4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl inmy C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does itmean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside[character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
305 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
315 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
317 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
319 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
323 =item How stable is Perl?
325 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
327 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
330 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
332 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
334 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
336 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
338 =item What is a JAPH?
340 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
342 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
343 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
347 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
351 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
352 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
360 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
362 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
364 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
366 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
369 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
370 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
372 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
373 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
375 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
377 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
379 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
381 =item Where should I post source code?
385 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
387 =item Perl in Magazines
389 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
391 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
393 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
395 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
397 =item Where do I send bug reports?
399 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
403 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
407 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
416 =item How do I do (anything)?
418 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
420 =item Is there a Perl shell?
422 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
424 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
426 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
428 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
430 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
432 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
434 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
436 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
438 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
440 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
442 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
444 =item What is undump?
446 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
448 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
450 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
452 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
454 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
456 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
458 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
460 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
462 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
464 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
466 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
468 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
470 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
472 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
474 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
475 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
477 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
480 =item What's MakeMaker?
484 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
488 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
499 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
500 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
502 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
504 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
507 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
509 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
511 =item How do I multiply matrices?
513 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
515 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
517 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
525 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
527 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
529 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
531 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
533 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
535 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
537 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
545 =item How do I validate input?
547 =item How do I unescape a string?
549 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
551 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
553 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
555 =item How do I reverse a string?
557 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
559 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
561 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
563 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
565 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
568 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
570 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
571 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
573 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
575 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
577 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
579 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
581 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
583 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
585 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
587 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
588 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
597 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
599 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
601 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
603 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted:(this assumes all true
604 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
605 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
606 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
609 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
611 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
612 intersection of two arrays?
614 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
616 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
618 =item How do I handle linked lists?
620 =item How do I handle circular lists?
622 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
624 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
626 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
628 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
630 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
632 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
634 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
638 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
642 =item How do I process an entire hash?
644 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
647 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
649 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
651 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
653 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
655 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
657 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
659 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
661 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
663 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
665 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
667 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
670 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
671 array of hashes or arrays?
673 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
681 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
683 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
685 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
687 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
689 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
691 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
693 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
697 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
701 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
710 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
712 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
713 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
715 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
717 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
719 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
721 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
722 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
724 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
726 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
728 =item How can I write() into a string?
730 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
732 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
734 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
736 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
738 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
740 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
742 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
744 =item How can I lock a file?
746 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
748 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
749 the file. How can I do this?
751 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
753 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
755 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
757 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
759 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
761 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
763 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
765 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
767 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
769 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
771 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
773 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
774 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
776 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
778 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
779 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
781 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
783 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
787 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
791 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
799 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
800 and unmaintainable code?
802 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
804 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
806 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
809 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
811 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
814 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
816 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
818 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
820 =item What is C</o> really for?
822 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
825 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
827 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
829 =item How do I process each word on each line?
831 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
833 =item How can I do approximate matching?
835 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
837 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
839 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
841 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
843 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
845 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
847 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
849 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
853 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
857 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
858 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
866 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
868 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
871 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
874 =item How do I skip some return values?
876 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
878 =item What's an extension?
880 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
882 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
884 =item How do I create a module?
886 =item How do I create a class?
888 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
890 =item What's a closure?
892 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
894 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
897 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
900 =item How do I create a static variable?
902 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
903 Between local() and my()?
905 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
908 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
910 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
912 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
914 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
916 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
918 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
920 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
922 =item How can I find out my current package?
924 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
926 =item How do I clear a package?
928 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
932 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
936 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
945 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
947 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
949 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
951 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
953 =item How do I print something out in color?
955 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
957 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
959 =item How do I clear the screen?
961 =item How do I get the screen size?
963 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
965 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
967 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
969 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
971 =item How do I start a process in the background?
973 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
975 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
977 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
979 =item How do I set the time and date?
981 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
983 =item How can I measure time under a second?
985 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
987 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
988 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
990 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
992 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
994 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
996 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
998 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
1000 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
1002 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
1004 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
1006 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
1008 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
1011 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
1013 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
1015 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
1017 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
1020 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
1021 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
1022 changes to be visible?
1026 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
1029 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
1031 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
1033 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
1035 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
1037 =item How do I set CPU limits?
1039 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
1041 =item How do I use an SQL database?
1043 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
1045 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
1047 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
1049 =item What's the difference between require and use?
1051 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
1053 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
1056 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
1058 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
1062 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1066 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
1075 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
1078 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
1080 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
1082 =item How do I extract URLs?
1084 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
1085 file on another machine?
1087 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
1089 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
1091 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
1093 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
1095 =item How do I redirect to another page?
1097 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
1099 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
1101 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
1102 CGI script to do bad things?
1104 =item How do I parse a mail header?
1106 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
1108 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
1110 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
1112 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
1114 =item How do I send mail?
1116 =item How do I read mail?
1118 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
1120 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
1122 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
1124 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
1128 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1132 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
1138 =item Incompatible Changes
1142 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
1144 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed
1146 =item Perl's version numbering has changed
1148 Literals of the form C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed
1149 pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed,
1150 C<undef> fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe
1151 and socket handles, Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported,
1152 delete(), values() and C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies,
1153 vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic
1154 output has changed, C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves
1155 like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed
1157 =item On 64-bit platforms the semantics of bit operators have changed
1159 =item C Source Incompatibilities
1161 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
1163 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
1165 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
1167 =item Binary Incompatibilities
1171 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
1175 =item -Dusethreads means something different
1177 =item New Configure flags
1179 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
1185 =item -Duselargefiles
1187 =item installusrbinperl
1193 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
1201 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
1203 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
1205 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
1207 =item Lvalue subroutines
1209 =item "our" declarations
1211 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
1213 =item Weak references
1215 =item File globbing implemented internally
1217 =item Binary numbers supported
1219 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
1221 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
1223 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
1225 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
1227 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
1229 =item open() with more than two arguments
1231 =item 64-bit support
1233 =item Large file support
1239 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
1241 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
1243 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
1245 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
1247 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
1249 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
1251 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
1253 =item Comments in pack() templates
1255 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
1257 =item C<use attrs> implicit in subroutine attributes
1259 =item Support for interpolating named characters
1261 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
1263 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
1265 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
1267 =item Optional Y2K warnings
1271 =item Significant bug fixes
1275 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
1277 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
1279 =item All compilation errors are true errors
1281 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
1283 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
1285 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
1287 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
1289 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
1291 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
1293 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
1295 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
1297 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
1299 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
1301 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
1303 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
1305 =item Failures in DESTROY()
1307 =item Locale bugs fixed
1311 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
1313 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
1315 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
1317 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
1319 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
1321 =item Other fixes for better diagnostics
1325 =item Performance enhancements
1329 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
1331 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
1333 =item Faster subroutine calls
1337 =item Platform specific changes
1341 =item Supported platforms
1345 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
1355 =item Modules and Pragmata
1361 attributes, B, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper, DB, DB_File,
1362 Devel::DProf, Dumpvalue, Benchmark, Devel::Peek, English, Env, Fcntl,
1363 File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions,
1364 Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig,
1365 Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker, podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils,
1366 Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage, pod2usage, Pod::Text and
1367 Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname, Term::ANSIColor,
1368 Time::Local, Win32, DBM Filters
1374 =item Utility Changes
1382 =item The Perl Debugger
1386 =item Documentation Changes
1388 perlapi.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod,
1389 perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod, perlintern.pod, perlopentut.pod,
1390 perlreftut.pod, perlboot.pod, perltootc.pod, perlunicode.pod
1392 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
1394 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
1395 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
1396 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
1397 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
1398 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
1399 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
1400 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
1401 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
1402 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
1403 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad
1404 evalled substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in
1405 conditional, Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111
1406 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in
1407 prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare
1408 class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore
1409 signal CHLD, forcing to default, Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call,
1410 Can't read CRTL environ, Can't remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return
1411 %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't weaken a nonreference, Character class
1412 [:%s:] unknown, Character class syntax [%s] belongs inside character
1413 classes, Constant is not %s reference, constant(%s): %%^H is not localized,
1414 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
1415 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, Did you mean
1416 "local" instead of "our"?, Document contains no data, entering effective %s
1417 failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
1418 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
1419 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
1420 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
1421 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
1422 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
1423 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
1424 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
1425 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
1426 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
1427 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
1428 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
1429 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
1430 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
1431 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
1432 around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug: %s, Premature end of script headers,
1433 Repeat count in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc()
1434 of freed memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take
1435 arguments, Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s
1436 is not implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This
1437 Perl can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Unknown open() mode '%s',
1438 Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized escape
1439 \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list,
1440 Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine
1441 attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of CLI symbol
1442 "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
1444 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
1446 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
1447 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Probable precedence problem on %s,
1448 regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
1458 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
1466 =item Variable names
1472 =item Scalar value constructors
1474 =item List value constructors
1478 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
1486 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
1496 =item Simple statements
1498 =item Compound statements
1506 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
1510 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
1512 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
1518 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
1528 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
1530 =item The Arrow Operator
1532 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
1534 =item Exponentiation
1536 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
1538 =item Binding Operators
1540 =item Multiplicative Operators
1542 =item Additive Operators
1544 =item Shift Operators
1546 =item Named Unary Operators
1548 =item Relational Operators
1550 =item Equality Operators
1554 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
1556 =item C-style Logical And
1558 =item C-style Logical Or
1560 =item Range Operators
1562 =item Conditional Operator
1564 =item Assignment Operators
1566 =item Comma Operator
1568 =item List Operators (Rightward)
1574 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
1576 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
1578 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
1580 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
1582 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
1584 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
1585 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
1586 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC,
1587 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC
1589 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
1591 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
1592 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
1593 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
1594 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
1599 =item Constant Folding
1601 =item Bitwise String Operators
1603 =item Integer Arithmetic
1605 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
1607 =item Bigger Numbers
1613 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1623 =item Regular Expressions
1625 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1627 =item Extended Patterns
1629 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1630 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1631 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1632 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1636 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1638 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1640 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1642 =item Combining pieces together
1644 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1645 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1646 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1647 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1649 =item Creating custom RE engines
1659 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
1669 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
1671 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
1673 =item Location of Perl
1675 =item Command Switches
1677 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
1678 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
1679 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
1680 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
1681 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
1682 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
1689 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
1690 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
1694 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
1702 =item Perl Functions by Category
1704 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
1705 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
1706 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
1707 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
1708 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
1709 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
1710 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
1711 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
1712 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
1713 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
1718 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1720 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
1721 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
1722 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
1723 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
1724 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
1725 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
1726 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
1727 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
1728 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
1729 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
1730 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
1731 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
1732 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
1733 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
1734 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
1735 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
1736 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
1737 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
1738 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
1739 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
1740 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
1741 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
1742 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
1743 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
1744 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
1745 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
1746 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
1747 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
1748 LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
1749 ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv
1750 ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no
1751 Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open
1752 FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord,
1753 our EXPR, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe
1754 READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE
1755 LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT,
1756 LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/,
1757 qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR,
1758 rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
1759 readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR,
1760 recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
1761 OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
1762 return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
1763 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
1764 EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
1765 FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
1766 ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
1767 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
1768 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
1769 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
1770 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
1771 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
1772 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
1773 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
1774 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
1775 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
1776 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
1777 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
1778 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
1779 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1780 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
1781 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
1782 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
1783 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
1784 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
1785 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
1786 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
1787 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
1788 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
1789 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
1790 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
1791 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
1797 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1805 =item Predefined Names
1807 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1808 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number
1809 HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $, input_record_separator HANDLE
1810 EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, autoflush HANDLE EXPR,
1811 $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE EXPR,
1812 $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE EXPR,
1813 $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1814 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1815 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1816 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1817 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @-, C<$`> is the same as C<substr($var, 0, $-[0]>),
1818 C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0]>), C<$'> is the
1819 same as C<substr($var, $+[0]>), C<$1> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[1],
1820 $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] -
1821 $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var, $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3]>),
1822 format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~, format_top_name HANDLE EXPR,
1823 $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR,
1824 $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR,
1825 $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A, $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR,
1826 $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID,
1827 $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID,
1828 $GID, $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $],
1829 $COMPILING, $^C, $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H,
1830 $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04,
1831 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R,
1832 $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S, $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V,
1833 $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS}, ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME,
1834 $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC, %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1836 =item Error Indicators
1838 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1846 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
1856 =item Private Variables via my()
1858 =item Persistent Private Variables
1860 =item Temporary Values via local()
1862 =item Lvalue subroutines
1864 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
1866 =item When to Still Use local()
1868 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
1869 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
1870 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
1872 =item Pass by Reference
1876 =item Constant Functions
1878 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
1882 =item Subroutine Attributes
1890 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
1902 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
1914 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
1920 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
1924 =item Pragmatic Modules
1926 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, caller, charnames, constant,
1927 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, ops, overload,
1928 re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
1930 =item Standard Modules
1932 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
1933 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
1934 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
1935 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
1936 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
1937 Class::Struct, Config, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Data::Dumper, Devel::DProf,
1938 Devel::Peek, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
1939 Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Embed,
1940 ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
1941 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
1942 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
1943 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
1944 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
1945 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Glob,
1946 File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac,
1947 File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32,
1948 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long,
1949 Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO, IO::Dir, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe,
1950 IO::Poll, IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IO::Socket::INET,
1951 IO::Socket::UNIX, IPC::Msg, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, IPC::Semaphore,
1952 IPC::SysV, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig,
1953 Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O,
1954 Opcode, POSIX, Pod::Checker, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man,
1955 Pod::Parser, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Usage,
1956 SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket,
1957 Symbol, Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Term::Cap, Term::Complete,
1958 Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords,
1959 Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash,
1960 Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime,
1961 Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
1963 =item Extension Modules
1969 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
1970 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
1971 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
1972 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
1973 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
1974 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
1975 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
1976 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
1977 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
1978 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
1979 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
1980 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
1981 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
1982 North America, South America
1984 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
1988 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
1990 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
1991 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
1992 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
1993 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
1994 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
1995 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
1996 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
1997 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
1998 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
1999 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2000 care when changing a released module
2002 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2004 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2005 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2006 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2007 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2009 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2011 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2012 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2013 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2014 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2015 can then be reduced to a small
2023 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2033 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2034 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2046 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
2056 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
2058 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
2059 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
2060 files, directories and network sockets
2062 =item Resource limits
2064 =item Killing the parent process
2066 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
2068 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
2070 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
2071 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
2072 application, Thread-safety of extensions
2084 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
2092 =item Format Variables
2102 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
2110 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
2117 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
2123 =item The use locale pragma
2125 =item The setlocale function
2127 =item Finding locales
2129 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
2131 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
2133 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
2135 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
2137 =item Fixing system locale configuration
2139 =item The localeconv function
2143 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
2147 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
2149 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
2151 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
2153 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
2157 =item Other categories
2163 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
2164 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
2165 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
2166 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
2167 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
2168 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(),strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
2169 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(),isgraph(),
2170 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(),
2175 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
2176 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
2182 =item Backward compatibility
2184 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
2186 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
2188 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
2190 =item Freely available locale definitions
2194 =item An imperfect standard
2202 =item Broken systems
2212 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
2222 =item Making References
2224 =item Using References
2226 =item Symbolic references
2228 =item Not-so-symbolic references
2230 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
2232 =item Function Templates
2242 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
2248 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
2256 =item Making References
2258 =item Using References
2276 =item Distribution Conditions
2282 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
2288 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
2289 more elaborate constructs
2293 =item COMMON MISTAKES
2295 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
2297 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
2303 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
2307 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2309 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2311 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2315 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
2319 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2321 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2323 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2327 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
2331 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2333 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2335 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2339 =item HASHES OF HASHES
2343 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
2345 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
2347 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
2351 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2355 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2357 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2359 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2371 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
2377 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
2379 =item Growing Your Own
2381 =item Access and Printing
2391 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
2399 =item If we could talk to the animals...
2401 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
2403 =item Invoking a barnyard
2405 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2407 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2409 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2411 =item A few notes about @ISA
2413 =item Overriding the methods
2415 =item Starting the search from a different place
2417 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2419 =item Where we're at so far...
2421 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2423 =item Invoking an instance method
2425 =item Accessing the instance data
2427 =item How to build a horse
2429 =item Inheriting the constructor
2431 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2433 =item Adding parameters to a method
2435 =item More interesting instances
2437 =item A horse of a different color
2449 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2455 =item Creating a Class
2459 =item Object Representation
2461 =item Class Interface
2463 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2465 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2469 =item Other Object Methods
2477 =item Accessing Class Data
2479 =item Debugging Methods
2481 =item Class Destructors
2483 =item Documenting the Interface
2493 =item Overridden Methods
2495 =item Multiple Inheritance
2497 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2501 =item Alternate Object Representations
2505 =item Arrays as Objects
2507 =item Closures as Objects
2511 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2515 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2517 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2521 =item Metaclassical Tools
2527 =item Data Members as Variables
2531 =item Object Terminology
2537 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2543 =item Acknowledgments
2549 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2555 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2559 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2561 =item Inheritance Concerns
2563 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2565 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2567 =item Monadic Classes
2569 =item Translucent Attributes
2573 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2577 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2579 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2581 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2583 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2585 =item Translucency Revisited
2593 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2595 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2601 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2609 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2611 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2613 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2615 =item Method Invocation
2619 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2621 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2627 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2635 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2647 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2651 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2656 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2657 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2658 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2660 =item Tying FileHandles
2662 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2663 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2665 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2677 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2683 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2685 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2687 =item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
2689 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2691 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2693 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2695 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2697 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2699 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2701 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2707 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
2708 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
2724 =item Using open() for IPC
2730 =item Background Processes
2732 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
2734 =item Safe Pipe Opens
2736 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
2738 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
2742 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
2746 =item Internet Line Terminators
2748 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
2750 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
2754 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
2758 =item A Simple Client
2760 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
2762 =item A Webget Client
2764 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
2768 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
2770 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
2772 =item UDP: Message Passing
2786 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
2794 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
2795 B<filter_fetch_value>
2801 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
2803 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
2813 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
2819 =item The Perl Debugger
2823 =item Debugger Commands
2825 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
2826 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
2827 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
2828 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
2829 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
2830 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
2831 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
2832 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
2833 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
2835 =item Configurable Options
2837 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
2838 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
2839 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
2840 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
2841 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
2842 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
2844 =item Debugger input/output
2846 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
2849 =item Debugging compile-time statements
2851 =item Debugger Customization
2853 =item Readline Support
2855 =item Editor Support for Debugging
2857 =item The Perl Profiler
2861 =item Debugging regular expressions
2863 =item Debugging memory usage
2871 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
2879 =item Storing numbers
2881 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
2883 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
2885 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
2886 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
2887 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
2896 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
2902 =item Debugger Internals
2906 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
2910 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
2912 =item Debugging regular expressions
2916 =item Compile-time output
2918 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
2919 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
2920 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
2923 =item Types of nodes
2925 =item Run-time output
2929 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
2933 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
2935 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
2936 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
2939 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
2941 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
2943 =item B<-DL> details
2947 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
2955 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
2963 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
2971 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
2973 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
2975 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
2979 =item Protecting Your Programs
2987 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
3005 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
3007 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
3008 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
3009 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
3010 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
3012 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
3014 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
3015 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
3016 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance
3020 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
3022 =item Numerical Traps
3024 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
3026 =item General data type traps
3028 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
3029 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
3031 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
3033 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
3035 =item Precedence Traps
3037 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
3040 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
3042 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
3043 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
3046 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
3048 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
3054 =item Interpolation Traps
3056 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
3057 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
3063 =item Unclassified Traps
3065 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
3072 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
3078 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
3087 =item Numbers endianness and Width
3089 =item Files and Filesystems
3091 =item System Interaction
3093 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
3095 =item External Subroutines (XS)
3097 =item Standard Modules
3101 =item Character sets and character encoding
3103 =item Internationalisation
3105 =item System Resources
3115 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
3116 C<http://testers.cpan.org/>
3124 =item DOS and Derivatives
3126 The djgpp environment for DOS, C<http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/>, The EMX
3127 environment for DOS, OS/2, etc.
3128 C<emx@iaehv.nl>,C<http://www.leo.org/pub/comp/os/os2/leo/gnu/emx+gcc/index.
3130 C<ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/dev/emx>, Build instructions for Win32,
3131 L<perlwin32>, The ActiveState Pages, C<http://www.activestate.com/>, The
3132 Cygwin environment for Win32; F<README.cygwin> (installed as
3133 L<perlcygwin>), C<http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/>, The U/WIN
3134 environment for Win32,C<http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/uwin/>
3138 The MacPerl Pages, C<http://www.macperl.com/>, The MacPerl mailing lists,
3139 C<http://www.macperl.org/>, MacPerl Module Porters,
3140 C<http://pudge.net/mmp/>
3144 F<README.vms> (installed as L<README_vms>), L<perlvms>, vmsperl list,
3145 C<majordomo@perl.org>, vmsperl on the web,
3146 C<http://www.sidhe.org/vmsperl/index.html>
3150 F<README.vos>, VOS mailing list, VOS Perl on the web at
3151 C<http://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/vos.html>
3153 =item EBCDIC Platforms
3155 F<README.os390>, F<README.posix-bc>, F<README.vmesa>, perl-mvs list, AS/400
3156 Perl information at C<http://as400.rochester.ibm.com/>as well as on CPAN in
3157 the F<ports/> directory
3163 Amiga, F<README.amiga> (installed as L<perlamiga>), Atari, F<README.mint>
3164 and Guido Flohr's web pageC<http://stud.uni-sb.de/~gufl0000/>, Be OS,
3165 F<README.beos>, HP 300 MPE/iX, F<README.mpeix> and Mark Bixby's web
3166 pageC<http://www.cccd.edu/~markb/perlix.html>, Novell Netware, Plan 9,
3171 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
3175 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
3177 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
3178 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
3179 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
3180 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
3181 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
3182 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
3183 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
3184 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
3185 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
3186 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
3187 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
3188 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
3189 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
3190 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
3191 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
3192 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
3193 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
3194 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
3195 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
3196 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
3197 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
3198 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
3199 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
3200 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
3201 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
3207 v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999, v1.44, 19 July 1999,
3208 v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May 1999, v1.40, 11 April
3209 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December 1998, v1.37, 19 December
3210 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August 1998, v1.33, 06 August
3211 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998, v1.23, 10 July 1998
3213 =item Supported Platforms
3215 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
3221 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
3229 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
3237 =item Verbatim Paragraph
3239 =item Command Paragraph
3241 =item Ordinary Block of Text
3245 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
3247 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
3257 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
3265 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3275 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3276 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3280 =item Compiling your C program
3282 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3284 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3286 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3288 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3290 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3292 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3294 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3296 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3301 =item Embedding Perl under Win32
3311 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
3319 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
3320 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
3321 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
3322 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
3323 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
3324 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
3325 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
3326 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
3327 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
3328 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
3332 =item Co-existence with stdio
3334 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
3335 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
3336 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
3337 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
3338 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
3339 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
3345 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3357 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3359 =item The Argument Stack
3361 =item The RETVAL Variable
3363 =item The MODULE Keyword
3365 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3367 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3369 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3371 =item The CODE: Keyword
3373 =item The INIT: Keyword
3375 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3377 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3379 =item Default Parameter Values
3381 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3383 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3385 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3387 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3389 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3391 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3393 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3395 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3397 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3399 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3401 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3403 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3405 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3407 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3409 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3411 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3413 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3415 =item The CASE: Keyword
3417 =item The & Unary Operator
3419 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3421 =item Using XS With C++
3423 =item Interface Strategy
3425 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3439 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3451 =item Version caveat
3453 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3465 =item What has gone on?
3467 =item Writing good test scripts
3471 =item What's new here?
3473 =item Input and Output Parameters
3475 =item The XSUBPP Program
3477 =item The TYPEMAP file
3479 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3483 =item What has happened here?
3485 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3487 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3489 =item More about XSUB arguments
3491 =item The Argument Stack
3493 =item Extending your Extension
3495 =item Documenting your Extension
3497 =item Installing your Extension
3501 =item New Things in this Example
3503 =item EXAMPLE 6 (Coming Soon)
3505 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3507 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3509 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3511 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3527 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3539 =item What is an "IV"?
3541 =item Working with SVs
3543 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3545 =item Working with AVs
3547 =item Working with HVs
3549 =item Hash API Extensions
3553 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3555 =item Creating New Variables
3557 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3559 =item Stashes and Globs
3561 =item Double-Typed SVs
3563 =item Magic Variables
3565 =item Assigning Magic
3567 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3571 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3573 =item Localizing changes
3575 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3576 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3577 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3578 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3579 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3580 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3581 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3582 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3583 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3591 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3593 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3595 =item Memory Allocation
3599 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3603 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3613 =item Examining the tree
3615 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3617 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3619 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3621 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3625 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3629 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3631 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3633 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3643 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3649 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3651 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3653 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3673 =item Determining the Context
3677 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3683 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3685 =item Passing Parameters
3687 =item Returning a Scalar
3689 =item Returning a list of values
3691 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3693 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3697 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3701 =item Using call_argv
3703 =item Using call_method
3707 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3709 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3711 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3712 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3715 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3717 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3729 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3739 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3743 =item Using The Back Ends
3747 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3751 =item The Decompiling Back End
3753 =item The Lint Back End
3755 =item The Simple C Back End
3757 =item The Bytecode Back End
3759 =item The Optimized C Back End
3761 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3762 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3763 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3767 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3773 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
3779 AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push,
3780 av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, call_argv, call_method, call_pv,
3781 call_sv, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS,
3782 dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS,
3783 get_av, get_cv, get_hv, get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth,
3784 gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY,
3785 G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY,
3786 HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear,
3787 hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent,
3788 hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv,
3789 hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA,
3790 isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number,
3791 MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
3792 mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
3793 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv,
3794 newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK,
3795 perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse, perl_run,
3796 PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal, PL_na,
3797 PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs, PUSHi,
3798 PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, require_pv,
3799 RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, strEQ, strGE,
3800 strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy, SvCUR, SvCUR_set,
3801 SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only,
3802 SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off,
3803 SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off,
3804 SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force, SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT,
3805 SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC,
3806 SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off,
3807 SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, SVt_IV, SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV,
3808 SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUV, SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless,
3809 sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg,
3810 sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_cmp, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq,
3811 sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_magic,
3812 sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg,
3813 sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn,
3814 sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv,
3815 sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg, sv_unref,
3816 sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, sv_vcatpvfn, sv_vsetpvfn, THIS,
3817 toLOWER, toUPPER, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS,
3818 XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV,
3819 XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV,
3820 XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
3828 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
3841 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
3849 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
3861 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
3863 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
3867 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
3871 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
3873 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
3885 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
3895 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
3905 =item Built-in Attributes
3907 locked, method, lvalue
3909 =item Available Subroutines
3913 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
3915 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
3917 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
3925 =item Default exports
3927 =item Available exports
3929 =item Export tags defined
3939 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
3951 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
3967 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
3981 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
3995 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
4008 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
4017 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
4023 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
4033 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
4043 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
4054 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
4056 =item The I<splain> Program
4070 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
4084 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
4094 =item subpragma access
4100 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
4111 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
4121 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
4131 =item Adding directories to @INC
4133 =item Deleting directories from @INC
4135 =item Restoring original @INC
4145 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
4156 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
4164 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
4170 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
4182 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
4192 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
4194 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
4196 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
4198 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
4200 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
4202 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
4204 =item Overloadable Operations
4206 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
4207 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
4208 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
4210 =item Inheritance and overloading
4212 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
4213 is inherited by derived classes
4217 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
4225 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
4227 =item Copy Constructor
4233 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
4235 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
4236 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
4237 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
4240 =item Losing overloading
4242 =item Run-time Overloading
4244 =item Public functions
4246 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
4248 =item Overloading constants
4250 integer, float, binary, q, qr
4252 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4254 =item Metaphor clash
4260 =item Two-face scalars
4262 =item Two-face references
4264 =item Symbolic calculator
4266 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
4278 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
4288 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
4300 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
4302 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
4306 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
4310 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
4318 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
4326 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
4330 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
4340 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
4352 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
4362 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
4370 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
4371 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
4375 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
4377 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
4387 =item DBM Comparisons
4397 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
4407 =item Subroutine Stubs
4409 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4411 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4413 =item Package Lexicals
4415 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
4425 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
4433 $keep, $check, $modtime
4437 =item Multiple packages
4445 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
4453 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
4457 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
4465 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
4479 =item B::PVMG METHODS
4483 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
4485 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
4487 =item B::PVLV METHODS
4489 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
4493 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
4497 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
4498 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
4502 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
4503 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
4507 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
4511 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
4516 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
4518 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
4522 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
4524 =item B::UNOP METHOD
4528 =item B::BINOP METHOD
4532 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
4536 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
4540 =item B::PMOP METHODS
4542 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
4544 =item B::SVOP METHOD
4548 =item B::PADOP METHOD
4552 =item B::PVOP METHOD
4556 =item B::LOOP METHODS
4558 redoop, nextop, lastop
4560 =item B::COP METHODS
4562 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
4566 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
4568 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
4569 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
4570 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
4571 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
4577 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
4590 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
4602 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4614 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4624 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4625 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
4626 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
4636 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
4646 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
4647 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
4657 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
4667 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
4668 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
4669 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
4681 =item Context of ".."
4685 =item Deprecated features
4693 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
4705 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
4715 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
4716 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
4718 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
4738 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
4750 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
4758 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
4760 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
4761 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
4763 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
4773 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
4783 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4789 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
4801 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
4813 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
4825 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
4835 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
4843 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4855 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
4869 =item Standard Exports
4871 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
4872 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
4873 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
4875 =item Optional Exports
4877 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
4878 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
4879 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
4895 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
4899 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
4913 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4923 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4924 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
4925 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
4935 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4947 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
4949 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4951 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. Forexample,
4952 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
4953 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4955 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4957 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4959 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4961 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4963 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4965 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4967 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4969 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4971 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4973 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4975 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4977 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4979 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4981 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4983 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4985 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
4986 B<:standard>, B<:all>
4990 -any, -compile, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -autoload, -no_debug,
4993 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4995 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
4996 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
5001 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
5005 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
5007 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5009 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5011 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
5013 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5015 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5017 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5019 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
5022 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5026 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5030 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5032 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5034 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5036 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5038 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5042 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5046 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5048 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5050 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
5052 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5056 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5058 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5060 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5064 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
5066 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
5070 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
5074 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
5078 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
5082 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
5086 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
5088 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
5090 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
5094 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
5096 B<Parameters:>, 3.The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type,
5098 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
5100 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
5106 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
5107 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
5109 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
5111 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
5112 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
5115 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
5121 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
5125 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
5127 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
5128 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()>Return the script
5129 name as a partial URL, for self-refering
5130 scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host
5131 ()>, B<server_software ()>, B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>,
5132 B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>, B<http()>, B<https()>
5134 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
5136 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
5137 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
5141 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
5143 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
5145 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
5146 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
5148 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
5150 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5154 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
5155 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
5156 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
5157 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
5158 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
5159 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
5160 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
5161 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
5162 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
5163 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
5164 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
5165 ...and many many more..
5167 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
5175 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
5185 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5193 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
5202 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
5204 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
5208 =item Changing the default message
5220 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
5228 =item USING CGI::Cookie
5230 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
5234 =item Creating New Cookies
5236 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
5238 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
5240 =item Manipulating Cookies
5242 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
5246 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5254 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
5262 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
5264 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
5266 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
5268 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
5272 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5280 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
5290 =item Tags that won't be formatted
5292 =item Customizing the Indenting
5304 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
5312 =item USING CGI::Push
5314 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
5318 =item Heterogeneous Pages
5320 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
5324 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
5326 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5334 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
5344 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5352 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
5362 =item Interactive Mode
5364 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
5365 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
5366 distribution, Signals
5374 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
5376 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
5378 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
5380 =item Methods in the four Classes
5388 =item Finding packages and VERSION
5392 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
5398 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
5399 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
5400 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
5401 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
5405 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
5407 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
5415 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
5417 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
5419 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
5429 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
5439 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
5452 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
5462 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
5470 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
5480 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
5490 =item The C<struct()> function
5492 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
5494 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
5495 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
5497 =item Initializing with C<new>
5503 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
5505 =item Author and Modification History
5509 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
5517 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
5529 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
5533 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
5534 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
5535 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
5539 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
5540 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
5544 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
5545 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
5546 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
5550 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
5551 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
5552 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
5556 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
5557 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
5558 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
5559 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
5560 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
5561 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
5562 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
5563 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
5564 C<d_endsent>, C<d_endspent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>,
5565 C<d_fchown>, C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>,
5566 C<d_fgetpos>, C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>,
5567 C<d_fpos64_t>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
5568 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
5569 C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>, C<d_gethbyaddr>,
5570 C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>, C<d_gethostprotos>,
5571 C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>, C<d_getnbyaddr>,
5572 C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>, C<d_getpbyname>,
5573 C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>, C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>,
5574 C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>, C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getpwent>,
5575 C<d_getsbyname>, C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>,
5576 C<d_getspent>, C<d_getspnam>, C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>,
5577 C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>, C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>,
5578 C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>,
5579 C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>,
5580 C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
5581 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
5582 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>,
5583 C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>,
5584 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
5585 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
5586 C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
5587 C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<d_oldpthreads>,
5588 C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>, C<d_phostname>,
5589 C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>, C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>,
5590 C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>, C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>,
5591 C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>, C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>,
5592 C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>, C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>,
5593 C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>, C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>,
5594 C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>, C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>,
5595 C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>, C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>,
5596 C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>, C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>,
5597 C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>, C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>,
5598 C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>, C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>,
5599 C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>, C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>,
5600 C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>, C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>,
5601 C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>, C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>,
5602 C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>, C<d_setsid>, C<d_setspent>, C<d_setvbuf>,
5603 C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>, C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>,
5604 C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>, C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>,
5605 C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>, C<d_statblks>,
5606 C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>, C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>,
5607 C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>, C<d_stdiobase>,
5608 C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>, C<d_strerrm>,
5609 C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>, C<d_strtoll>,
5610 C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>, C<d_suidsafe>,
5611 C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>, C<d_syserrlst>,
5612 C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
5613 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
5614 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
5615 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
5616 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
5617 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
5618 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
5619 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
5623 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
5624 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
5628 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
5629 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
5633 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
5634 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
5638 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
5642 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
5643 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
5644 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
5645 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
5646 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
5647 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
5648 C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>, C<i_shadow>,
5649 C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>, C<i_string>,
5650 C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>, C<i_sysfilio>,
5651 C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>, C<i_sysmode>,
5652 C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>, C<i_syssecrt>,
5653 C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
5654 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
5655 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
5656 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
5657 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
5658 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
5659 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
5660 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
5661 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
5662 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
5663 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
5664 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
5668 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
5672 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
5673 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
5674 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
5675 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
5676 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
5681 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
5682 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
5683 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
5687 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
5688 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
5689 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
5693 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
5694 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
5695 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
5699 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
5700 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>
5704 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
5709 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
5710 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
5711 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
5712 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
5716 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
5720 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
5721 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
5725 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
5726 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
5727 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
5728 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
5729 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
5730 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
5731 C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>, C<sockethdr>,
5732 C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>, C<spitshell>,
5733 C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>, C<sPRIfldbl>,
5734 C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>, C<sPRIo64>,
5735 C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>, C<startperl>,
5736 C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>, C<stdio_bufsiz>,
5737 C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>, C<stdio_stream_array>,
5738 C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
5742 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
5743 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
5747 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
5748 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
5749 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
5750 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
5751 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
5752 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
5753 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
5754 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
5759 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
5760 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
5761 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
5765 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
5777 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
5787 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
5799 =item Global Variables
5801 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
5802 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
5807 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
5808 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
5810 =item Client Callback Methods
5812 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
5813 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
5814 CLIENT->output(LIST)
5824 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
5832 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
5836 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
5838 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
5840 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
5842 =item Default Parameters
5844 =item In Memory Databases
5852 =item A Simple Example
5860 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
5862 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
5864 =item The get_dup() Method
5866 =item The find_dup() Method
5868 =item The del_dup() Method
5870 =item Matching Partial Keys
5878 =item The 'bval' Option
5880 =item A Simple Example
5882 =item Extra RECNO Methods
5884 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
5885 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
5887 =item Another Example
5891 =item THE API INTERFACE
5893 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
5894 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
5895 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
5896 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
5900 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
5901 B<filter_fetch_value>
5907 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
5909 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
5913 =item HINTS AND TIPS
5917 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
5919 =item Safe ways to lock a database
5921 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
5923 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
5925 =item The untie() Gotcha
5929 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
5933 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
5935 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
5937 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
5939 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
5959 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
5960 printing and C<eval>
5972 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
5973 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
5974 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
5981 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
5983 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5984 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5985 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5986 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5987 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5988 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5989 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5990 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5991 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5992 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5993 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5994 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
6014 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
6022 =item PROFILE FORMAT
6034 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
6046 =item A simple scalar string
6048 =item A simple scalar number
6050 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
6052 =item A reference to a simple scalar
6054 =item A reference to an array
6056 =item A reference to a hash
6058 =item Dumping a large array or hash
6060 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
6062 =item A reference to a subroutine
6076 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
6086 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
6096 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
6108 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
6109 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
6110 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
6115 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
6116 veryCompact, set, get
6122 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
6130 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
6131 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
6132 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
6133 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
6140 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
6153 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
6166 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
6181 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
6197 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
6209 =item Selecting What To Export
6211 =item Specialised Import Lists
6213 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
6215 =item Module Version Checking
6217 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
6219 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
6225 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
6235 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
6256 mv source... destination
6258 cp source... destination
6276 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
6288 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
6289 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
6299 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
6309 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
6321 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
6322 packlist(), version()
6330 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
6338 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
6344 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
6354 =item VMS implementation
6356 =item Win32 implementation
6364 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6373 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
6377 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6388 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
6400 =item Preloaded methods
6420 =item SelfLoaded methods
6466 file_name_is_absolute
6472 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
6512 maybe_command_in_dirs
6550 replace_manpage_separator
6564 test_via_harness (o)
6594 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6605 =item Methods always loaded
6617 =item SelfLoaded methods
6619 guess_name (override)
6623 find_perl (override)
6627 maybe_command (override)
6629 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
6631 perl_script (override)
6633 file_name_is_absolute (override)
6635 replace_manpage_separator
6637 init_others (override)
6639 constants (override)
6643 const_cccmd (override)
6645 pm_to_blib (override)
6647 tool_autosplit (override)
6649 tool_sxubpp (override)
6651 xsubpp_version (override)
6653 tools_other (override)
6663 top_targets (override)
6667 dynamic_lib (override)
6669 dynamic_bs (override)
6671 static_lib (override)
6673 manifypods (override)
6675 processPL (override)
6677 installbin (override)
6683 realclean (override)
6685 dist_basics (override)
6687 dist_core (override)
6691 dist_test (override)
6695 perldepend (override)
6701 test_via_harness (override)
6703 test_via_script (override)
6705 makeaperl (override)
6709 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6736 test_via_harness (o)
6738 tool_autosplit (override)
6756 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
6766 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
6768 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
6776 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
6780 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
6782 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
6784 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
6786 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
6788 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
6789 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
6790 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
6791 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
6792 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
6793 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
6794 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
6795 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
6796 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
6797 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
6798 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
6799 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
6800 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
6801 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
6804 =item Additional lowercase attributes
6806 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
6809 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
6811 =item Hintsfile support
6813 =item Distribution Support
6815 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
6816 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
6817 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
6819 =item Disabling an extension
6833 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
6845 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
6849 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
6850 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
6858 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
6870 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
6880 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
6889 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
6897 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
6909 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
6917 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
6927 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
6939 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
6949 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
6953 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
6961 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
6965 C<basename>, C<dirname>
6969 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
6979 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
6993 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
7003 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
7005 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
7015 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
7023 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
7035 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
7043 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
7044 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
7050 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
7058 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
7059 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
7063 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
7071 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
7083 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
7097 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
7115 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
7143 file_name_is_absolute
7163 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
7173 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
7205 file_name_is_absolute
7227 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
7243 =item Methods always loaded
7245 canonpath (override)
7263 case_tolerant (override)
7267 file_name_is_absolute (override)
7269 splitpath (override)
7281 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
7315 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
7329 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
7341 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
7349 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
7355 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
7363 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
7373 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
7389 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
7397 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
7399 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
7403 =item Simple options
7405 =item A little bit less simple options
7407 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
7409 =item Options with values
7411 =item Options with multiple values
7413 =item Options with hash values
7415 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
7417 =item Options with multiple names
7419 =item Case and abbreviations
7421 =item Summary of Option Specifications
7423 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
7427 =item Advanced Possibilities
7431 =item Documentation and help texts
7433 =item Storing options in a hash
7437 =item The lonesome dash
7439 =item Argument call-back
7443 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
7445 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
7446 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
7447 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
7448 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
7450 =item Return values and Errors
7456 =item Default destinations
7458 =item Alternative option starters
7460 =item Configuration variables
7466 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
7470 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
7481 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
7492 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
7502 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
7510 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
7511 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
7521 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
7531 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
7535 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
7543 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
7553 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
7557 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
7558 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
7559 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
7560 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
7572 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
7582 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
7586 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
7596 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
7606 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
7607 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
7617 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
7631 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
7645 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
7646 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
7647 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
7657 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
7671 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
7672 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
7682 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
7698 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
7711 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
7725 hostpath(), peerpath()
7735 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
7744 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
7745 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
7755 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
7765 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
7769 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
7777 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
7788 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
7792 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
7793 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
7794 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
7795 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
7807 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
7817 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
7821 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
7831 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
7841 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
7842 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
7852 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
7867 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
7882 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
7883 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
7884 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
7894 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
7909 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
7910 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
7920 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
7921 AF_INET domain sockets
7937 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
7950 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
7951 AF_UNIX domain sockets
7965 hostpath(), peerpath()
7975 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
7985 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
7986 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
7997 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
8011 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
8024 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
8034 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
8035 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
8036 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
8047 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
8065 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
8075 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
8076 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
8087 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
8098 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
8099 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
8100 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
8111 =head2 MD5-1.7::MD5, MD5 - Perl interface to the RSA Data Security Inc. MD5
8112 Message-Digest Algorithm
8130 =head2 MD5-1.7::blib::MD5, MD5 - Perl interface to the RSA Data Security
8131 Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm
8149 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
8157 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
8166 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
8174 Canonical notation, Input, Output
8178 =item Autocreating constants
8186 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
8194 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
8200 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
8202 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
8206 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
8208 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
8212 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
8214 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
8216 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
8217 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
8221 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
8231 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
8241 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
8253 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
8254 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
8264 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
8281 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
8298 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
8313 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
8330 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
8340 =item IMPLEMENTATION
8346 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
8356 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
8368 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
8370 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
8371 or optag, an operator set (opset)
8373 =item Opcode Functions
8375 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
8376 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
8377 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
8380 =item Manipulating Opsets
8388 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
8390 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
8391 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
8392 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
8401 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
8410 a new namespace, an operator mask
8416 =item RECENT CHANGES
8418 =item Methods in class Safe
8420 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
8421 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
8422 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
8423 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
8425 =item Some Safety Issues
8427 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
8435 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
8448 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
8462 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
8463 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
8464 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
8465 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
8466 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
8467 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
8468 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
8469 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
8470 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
8471 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
8472 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
8473 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
8474 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
8475 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
8476 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
8477 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
8478 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
8479 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
8480 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
8481 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
8482 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, stroul, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr,
8483 strtod, strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh,
8484 tcdrain, tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times,
8485 tmpfile, tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname,
8486 ungetc, unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid,
8487 wcstombs, wctomb, write
8493 =item POSIX::SigAction
8499 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
8501 =item POSIX::Termios
8503 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
8504 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
8505 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
8506 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
8507 values, c_oflag field values
8511 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
8515 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
8519 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
8579 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
8585 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
8591 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
8603 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
8604 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
8605 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
8606 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
8607 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
8608 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
8609 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
8610 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
8615 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
8616 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
8617 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
8618 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
8619 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
8620 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
8633 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
8636 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
8638 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
8640 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
8642 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
8644 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
8652 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
8662 B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc>
8670 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
8680 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
8681 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
8696 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
8709 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
8716 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
8740 =item B<was_cutting()>
8746 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
8776 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
8782 =item B<cmd_separator()>
8788 =item B<parse_tree()>
8794 =item B<file_line()>
8800 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
8842 =item B<left_delimiter()>
8848 =item B<right_delimiter()>
8854 =item B<parse_tree()>
8860 =item B<file_line()>
8872 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
8926 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
8934 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
8939 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
8940 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
8950 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
8986 =item Pod::Hyperlink
9026 =item Pod::Cache::Item
9054 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
9066 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
9068 =item PARSING OPTIONS
9070 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
9071 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
9077 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
9085 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9093 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9099 =item B<textblock()>
9101 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9107 =item B<interior_sequence()>
9113 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
9125 =item B<initialize()>
9131 =item B<begin_pod()>
9137 =item B<begin_input()>
9143 =item B<end_input()>
9155 =item B<preprocess_line()>
9161 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
9167 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
9173 =item B<parse_text()>
9175 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
9176 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
9177 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
9183 =item B<interpolate()>
9189 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
9195 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
9201 =item B<parse_from_file()>
9207 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
9225 =item B<parseopts()>
9231 =item B<output_file()>
9237 =item B<output_handle()>
9243 =item B<input_file()>
9249 =item B<input_handle()>
9255 =item B<input_streams()>
9261 =item B<top_stream()>
9267 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
9273 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
9279 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
9285 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
9293 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
9313 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
9326 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
9328 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
9334 =item OBJECT METHODS
9340 =item B<curr_headings()>
9352 =item B<add_selection()>
9358 =item B<clear_selections()>
9364 =item B<match_section()>
9370 =item B<is_selected()>
9376 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
9382 =item B<podselect()>
9384 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
9390 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
9396 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
9402 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
9408 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
9420 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
9428 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
9432 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
9433 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
9445 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
9461 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
9462 text with format escapes
9476 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
9485 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
9494 =item Recommended Use
9502 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
9506 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
9516 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
9524 a new namespace, an operator mask
9530 =item RECENT CHANGES
9532 =item Methods in class Safe
9534 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
9535 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
9536 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
9537 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
9539 =item Some Safety Issues
9541 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
9549 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
9559 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
9569 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
9579 =item The __DATA__ token
9581 =item SelfLoader autoloading
9583 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
9585 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
9587 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
9589 =item Classes and inherited methods.
9593 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
9597 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
9609 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
9610 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
9618 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
9619 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
9620 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
9621 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
9622 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
9626 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
9636 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
9648 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
9649 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
9657 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
9658 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
9669 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
9670 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
9678 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
9679 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
9690 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
9700 Invalid attribute name %s, Identifier %s used only once: possible typo, No
9701 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword %s not allowed while "strict subs"
9710 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
9722 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
9730 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
9740 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
9741 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
9749 =item Minimal set of supported functions
9751 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
9752 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
9754 =item Additional supported functions
9756 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
9764 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
9774 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
9786 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
9796 =item The test script output
9804 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
9805 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
9806 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
9819 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
9831 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
9842 0a simple word, 1multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2use of
9843 quotes to include a space in a word, 3use of a backslash to include a space
9844 in a word, 4use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
9845 double-quote, 5another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
9846 backslashed double-quote)
9852 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
9869 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
9884 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
9898 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
9909 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
9910 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
9911 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
9915 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
9923 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
9931 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
9933 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
9939 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
9947 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
9949 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
9953 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
9965 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
9975 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
9983 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
9984 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
9985 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
9986 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
9994 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
10003 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
10004 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
10005 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
10006 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
10008 =item MORE INFORMATION
10012 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
10020 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
10021 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
10025 =item MORE INFORMATION
10029 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
10047 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
10056 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
10058 =item MORE INFORMATION
10062 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
10074 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
10082 =item IMPLEMENTATION
10088 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
10103 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
10118 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
10130 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
10138 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
10139 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
10143 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
10158 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
10173 =head2 XML-Writer-0.3::Writer, XML::Writer - Perl extension for writing XML
10188 new([$params]), OUTPUT, NAMESPACES, PREFIX_MAP, NEWLINES, UNSAFE, end(),
10189 xmlDecl([$encoding, $standalone]), doctype($name, [$publicId, $systemId]),
10190 comment($text), pi($target [, $data]), startTag($name [, $aname1 =>
10191 $value1, ...]), emptyTag($name [, $aname1 => $value1, ...]),
10192 endTag([$name]), characters($data)
10196 in_element($name), within_element($name), current_element(), ancestor($n)
10198 =item Additional Namespace Support
10200 addPrefix($uri, $prefix), removePrefix($uri)
10204 =item ERROR REPORTING
10212 =head2 XML-Writer-0.3::blib::XML::Writer, XML::Writer - Perl extension for
10213 writing XML documents.
10227 new([$params]), OUTPUT, NAMESPACES, PREFIX_MAP, NEWLINES, UNSAFE, end(),
10228 xmlDecl([$encoding, $standalone]), doctype($name, [$publicId, $systemId]),
10229 comment($text), pi($target [, $data]), startTag($name [, $aname1 =>
10230 $value1, ...]), emptyTag($name [, $aname1 => $value1, ...]),
10231 endTag([$name]), characters($data)
10235 in_element($name), within_element($name), current_element(), ancestor($n)
10237 =item Additional Namespace Support
10239 addPrefix($uri, $prefix), removePrefix($uri)
10243 =item ERROR REPORTING
10251 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
10263 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
10265 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
10266 don't all have manual pages yet:
10292 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles