4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use (version
66 5/5.005/Perl) instead of some other language?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program; what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS while preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 1/November/2000, 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98,
300 24/April/97, 23/April/97, 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version,
301 Initial Release: 11/March/97
305 =head2 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
311 =item BASIC DOCUMENTATION
315 =item perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
317 SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, AVAILABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, AUTHOR, FILES, SEE ALSO,
318 DIAGNOSTICS, BUGS, NOTES
320 =item perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
329 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
337 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
347 =item Simple statements
349 =item Compound statements
357 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
361 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
363 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
369 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
383 =item Scalar value constructors
385 =item List value constructors
389 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
397 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
407 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
409 =item The Arrow Operator
411 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
415 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
417 =item Binding Operators
419 =item Multiplicative Operators
421 =item Additive Operators
423 =item Shift Operators
425 =item Named Unary Operators
427 =item Relational Operators
429 =item Equality Operators
433 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
435 =item C-style Logical And
437 =item C-style Logical Or
439 =item Range Operators
441 =item Conditional Operator
443 =item Assignment Operators
447 =item List Operators (Rightward)
453 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
455 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
457 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
459 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
461 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
463 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
464 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
465 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
466 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
468 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
470 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
471 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
472 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
473 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
478 =item Constant Folding
480 =item Bitwise String Operators
482 =item Integer Arithmetic
484 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
492 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
502 =item Private Variables via my()
504 =item Persistent Private Variables
506 =item Temporary Values via local()
508 =item Lvalue subroutines
510 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
512 =item When to Still Use local()
514 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
515 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
516 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
518 =item Pass by Reference
522 =item Constant Functions
524 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
528 =item Subroutine Attributes
536 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
544 =item Perl Functions by Category
546 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
547 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
548 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
549 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
550 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
551 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
552 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
553 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
554 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
555 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
560 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
562 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
563 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
564 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
565 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
566 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
567 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
568 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, cos, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
569 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
570 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
571 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
572 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
573 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
574 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
575 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
576 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
577 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
578 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
579 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
580 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
581 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
582 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
583 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
584 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
585 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
586 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
587 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
588 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
589 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST,
590 mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
591 msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR :
592 ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open
593 FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir
594 DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package
595 NAMESPACE, package, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos
596 SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE
597 FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST,
598 q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR,
599 quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read
600 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR,
601 readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo,
602 ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR,
603 require, reset EXPR, reset, return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir
604 DIRHANDLE, rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME,
605 rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir
606 DIRHANDLE,POS, select FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT,
607 semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
608 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
609 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
610 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
611 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
612 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
613 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
614 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
615 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
616 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
617 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
618 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
619 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
620 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
621 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
622 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
623 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
624 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
625 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
626 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
627 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
628 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
629 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
630 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
631 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
632 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
638 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
644 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
652 =item Making References
654 =item Using References
672 =item Distribution Conditions
678 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
684 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
685 more elaborate constructs
689 =item COMMON MISTAKES
691 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
693 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
699 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
703 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
705 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
707 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
711 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
715 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
717 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
719 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
723 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
727 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
729 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
731 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
735 =item HASHES OF HASHES
739 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
741 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
743 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
747 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
751 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
753 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
755 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
767 =head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
777 =item Simple word matching
779 =item Using character classes
781 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
782 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
783 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
784 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
785 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
786 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n"
788 =item Matching this or that
790 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
792 =item Extracting matches
794 =item Matching repetitions
796 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
797 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
798 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
799 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
804 =item Search and replace
806 =item The split operator
814 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
818 =item Acknowledgments
824 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
832 =item Verbatim Paragraph
834 =item Command Paragraph
836 =item Ordinary Block of Text
840 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
842 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
852 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
860 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
878 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
880 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
881 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
882 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
883 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
885 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
887 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
888 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
889 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
893 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
895 =item Numerical Traps
897 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
899 =item General data type traps
901 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
902 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
904 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
906 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
908 =item Precedence Traps
910 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
913 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
915 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
916 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
919 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
921 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
927 =item Interpolation Traps
929 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
930 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
936 =item Unclassified Traps
938 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
945 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
955 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
957 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
959 =item Location of Perl
961 =item Command Switches
963 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo[=bar,baz]>,
964 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
965 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
966 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
967 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
968 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
975 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
976 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
977 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
981 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
989 =head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
997 =item Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
999 =item What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
1001 =item Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
1005 =item Backward Compatibility
1007 =item Category Hierarchy
1009 =item Fatal Warnings
1011 =item Reporting Warnings from a Module
1023 =head2 perldebtut - Perl debugging tutorial
1031 =item Looking at data and -w and w
1035 =item Stepping through code
1037 =item Placeholder for a, w, t, T
1039 =item REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
1057 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
1063 =item The Perl Debugger
1067 =item Debugger Commands
1069 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
1070 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
1071 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
1072 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
1073 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
1074 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
1075 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
1076 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
1077 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
1079 =item Configurable Options
1081 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
1082 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
1083 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
1084 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
1085 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
1086 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
1088 =item Debugger input/output
1090 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
1093 =item Debugging compile-time statements
1095 =item Debugger Customization
1097 =item Readline Support
1099 =item Editor Support for Debugging
1101 =item The Perl Profiler
1105 =item Debugging regular expressions
1107 =item Debugging memory usage
1115 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1123 =item Predefined Names
1125 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1126 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1127 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1128 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1129 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1130 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1131 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1132 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1133 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1134 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1135 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1136 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1137 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1138 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1139 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1140 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1141 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1142 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1143 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1144 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1145 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1146 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1147 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1148 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1149 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1150 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1151 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1152 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1153 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1155 =item Error Indicators
1157 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1165 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
1171 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
1173 =item Growing Your Own
1175 =item Access and Printing
1185 =head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
1191 =item Open E<agrave> la shell
1199 =item The Minus File
1201 =item Mixing Reads and Writes
1207 =item Open E<agrave> la C
1211 =item Permissions E<agrave> la mode
1215 =item Obscure Open Tricks
1219 =item Re-Opening Files (dups)
1221 =item Dispelling the Dweomer
1223 =item Paths as Opens
1225 =item Single Argument Open
1227 =item Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
1231 =item Other I/O Issues
1235 =item Opening Non-File Files
1245 =item AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
1251 =head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
1257 =item Part 1: The basics
1261 =item Simple word matching
1263 =item Using character classes
1265 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
1266 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
1267 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
1268 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
1269 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
1270 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
1271 Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
1272 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1273 end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
1274 single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
1275 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1276 end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
1277 of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
1278 C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
1279 string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
1280 but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
1281 C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
1282 line within the string
1284 =item Matching this or that
1286 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
1288 0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
1289 alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
1290 so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
1291 So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
1292 group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
1293 and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
1294 second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
1295 the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
1296 character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
1297 matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
1298 the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
1301 =item Extracting matches
1303 =item Matching repetitions
1305 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
1306 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
1307 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
1308 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
1309 times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
1310 earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
1311 C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
1312 regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
1313 C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
1314 as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
1315 there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
1316 if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
1317 the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
1318 will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
1319 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1320 all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
1321 0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
1322 times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
1323 i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
1324 least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
1325 C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
1326 C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
1327 C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
1328 consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
1329 the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
1330 (little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
1331 match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
1332 to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
1333 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1334 all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
1335 string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
1336 string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
1337 the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
1338 element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
1339 backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
1340 Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
1341 and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
1343 =item Building a regexp
1345 specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
1346 parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
1347 and optimizing the final combined regexp
1349 =item Using regular expressions in Perl
1353 =item Part 2: Power tools
1357 =item More on characters, strings, and character classes
1359 =item Compiling and saving regular expressions
1361 =item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
1363 =item Non-capturing groupings
1365 =item Looking ahead and looking behind
1367 =item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
1369 =item Conditional expressions
1371 =item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
1373 =item Pragmas and debugging
1381 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1385 =item Acknowledgments
1391 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1401 =item Regular Expressions
1403 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1405 =item Extended Patterns
1407 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1408 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1409 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1410 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1414 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1416 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1418 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1420 =item Combining pieces together
1422 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1423 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1424 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1425 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1427 =item Creating custom RE engines
1437 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
1447 =item Making References
1449 =item Using References
1451 =item Symbolic references
1453 =item Not-so-symbolic references
1455 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
1457 =item Function Templates
1467 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
1475 =item Format Variables
1485 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
1493 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
1501 =item If we could talk to the animals...
1503 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
1505 =item Invoking a barnyard
1507 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
1509 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
1511 =item Inheriting the windpipes
1513 =item A few notes about @ISA
1515 =item Overriding the methods
1517 =item Starting the search from a different place
1519 =item The SUPER way of doing things
1521 =item Where we're at so far...
1523 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
1525 =item Invoking an instance method
1527 =item Accessing the instance data
1529 =item How to build a horse
1531 =item Inheriting the constructor
1533 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
1535 =item Adding parameters to a method
1537 =item More interesting instances
1539 =item A horse of a different color
1551 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
1557 =item Creating a Class
1561 =item Object Representation
1563 =item Class Interface
1565 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
1567 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
1571 =item Other Object Methods
1579 =item Accessing Class Data
1581 =item Debugging Methods
1583 =item Class Destructors
1585 =item Documenting the Interface
1595 =item Overridden Methods
1597 =item Multiple Inheritance
1599 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
1603 =item Alternate Object Representations
1607 =item Arrays as Objects
1609 =item Closures as Objects
1613 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
1617 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
1619 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
1623 =item Metaclassical Tools
1629 =item Data Members as Variables
1637 =item Object Terminology
1643 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1649 =item Acknowledgments
1655 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
1661 =item Class Data as Package Variables
1665 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
1667 =item Inheritance Concerns
1669 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
1671 =item Indirect References to Class Data
1673 =item Monadic Classes
1675 =item Translucent Attributes
1679 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
1683 =item Privacy and Responsibility
1685 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
1687 =item More Inheritance Concerns
1689 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
1691 =item Translucency Revisited
1699 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1701 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1707 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
1715 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
1717 =item A Class is Simply a Package
1719 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
1721 =item Method Invocation
1725 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
1727 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
1733 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
1741 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
1747 =item OO SCALING TIPS
1749 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
1751 =item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
1753 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
1755 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
1757 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
1759 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
1761 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
1763 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
1765 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
1771 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
1783 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, UNTIE this,
1788 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
1789 UNTIE this, DESTROY this
1793 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
1794 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
1795 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, UNTIE this, DESTROY this
1797 =item Tying FileHandles
1799 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
1800 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, UNTIE this,
1805 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
1817 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
1818 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
1834 =item Using open() for IPC
1840 =item Background Processes
1842 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
1844 =item Safe Pipe Opens
1846 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
1848 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
1852 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
1856 =item Internet Line Terminators
1858 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
1860 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
1864 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
1868 =item A Simple Client
1870 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
1872 =item A Webget Client
1874 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
1878 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
1880 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
1882 =item UDP: Message Passing
1896 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
1906 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
1908 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
1909 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
1910 files, directories and network sockets
1912 =item Resource limits
1914 =item Killing the parent process
1916 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
1918 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
1920 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
1921 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
1922 application, Thread-safety of extensions
1934 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
1942 =item Storing numbers
1944 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
1946 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
1948 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
1949 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
1950 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
1959 =head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
1965 =item What Is A Thread Anyway?
1967 =item Threaded Program Models
1979 =item Native threads
1981 =item What kind of threads are perl threads?
1983 =item Threadsafe Modules
1989 =item Basic Thread Support
1991 =item Creating Threads
1993 =item Giving up control
1995 =item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
1997 =item Errors In Threads
1999 =item Ignoring A Thread
2003 =item Threads And Data
2007 =item Shared And Unshared Data
2009 =item Thread Pitfall: Races
2011 =item Controlling access: lock()
2013 =item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
2015 =item Queues: Passing Data Around
2019 =item Threads And Code
2023 =item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
2025 Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
2027 =item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
2029 =item Subroutine Locks
2033 =item Locking A Subroutine
2037 =item General Thread Utility Routines
2041 =item What Thread Am I In?
2045 =item Are These Threads The Same?
2047 =item What Threads Are Running?
2051 =item A Complete Example
2059 =item Introductory Texts
2061 =item OS-Related References
2063 =item Other References
2067 =item Acknowledgements
2075 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
2081 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
2090 =item Numbers endianness and Width
2092 =item Files and Filesystems
2094 =item System Interaction
2096 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
2098 =item External Subroutines (XS)
2100 =item Standard Modules
2104 =item Character sets and character encoding
2106 =item Internationalisation
2108 =item System Resources
2118 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
2119 http://testers.cpan.org/
2127 =item DOS and Derivatives
2129 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
2137 =item EBCDIC Platforms
2145 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
2149 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
2151 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
2152 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
2153 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
2154 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
2155 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
2156 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
2157 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
2158 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
2159 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
2160 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
2161 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
2162 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
2163 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
2164 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
2165 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
2166 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
2167 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
2168 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
2169 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
2170 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
2171 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
2172 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
2173 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
2174 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
2175 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
2181 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
2182 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
2183 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
2184 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
2185 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
2188 =item Supported Platforms
2192 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
2198 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
2205 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
2211 =item The use locale pragma
2213 =item The setlocale function
2215 =item Finding locales
2217 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
2219 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
2221 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
2223 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
2225 =item Fixing system locale configuration
2227 =item The localeconv function
2231 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
2235 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
2237 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
2239 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
2241 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
2245 =item Other categories
2251 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
2252 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
2253 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
2254 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
2255 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
2256 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
2257 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
2258 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
2262 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
2263 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
2269 =item Backward compatibility
2271 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
2273 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
2275 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
2277 =item Freely available locale definitions
2281 =item An imperfect standard
2289 =item Broken systems
2299 =head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
2307 =item Important Caveat
2309 Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
2310 to enable a few features
2312 =item Byte and Character semantics
2314 =item Effects of character semantics
2316 =item Character encodings for input and output
2326 =head2 perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
2332 =item COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
2340 =item Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
2344 =item 13 variant characters
2354 =item SINGLE OCTET TABLES
2356 recipe 0, recipe 1, recipe 2, recipe 3, recipe 4
2358 =item IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
2372 =item OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
2374 =item FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
2376 chr(), ord(), pack(), print(), printf(), sort(), sprintf(), unpack()
2378 =item REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
2386 =item Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
2388 =item MONO CASE then sort data.
2390 =item Convert, sort data, then re convert.
2392 =item Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
2396 =item TRANFORMATION FORMATS
2400 =item URL decoding and encoding
2402 =item uu encoding and decoding
2404 =item Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
2406 =item Caesarian cyphers
2410 =item Hashing order and checksums
2414 =item MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
2426 chcp, dataset access, OS/390 iconv, locales
2444 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
2452 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
2454 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
2456 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
2460 =item Protecting Your Programs
2468 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
2480 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
2492 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
2498 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
2502 =item Pragmatic Modules
2504 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
2505 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, locale, open, ops, overload,
2506 re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings, warnings::register
2508 =item Standard Modules
2510 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
2511 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2512 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark,
2513 ByteLoader, CGI, CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast,
2514 CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push, CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox,
2515 Carp, Carp::Heavy, Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber,
2516 DirHandle, Dumpvalue, Encode, English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy,
2517 ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed,
2518 ExtUtils::Liblist, ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2,
2519 ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtUtils::MM_Win32,
2520 ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap,
2521 ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist, ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl,
2522 File::Basename, File::CheckTree, File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob,
2523 File::Find, File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac,
2524 File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32,
2525 File::Temp, File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long,
2526 Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat,
2527 Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping,
2528 Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File,
2529 Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX,
2530 Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser, Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select,
2531 Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File,
2532 Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Storable,
2533 Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test,
2534 Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap,
2535 Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar,
2536 Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm,
2537 UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
2539 =item Extension Modules
2545 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2546 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2547 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2548 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2549 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2550 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2551 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2552 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2553 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2554 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2555 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2556 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2557 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2558 North America, South America
2560 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2564 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2566 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2567 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2568 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2569 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2570 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2571 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2572 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2573 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2574 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2575 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2576 care when changing a released module
2578 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2580 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2581 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2582 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2583 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2585 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2587 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2588 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2589 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2590 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2591 can then be reduced to a small
2599 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2609 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2610 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2624 =head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
2634 =item What should I make into a module?
2636 =item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
2638 Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
2640 =item Step-by-step: Making the module
2642 Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
2643 L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
2644 documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
2646 =item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
2648 Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
2649 tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
2659 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
2660 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2670 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
2672 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
2674 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
2676 =item What is perl6?
2678 =item How stable is Perl?
2680 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
2682 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
2685 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
2687 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
2689 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
2691 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
2693 =item What is a JAPH?
2695 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
2697 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use (version
2698 5/5.005/Perl) instead of some other language?
2702 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2706 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
2707 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
2715 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
2717 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
2719 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
2721 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
2724 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
2725 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
2727 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
2728 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
2730 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
2732 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
2734 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
2736 =item Where should I post source code?
2740 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
2742 =item Perl in Magazines
2744 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
2746 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
2748 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
2750 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
2752 =item Where do I send bug reports?
2754 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
2758 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2762 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2771 =item How do I do (anything)?
2773 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
2775 =item Is there a Perl shell?
2777 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
2779 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
2781 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
2783 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
2785 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
2787 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
2789 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
2791 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
2793 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
2795 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
2797 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
2799 =item What is undump?
2801 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
2803 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
2805 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
2807 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
2809 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
2811 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
2813 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
2815 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
2817 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
2819 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
2821 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
2823 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
2825 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
2827 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
2829 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
2830 my C program; what am I doing wrong?
2832 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
2835 =item What's MakeMaker?
2839 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2843 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2854 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
2855 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
2857 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
2859 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
2862 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
2864 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
2866 =item How do I multiply matrices?
2868 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
2870 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
2872 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
2880 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
2882 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
2884 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
2886 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
2888 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
2890 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
2892 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
2900 =item How do I validate input?
2902 =item How do I unescape a string?
2904 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
2906 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
2908 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
2910 =item How do I reverse a string?
2912 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
2914 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
2916 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
2918 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
2920 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
2923 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
2925 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
2926 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
2928 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
2930 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
2932 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
2934 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
2936 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
2938 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
2940 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
2942 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
2943 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
2952 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
2954 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
2956 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
2958 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
2959 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
2960 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
2961 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
2964 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
2966 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
2967 intersection of two arrays?
2969 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
2971 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
2973 =item How do I handle linked lists?
2975 =item How do I handle circular lists?
2977 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
2979 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
2981 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
2983 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
2985 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
2987 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
2989 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
2993 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
2997 =item How do I process an entire hash?
2999 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
3002 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
3004 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
3006 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
3008 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
3010 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
3012 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
3014 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
3016 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
3018 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
3020 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
3022 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
3025 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
3026 array of hashes or arrays?
3028 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
3036 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
3038 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
3040 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
3042 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
3044 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
3046 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
3048 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
3052 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3056 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
3065 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
3067 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
3068 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
3070 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
3072 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
3074 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
3076 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
3077 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
3079 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
3081 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
3083 =item How can I write() into a string?
3085 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
3087 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
3089 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
3091 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
3093 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
3095 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
3097 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
3099 =item How can I lock a file?
3101 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
3103 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
3104 the file. How can I do this?
3106 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
3108 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
3110 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
3112 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
3114 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
3116 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
3118 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
3120 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
3122 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
3124 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
3126 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
3128 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
3129 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
3131 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
3133 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
3134 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
3136 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
3138 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
3142 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3146 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
3154 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
3155 and unmaintainable code?
3157 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
3159 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
3161 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
3164 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
3166 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS while preserving
3169 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
3171 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
3173 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
3175 =item What is C</o> really for?
3177 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
3180 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
3182 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
3184 =item How do I process each word on each line?
3186 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
3188 =item How can I do approximate matching?
3190 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
3192 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
3194 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
3196 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
3198 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
3200 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
3202 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
3204 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
3208 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3212 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
3213 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
3221 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
3223 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
3226 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
3229 =item How do I skip some return values?
3231 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
3233 =item What's an extension?
3235 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
3237 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
3239 =item How do I create a module?
3241 =item How do I create a class?
3243 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
3245 =item What's a closure?
3247 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
3249 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
3252 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
3255 =item How do I create a static variable?
3257 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
3258 Between local() and my()?
3260 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
3263 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
3265 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
3267 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
3269 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
3271 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
3273 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
3275 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
3277 =item How can I find out my current package?
3279 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
3281 =item How do I clear a package?
3283 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
3287 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3291 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
3300 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
3302 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
3304 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
3306 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
3308 =item How do I print something out in color?
3310 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
3312 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
3314 =item How do I clear the screen?
3316 =item How do I get the screen size?
3318 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
3320 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
3322 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
3324 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
3326 =item How do I start a process in the background?
3328 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
3330 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
3332 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
3334 =item How do I set the time and date?
3336 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
3338 =item How can I measure time under a second?
3340 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
3342 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
3343 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
3345 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
3347 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
3349 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
3351 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
3353 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
3355 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
3357 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
3359 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
3361 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
3363 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
3366 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
3368 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
3370 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
3372 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
3375 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
3376 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
3377 changes to be visible?
3381 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
3384 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
3386 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
3388 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
3390 =item How do I set CPU limits?
3392 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
3394 =item How do I use an SQL database?
3396 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
3398 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
3400 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
3402 =item What's the difference between require and use?
3404 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
3406 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
3409 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
3411 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
3415 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3419 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
3428 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
3431 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
3433 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
3435 =item How do I extract URLs?
3437 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
3438 file on another machine?
3440 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
3442 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
3444 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
3446 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
3448 =item How do I redirect to another page?
3450 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
3452 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
3454 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
3455 CGI script to do bad things?
3457 =item How do I parse a mail header?
3459 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
3461 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
3463 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
3465 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
3467 =item How do I send mail?
3469 =item How do I read mail?
3471 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
3473 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
3475 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
3477 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
3481 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3485 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3495 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3499 =item Using The Back Ends
3503 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3507 =item The Decompiling Back End
3509 =item The Lint Back End
3511 =item The Simple C Back End
3513 =item The Bytecode Back End
3515 =item The Optimized C Back End
3517 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3518 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3519 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3523 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3529 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3539 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3540 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3544 Compiling your C program, Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program,
3545 Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program, Evaluating a Perl statement
3546 from your C program, Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from
3547 your C program, Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program,
3548 Maintaining a persistent interpreter, Maintaining multiple interpreter
3549 instances, Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your
3550 C program, Embedding Perl under Win32
3552 =item Compiling your C program
3554 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3556 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3558 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3560 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3562 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3564 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3566 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3568 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3573 =item Embedding Perl under Win32
3583 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
3589 =item Debugger Internals
3593 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
3597 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
3599 =item Debugging regular expressions
3603 =item Compile-time output
3605 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
3606 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
3607 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
3610 =item Types of nodes
3612 =item Run-time output
3616 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
3620 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
3622 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
3623 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
3626 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3628 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3630 =item B<-DL> details
3634 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3642 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3654 =item Version caveat
3656 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3668 =item What has gone on?
3670 =item Writing good test scripts
3674 =item What's new here?
3676 =item Input and Output Parameters
3678 =item The XSUBPP Program
3680 =item The TYPEMAP file
3682 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3686 =item What has happened here?
3688 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3690 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3692 =item More about XSUB arguments
3694 =item The Argument Stack
3696 =item Extending your Extension
3698 =item Documenting your Extension
3700 =item Installing your Extension
3704 =item New Things in this Example
3708 =item New Things in this Example
3710 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3712 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3714 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3716 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3732 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3744 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3746 =item The Argument Stack
3748 =item The RETVAL Variable
3750 =item The MODULE Keyword
3752 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3754 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3756 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3758 =item The NO_OUTPUT Keyword
3760 =item The CODE: Keyword
3762 =item The INIT: Keyword
3764 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3766 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3768 =item Default Parameter Values
3770 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3772 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3774 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3776 =item The IN/OUTLIST/IN_OUTLIST Keywords
3778 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3780 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3782 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3784 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3786 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3788 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3790 =item The POST_CALL: Keyword
3792 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3794 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3796 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3798 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3800 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3802 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3804 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3806 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3808 =item The CASE: Keyword
3810 =item The & Unary Operator
3812 =item Inserting POD, Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3814 =item Using XS With C++
3816 =item Interface Strategy
3818 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3832 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3844 =item What is an "IV"?
3846 =item Working with SVs
3850 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3852 =item Working with AVs
3854 =item Working with HVs
3856 =item Hash API Extensions
3860 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3862 =item Creating New Variables
3864 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3866 =item Stashes and Globs
3868 =item Double-Typed SVs
3870 =item Magic Variables
3872 =item Assigning Magic
3874 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3878 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3880 =item Localizing changes
3882 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3883 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3884 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3885 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3886 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3887 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3888 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3889 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3890 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3898 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3900 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3902 =item Memory Allocation
3906 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3910 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3920 =item Examining the tree
3922 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3924 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3926 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3928 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3932 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3936 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3938 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3940 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3944 =item Internal Functions
3946 A, p, d, s, n, r, f, m, o, j, x
3950 =item Formatted Printing of IVs, UVs, and NVs
3952 =item Pointer-To-Integer and Integer-To-Pointer
3954 =item Source Documentation
3958 =item Unicode Support
3962 =item What B<is> Unicode, anyway?
3964 =item How can I recognise a UTF8 string?
3966 =item How does UTF8 represent Unicode characters?
3968 =item How does Perl store UTF8 strings?
3970 =item How do I convert a string to UTF8?
3972 =item Is there anything else I need to know?
3982 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3988 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3990 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3992 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
4012 =item Determining the Context
4016 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
4022 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
4024 =item Passing Parameters
4026 =item Returning a Scalar
4028 =item Returning a list of values
4030 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
4032 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
4036 =item Using G_KEEPERR
4040 =item Using call_argv
4042 =item Using call_method
4046 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
4048 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
4050 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
4051 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
4054 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
4056 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
4068 =head2 perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
4078 L<perldoc|perldoc>, L<pod2man|pod2man> and L<pod2text|pod2text>,
4079 L<pod2html|pod2html> and L<pod2latex|pod2latex>, L<pod2usage|pod2usage>,
4080 L<podselect|podselect>, L<podchecker|podchecker>, L<splain|splain>,
4081 L<roffitall|roffitall>
4085 L<a2p|a2p>, L<s2p|s2p>, L<find2perl|find2perl>
4089 L<perlbug|perlbug>, L<h2ph|h2ph>, L<c2ph|c2ph> and L<pstruct|pstruct>,
4090 L<h2xs|h2xs>, L<dprofpp|dprofpp>, L<perlcc|perlcc>
4098 =head2 perlfilter - Source Filters
4108 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
4110 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
4112 B<Decryption Filters>
4114 =item CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
4116 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
4118 =item USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
4130 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
4138 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
4139 B<filter_fetch_value>
4145 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
4147 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
4157 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
4163 AvFILL, av_clear, av_delete, av_exists, av_extend, av_fetch, av_fill,
4164 av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift,
4165 bytes_to_utf8, call_argv, call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS, Copy,
4166 croak, CvSTASH, cv_const_sv, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER,
4167 eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, get_av, get_cv,
4168 get_hv, get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod,
4169 gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD,
4170 G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV,
4171 HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete,
4172 hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent,
4173 hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv,
4174 hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA,
4175 isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number,
4176 MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
4177 mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
4178 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVpvn_share,
4179 newSVrv, newSVsv, newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv,
4180 Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct,
4181 perl_free, perl_parse, perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace,
4182 PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal, PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi,
4183 POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs, PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu,
4184 PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn,
4185 SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE,
4186 strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy, SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW,
4187 SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_notUV, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIOK_only_UV,
4188 SvIOK_UV, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, SvNOK, SvNOKp,
4189 SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOKp,
4190 SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPOK_only_UTF8, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force,
4191 SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off,
4192 SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT,
4193 SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, SVt_IV,
4194 SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUTF8,
4195 SvUTF8_off, SvUTF8_on, SvUV, SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv,
4196 sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv,
4197 sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_clear, sv_cmp, sv_cmp_locale, sv_dec,
4198 sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_free, sv_gets, sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert,
4199 sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_len_utf8, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy,
4200 sv_newmortal, sv_pvn_force, sv_pvutf8n_force, sv_reftype, sv_replace,
4201 sv_rvweaken, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv,
4202 sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn,
4203 sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv,
4204 sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg, sv_true,
4205 sv_unmagic, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg,
4206 sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode, sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_vcatpvfn,
4207 sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, U8 *s, utf8_to_bytes, utf8_to_uv,
4208 utf8_to_uv_simple, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS,
4209 XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV,
4210 XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV,
4211 XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
4219 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
4234 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
4242 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
4243 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
4244 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
4245 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
4246 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
4247 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
4248 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
4249 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
4250 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
4251 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
4255 =item Co-existence with stdio
4257 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
4258 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
4259 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
4260 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
4261 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
4262 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
4268 =head2 perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
4274 =item Infrastructure
4278 =item Mailing list archives
4280 =item Bug tracking system
4282 =item Regression Tests
4284 Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to
4305 Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs
4309 =item Perl Internals
4315 =item Garbage Collection
4317 =item Reliable signals
4319 Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed
4320 sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN
4322 =item Interpolated regex performance bugs
4324 =item Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp
4326 =item Make XS easier to use
4328 =item Make embedded Perl easier to use
4330 =item Namespace cleanup
4342 =item A clear division into tutorial and reference
4344 =item Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions
4346 =item More tutorials
4348 Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging
4350 =item Include a search tool
4352 =item Include a locate tool
4354 =item Separate function manpages by default
4356 =item Users can't find the manpages
4358 =item Install ALL Documentation
4360 =item Outstanding issues to be documented
4362 =item Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl
4364 =item Replace man with a perl program
4366 =item Unicode tutorial
4374 =item Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition 2
4376 =item Module versions
4384 VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice
4386 =item Procedural options
4390 =item y2k localtime/gmtime
4392 =item Export File::Find variables
4396 =item Debugger attach/detach
4398 =item Regular Expression debugger
4400 =item Alternative RE Syntax
4402 =item Bundled modules
4408 =item Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc.
4424 =item POSIX on non-POSIX
4426 =item Portable installations
4434 =item Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest
4436 =item Sort out the spawnvp() mess
4438 =item Work out DLL versioning
4444 =item Would be nice to have
4446 C<pack "(stuff)*">, Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled
4447 perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format
4448 BOTTOM, -i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input
4449 should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun
4450 debugger, lvalue functions
4452 =item Possible pragmas
4464 =item constant function cache
4466 =item foreach(reverse...)
4468 =item Cache eval tree
4472 =item Shrink opcode tables
4474 =item Cache hash value
4476 =item Optimize away @_ where possible
4478 =item Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b }
4480 =item Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization
4484 =item Vague possibilities
4486 ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?,
4487 Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real
4488 threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al
4490 =item To Do Or Not To Do
4494 =item Making my() work on "package" variables
4496 =item "or" testing defined not truth
4498 =item "dynamic" lexicals
4500 =item "class"-based, rather than package-based "lexicals"
4516 =item External threads
4522 =item Per-thread GVs
4534 =item Precompiled modules
4538 =item Typed lexicals
4548 =item Cached compilation
4552 =item Recently Finished Tasks
4556 =item Figure a way out of $^(capital letter)
4562 =item Namespace cleanup
4574 =head2 perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
4580 Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the
4581 implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is
4582 the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does
4583 it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is
4584 the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough
4585 documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much
4586 work?, Patches speak louder than words
4590 =item Keeping in sync
4592 rsync'ing the source tree, Using rsync over the LAN, Using pushing over the
4593 NFS, rsync'ing the patches, It's easier, It's more recent, It's more
4594 reliable, It's easier, It's a good reference, Finding a start point,
4595 Finding how to fix a bug, Finding the source of misbehaviour
4597 =item Submitting patches
4599 L<perlguts>, L<perlxstut> and L<perlxs>, L<perlapi>,
4600 F<Porting/pumpkin.pod>, The perl5-porters FAQ
4602 =item Finding Your Way Around
4604 Core modules, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter
4606 =item Elements of the interpreter
4608 Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running
4610 =item Internal Variable Types
4616 Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack
4618 =item Millions of Macros
4620 =item Poking at Perl
4622 =item Using a source-level debugger
4624 run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue,
4625 finish, 'enter', print
4627 =item Dumping Perl Data Structures
4633 =item EXTERNAL TOOLS FOR DEBUGGING PERL
4637 =item Rational Software's Purify
4639 =item Purify on Unix
4641 -Accflags=-DPURIFY, -Doptimize='-g', -Uusemymalloc, -Dusemultiplicity
4645 DEFINES, USE_MULTI = define, #PERL_MALLOC = define, CFG = Debug
4649 I<The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began.>
4657 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
4665 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
4677 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
4679 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
4683 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
4687 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.7.0
4693 =item Security Vulnerability Closed
4695 =item Incompatible Changes
4697 =item Core Enhancements
4699 =item Modules and Pragmata
4705 =item Updated And Improved Modules and Pragmata
4709 =item Utility Changes
4711 =item New Documentation
4713 =item Performance Enhancements
4715 sort() has been changed to use mergesort internally as opposed to the
4716 earlier quicksort. For very small lists this may result in slightly slower
4717 sorting times, but in general the speedup should be at least 20%.
4718 Additional bonuses are that the worst case behaviour of sort() is now
4719 better (in computer science terms it now runs in time O(N log N), as
4720 opposed to quicksort's Theta(N**2) worst-case run time behaviour), and that
4721 sort() is now stable (meaning that elements with identical keys will stay
4722 ordered as they were before the sort)
4724 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4728 =item Generic Improvements
4732 =item Selected Bug Fixes
4734 sort() arguments are now compiled in the right wantarray context (they were
4735 accidentally using the context of the sort() itself)
4739 =item Platform Specific Changes and Fixes
4743 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4745 =item Changed Internals
4747 =item Known Problems
4751 =item Unicode Support Still Far From Perfect
4753 =item EBCDIC Still A Lost Platform
4755 =item Building Extensions Can Fail Because Of Largefiles
4757 =item ftmp-security tests warn 'system possibly insecure'
4759 =item Test lib/posix Subtest 9 Fails In LP64-Configured HP-UX
4761 =item Long Doubles Still Don't Work In Solaris
4763 =item Linux With Sfio Fails op/misc Test 48
4765 =item Storable tests fail in some platforms
4767 =item Threads Are Still Experimental
4769 =item The Compiler Suite Is Still Experimental
4773 =item Reporting Bugs
4781 =head2 perl56delta, perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4787 =item Core Enhancements
4791 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4793 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4795 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4797 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4799 =item "our" declarations
4801 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4803 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4805 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4807 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4809 =item open() with more than two arguments
4811 =item 64-bit support
4813 =item Large file support
4819 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4821 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4823 =item File globbing implemented internally
4825 =item Support for CHECK blocks
4827 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4829 =item Better pseudo-random number generator
4831 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4833 =item Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4835 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4837 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4839 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4841 =item Comments in pack() templates
4843 =item Weak references
4845 =item Binary numbers supported
4847 =item Lvalue subroutines
4849 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4851 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4853 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4855 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4857 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4859 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4861 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4863 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4865 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4867 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4869 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4871 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4873 =item Improved diagnostics
4875 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4877 =item More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4879 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4881 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4883 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4885 =item Improved security features
4887 =item More functional bareword prototype (*)
4889 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4891 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4893 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4895 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4897 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4899 =item Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings
4903 =item Modules and Pragmata
4909 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4910 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4911 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4912 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4913 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4914 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4915 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4916 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4922 =item Utility Changes
4936 =item The Perl Debugger
4940 =item Improved Documentation
4942 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4943 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4944 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4945 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4947 =item Performance enhancements
4951 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4953 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4955 =item Faster subroutine calls
4957 =item delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4961 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4965 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4967 =item New Configure flags
4969 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4975 =item -Duselargefiles
4977 =item installusrbinperl
4983 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
4987 =item Platform specific changes
4991 =item Supported platforms
4995 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
5003 =item Significant bug fixes
5007 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
5009 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
5011 =item All compilation errors are true errors
5013 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
5015 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
5017 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
5019 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
5021 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
5023 =item Failures in DESTROY()
5025 =item Locale bugs fixed
5029 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
5031 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
5033 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
5035 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
5039 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
5041 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
5042 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
5043 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
5044 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
5045 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
5046 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
5047 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
5048 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
5049 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
5050 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
5051 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
5052 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
5053 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
5054 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
5055 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
5056 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
5057 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
5058 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
5059 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
5060 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
5061 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
5062 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
5063 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
5064 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
5065 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
5066 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
5067 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
5068 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
5069 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
5070 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
5071 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
5072 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
5073 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
5074 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
5075 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
5076 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
5077 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
5078 around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string,
5079 Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS"
5080 instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows,
5081 Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored,
5082 Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on
5083 zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This
5084 Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL
5085 environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode
5086 '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized
5087 escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute
5088 list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in
5089 subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of
5090 CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
5094 =item Incompatible Changes
5098 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
5100 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed,
5101 Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form
5102 C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number
5103 generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, C<undef> fails on
5104 read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles,
5105 Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, delete(), values() and
5106 C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS)
5107 enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed,
5108 C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator,
5109 Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed, Semantics of bit
5110 operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their
5113 =item C Source Incompatibilities
5115 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
5117 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
5119 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
5121 =item Binary Incompatibilities
5125 =item Known Problems
5129 =item Thread test failures
5131 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
5133 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
5135 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
5137 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
5140 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
5142 =item Arrow operator and arrays
5144 =item Experimental features
5146 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
5147 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
5148 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
5153 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5155 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
5156 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as
5157 \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>"
5158 to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
5160 =item Reporting Bugs
5168 =head2 perl5005delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.005
5174 =item About the new versioning system
5176 =item Incompatible Changes
5180 =item WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
5182 =item Default installation structure has changed
5184 =item Perl Source Compatibility
5186 =item C Source Compatibility
5188 Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must
5189 now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source
5190 compatibility issues
5192 =item Binary Compatibility
5194 =item Security fixes may affect compatibility
5196 =item Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
5210 =item Regular Expressions
5212 Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression
5213 constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other
5214 improvements, Incompatible changes
5216 =item Improved malloc()
5218 =item Quicksort is internally implemented
5220 =item Reliable signals
5222 =item Reliable stack pointers
5224 =item More generous treatment of carriage returns
5228 =item Better support for multiple interpreters
5230 =item Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
5232 =item C<%!> is transparently tied to the L<Errno> module
5234 =item Pseudo-hashes are supported
5236 =item C<EXPR foreach EXPR> is supported
5238 =item Keywords can be globally overridden
5240 =item C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32
5242 =item C<foreach (1..1000000)> optimized
5244 =item C<Foo::> can be used as implicitly quoted package name
5246 =item C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> tests existence of a package
5248 =item Better locale support
5250 =item Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
5252 =item prototype() returns useful results on builtins
5254 =item Extended support for exception handling
5256 =item Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
5258 =item All C<printf> format conversions are handled internally
5260 =item New C<INIT> keyword
5262 =item New C<lock> keyword
5264 =item New C<qr//> operator
5266 =item C<our> is now a reserved word
5268 =item Tied arrays are now fully supported
5270 =item Tied handles support is better
5272 =item 4th argument to substr
5274 =item Negative LENGTH argument to splice
5276 =item Magic lvalues are now more magical
5278 =item <> now reads in records
5282 =item Supported Platforms
5288 =item Changes in existing support
5292 =item Modules and Pragmata
5298 B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed,
5299 ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
5300 Thread, attrs, fields, re
5302 =item Changes in existing modules
5304 Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File,
5305 MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark
5309 =item Utility Changes
5311 =item Documentation Changes
5313 =item New Diagnostics
5315 Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index
5316 while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent
5317 package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check
5318 filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't
5319 goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element,
5320 Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber
5321 for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions,
5322 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character
5323 class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in
5324 insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s:
5325 Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming
5326 package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such
5327 field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously
5328 large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance
5329 detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found
5330 where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use
5331 of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed
5333 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5335 Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s, Cannot open
5336 temporary file, regexp too big
5338 =item Configuration Changes
5348 =head2 perl5004delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.004
5354 =item Supported Environments
5360 =item List assignment to %ENV works
5362 =item Change to "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error
5364 =item Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
5366 =item $PERL5OPT environment variable
5368 =item Limitations on B<-M>, B<-m>, and B<-T> options
5370 =item More precise warnings
5372 =item Deprecated: Inherited C<AUTOLOAD> for non-methods
5374 =item Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
5376 =item Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
5378 =item Group vector changeable with C<$)>
5380 =item Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
5382 =item Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc.
5384 =item No resetting of $. on implicit close
5386 =item C<wantarray> may return undef
5388 =item C<eval EXPR> determines value of EXPR in scalar context
5390 =item Changes to tainting checks
5392 No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No
5393 spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
5395 =item New Opcode module and revised Safe module
5397 =item Embedding improvements
5399 =item Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
5401 =item Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
5403 =item New and changed syntax
5407 =item New and changed builtin constants
5411 =item New and changed builtin variables
5415 =item New and changed builtin functions
5417 delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in
5418 Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module
5419 VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, C<m//gc> does not
5420 reset search position on failure, C<m//x> ignores whitespace before ?*+{},
5421 nested C<sub{}> closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals
5423 =item New builtin methods
5425 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
5427 =item TIEHANDLE now supported
5429 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this
5430 LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
5432 =item Malloc enhancements
5434 -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
5436 =item Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
5440 =item Support for More Operating Systems
5456 use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use
5457 constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
5463 =item Required Updates
5465 =item Installation directories
5467 =item Module information summary
5481 =item Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
5485 =item Utility Changes
5491 Sends converted HTML to standard output
5495 C<void> XSUBs now default to returning nothing
5499 =item C Language API Changes
5501 C<gv_fetchmethod> and C<perl_call_sv>, C<perl_eval_pv>, Extended API for
5504 =item Documentation Changes
5506 L<perldelta>, L<perlfaq>, L<perllocale>, L<perltoot>, L<perlapio>,
5507 L<perlmodlib>, L<perldebug>, L<perlsec>
5509 =item New Diagnostics
5511 "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is
5512 not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too
5513 large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free
5514 nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
5515 Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort
5516 subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
5517 use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant
5518 subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did
5519 not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too
5520 long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT:
5521 %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number,
5522 internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type
5523 in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once:
5524 possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of
5525 memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible
5526 attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words
5527 with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found
5528 while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for
5529 "B<-T>" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist,
5530 Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to
5531 mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with
5532 defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay
5533 shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in
5534 prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX,
5535 PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
5545 =head2 perlaix, README.aix - Perl version 5 on IBM Unix (AIX) systems
5553 =item Compiling Perl 5 on AIX
5557 =item Building Dynamic Extensions on AIX
5559 =item The IBM ANSI C Compiler
5561 =item Using GNU's gcc for building perl
5563 =item Using Large Files with Perl
5569 =item GDBM and Threads
5571 =item NFS filesystems and utime(2)
5581 =head2 perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS (possibly very outdated information)
5597 B<Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library>, B<Version of Amiga OS>
5599 =item Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS
5601 =item Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS
5603 fork(), some features of the UNIX filesystem regarding link count and file
5604 dates, inplace operation (the -i switch) without backup file, umask()
5605 works, but the correct permissions are only set when the file is
5612 =item Accessing documentation
5620 =item B<GNU> C<info> files
5632 =item Getting the perl source
5638 =item Installing the built perl
5648 =head2 perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
5658 =item Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it)
5660 =item Cygwin Configuration
5662 C<PATH>, I<nroff>, Permissions
5670 =item Strip Binaries
5672 =item Optional Libraries
5674 C<-lcrypt>, C<-lgdbm> (C<use GDBM_File>), C<-ldb> (C<use DB_File>),
5675 C<-lcygipc> (C<use IPC::SysV>)
5677 =item Configure-time Options
5679 C<-Uusedl>, C<-Uusemymalloc>, C<-Dusemultiplicity>, C<-Duseperlio>,
5680 C<-Duse64bitint>, C<-Duselongdouble>, C<-Dusethreads>, C<-Duselargefiles>
5682 =item Suspicious Warnings
5684 I<dlsym()>, Win9x and C<d_eofnblk>, Compiler/Preprocessor defines
5702 =item File Permissions
5706 =item Filetime Granularity
5708 =item Tainting Checks
5712 =item Script Portability
5714 Pathnames, Text/Binary, F<.exe>, chown(), Miscellaneous
5722 Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl
5723 Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts
5733 =head2 perlepoc, README.epoc - Perl for EPOC
5741 =item INSTALLING PERL ON EPOC
5743 =item USING PERL ON EPOC
5747 =item IO Redirection
5757 =item Compiling Perl 5 on the EPOC cross compiling environment
5761 =item SUPPORT STATUS
5769 =head2 perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix
5778 =item Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX
5788 =item Portability Between PA-RISC Versions
5790 =item Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX
5792 =item The HP ANSI C Compiler
5794 =item Using Large Files with Perl
5800 =item GDBM and Threads
5802 =item NFS filesystems and utime(2)
5804 =item perl -P and //
5814 =head2 perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen
5823 =item Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen
5825 =item Failures during C<make test>
5827 op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t
5829 =item Building external modules
5839 =head2 perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
5859 EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh
5861 =item Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...)
5863 =item Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl
5867 =item Frequently asked questions
5871 =item I cannot run external programs
5873 =item I cannot embed perl into my program, or use F<perl.dll> from my
5876 Is your program EMX-compiled with C<-Zmt -Zcrtdll>?, Did you use
5879 =item C<``> and pipe-C<open> do not work under DOS.
5881 =item Cannot start C<find.exe "pattern" file>
5889 =item Automatic binary installation
5891 C<PERL_BADLANG>, C<PERL_BADFREE>, F<Config.pm>
5893 =item Manual binary installation
5895 Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable
5896 (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library,
5897 Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl
5898 and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation,
5899 Perl manual in F<.INF> format, Pdksh
5905 =item Accessing documentation
5909 =item OS/2 F<.INF> file
5917 =item GNU C<info> files
5931 =item Getting perl source
5933 =item Application of the patches
5941 A lot of C<bad free>, Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, F<op/fs.t>,
5942 F<lib/io_pipe.t>, F<lib/io_sock.t>, F<op/stat.t>, F<lib/io_udp.t>
5944 =item Installing the built perl
5946 =item C<a.out>-style build
5954 =item Some C</> became C<\> in pdksh.
5956 =item C<'errno'> - unresolved external
5958 =item Problems with tr or sed
5960 =item Some problem (forget which ;-)
5962 =item Library ... not found
5964 =item Segfault in make
5966 =item op/sprintf test failure
5970 =item Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port
5974 =item C<setpriority>, C<getpriority>
5978 =item C<extproc> on the first line
5980 =item Additional modules:
5982 =item Prebuilt methods:
5984 C<File::Copy::syscopy>, C<DynaLoader::mod2fname>, C<Cwd::current_drive()>,
5985 C<Cwd::sys_chdir(name)>, C<Cwd::change_drive(name)>,
5986 C<Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)>,
5987 C<Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_cwd(name)>,
5988 C<Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)>, C<Cwd::extLibpath([type])>,
5989 C<Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )>
5995 C<popen>, C<tmpnam>, C<tmpfile>, C<ctermid>, C<stat>, C<flock>
6009 =item F<perl___.exe>
6011 =item Why strange names?
6013 =item Why dynamic linking?
6015 =item Why chimera build?
6017 explicit fork(), open FH, "|-", open FH, "-|"
6025 =item C<PERLLIB_PREFIX>
6027 =item C<PERL_BADLANG>
6029 =item C<PERL_BADFREE>
6031 =item C<PERL_SH_DIR>
6033 =item C<USE_PERL_FLOCK>
6035 =item C<TMP> or C<TEMP>
6045 =item DLL name mangling
6049 =item Calls to external programs
6051 =item Memory allocation
6055 C<COND_WAIT>, F<os2.c>
6069 =head2 perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390.
6081 =item Setup and utilities
6085 =item Build, test, install
6087 =item build anomalies
6089 =item testing anomalies
6093 =item Modules and Extensions
6111 =head2 perlposix-bc, README.posix-bc - building and installing Perl for
6152 =head2 perlsolaris, README.solaris - Perl version 5 on Solaris systems
6160 =item Solaris Version Numbers.
6166 Solaris FAQ, Precompiled Binaries, Solaris Documentation
6172 =item File Extraction Problems.
6174 =item Compiler and Related Tools.
6180 =item RUN CONFIGURE.
6184 =item 64-bit Issues.
6188 =item Malloc Issues.
6192 =item MAKE PROBLEMS.
6194 Dynamic Loading Problems With GNU as and GNU ld, ld.so.1: ./perl: fatal:
6195 relocation error:, dlopen: stub interception failed, #error "No
6196 DATAMODEL_NATIVE specified", sh: ar: not found
6202 =item op/stat.t test 4
6206 =item PREBUILT BINARIES.
6208 =item RUNTIME ISSUES.
6212 =item Limits on Numbers of Open Files.
6216 =item SOLARIS-SPECIFIC MODULES.
6218 =item SOLARIS-SPECIFIC PROBLEMS WITH MODULES.
6222 =item Proc::ProcessTable
6236 =head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
6244 =item Organization of Perl Images
6250 =item Perl Extensions
6252 =item Installing static extensions
6254 =item Installing dynamic extensions
6258 =item File specifications
6264 =item Wildcard expansion
6270 =item PERL5LIB and PERLLIB
6276 =item I/O redirection and backgrounding
6278 =item Command line switches
6284 =item Perl functions
6286 File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump,
6287 exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select
6288 (system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime
6289 LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS
6291 =item Perl variables
6293 %ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $|
6295 =item Standard modules with VMS-specific differences
6309 =head2 perlvos, README.vos - Perl for Stratus VOS
6317 =item Stratus POSIX Support
6321 =item INSTALLING PERL IN VOS
6325 =item Compiling Perl 5 on VOS
6327 =item Installing Perl 5 on VOS
6331 =item USING PERL IN VOS
6335 =item Unimplemented Features
6341 =item SUPPORT STATUS
6349 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
6351 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6363 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6373 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
6383 =item Built-in Attributes
6385 locked, method, lvalue
6387 =item Available Subroutines
6391 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
6393 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
6395 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
6403 =item Default exports
6405 =item Available exports
6407 =item Export tags defined
6417 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6429 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
6445 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
6459 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
6473 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
6486 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
6495 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
6501 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
6511 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
6521 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
6532 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
6534 =item The I<splain> Program
6548 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
6562 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
6572 =item subpragma access
6578 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
6589 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
6599 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
6609 =item Adding directories to @INC
6611 =item Deleting directories from @INC
6613 =item Restoring original @INC
6623 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
6634 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
6642 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
6648 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
6660 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
6670 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
6672 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
6674 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
6676 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
6678 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
6680 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
6682 =item Overloadable Operations
6684 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
6685 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
6686 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
6688 =item Inheritance and overloading
6690 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
6691 is inherited by derived classes
6695 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
6703 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
6705 =item Copy Constructor
6711 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
6713 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
6714 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
6715 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
6718 =item Losing overloading
6720 =item Run-time Overloading
6722 =item Public functions
6724 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
6726 =item Overloading constants
6728 integer, float, binary, q, qr
6730 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6732 =item Metaphor clash
6738 =item Two-face scalars
6740 =item Two-face references
6742 =item Symbolic calculator
6744 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
6752 Odd number of arguments for overload::constant, `%s' is not an overloadable
6753 type, `%s' is not a code reference
6759 =head2 perlio - perl pragma to configure C level IO
6771 =item Defaults and how to override them
6779 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6789 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
6801 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
6803 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
6807 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
6811 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
6819 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
6827 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
6831 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
6841 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
6853 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
6863 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
6871 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled(), warnings::enabled($category),
6872 warnings::enabled($object), warnings::warn($message),
6873 warnings::warn($category, $message), warnings::warn($object, $message),
6874 warnings::warnif($message), warnings::warnif($category, $message),
6875 warnings::warnif($object, $message)
6879 =head2 warnings::register - warnings import function
6881 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
6883 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
6893 =item DBM Comparisons
6903 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
6913 =item Subroutine Stubs
6915 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6917 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6919 =item Package Lexicals
6921 =item Not Using AutoLoader
6923 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
6933 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
6941 $keep, $check, $modtime
6945 =item Multiple packages
6953 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
6961 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
6965 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
6973 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
6987 =item B::PVMG METHODS
6991 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
6993 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
6995 =item B::PVLV METHODS
6997 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
7001 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
7005 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
7006 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
7010 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
7011 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
7015 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
7019 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
7024 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
7026 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
7030 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
7032 =item B::UNOP METHOD
7036 =item B::BINOP METHOD
7040 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
7044 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
7048 =item B::PMOP METHODS
7050 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
7052 =item B::SVOP METHOD
7056 =item B::PADOP METHOD
7060 =item B::PVOP METHOD
7064 =item B::LOOP METHODS
7066 redoop, nextop, lastop
7068 =item B::COP METHODS
7070 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
7074 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
7076 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
7077 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
7078 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
7079 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
7085 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
7098 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
7110 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
7122 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
7132 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
7133 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
7134 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-upackage> Stores package in the
7145 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
7155 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
7156 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
7166 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
7176 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
7177 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
7178 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
7190 =item Context of ".."
7194 =item Deprecated features
7202 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
7214 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
7224 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
7225 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
7227 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
7247 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
7259 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
7267 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
7269 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
7270 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
7272 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
7282 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
7292 =item IMPLEMENTATION
7298 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
7310 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
7322 =head2 B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded
7324 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
7336 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
7346 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
7354 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
7366 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
7380 =item Standard Exports
7382 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
7383 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
7384 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
7386 =item Optional Exports
7388 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
7389 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
7390 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
7406 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
7410 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
7424 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
7434 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
7435 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
7436 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-upackage> Stores package in the
7447 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
7459 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
7461 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
7463 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
7464 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
7465 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
7467 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
7469 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
7471 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
7473 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
7475 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
7477 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
7479 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
7481 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
7483 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
7485 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
7487 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
7489 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
7491 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
7493 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
7495 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
7497 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
7498 B<:standard>, B<:all>
7502 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -no_xhtml, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls,
7503 -autoload, -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
7505 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
7507 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
7508 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
7513 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
7517 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
7519 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
7521 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
7523 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
7525 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
7527 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
7529 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
7531 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
7532 (B<-query_string>), B<-base>
7534 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
7538 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
7542 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
7544 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
7546 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
7548 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
7550 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
7552 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
7553 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
7555 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
7559 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
7563 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
7565 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
7567 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
7569 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
7573 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
7575 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
7577 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
7581 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
7583 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
7587 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
7591 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
7595 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
7599 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
7603 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
7605 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
7607 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
7611 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
7613 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
7614 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
7616 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
7622 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
7623 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
7625 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
7627 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
7628 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
7631 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7637 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7641 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7643 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
7644 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
7645 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
7646 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_port ()>,
7647 B<server_software ()>, B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>,
7648 B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>, B<http()>, B<https()>
7650 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
7652 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
7653 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7657 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
7659 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7661 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
7662 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7664 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7666 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7670 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
7671 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
7672 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
7673 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
7674 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
7675 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
7676 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
7677 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
7678 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
7679 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
7680 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
7681 ...and many many more..
7683 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7691 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
7701 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7709 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
7718 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
7720 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
7724 =item Changing the default message
7728 =item MAKING WARNINGS APPEAR AS HTML COMMENTS
7738 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
7746 =item USING CGI::Cookie
7748 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
7752 =item Creating New Cookies
7754 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
7756 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
7758 =item Manipulating Cookies
7760 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
7764 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7772 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
7780 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
7782 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
7784 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
7786 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
7790 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7798 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
7808 =item Tags that won't be formatted
7810 =item Customizing the Indenting
7822 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
7830 =item USING CGI::Push
7832 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
7836 =item Heterogeneous Pages
7838 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
7842 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
7844 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7852 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
7862 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7870 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
7880 =item Interactive Mode
7882 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
7883 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
7884 distribution, Signals
7892 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
7894 =item Programmer's interface
7896 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
7898 =item Methods in the four Classes
7906 =item Finding packages and VERSION
7910 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
7916 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
7917 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
7918 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
7919 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
7923 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
7925 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
7933 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
7935 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
7939 =item Three basic types of firewalls
7941 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
7943 =item Configuring lynx or ncftp for going through a firewall
7949 1) I installed a new version of module X but CPAN keeps saying, I
7950 have the old version installed, 2) So why is UNINST=1 not the default?, 3)
7951 I want to clean up my mess, and install a new perl along with all
7952 modules I have. How do I go about it?, 4) When I install bundles or
7953 multiple modules with one command there is too much output to keep
7954 track of, 5) I am not root, how can I install a module in a personal
7955 directory?, 6) How to get a package, unwrap it, and make a change before
7956 building it?, 7) I installed a Bundle and had a couple of fails. When I
7957 retried, everything resolved nicely. Can this be fixed to work
7958 on first try?, 8) In our intranet we have many modules for internal use.
7959 How can I integrate these modules with CPAN.pm but without uploading
7960 the modules to CPAN?, 9) When I run CPAN's shell, I get error msg
7961 about line 1 to 4, setting meta input/output via the /etc/inputrc
7962 file, 10) Some authors have strange characters in their names
7972 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
7982 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
7995 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
8005 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
8013 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
8023 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
8033 =item The C<struct()> function
8035 =item Class Creation at Compile Time
8037 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
8039 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
8040 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
8042 =item Initializing with C<new>
8048 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
8050 =item Author and Modification History
8054 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
8062 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
8074 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
8078 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
8079 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
8080 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
8084 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
8085 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
8089 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
8090 C<ccflags_uselargefiles>, C<ccname>, C<ccsymbols>, C<ccversion>, C<cf_by>,
8091 C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>, C<chmod>, C<chown>,
8092 C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
8096 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
8097 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
8098 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
8102 C<d__fwalk>, C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>,
8103 C<d_atolf>, C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>,
8104 C<d_bincompat5005>, C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>,
8105 C<d_casti32>, C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>,
8106 C<d_chsize>, C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
8107 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
8108 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
8109 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
8110 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
8111 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fcntl_can_lock>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>,
8112 C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>, C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>,
8113 C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>, C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>,
8114 C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>, C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_fsync>, C<d_ftello>,
8115 C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>, C<d_getespwnam>, C<d_getfsstat>,
8116 C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>, C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>,
8117 C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>, C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>,
8118 C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>, C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>,
8119 C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>, C<d_getpagsz>, C<d_getpbyname>,
8120 C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>, C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>,
8121 C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>, C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getprpwnam>,
8122 C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>, C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>,
8123 C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspnam>, C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>,
8124 C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>, C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>,
8125 C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>, C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>,
8126 C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>, C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>,
8127 C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>, C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>,
8128 C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>, C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>,
8129 C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>, C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>,
8130 C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>, C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>,
8131 C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>, C<d_msg_ctrunc>,
8132 C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>, C<d_msg_proxy>,
8133 C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>, C<d_msync>,
8134 C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
8135 C<d_nv_preserves_uv_bits>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
8136 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
8137 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
8138 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEUldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
8139 C<d_PRIFUldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGUldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
8140 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIXU64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
8141 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
8142 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
8143 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
8144 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sbrkproto>, C<d_sched_yield>,
8145 C<d_scm_rights>, C<d_SCNfldbl>, C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>,
8146 C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>, C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>,
8147 C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>, C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>,
8148 C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>, C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>,
8149 C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>, C<d_setprior>,
8150 C<d_setproctitle>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
8151 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
8152 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
8153 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
8154 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>,
8155 C<d_socks5_init>, C<d_sqrtl>, C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>,
8156 C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>, C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>,
8157 C<d_stdio_ptr_lval_nochange_cnt>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval_sets_cnt>,
8158 C<d_stdio_stream_array>, C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>,
8159 C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>, C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>,
8160 C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>, C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>,
8161 C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>, C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>,
8162 C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>, C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>,
8163 C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>, C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>,
8164 C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>, C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>,
8165 C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>, C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>,
8166 C<d_void_closedir>, C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>,
8167 C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>, C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>,
8168 C<d_xenix>, C<date>, C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>,
8169 C<direntrytype>, C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>,
8174 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
8175 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
8179 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
8180 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
8184 C<gccosandvers>, C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>,
8185 C<gidtype>, C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
8189 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>
8193 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
8194 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
8195 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
8196 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_libutil>,
8197 C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>, C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>,
8198 C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>, C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>,
8199 C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>, C<i_prot>, C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>,
8200 C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>, C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>,
8201 C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>, C<i_string>, C<i_sunmath>,
8202 C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>, C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>,
8203 C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>, C<i_sysmode>, C<i_sysmount>,
8204 C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>, C<i_syssecrt>, C<i_sysselct>,
8205 C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>, C<i_sysstatvfs>,
8206 C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>, C<i_sysuio>,
8207 C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>, C<i_termio>,
8208 C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>, C<i_values>,
8209 C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>, C<ignore_versioned_solibs>,
8210 C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>, C<incpath>, C<inews>,
8211 C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>, C<installman3dir>,
8212 C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>, C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>,
8213 C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>, C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>,
8214 C<installusrbinperl>, C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>,
8215 C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>, C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
8219 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
8223 C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldflags_uselargefiles>, C<ldlibpthname>,
8224 C<less>, C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
8225 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>,
8226 C<libswanted_uselargefiles>, C<line>, C<lint>, C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>,
8227 C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>, C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>,
8228 C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>, C<lseektype>
8232 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
8233 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
8234 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
8238 C<Mcc>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<modetype>, C<more>,
8239 C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>, C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
8243 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
8244 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
8245 C<nveformat>, C<nvEUformat>, C<nvfformat>, C<nvFUformat>, C<nvgformat>,
8246 C<nvGUformat>, C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
8250 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
8251 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
8255 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
8260 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
8261 C<perllibs>, C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>,
8262 C<pm_apiversion>, C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>,
8263 C<privlibexp>, C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
8267 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
8271 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
8272 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
8276 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
8277 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
8278 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
8279 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
8280 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
8281 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
8282 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<so>, C<sockethdr>,
8283 C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>, C<spitshell>,
8284 C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEUldbl>, C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFUldbl>,
8285 C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGUldbl>, C<sPRIi64>, C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>,
8286 C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIXU64>, C<src>, C<sSCNfldbl>, C<ssizetype>, C<startperl>,
8287 C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>, C<stdio_bufsiz>,
8288 C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>, C<stdio_stream_array>,
8289 C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
8293 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
8294 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
8298 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
8299 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
8300 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
8301 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
8302 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
8303 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
8304 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
8305 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
8306 C<uvxformat>, C<uvXUformat>
8310 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
8311 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
8312 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<versiononly>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
8316 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
8328 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
8338 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
8350 =item Global Variables
8352 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
8353 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
8358 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
8359 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
8361 =item Client Callback Methods
8363 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
8364 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
8365 CLIENT->output(LIST)
8375 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
8383 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
8387 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
8389 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
8391 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
8393 =item Default Parameters
8395 =item In Memory Databases
8403 =item A Simple Example
8411 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
8413 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
8415 =item The get_dup() Method
8417 =item The find_dup() Method
8419 =item The del_dup() Method
8421 =item Matching Partial Keys
8429 =item The 'bval' Option
8431 =item A Simple Example
8433 =item Extra RECNO Methods
8435 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
8436 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
8438 =item Another Example
8442 =item THE API INTERFACE
8444 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
8445 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
8446 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
8447 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
8451 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
8452 B<filter_fetch_value>
8458 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
8460 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
8464 =item HINTS AND TIPS
8468 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
8470 =item Safe ways to lock a database
8472 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
8474 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
8476 =item The untie() Gotcha
8480 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
8484 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
8486 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
8488 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
8490 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
8510 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
8511 printing and C<eval>
8523 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
8524 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
8525 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
8532 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
8534 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8535 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8536 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8537 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8538 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8539 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8540 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8541 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8542 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8543 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8544 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8545 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
8565 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
8573 =item PROFILE FORMAT
8585 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
8595 =item Memory footprint debugging
8603 =item A simple scalar string
8605 =item A simple scalar number
8607 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
8609 =item A reference to a simple scalar
8611 =item A reference to an array
8613 =item A reference to a hash
8615 =item Dumping a large array or hash
8617 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
8619 =item A reference to a subroutine
8633 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
8643 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
8653 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
8665 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
8666 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
8667 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
8672 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
8673 veryCompact, set, get
8679 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
8687 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
8688 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
8689 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
8690 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
8697 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
8710 =head2 Encode - character encodings
8720 =item chars With Encoding
8722 =item Testing For UTF-8
8724 =item Toggling UTF-8-ness
8726 =item UTF-16 and UTF-32 Encodings
8728 =item Handling Malformed Data
8732 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
8745 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
8760 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
8776 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
8788 =item Selecting What To Export
8790 =item Specialised Import Lists
8792 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
8794 =item Module Version Checking
8796 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
8798 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
8804 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
8814 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
8835 mv source... destination
8837 cp source... destination
8855 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
8867 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
8868 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
8878 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
8888 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
8900 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
8901 packlist(), version()
8909 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
8917 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
8923 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
8933 =item VMS implementation
8935 =item Win32 implementation
8943 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8952 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
8956 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8967 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
8979 =item Preloaded methods
8999 =item SelfLoaded methods
9045 file_name_is_absolute
9051 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
9091 maybe_command_in_dirs
9129 replace_manpage_separator
9143 test_via_harness (o)
9173 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
9184 =item Methods always loaded
9196 =item SelfLoaded methods
9198 guess_name (override)
9202 find_perl (override)
9206 maybe_command (override)
9208 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
9210 perl_script (override)
9212 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9214 replace_manpage_separator
9216 init_others (override)
9218 constants (override)
9222 const_cccmd (override)
9224 pm_to_blib (override)
9226 tool_autosplit (override)
9228 tool_sxubpp (override)
9230 xsubpp_version (override)
9232 tools_other (override)
9242 top_targets (override)
9246 dynamic_lib (override)
9248 dynamic_bs (override)
9250 static_lib (override)
9252 manifypods (override)
9254 processPL (override)
9256 installbin (override)
9262 realclean (override)
9264 dist_basics (override)
9266 dist_core (override)
9270 dist_test (override)
9274 perldepend (override)
9280 test_via_harness (override)
9282 test_via_script (override)
9284 makeaperl (override)
9288 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
9315 test_via_harness (o)
9317 tool_autosplit (override)
9335 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
9345 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
9347 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
9355 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
9359 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
9361 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
9363 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
9365 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
9367 ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, AUTHOR, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
9368 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
9369 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
9370 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
9371 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
9372 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
9373 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
9374 INST_EXE, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_LIB, INST_MAN1DIR,
9375 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS, LINKTYPE,
9376 MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB, NAME,
9377 NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL, PERLMAINCC,
9378 PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_MALLOC_OK, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX,
9379 PL_FILES, PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT,
9380 PREFIX, PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT,
9381 XSPROTOARG, XS_VERSION
9383 =item Additional lowercase attributes
9385 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
9388 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
9390 =item Hintsfile support
9392 =item Distribution Support
9394 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
9395 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
9396 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
9398 =item Disabling an extension
9412 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
9424 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
9428 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
9429 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
9437 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
9449 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
9459 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
9468 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
9476 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
9488 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
9496 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
9506 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
9518 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
9528 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
9532 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
9540 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
9544 C<basename>, C<dirname>
9548 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
9558 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
9572 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
9582 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
9584 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
9594 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
9602 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
9614 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
9622 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<preprocess>, C<postprocess>, C<follow>,
9623 C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>, C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>,
9624 C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
9630 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
9638 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
9639 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
9643 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
9651 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
9663 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
9677 =head2 File::Spec::Epoc - methods for Epoc file specs
9711 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
9729 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
9757 file_name_is_absolute
9777 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
9787 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
9819 file_name_is_absolute
9841 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
9857 =item Methods always loaded
9859 canonpath (override)
9877 case_tolerant (override)
9881 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9883 splitpath (override)
9899 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
9929 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
9953 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
9967 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
9977 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
9985 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
9993 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
9995 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
10013 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
10027 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
10039 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
10047 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
10053 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
10061 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
10071 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
10087 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
10095 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
10097 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
10101 =item Simple options
10103 =item A little bit less simple options
10105 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
10107 =item Options with values
10109 =item Options with multiple values
10111 =item Options with hash values
10113 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
10115 =item Options with multiple names
10117 =item Case and abbreviations
10119 =item Summary of Option Specifications
10121 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
10125 =item Advanced Possibilities
10129 =item Object oriented interface
10131 =item Documentation and help texts
10133 =item Storing options in a hash
10137 =item The lonesome dash
10139 =item Argument call-back
10143 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
10145 default, posix_default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, gnu_compat, gnu_getopt,
10146 require_order, permute, bundling (default: disabled), bundling_override
10147 (default: disabled), ignore_case (default: enabled), ignore_case_always
10148 (default: disabled), pass_through (default: disabled), prefix,
10149 prefix_pattern, debug (default: disabled)
10151 =item Return values and Errors
10157 =item Default destinations
10159 =item Alternative option starters
10161 =item Configuration variables
10165 =item Trouble Shooting
10169 =item Warning: Ignoring '!' modifier for short option
10171 =item GetOptions does not return a false result when an option is not
10178 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
10182 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
10193 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
10204 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
10214 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
10222 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
10223 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
10233 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
10243 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
10247 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
10255 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
10265 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
10269 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
10270 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
10271 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
10272 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
10284 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10294 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10298 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10308 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10318 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10319 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10329 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
10337 $io->getpos, $io->setpos, $io->setpos ( POS, WHENCE ), WHENCE=0 (SEEK_SET),
10338 WHENCE=1 (SEEK_CUR), WHENCE=1 (SEEK_END), $io->sysseek( POS, WHENCE ),
10345 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
10355 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10359 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10360 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10361 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10371 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
10385 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10386 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10396 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
10412 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10425 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
10439 hostpath(), peerpath()
10449 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
10458 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
10459 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
10469 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
10479 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
10483 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
10491 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
10502 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
10506 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
10507 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
10508 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
10509 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
10521 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10531 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10535 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10545 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10555 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10556 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10566 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
10575 $io->getpos, $io->setpos, $io->setpos ( POS, WHENCE ), WHENCE=0 (SEEK_SET),
10576 WHENCE=1 (SEEK_CUR), WHENCE=1 (SEEK_END), $io->sysseek( POS, WHENCE ),
10583 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
10594 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10598 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10599 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10600 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10610 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
10625 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10626 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10636 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
10637 AF_INET domain sockets
10653 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10666 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
10667 AF_UNIX domain sockets
10681 hostpath(), peerpath()
10691 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10701 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10702 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10713 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
10727 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
10740 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
10750 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10751 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10752 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10763 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
10781 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10791 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10792 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10803 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
10814 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10815 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10816 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10827 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
10835 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
10844 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
10852 Canonical notation, Input, Output
10856 =item Autocreating constants
10864 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
10877 =item STRINGIFICATION
10881 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
10887 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
10889 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
10897 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
10905 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
10911 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
10913 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
10917 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10919 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
10923 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
10925 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10927 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
10928 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
10932 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
10942 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
10948 C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>, C<O_RDWR>
10954 =item C<ndbm store returned -1, errno 22, key "..." at ...>
10958 =item BUGS AND WARNINGS
10962 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
10974 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
10975 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
10985 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
11002 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
11019 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
11034 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
11051 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
11061 =item IMPLEMENTATION
11067 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
11073 C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>, C<O_RDWR>
11079 =item C<odbm store returned -1, errno 22, key "..." at ...>
11083 =item BUGS AND WARNINGS
11087 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
11099 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
11101 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
11102 or optag, an operator set (opset)
11104 =item Opcode Functions
11106 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
11107 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
11108 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
11111 =item Manipulating Opsets
11113 =item TO DO (maybe)
11119 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
11121 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
11122 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
11123 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
11132 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
11141 a new namespace, an operator mask
11147 =item RECENT CHANGES
11149 =item Methods in class Safe
11151 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
11152 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
11153 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
11154 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
11156 =item Some Safety Issues
11158 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
11166 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
11179 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
11193 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
11194 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
11195 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
11196 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
11197 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
11198 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
11199 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
11200 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
11201 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
11202 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
11203 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
11204 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
11205 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
11206 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
11207 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
11208 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
11209 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
11210 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
11211 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
11212 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
11213 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod,
11214 strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain,
11215 tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile,
11216 tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc,
11217 unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs,
11224 =item POSIX::SigAction
11228 =item POSIX::SigSet
11230 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
11232 =item POSIX::Termios
11234 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
11235 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
11236 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
11237 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
11238 values, c_oflag field values
11242 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
11246 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
11250 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
11308 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
11314 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
11320 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
11332 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
11333 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
11334 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
11335 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
11336 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
11337 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
11338 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
11339 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
11344 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
11345 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
11346 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
11347 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
11348 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
11349 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
11354 collapsing newlines to blanks, ignoring leading/trailing whitespace in
11355 link, (section) in '$page' deprecated, alternative text/node '%s' contains
11368 C<Pod::Checker-E<gt>new( %options )>
11370 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
11373 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
11375 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
11377 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
11379 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
11381 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
11389 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
11401 =item C<pod_find( { %opts } , @directories )>
11403 C<-verbose =E<gt> 1>, C<-perl =E<gt> 1>, C<-script =E<gt> 1>, C<-inc =E<gt>
11410 =item C<simplify_name( $str )>
11416 =item C<pod_where( { %opts }, $pod )>
11418 C<-inc =E<gt> 1>, C<-dirs =E<gt> [ $dir1, $dir2, ... ]>, C<-verbose =E<gt>
11425 =item C<contains_pod( $file , $verbose )>
11437 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
11447 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
11448 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
11463 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
11476 package B<Pod::InputSource>, package B<Pod::Paragraph>, package
11477 B<Pod::InteriorSequence>, package B<Pod::ParseTree>
11483 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
11507 =item B<was_cutting()>
11513 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
11519 =item Pod::Paragraph-E<gt>B<new()>
11525 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<cmd_name()>
11531 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<text()>
11537 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<raw_text()>
11543 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<cmd_prefix()>
11549 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<cmd_separator()>
11555 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<parse_tree()>
11561 =item $pod_para-E<gt>B<file_line()>
11567 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
11573 =item Pod::InteriorSequence-E<gt>B<new()>
11579 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<cmd_name()>
11585 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<prepend()>
11591 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<append()>
11597 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<nested()>
11603 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<raw_text()>
11609 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<left_delimiter()>
11615 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<right_delimiter()>
11621 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<parse_tree()>
11627 =item $pod_seq-E<gt>B<file_line()>
11633 =item Pod::InteriorSequence::B<DESTROY()>
11639 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
11645 =item Pod::ParseTree-E<gt>B<new()>
11651 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<top()>
11657 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<children()>
11663 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<prepend()>
11669 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<append()>
11675 =item $ptree-E<gt>B<raw_text()>
11681 =item Pod::ParseTree::B<DESTROY()>
11693 =head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
11705 =item OBJECT METHODS
11713 =item Data Accessors
11729 B<ReplaceNAMEwithSection>
11731 B<StartWithNewPage>
11745 =item Subclassed methods
11759 B<interior_sequence>
11775 =item Methods for headings
11783 =item Internal methods
11789 B<_replace_special_chars>
11795 B<_clean_latex_commands>
11811 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
11819 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, quotes,
11824 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not "%s", Invalid link %s, Invalid quote
11825 specification "%s", %s:%d: Unknown command paragraph "%s", Unknown escape
11826 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, %s: Unknown command paragraph "%s" on
11827 line %d, Unmatched =back
11837 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
11851 Pod::List-E<gt>new()
11859 $list-E<gt>indent()
11867 $list-E<gt>parent()
11873 =item Pod::Hyperlink
11875 Pod::Hyperlink-E<gt>new()
11879 $link-E<gt>parse($string)
11881 $link-E<gt>markup($string)
11885 $link-E<gt>warning()
11887 $link-E<gt>file(), $link-E<gt>line()
11893 $link-E<gt>alttext()
11903 Pod::Cache-E<gt>new()
11909 $cache-E<gt>find_page($name)
11913 =item Pod::Cache::Item
11915 Pod::Cache::Item-E<gt>new()
11919 $cacheitem-E<gt>page()
11921 $cacheitem-E<gt>description()
11923 $cacheitem-E<gt>path()
11925 $cacheitem-E<gt>file()
11927 $cacheitem-E<gt>nodes()
11929 $cacheitem-E<gt>find_node($name)
11931 $cacheitem-E<gt>idx()
11941 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
11953 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
11955 =item PARSING OPTIONS
11957 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
11958 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
11964 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11972 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11978 =item B<verbatim()>
11980 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11986 =item B<textblock()>
11988 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11994 =item B<interior_sequence()>
12000 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
12012 =item B<initialize()>
12018 =item B<begin_pod()>
12024 =item B<begin_input()>
12030 =item B<end_input()>
12042 =item B<preprocess_line()>
12048 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
12054 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
12060 =item B<parse_text()>
12062 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
12063 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
12064 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
12070 =item B<interpolate()>
12076 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
12082 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
12088 =item B<parse_from_file()>
12094 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
12100 =item B<errorsub()>
12112 =item B<parseopts()>
12118 =item B<output_file()>
12124 =item B<output_handle()>
12130 =item B<input_file()>
12136 =item B<input_handle()>
12142 =item B<input_streams()>
12148 =item B<top_stream()>
12154 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
12160 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
12166 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
12172 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
12180 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
12200 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
12213 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
12215 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
12221 =item OBJECT METHODS
12227 =item B<curr_headings()>
12239 =item B<add_selection()>
12245 =item B<clear_selections()>
12251 =item B<match_section()>
12257 =item B<is_selected()>
12263 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
12269 =item B<podselect()>
12271 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
12277 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
12283 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
12289 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
12295 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
12307 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
12315 alt, indent, loose, quotes, sentence, width
12319 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Invalid quote
12320 specification "%s", %s:%d: Unknown command paragraph "%s", Unknown escape:
12321 %s, Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
12333 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
12349 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
12350 text with format escapes
12364 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
12373 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
12382 =item Recommended Use
12390 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
12394 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
12402 C<O_RDONLY>, C<O_WRONLY>, C<O_RDWR>
12408 =item C<sdbm store returned -1, errno 22, key "..." at ...>
12412 =item BUGS AND WARNINGS
12416 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
12424 a new namespace, an operator mask
12430 =item RECENT CHANGES
12432 =item Methods in class Safe
12434 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
12435 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
12436 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
12437 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
12439 =item Some Safety Issues
12441 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
12449 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
12459 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
12469 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
12479 =item The __DATA__ token
12481 =item SelfLoader autoloading
12483 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
12485 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
12487 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
12489 =item Classes and inherited methods.
12493 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
12497 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
12507 =item OBJECT ORIENTED SYNTAX
12515 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
12516 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
12524 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
12525 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
12526 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
12527 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
12528 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
12532 =head2 Storable - persistency for perl data structures
12542 =item ADVISORY LOCKING
12546 =item CANONICAL REPRESENTATION
12548 =item ERROR REPORTING
12556 C<STORABLE_freeze> I<obj>, I<cloning>, C<STORABLE_thaw> I<obj>, I<cloning>,
12561 C<Storable::last_op_in_netorder>, C<Storable::is_storing>,
12562 C<Storable::is_retrieving>
12586 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
12596 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
12608 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
12609 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12617 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12618 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12629 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
12630 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12638 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12639 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12650 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
12660 Invalid attribute name %s, Name "%s" used only once: possible typo, No
12661 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword "%s" not allowed while "strict
12672 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
12684 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
12692 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
12702 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
12703 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
12711 =item Minimal set of supported functions
12713 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
12714 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
12716 =item Additional supported functions
12718 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
12726 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
12736 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
12748 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
12758 =item The test script output
12766 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
12767 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
12768 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
12781 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
12793 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
12804 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
12805 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
12806 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
12807 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
12808 backslashed double-quote)
12814 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
12831 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
12846 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
12860 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
12871 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
12872 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
12873 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
12877 join, eval, detach, equal, tid, flags, done
12885 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
12893 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12895 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
12901 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
12909 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12911 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
12915 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
12927 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
12937 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
12945 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
12946 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
12947 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
12948 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
12956 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
12965 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
12966 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
12967 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
12968 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
12970 =item MORE INFORMATION
12972 =item COMPATIBILITY
12976 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
12984 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
12985 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
12989 =item MORE INFORMATION
12993 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
13011 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
13020 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
13022 =item MORE INFORMATION
13026 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
13038 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
13046 =item IMPLEMENTATION
13052 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
13067 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
13082 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
13094 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
13102 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
13103 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
13107 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
13122 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
13133 =item System Specifics
13147 =head2 Win32 - Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
13155 =item Alphabetical Listing of Win32 Functions
13157 Win32::AbortSystemShutdown(MACHINE), Win32::BuildNumber(),
13158 Win32::CopyFile(FROM, TO, OVERWRITE), Win32::DomainName(),
13159 Win32::ExpandEnvironmentStrings(STRING), Win32::FormatMessage(ERRORCODE),
13160 Win32::FsType(), Win32::FreeLibrary(HANDLE), Win32::GetArchName(),
13161 Win32::GetChipName(), Win32::GetCwd(), Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME),
13162 Win32::GetLastError(), Win32::GetLongPathName(PATHNAME),
13163 Win32::GetNextAvailDrive(), Win32::GetOSVersion(),
13164 Win32::GetShortPathName(PATHNAME), Win32::GetProcAddress(INSTANCE,
13165 PROCNAME), Win32::GetTickCount(), Win32::InitiateSystemShutdown(MACHINE,
13166 MESSAGE, TIMEOUT, FORCECLOSE, REBOOT), Win32::IsWinNT(), Win32::IsWin95(),
13167 Win32::LoadLibrary(LIBNAME), Win32::LoginName(),
13168 Win32::LookupAccountName(SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SID, SIDTYPE),
13169 Win32::LookupAccountSID(SYSTEM, SID, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SIDTYPE),
13170 Win32::MsgBox(MESSAGE [, FLAGS [, TITLE]]), Win32::NodeName(),
13171 Win32::RegisterServer(LIBRARYNAME), Win32::SetCwd(NEWDIRECTORY),
13172 Win32::SetLastError(ERROR), Win32::Sleep(TIME), Win32::Spawn(COMMAND, ARGS,
13173 PID), Win32::UnregisterServer(LIBRARYNAME)
13179 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
13191 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
13193 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
13194 don't all have manual pages yet:
13220 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles