
5543 =item NFS filesystems and utime(2)
5545 =item perl -P and //
5555 =head2 perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen
5564 =item Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen
5566 =item Failures during C<make test>
5568 op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t
5570 =item Building external modules
5580 =head2 perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
5596 EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh
5598 =item Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...)
5600 =item Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl
5606 =item Frequently asked questions
5610 =item I cannot run external programs
5612 =item I cannot embed perl into my program, or use F<perl.dll> from my
5615 Is your program EMX-compiled with C<-Zmt -Zcrtdll>?, Did you use
5618 =item C<``> and pipe-C<open> do not work under DOS.
5620 =item Cannot start C<find.exe "pattern" file>
5628 =item Automatic binary installation
5630 C<PERL_BADLANG>, C<PERL_BADFREE>, F<Config.pm>
5632 =item Manual binary installation
5634 Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable
5635 (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library,
5636 Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl
5637 and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation,
5638 Perl manual in F<.INF> format, Pdksh
5644 =item Accessing documentation
5648 =item OS/2 F<.INF> file
5656 =item GNU C<info> files
5670 =item Getting perl source
5672 =item Application of the patches
5680 A lot of C<bad free>, Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, F<op/fs.t>,
5681 F<lib/io_pipe.t>, F<lib/io_sock.t>, F<op/stat.t>, F<lib/io_udp.t>
5683 =item Installing the built perl
5685 =item C<a.out>-style build
5693 =item Some C</> became C<\> in pdksh.
5695 =item C<'errno'> - unresolved external
5697 =item Problems with tr or sed
5699 =item Some problem (forget which ;-)
5701 =item Library ... not found
5703 =item Segfault in make
5707 =item Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port
5711 =item C<setpriority>, C<getpriority>
5715 =item C<extproc> on the first line
5717 =item Additional modules:
5719 =item Prebuilt methods:
5721 C<File::Copy::syscopy>, C<DynaLoader::mod2fname>, C<Cwd::current_drive()>,
5722 C<Cwd::sys_chdir(name)>, C<Cwd::change_drive(name)>,
5723 C<Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)>,
5724 C<Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_cwd(name)>,
5725 C<Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)>, C<Cwd::extLibpath([type])>,
5726 C<Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )>
5732 C<popen>, C<tmpnam>, C<tmpfile>, C<ctermid>, C<stat>, C<flock>
5746 =item F<perl___.exe>
5748 =item Why strange names?
5750 =item Why dynamic linking?
5752 =item Why chimera build?
5754 explicit fork(), open FH, "|-", open FH, "-|"
5762 =item C<PERLLIB_PREFIX>
5764 =item C<PERL_BADLANG>
5766 =item C<PERL_BADFREE>
5768 =item C<PERL_SH_DIR>
5770 =item C<USE_PERL_FLOCK>
5772 =item C<TMP> or C<TEMP>
5782 =item DLL name mangling
5786 =item Calls to external programs
5788 =item Memory allocation
5792 C<COND_WAIT>, F<os2.c>
5806 =head2 perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390.
5818 =item Setup and utilities
5822 =item Build, test, install
5844 =head2 perlposix-bc, README.posix-bc - building and installing Perl for
5885 =head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
5893 =item Organization of Perl Images
5899 =item Perl Extensions
5901 =item Installing static extensions
5903 =item Installing dynamic extensions
5907 =item File specifications
5913 =item Wildcard expansion
5919 =item PERL5LIB and PERLLIB
5925 =item I/O redirection and backgrounding
5927 =item Command line switches
5933 =item Perl functions
5935 File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump,
5936 exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select
5937 (system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime
5938 LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS
5940 =item Perl variables
5942 %ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $|
5944 =item Standard modules with VMS-specific differences
5958 =head2 perlwin32 - Perl under Win32
5970 Make, Command Shell, Borland C++, Microsoft Visual C++, Mingw32 with GCC
5980 Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line,
5981 Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific
5982 Extensions, Running Perl Scripts, Miscellaneous Things
5986 =item BUGS AND CAVEATS
5996 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
5998 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6010 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6020 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
6030 =item Built-in Attributes
6032 locked, method, lvalue
6034 =item Available Subroutines
6038 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
6040 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
6042 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
6050 =item Default exports
6052 =item Available exports
6054 =item Export tags defined
6064 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6076 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
6092 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
6106 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
6120 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
6133 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
6142 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
6148 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
6158 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
6168 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
6179 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
6181 =item The I<splain> Program
6195 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
6209 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
6219 =item subpragma access
6225 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
6236 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
6246 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
6256 =item Adding directories to @INC
6258 =item Deleting directories from @INC
6260 =item Restoring original @INC
6270 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
6281 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
6289 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
6295 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
6307 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
6317 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
6319 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
6321 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
6323 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
6325 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
6327 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
6329 =item Overloadable Operations
6331 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
6332 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
6333 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
6335 =item Inheritance and overloading
6337 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
6338 is inherited by derived classes
6342 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
6350 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
6352 =item Copy Constructor
6358 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
6360 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
6361 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
6362 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
6365 =item Losing overloading
6367 =item Run-time Overloading
6369 =item Public functions
6371 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
6373 =item Overloading constants
6375 integer, float, binary, q, qr
6377 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6379 =item Metaphor clash
6385 =item Two-face scalars
6387 =item Two-face references
6389 =item Symbolic calculator
6391 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
6403 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6413 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
6425 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
6427 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
6431 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
6435 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
6443 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
6451 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
6455 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
6465 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
6477 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
6487 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
6495 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
6496 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
6500 =head2 warnings::register - warnings import function
6502 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
6504 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
6514 =item DBM Comparisons
6524 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
6534 =item Subroutine Stubs
6536 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6538 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6540 =item Package Lexicals
6542 =item Not Using AutoLoader
6544 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
6554 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
6562 $keep, $check, $modtime
6566 =item Multiple packages
6574 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
6582 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
6586 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
6594 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
6608 =item B::PVMG METHODS
6612 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
6614 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
6616 =item B::PVLV METHODS
6618 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
6622 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
6626 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
6627 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
6631 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
6632 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
6636 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
6640 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
6645 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
6647 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
6651 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
6653 =item B::UNOP METHOD
6657 =item B::BINOP METHOD
6661 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
6665 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
6669 =item B::PMOP METHODS
6671 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
6673 =item B::SVOP METHOD
6677 =item B::PADOP METHOD
6681 =item B::PVOP METHOD
6685 =item B::LOOP METHODS
6687 redoop, nextop, lastop
6689 =item B::COP METHODS
6691 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
6695 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
6697 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
6698 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
6699 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
6700 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
6706 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
6719 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
6731 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6743 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
6753 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
6754 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
6755 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
6765 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
6775 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
6776 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
6786 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
6796 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
6797 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
6798 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
6810 =item Context of ".."
6814 =item Deprecated features
6822 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
6834 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
6844 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
6845 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
6847 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
6867 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
6879 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
6887 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
6889 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
6890 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
6892 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
6902 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
6912 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6918 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
6930 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
6942 =head2 B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded
6944 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
6956 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
6966 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
6974 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6986 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
7000 =item Standard Exports
7002 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
7003 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
7004 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
7006 =item Optional Exports
7008 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
7009 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
7010 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
7026 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
7030 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
7044 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
7054 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
7055 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
7056 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
7066 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
7078 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
7080 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
7082 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
7083 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
7084 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
7086 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
7088 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
7090 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
7092 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
7094 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
7096 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
7098 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
7100 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
7102 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
7104 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
7106 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
7108 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
7110 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
7112 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
7114 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
7116 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
7117 B<:standard>, B<:all>
7121 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -no_xhtml, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls,
7122 -autoload, -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
7124 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
7126 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
7127 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
7132 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
7136 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
7138 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
7140 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
7142 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
7144 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
7146 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
7148 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
7150 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
7153 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
7157 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
7161 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
7163 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
7165 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
7167 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
7169 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
7171 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
7172 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
7174 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
7178 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
7182 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
7184 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
7186 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
7188 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
7192 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
7194 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
7196 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
7200 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
7202 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
7206 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
7210 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
7214 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
7218 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
7222 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
7224 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
7226 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
7230 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
7232 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
7233 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
7235 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
7241 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
7242 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
7244 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
7246 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
7247 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
7250 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7256 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7260 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7262 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
7263 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
7264 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
7265 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_software ()>,
7266 B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>, B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>,
7267 B<http()>, B<https()>
7269 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
7271 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
7272 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7276 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
7278 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7280 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
7281 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7283 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7285 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7289 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
7290 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
7291 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
7292 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
7293 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
7294 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
7295 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
7296 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
7297 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
7298 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
7299 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
7300 ...and many many more..
7302 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7310 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
7320 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7328 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
7337 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
7339 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
7343 =item Changing the default message
7347 =item MAKING WARNINGS APPEAR AS HTML COMMENTS
7357 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
7365 =item USING CGI::Cookie
7367 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
7371 =item Creating New Cookies
7373 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
7375 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
7377 =item Manipulating Cookies
7379 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
7383 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7391 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
7399 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
7401 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
7403 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
7405 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
7409 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7417 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
7427 =item Tags that won't be formatted
7429 =item Customizing the Indenting
7441 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
7449 =item USING CGI::Push
7451 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
7455 =item Heterogeneous Pages
7457 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
7461 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
7463 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7471 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
7481 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7489 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
7499 =item Interactive Mode
7501 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
7502 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
7503 distribution, Signals
7511 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
7513 =item Programmer's interface
7515 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
7517 =item Methods in the four Classes
7525 =item Finding packages and VERSION
7529 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
7535 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
7536 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
7537 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
7538 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
7542 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
7544 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
7552 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
7554 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
7558 =item Three basic types of firewalls
7560 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
7562 =item Configuring lynx or ncftp for going throught the firewall
7568 I installed a new version of module X but CPAN keeps saying, I have
7569 the old version installed, So why is UNINST=1 not the default?, When I
7570 install bundles or multiple modules with one command there is too
7571 much output to keep track of
7581 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
7591 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
7604 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
7614 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
7622 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
7632 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
7642 =item The C<struct()> function
7644 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
7646 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
7647 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
7649 =item Initializing with C<new>
7655 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
7657 =item Author and Modification History
7661 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
7669 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
7681 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
7685 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
7686 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
7687 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
7691 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
7692 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
7696 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
7697 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
7698 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
7702 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
7703 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
7704 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
7708 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
7709 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
7710 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
7711 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
7712 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
7713 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
7714 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
7715 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
7716 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
7717 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>,
7718 C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>,
7719 C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
7720 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
7721 C<d_getespwnam>, C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>,
7722 C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>,
7723 C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>,
7724 C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>,
7725 C<d_getpbyname>, C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>,
7726 C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>, C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>,
7727 C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getprpwnam>, C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>,
7728 C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspnam>,
7729 C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>,
7730 C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>,
7731 C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>,
7732 C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>,
7733 C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
7734 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
7735 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>,
7736 C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>,
7737 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
7738 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
7739 C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
7740 C<d_nv_preserves_uv_bits>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
7741 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
7742 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
7743 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
7744 C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
7745 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
7746 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
7747 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
7748 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
7749 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
7750 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
7751 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
7752 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
7753 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
7754 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
7755 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
7756 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
7757 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
7758 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>,
7759 C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>,
7760 C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>,
7761 C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>,
7762 C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>,
7763 C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>,
7764 C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>,
7765 C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
7766 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
7767 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
7768 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
7769 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
7770 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
7771 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
7772 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
7776 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
7777 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
7781 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
7782 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
7786 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
7787 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
7791 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
7795 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
7796 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
7797 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
7798 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
7799 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
7800 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
7801 C<i_prot>, C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>,
7802 C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>,
7803 C<i_string>, C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>,
7804 C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>,
7805 C<i_sysmode>, C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>,
7806 C<i_syssecrt>, C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
7807 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
7808 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
7809 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
7810 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
7811 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
7812 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
7813 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
7814 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
7815 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
7816 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
7817 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
7821 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
7825 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
7826 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
7827 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
7828 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
7829 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
7834 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
7835 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
7836 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
7840 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
7841 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
7842 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
7846 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
7847 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
7848 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
7852 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
7853 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
7857 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
7862 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
7863 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
7864 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
7865 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
7869 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
7873 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
7874 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
7878 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
7879 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
7880 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
7881 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
7882 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
7883 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
7884 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>,
7885 C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>,
7886 C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>,
7887 C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>,
7888 C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>,
7889 C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>,
7890 C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>,
7891 C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
7895 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
7896 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
7900 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
7901 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
7902 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
7903 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
7904 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
7905 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
7906 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
7907 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
7912 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
7913 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
7914 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
7918 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
7930 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
7940 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
7952 =item Global Variables
7954 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
7955 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
7960 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
7961 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
7963 =item Client Callback Methods
7965 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
7966 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
7967 CLIENT->output(LIST)
7977 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
7985 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
7989 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
7991 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
7993 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
7995 =item Default Parameters
7997 =item In Memory Databases
8005 =item A Simple Example
8013 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
8015 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
8017 =item The get_dup() Method
8019 =item The find_dup() Method
8021 =item The del_dup() Method
8023 =item Matching Partial Keys
8031 =item The 'bval' Option
8033 =item A Simple Example
8035 =item Extra RECNO Methods
8037 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
8038 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
8040 =item Another Example
8044 =item THE API INTERFACE
8046 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
8047 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
8048 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
8049 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
8053 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
8054 B<filter_fetch_value>
8060 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
8062 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
8066 =item HINTS AND TIPS
8070 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
8072 =item Safe ways to lock a database
8074 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
8076 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
8078 =item The untie() Gotcha
8082 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
8086 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
8088 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
8090 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
8092 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
8112 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
8113 printing and C<eval>
8125 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
8126 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
8127 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
8134 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
8136 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8137 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8138 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8139 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8140 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8141 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8142 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8143 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8144 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8145 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8146 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8147 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
8167 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
8175 =item PROFILE FORMAT
8187 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
8199 =item A simple scalar string
8201 =item A simple scalar number
8203 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
8205 =item A reference to a simple scalar
8207 =item A reference to an array
8209 =item A reference to a hash
8211 =item Dumping a large array or hash
8213 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
8215 =item A reference to a subroutine
8229 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
8239 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
8249 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
8261 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
8262 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
8263 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
8268 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
8269 veryCompact, set, get
8275 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
8283 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
8284 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
8285 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
8286 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
8293 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
8306 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
8319 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
8334 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
8350 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
8362 =item Selecting What To Export
8364 =item Specialised Import Lists
8366 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
8368 =item Module Version Checking
8370 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
8372 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
8378 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
8388 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
8409 mv source... destination
8411 cp source... destination
8429 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
8441 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
8442 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
8452 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
8462 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
8474 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
8475 packlist(), version()
8483 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
8491 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
8497 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
8507 =item VMS implementation
8509 =item Win32 implementation
8517 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8526 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
8530 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8541 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
8553 =item Preloaded methods
8573 =item SelfLoaded methods
8619 file_name_is_absolute
8625 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
8665 maybe_command_in_dirs
8703 replace_manpage_separator
8717 test_via_harness (o)
8747 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8758 =item Methods always loaded
8770 =item SelfLoaded methods
8772 guess_name (override)
8776 find_perl (override)
8780 maybe_command (override)
8782 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
8784 perl_script (override)
8786 file_name_is_absolute (override)
8788 replace_manpage_separator
8790 init_others (override)
8792 constants (override)
8796 const_cccmd (override)
8798 pm_to_blib (override)
8800 tool_autosplit (override)
8802 tool_sxubpp (override)
8804 xsubpp_version (override)
8806 tools_other (override)
8816 top_targets (override)
8820 dynamic_lib (override)
8822 dynamic_bs (override)
8824 static_lib (override)
8826 manifypods (override)
8828 processPL (override)
8830 installbin (override)
8836 realclean (override)
8838 dist_basics (override)
8840 dist_core (override)
8844 dist_test (override)
8848 perldepend (override)
8854 test_via_harness (override)
8856 test_via_script (override)
8858 makeaperl (override)
8862 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8889 test_via_harness (o)
8891 tool_autosplit (override)
8909 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
8919 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
8921 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
8929 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
8933 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
8935 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
8937 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
8939 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
8941 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
8942 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
8943 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
8944 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
8945 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
8946 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
8947 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
8948 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
8949 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
8950 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
8951 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
8952 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
8953 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
8954 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
8957 =item Additional lowercase attributes
8959 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
8962 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
8964 =item Hintsfile support
8966 =item Distribution Support
8968 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
8969 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
8970 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
8972 =item Disabling an extension
8986 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
8998 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
9002 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
9003 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
9011 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
9023 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
9033 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
9042 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
9050 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
9062 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
9070 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
9080 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
9092 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
9102 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
9106 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
9114 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
9118 C<basename>, C<dirname>
9122 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
9132 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
9146 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
9156 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
9158 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
9168 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
9176 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
9188 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
9196 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<preprocess>, C<postprocess>, C<follow>,
9197 C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>, C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>,
9198 C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
9204 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
9212 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
9213 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
9217 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
9225 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
9237 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
9251 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
9269 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
9297 file_name_is_absolute
9317 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
9327 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
9359 file_name_is_absolute
9381 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
9397 =item Methods always loaded
9399 canonpath (override)
9417 case_tolerant (override)
9421 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9423 splitpath (override)
9439 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
9469 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
9491 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
9505 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
9515 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
9523 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
9531 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
9533 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
9551 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
9565 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
9577 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
9585 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
9591 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
9599 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
9609 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
9625 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
9633 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
9635 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
9639 =item Simple options
9641 =item A little bit less simple options
9643 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
9645 =item Options with values
9647 =item Options with multiple values
9649 =item Options with hash values
9651 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
9653 =item Options with multiple names
9655 =item Case and abbreviations
9657 =item Summary of Option Specifications
9659 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
9663 =item Advanced Possibilities
9667 =item Object oriented interface
9669 =item Documentation and help texts
9671 =item Storing options in a hash
9675 =item The lonesome dash
9677 =item Argument call-back
9681 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
9683 default, posix_default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute,
9684 bundling (default: disabled), bundling_override (default: disabled),
9685 ignore_case (default: enabled), ignore_case_always (default: disabled),
9686 pass_through (default: disabled), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default:
9689 =item Return values and Errors
9695 =item Default destinations
9697 =item Alternative option starters
9699 =item Configuration variables
9703 =item Trouble Shooting
9707 =item Warning: Ignoring '!' modifier for short option
9709 =item GetOptions does not return a false result when an option is not
9716 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
9720 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
9731 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
9742 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
9752 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
9760 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9761 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
9771 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
9781 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
9785 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
9793 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
9803 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
9807 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
9808 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
9809 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
9810 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
9822 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
9832 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
9836 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
9846 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
9856 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
9857 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
9867 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
9881 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
9895 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
9896 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
9897 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
9907 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
9921 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
9922 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
9932 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
9948 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
9961 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
9975 hostpath(), peerpath()
9985 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
9994 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9995 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
10005 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
10015 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
10019 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
10027 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
10038 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
10042 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
10043 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
10044 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
10045 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
10057 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10067 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10071 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10081 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10091 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10092 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10102 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
10117 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
10128 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10132 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10133 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10134 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10144 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
10159 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10160 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10170 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
10171 AF_INET domain sockets
10187 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10200 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
10201 AF_UNIX domain sockets
10215 hostpath(), peerpath()
10225 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10235 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10236 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10247 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
10261 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
10274 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
10284 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10285 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10286 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10297 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
10315 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10325 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10326 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10337 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
10348 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10349 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10350 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10361 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
10369 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
10378 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
10386 Canonical notation, Input, Output
10390 =item Autocreating constants
10398 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
10411 =item STRINGIFICATION
10415 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
10421 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
10423 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
10431 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
10439 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
10445 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
10447 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
10451 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10453 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
10457 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
10459 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10461 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
10462 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
10466 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
10476 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
10486 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
10498 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
10499 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
10509 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
10526 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
10543 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
10558 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
10575 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
10585 =item IMPLEMENTATION
10591 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
10601 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
10613 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
10615 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
10616 or optag, an operator set (opset)
10618 =item Opcode Functions
10620 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
10621 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
10622 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
10625 =item Manipulating Opsets
10627 =item TO DO (maybe)
10633 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
10635 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
10636 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
10637 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
10646 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
10655 a new namespace, an operator mask
10661 =item RECENT CHANGES
10663 =item Methods in class Safe
10665 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
10666 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
10667 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
10668 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
10670 =item Some Safety Issues
10672 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
10680 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
10693 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
10707 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
10708 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
10709 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
10710 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
10711 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
10712 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
10713 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
10714 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
10715 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
10716 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
10717 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
10718 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
10719 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
10720 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
10721 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
10722 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
10723 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
10724 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
10725 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
10726 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
10727 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod,
10728 strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain,
10729 tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile,
10730 tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc,
10731 unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs,
10738 =item POSIX::SigAction
10742 =item POSIX::SigSet
10744 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
10746 =item POSIX::Termios
10748 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
10749 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
10750 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
10751 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
10752 values, c_oflag field values
10756 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
10760 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
10764 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
10822 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
10828 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
10834 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
10846 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
10847 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
10848 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
10849 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
10850 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
10851 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
10852 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
10853 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
10858 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
10859 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
10860 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
10861 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
10862 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
10863 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
10868 collapsing newlines to blanks, ignoring leading/trailing whitespace in
10869 link, (section) in '$page' deprecated, alternative text/node '%s' contains
10882 C<Pod::Checker-E<gt>new( %options )>
10884 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
10887 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
10889 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
10891 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
10893 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
10895 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
10903 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
10915 =item C<pod_find( { %opts } , @directories )>
10917 C<-verbose =E<gt> 1>, C<-perl =E<gt> 1>, C<-script =E<gt> 1>, C<-inc =E<gt>
10924 =item C<simplify_name( $str )>
10930 =item C<pod_where( { %opts }, $pod )>
10932 C<-inc =E<gt> 1>, C<-dirs =E<gt> [ $dir1, $dir2, ... ]>, C<-verbose =E<gt>
10939 =item C<contains_pod( $file , $verbose )>
10951 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
10961 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
10962 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
10977 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
10990 package B<Pod::InputSource>, package B<Pod::Paragraph>, package
10991 B<Pod::InteriorSequence>, package B<Pod::ParseTree>
10997 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
11021 =item B<was_cutting()>
11027 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
11033 =item Pod::Paragraph-E<gt>B<new()>
11039 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<cmd_name()>
11045 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<text()>
11051 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<raw_text()>
11057 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<cmd_prefix()>
11063 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<cmd_separator()>
11069 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<parse_tree()>
11075 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<file_line()>
11081 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
11087 =item Pod::InteriorSequence-E<gt>B<new()>
11093 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<cmd_name()>
11099 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<prepend()>
11105 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<append()>
11111 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<nested()>
11117 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<raw_text()>
11123 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<left_delimiter()>
11129 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<right_delimiter()>
11135 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<parse_tree()>
11141 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<file_line()>
11147 =item Pod::InteriorSequence::B<DESTROY()>
11153 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
11159 =item Pod::ParseTree-E<gt>B<new()>
11165 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<top()>
11171 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<children()>
11177 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<prepend()>
11183 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<append()>
11189 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<raw_text()>
11195 =item Pod::ParseTree::B<DESTROY()>
11207 =head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
11219 =item OBJECT METHODS
11227 =item Data Accessors
11243 B<ReplaceNAMEwithSection>
11245 B<StartWithNewPage>
11259 =item Subclassed methods
11273 B<interior_sequence>
11289 =item Methods for headings
11297 =item Internal methods
11303 B<_replace_special_chars>
11309 B<_clean_latex_commands>
11325 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
11333 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
11338 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
11339 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
11349 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
11363 Pod::List-E<gt>new()
11371 $list-E<gt>indent()
11379 $list-E<gt>parent()
11385 =item Pod::Hyperlink
11387 Pod::Hyperlink-E<gt>new()
11391 $link-E<gt>parse($string)
11393 $link-E<gt>markup($string)
11397 $link-E<gt>warning()
11399 $link-E<gt>file(), $link-E<gt>line()
11405 $link-E<gt>alttext()
11415 Pod::Cache-E<gt>new()
11421 $cache-E<gt>find_page($name)
11425 =item Pod::Cache::Item
11427 Pod::Cache::Item-E<gt>new()
11431 $cacheitem-E<gt>page()
11433 $cacheitem-E<gt>description()
11435 $cacheitem-E<gt>path()
11437 $cacheitem-E<gt>file()
11439 $cacheitem-E<gt>nodes()
11441 $cacheitem-E<gt>find_node($name)
11443 $cacheitem-E<gt>idx()
11453 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
11465 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
11467 =item PARSING OPTIONS
11469 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
11470 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
11476 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11484 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11490 =item B<verbatim()>
11492 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11498 =item B<textblock()>
11500 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11506 =item B<interior_sequence()>
11512 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11524 =item B<initialize()>
11530 =item B<begin_pod()>
11536 =item B<begin_input()>
11542 =item B<end_input()>
11554 =item B<preprocess_line()>
11560 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
11566 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
11572 =item B<parse_text()>
11574 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
11575 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
11576 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
11582 =item B<interpolate()>
11588 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
11594 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
11600 =item B<parse_from_file()>
11606 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
11612 =item B<errorsub()>
11624 =item B<parseopts()>
11630 =item B<output_file()>
11636 =item B<output_handle()>
11642 =item B<input_file()>
11648 =item B<input_handle()>
11654 =item B<input_streams()>
11660 =item B<top_stream()>
11666 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11672 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
11678 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
11684 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
11692 =head2 Pod::PlainText - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
11700 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
11704 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
11705 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
11717 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
11737 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
11750 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
11752 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
11758 =item OBJECT METHODS
11764 =item B<curr_headings()>
11776 =item B<add_selection()>
11782 =item B<clear_selections()>
11788 =item B<match_section()>
11794 =item B<is_selected()>
11800 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
11806 =item B<podselect()>
11808 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
11814 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11820 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
11826 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
11832 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
11844 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
11852 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
11856 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
11857 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
11869 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
11885 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
11886 text with format escapes
11900 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
11909 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
11918 =item Recommended Use
11926 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
11930 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
11938 C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>, C<O_RDWR>
11944 =item C<sdbm store returned -1, errno 22, key "..." at ...>
11948 =item BUGS AND WARNINGS
11952 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
11960 a new namespace, an operator mask
11966 =item RECENT CHANGES
11968 =item Methods in class Safe
11970 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
11971 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
11972 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
11973 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
11975 =item Some Safety Issues
11977 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
11985 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
11995 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
12005 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
12015 =item The __DATA__ token
12017 =item SelfLoader autoloading
12019 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
12021 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
12023 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
12025 =item Classes and inherited methods.
12029 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
12033 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
12045 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
12046 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
12054 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
12055 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
12056 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
12057 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
12058 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
12062 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
12072 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
12084 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
12085 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12093 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12094 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12105 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
12106 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12114 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12115 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12126 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
12136 Invalid attribute name %s, Name "%s" used only once: possible typo, No
12137 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword "%s" not allowed while "strict
12148 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
12160 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
12168 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
12178 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
12179 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
12187 =item Minimal set of supported functions
12189 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
12190 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
12192 =item Additional supported functions
12194 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
12202 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
12212 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
12224 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
12234 =item The test script output
12242 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
12243 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
12244 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
12257 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
12269 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
12280 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
12281 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
12282 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
12283 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
12284 backslashed double-quote)
12290 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
12307 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
12322 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
12336 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
12347 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
12348 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
12349 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
12353 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
12361 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
12369 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12371 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
12377 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
12385 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12387 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
12391 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
12403 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
12413 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
12421 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
12422 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
12423 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
12424 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
12432 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
12441 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
12442 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
12443 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
12444 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
12446 =item MORE INFORMATION
12450 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
12458 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
12459 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
12463 =item MORE INFORMATION
12467 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
12485 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
12494 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
12496 =item MORE INFORMATION
12500 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
12512 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
12520 =item IMPLEMENTATION
12526 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
12541 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
12556 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
12568 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
12576 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
12577 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
12581 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
12596 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
12607 =item System Specifics
12621 =head2 Win32 - Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
12629 =item Alphabetical Listing of Win32 Functions
12631 Win32::AbortSystemShutdown(MACHINE), Win32::BuildNumber(),
12632 Win32::CopyFile(FROM, TO, OVERWRITE), Win32::DomainName(),
12633 Win32::ExpandEnvironmentStrings(STRING), Win32::FormatMessage(ERRORCODE),
12634 Win32::FsType(), Win32::FreeLibrary(HANDLE), Win32::GetArchName(),
12635 Win32::GetChipName(), Win32::GetCwd(), Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME),
12636 Win32::GetLastError(), Win32::GetLongPathName(PATHNAME),
12637 Win32::GetNextAvailDrive(), Win32::GetOSVersion(),
12638 Win32::GetShortPathName(PATHNAME), Win32::GetProcAddress(INSTANCE,
12639 PROCNAME), Win32::GetTickCount(), Win32::InitiateSystemShutdown(MACHINE,
12640 MESSAGE, TIMEOUT, FORCECLOSE, REBOOT), Win32::IsWinNT(), Win32::IsWin95(),
12641 Win32::LoadLibrary(LIBNAME), Win32::LoginName(),
12642 Win32::LookupAccountName(SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SID, SIDTYPE),
12643 Win32::LookupAccountSID(SYSTEM, SID, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SIDTYPE),
12644 Win32::MsgBox(MESSAGE [, FLAGS [, TITLE]]), Win32::NodeName(),
12645 Win32::RegisterServer(LIBRARYNAME), Win32::SetCwd(NEWDIRECTORY),
12646 Win32::SetLastError(ERROR), Win32::Sleep(TIME), Win32::Spawn(COMMAND, ARGS,
12647 PID), Win32::UnregisterServer(LIBRARYNAME)
12653 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
12665 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
12667 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
12668 don't all have manual pages yet:
12694 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles