4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
310 =item BASIC DOCUMENTATION
314 =item perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
316 SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, AVAILABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, AUTHOR, FILES, SEE ALSO,
317 DIAGNOSTICS, BUGS, NOTES
319 =item perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
328 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
336 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
346 =item Simple statements
348 =item Compound statements
356 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
360 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
362 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
368 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
382 =item Scalar value constructors
384 =item List value constructors
388 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
396 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
406 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
408 =item The Arrow Operator
410 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
414 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
416 =item Binding Operators
418 =item Multiplicative Operators
420 =item Additive Operators
422 =item Shift Operators
424 =item Named Unary Operators
426 =item Relational Operators
428 =item Equality Operators
432 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
434 =item C-style Logical And
436 =item C-style Logical Or
438 =item Range Operators
440 =item Conditional Operator
442 =item Assignment Operators
446 =item List Operators (Rightward)
452 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
454 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
456 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
458 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
460 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
462 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
463 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
464 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
465 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
467 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
469 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
470 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
471 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
472 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
477 =item Constant Folding
479 =item Bitwise String Operators
481 =item Integer Arithmetic
483 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
491 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
501 =item Private Variables via my()
503 =item Persistent Private Variables
505 =item Temporary Values via local()
507 =item Lvalue subroutines
509 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
511 =item When to Still Use local()
513 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
514 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
515 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
517 =item Pass by Reference
521 =item Constant Functions
523 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
527 =item Subroutine Attributes
535 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
543 =item Perl Functions by Category
545 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
546 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
547 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
548 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
549 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
550 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
551 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
552 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
553 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
554 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
559 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
561 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
562 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
563 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
564 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
565 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
566 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
567 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
568 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
569 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
570 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
571 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
572 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
573 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
574 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
575 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
576 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
577 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
578 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
579 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
580 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
581 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
582 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
583 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
584 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
585 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
586 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
587 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
588 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
589 LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
590 ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd
591 ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module
592 LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
593 FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack
594 TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
595 ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print,
596 printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION,
597 push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/,
598 quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
599 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
600 DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv
601 SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
602 OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
603 return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
604 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
605 EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
606 FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
607 ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
608 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
609 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
610 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
611 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
612 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
613 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
614 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
615 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
616 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
617 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
618 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
619 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
620 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
621 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
622 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
623 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
624 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
625 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
626 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
627 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
628 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
629 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
630 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
631 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
632 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
638 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
644 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
652 =item Making References
654 =item Using References
672 =item Distribution Conditions
678 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
684 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
685 more elaborate constructs
689 =item COMMON MISTAKES
691 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
693 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
699 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
703 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
705 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
707 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
711 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
715 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
717 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
719 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
723 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
727 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
729 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
731 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
735 =item HASHES OF HASHES
739 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
741 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
743 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
747 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
751 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
753 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
755 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
767 =head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
777 =item Simple word matching
779 =item Using character classes
781 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
782 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
783 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
784 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
785 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
786 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n"
788 =item Matching this or that
790 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
792 =item Extracting matches
794 =item Matching repetitions
796 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
797 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
798 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
799 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
804 =item Search and replace
806 =item The split operator
814 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
818 =item Acknowledgments
824 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
832 =item Verbatim Paragraph
834 =item Command Paragraph
836 =item Ordinary Block of Text
840 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
842 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
852 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
860 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
878 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
880 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
881 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
882 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
883 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
885 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
887 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
888 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
889 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
893 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
895 =item Numerical Traps
897 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
899 =item General data type traps
901 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
902 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
904 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
906 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
908 =item Precedence Traps
910 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
913 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
915 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
916 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
919 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
921 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
927 =item Interpolation Traps
929 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
930 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
936 =item Unclassified Traps
938 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
945 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
955 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
957 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
959 =item Location of Perl
961 =item Command Switches
963 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
964 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
965 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
966 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
967 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
968 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
975 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
976 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
977 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
981 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
989 =head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
997 =item Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
999 =item What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
1001 =item Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
1005 =item Backward Compatibility
1007 =item Category Hierarchy
1009 =item Fatal Warnings
1011 =item Reporting Warnings from a Module
1023 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
1029 =item The Perl Debugger
1033 =item Debugger Commands
1035 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
1036 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
1037 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
1038 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
1039 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
1040 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
1041 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
1042 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
1043 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
1045 =item Configurable Options
1047 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
1048 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
1049 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
1050 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
1051 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
1052 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
1054 =item Debugger input/output
1056 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
1059 =item Debugging compile-time statements
1061 =item Debugger Customization
1063 =item Readline Support
1065 =item Editor Support for Debugging
1067 =item The Perl Profiler
1071 =item Debugging regular expressions
1073 =item Debugging memory usage
1081 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1089 =item Predefined Names
1091 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1092 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1093 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1094 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1095 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1096 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1097 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1098 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1099 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1100 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1101 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1102 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1103 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1104 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1105 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1106 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1107 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1108 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1109 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1110 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1111 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1112 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1113 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1114 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1115 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1116 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1117 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1118 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1119 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1121 =item Error Indicators
1123 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1131 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
1137 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
1139 =item Growing Your Own
1141 =item Access and Printing
1151 =head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
1157 =item Open E<agrave> la shell
1165 =item The Minus File
1167 =item Mixing Reads and Writes
1173 =item Open E<agrave> la C
1177 =item Permissions E<agrave> la mode
1181 =item Obscure Open Tricks
1185 =item Re-Opening Files (dups)
1187 =item Dispelling the Dweomer
1189 =item Paths as Opens
1191 =item Single Argument Open
1193 =item Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
1197 =item Other I/O Issues
1201 =item Opening Non-File Files
1211 =item AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
1217 =head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
1223 =item Part 1: The basics
1227 =item Simple word matching
1229 =item Using character classes
1231 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
1232 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
1233 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
1234 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
1235 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
1236 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
1237 Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
1238 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1239 end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
1240 single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
1241 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1242 end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
1243 of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
1244 C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
1245 string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
1246 but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
1247 C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
1248 line within the string
1250 =item Matching this or that
1252 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
1254 0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
1255 alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
1256 so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
1257 So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
1258 group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
1259 and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
1260 second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
1261 the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
1262 character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
1263 matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
1264 the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
1267 =item Extracting matches
1269 =item Matching repetitions
1271 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
1272 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
1273 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
1274 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
1275 times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
1276 earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
1277 C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
1278 regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
1279 C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
1280 as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
1281 there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
1282 if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
1283 the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
1284 will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
1285 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1286 all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
1287 0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
1288 times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
1289 i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
1290 least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
1291 C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
1292 C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
1293 C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
1294 consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
1295 the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
1296 (little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
1297 match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
1298 to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
1299 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1300 all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
1301 string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
1302 string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
1303 the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
1304 element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
1305 backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
1306 Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
1307 and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
1309 =item Building a regexp
1311 specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
1312 parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
1313 and optimizing the final combined regexp
1315 =item Using regular expressions in Perl
1319 =item Part 2: Power tools
1323 =item More on characters, strings, and character classes
1325 =item Compiling and saving regular expressions
1327 =item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
1329 =item Non-capturing groupings
1331 =item Looking ahead and looking behind
1333 =item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
1335 =item Conditional expressions
1337 =item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
1339 =item Pragmas and debugging
1347 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1351 =item Acknowledgments
1357 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
1367 =item Making References
1369 =item Using References
1371 =item Symbolic references
1373 =item Not-so-symbolic references
1375 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
1377 =item Function Templates
1387 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1397 =item Regular Expressions
1399 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1401 =item Extended Patterns
1403 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1404 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1405 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1406 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1410 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1412 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1414 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1416 =item Combining pieces together
1418 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1419 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1420 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1421 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1423 =item Creating custom RE engines
1433 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
1441 =item Format Variables
1451 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
1459 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
1466 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
1472 =item The use locale pragma
1474 =item The setlocale function
1476 =item Finding locales
1478 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
1480 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
1482 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
1484 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
1486 =item Fixing system locale configuration
1488 =item The localeconv function
1492 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
1496 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
1498 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
1500 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
1502 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
1506 =item Other categories
1512 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
1513 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
1514 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
1515 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
1516 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
1517 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
1518 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
1519 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
1523 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
1524 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
1530 =item Backward compatibility
1532 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
1534 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
1536 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
1538 =item Freely available locale definitions
1542 =item An imperfect standard
1550 =item Broken systems
1560 =head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
1568 =item Important Caveat
1570 Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
1571 to enable a few features
1573 =item Byte and Character semantics
1575 =item Effects of character semantics
1577 =item Character encodings for input and output
1587 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
1588 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
1604 =item Using open() for IPC
1610 =item Background Processes
1612 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
1614 =item Safe Pipe Opens
1616 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
1618 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
1622 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
1626 =item Internet Line Terminators
1628 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
1630 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
1634 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
1638 =item A Simple Client
1640 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
1642 =item A Webget Client
1644 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
1648 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
1650 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
1652 =item UDP: Message Passing
1666 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
1676 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
1678 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
1679 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
1680 files, directories and network sockets
1682 =item Resource limits
1684 =item Killing the parent process
1686 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
1688 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
1690 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
1691 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
1692 application, Thread-safety of extensions
1704 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
1712 =item Storing numbers
1714 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
1716 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
1718 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
1719 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
1720 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
1729 =head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
1735 =item What Is A Thread Anyway?
1737 =item Threaded Program Models
1749 =item Native threads
1751 =item What kind of threads are perl threads?
1753 =item Threadsafe Modules
1759 =item Basic Thread Support
1761 =item Creating Threads
1763 =item Giving up control
1765 =item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
1767 =item Errors In Threads
1769 =item Ignoring A Thread
1773 =item Threads And Data
1777 =item Shared And Unshared Data
1779 =item Thread Pitfall: Races
1781 =item Controlling access: lock()
1783 =item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
1785 =item Queues: Passing Data Around
1789 =item Threads And Code
1793 =item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
1795 Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
1797 =item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
1799 =item Subroutine Locks
1803 =item Locking A Subroutine
1807 =item General Thread Utility Routines
1811 =item What Thread Am I In?
1815 =item Are These Threads The Same?
1817 =item What Threads Are Running?
1821 =item A Complete Example
1829 =item Introductory Texts
1831 =item OS-Related References
1833 =item Other References
1837 =item Acknowledgements
1845 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
1851 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
1860 =item Numbers endianness and Width
1862 =item Files and Filesystems
1864 =item System Interaction
1866 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
1868 =item External Subroutines (XS)
1870 =item Standard Modules
1874 =item Character sets and character encoding
1876 =item Internationalisation
1878 =item System Resources
1888 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
1889 http://testers.cpan.org/
1897 =item DOS and Derivatives
1899 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
1907 =item EBCDIC Platforms
1915 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
1919 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1921 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
1922 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
1923 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
1924 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
1925 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
1926 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
1927 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
1928 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
1929 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
1930 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
1931 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
1932 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
1933 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
1934 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
1935 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
1936 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
1937 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
1938 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
1939 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
1940 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
1941 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
1942 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1943 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
1944 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
1945 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
1951 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
1952 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
1953 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
1954 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
1955 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
1958 =item Supported Platforms
1962 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
1968 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
1976 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
1978 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
1980 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
1984 =item Protecting Your Programs
1992 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
2000 =item If we could talk to the animals...
2002 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
2004 =item Invoking a barnyard
2006 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2008 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2010 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2012 =item A few notes about @ISA
2014 =item Overriding the methods
2016 =item Starting the search from a different place
2018 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2020 =item Where we're at so far...
2022 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2024 =item Invoking an instance method
2026 =item Accessing the instance data
2028 =item How to build a horse
2030 =item Inheriting the constructor
2032 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2034 =item Adding parameters to a method
2036 =item More interesting instances
2038 =item A horse of a different color
2050 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2056 =item Creating a Class
2060 =item Object Representation
2062 =item Class Interface
2064 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2066 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2070 =item Other Object Methods
2078 =item Accessing Class Data
2080 =item Debugging Methods
2082 =item Class Destructors
2084 =item Documenting the Interface
2094 =item Overridden Methods
2096 =item Multiple Inheritance
2098 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2102 =item Alternate Object Representations
2106 =item Arrays as Objects
2108 =item Closures as Objects
2112 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2116 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2118 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2122 =item Metaclassical Tools
2128 =item Data Members as Variables
2132 =item Object Terminology
2138 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2144 =item Acknowledgments
2150 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2156 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2160 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2162 =item Inheritance Concerns
2164 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2166 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2168 =item Monadic Classes
2170 =item Translucent Attributes
2174 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2178 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2180 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2182 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2184 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2186 =item Translucency Revisited
2194 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2196 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2202 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2210 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2212 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2214 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2216 =item Method Invocation
2220 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2222 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2228 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2236 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2242 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2244 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2246 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2248 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2250 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2252 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2254 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2256 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2258 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2264 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2276 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2280 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2285 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2286 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2287 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2289 =item Tying FileHandles
2291 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2292 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2294 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2306 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
2318 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
2330 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
2336 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
2340 =item Pragmatic Modules
2342 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
2343 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, locale, open, ops, overload,
2344 re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
2346 =item Standard Modules
2348 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
2349 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2350 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
2351 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
2352 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
2353 Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
2354 English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
2355 ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
2356 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
2357 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
2358 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
2359 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
2360 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
2361 File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
2362 File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
2363 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
2364 I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
2365 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
2366 Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
2367 Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils,
2368 Pod::Parser, Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color,
2369 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver,
2370 SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap,
2371 Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev,
2372 Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
2373 Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local,
2374 Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent,
2377 =item Extension Modules
2383 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2384 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2385 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2386 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2387 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2388 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2389 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2390 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2391 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2392 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2393 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2394 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2395 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2396 North America, South America
2398 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2402 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2404 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2405 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2406 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2407 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2408 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2409 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2410 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2411 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2412 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2413 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2414 care when changing a released module
2416 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2418 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2419 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2420 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2421 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2423 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2425 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2426 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2427 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2428 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2429 can then be reduced to a small
2437 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2447 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2448 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2460 =head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
2470 =item What should I make into a module?
2472 =item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
2474 Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
2476 =item Step-by-step: Making the module
2478 Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
2479 L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
2480 documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
2482 =item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
2484 Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
2485 tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
2495 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
2496 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2506 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
2508 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
2510 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
2512 =item What is perl6?
2514 =item How stable is Perl?
2516 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
2518 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
2521 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
2523 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
2525 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
2527 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
2529 =item What is a JAPH?
2531 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
2533 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
2534 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
2538 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2542 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
2543 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
2551 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
2553 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
2555 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
2557 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
2560 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
2561 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
2563 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
2564 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
2566 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
2568 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
2570 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
2572 =item Where should I post source code?
2576 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
2578 =item Perl in Magazines
2580 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
2582 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
2584 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
2586 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
2588 =item Where do I send bug reports?
2590 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
2594 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2598 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2607 =item How do I do (anything)?
2609 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
2611 =item Is there a Perl shell?
2613 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
2615 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
2617 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
2619 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
2621 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
2623 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
2625 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
2627 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
2629 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
2631 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
2633 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
2635 =item What is undump?
2637 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
2639 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
2641 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
2643 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
2645 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
2647 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
2649 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
2651 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
2653 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
2655 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
2657 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
2659 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
2661 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
2663 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
2665 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
2666 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
2668 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
2671 =item What's MakeMaker?
2675 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2679 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2690 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
2691 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
2693 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
2695 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
2698 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
2700 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
2702 =item How do I multiply matrices?
2704 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
2706 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
2708 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
2716 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
2718 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
2720 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
2722 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
2724 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
2726 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
2728 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
2736 =item How do I validate input?
2738 =item How do I unescape a string?
2740 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
2742 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
2744 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
2746 =item How do I reverse a string?
2748 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
2750 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
2752 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
2754 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
2756 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
2759 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
2761 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
2762 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
2764 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
2766 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
2768 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
2770 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
2772 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
2774 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
2776 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
2778 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
2779 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
2788 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
2790 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
2792 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
2794 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
2795 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
2796 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
2797 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
2800 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
2802 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
2803 intersection of two arrays?
2805 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
2807 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
2809 =item How do I handle linked lists?
2811 =item How do I handle circular lists?
2813 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
2815 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
2817 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
2819 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
2821 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
2823 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
2825 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
2829 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
2833 =item How do I process an entire hash?
2835 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
2838 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
2840 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
2842 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
2844 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
2846 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
2848 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
2850 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
2852 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
2854 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
2856 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
2858 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
2861 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
2862 array of hashes or arrays?
2864 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
2872 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
2874 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
2876 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
2878 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
2880 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
2882 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
2884 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
2888 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2892 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2901 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
2903 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
2904 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
2906 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
2908 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
2910 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
2912 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
2913 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
2915 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
2917 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
2919 =item How can I write() into a string?
2921 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
2923 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
2925 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
2927 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
2929 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
2931 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
2933 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
2935 =item How can I lock a file?
2937 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
2939 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
2940 the file. How can I do this?
2942 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
2944 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
2946 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
2948 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
2950 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
2952 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
2954 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
2956 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
2958 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
2960 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
2962 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
2964 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
2965 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
2967 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
2969 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
2970 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
2972 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
2974 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
2978 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2982 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2990 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
2991 and unmaintainable code?
2993 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
2995 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
2997 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
3000 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
3002 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
3005 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
3007 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
3009 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
3011 =item What is C</o> really for?
3013 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
3016 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
3018 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
3020 =item How do I process each word on each line?
3022 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
3024 =item How can I do approximate matching?
3026 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
3028 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
3030 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
3032 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
3034 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
3036 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
3038 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
3040 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
3044 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3048 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
3049 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
3057 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
3059 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
3062 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
3065 =item How do I skip some return values?
3067 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
3069 =item What's an extension?
3071 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
3073 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
3075 =item How do I create a module?
3077 =item How do I create a class?
3079 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
3081 =item What's a closure?
3083 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
3085 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
3088 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
3091 =item How do I create a static variable?
3093 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
3094 Between local() and my()?
3096 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
3099 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
3101 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
3103 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
3105 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
3107 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
3109 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
3111 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
3113 =item How can I find out my current package?
3115 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
3117 =item How do I clear a package?
3119 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
3123 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3127 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
3136 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
3138 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
3140 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
3142 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
3144 =item How do I print something out in color?
3146 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
3148 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
3150 =item How do I clear the screen?
3152 =item How do I get the screen size?
3154 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
3156 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
3158 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
3160 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
3162 =item How do I start a process in the background?
3164 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
3166 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
3168 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
3170 =item How do I set the time and date?
3172 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
3174 =item How can I measure time under a second?
3176 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
3178 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
3179 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
3181 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
3183 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
3185 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
3187 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
3189 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
3191 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
3193 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
3195 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
3197 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
3199 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
3202 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
3204 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
3206 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
3208 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
3211 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
3212 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
3213 changes to be visible?
3217 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
3220 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
3222 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
3224 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
3226 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
3228 =item How do I set CPU limits?
3230 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
3232 =item How do I use an SQL database?
3234 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
3236 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
3238 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
3240 =item What's the difference between require and use?
3242 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
3244 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
3247 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
3249 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
3253 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3257 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
3266 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
3269 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
3271 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
3273 =item How do I extract URLs?
3275 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
3276 file on another machine?
3278 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
3280 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
3282 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
3284 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
3286 =item How do I redirect to another page?
3288 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
3290 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
3292 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
3293 CGI script to do bad things?
3295 =item How do I parse a mail header?
3297 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
3299 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
3301 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
3303 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
3305 =item How do I send mail?
3307 =item How do I read mail?
3309 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
3311 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
3313 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
3315 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
3319 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3323 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3333 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3337 =item Using The Back Ends
3341 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3345 =item The Decompiling Back End
3347 =item The Lint Back End
3349 =item The Simple C Back End
3351 =item The Bytecode Back End
3353 =item The Optimized C Back End
3355 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3356 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3357 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3361 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3367 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3377 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3378 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3382 =item Compiling your C program
3384 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3386 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3388 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3390 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3392 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3394 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3396 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3398 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3403 =item Embedding Perl under Windows
3413 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
3419 =item Debugger Internals
3423 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
3427 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
3429 =item Debugging regular expressions
3433 =item Compile-time output
3435 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
3436 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
3437 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
3440 =item Types of nodes
3442 =item Run-time output
3446 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
3450 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
3452 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
3453 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
3456 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3458 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3460 =item B<-DL> details
3464 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3472 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3484 =item Version caveat
3486 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3498 =item What has gone on?
3500 =item Writing good test scripts
3504 =item What's new here?
3506 =item Input and Output Parameters
3508 =item The XSUBPP Program
3510 =item The TYPEMAP file
3512 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3516 =item What has happened here?
3518 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3520 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3522 =item More about XSUB arguments
3524 =item The Argument Stack
3526 =item Extending your Extension
3528 =item Documenting your Extension
3530 =item Installing your Extension
3534 =item New Things in this Example
3538 =item New Things in this Example
3540 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3542 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3544 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3546 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3562 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3574 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3576 =item The Argument Stack
3578 =item The RETVAL Variable
3580 =item The MODULE Keyword
3582 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3584 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3586 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3588 =item The CODE: Keyword
3590 =item The INIT: Keyword
3592 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3594 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3596 =item Default Parameter Values
3598 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3600 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3602 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3604 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3606 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3608 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3610 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3612 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3614 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3616 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3618 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3620 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3622 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3624 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3626 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3628 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3630 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3632 =item The CASE: Keyword
3634 =item The & Unary Operator
3636 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3638 =item Using XS With C++
3640 =item Interface Strategy
3642 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3656 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3668 =item What is an "IV"?
3670 =item Working with SVs
3672 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3674 =item Working with AVs
3676 =item Working with HVs
3678 =item Hash API Extensions
3682 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3684 =item Creating New Variables
3686 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3688 =item Stashes and Globs
3690 =item Double-Typed SVs
3692 =item Magic Variables
3694 =item Assigning Magic
3696 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3700 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3702 =item Localizing changes
3704 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3705 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3706 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3707 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3708 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3709 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3710 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3711 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3712 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3720 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3722 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3724 =item Memory Allocation
3728 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3732 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3742 =item Examining the tree
3744 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3746 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3748 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3750 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3754 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3758 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3760 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3762 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3772 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3778 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3780 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3782 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3802 =item Determining the Context
3806 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3812 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3814 =item Passing Parameters
3816 =item Returning a Scalar
3818 =item Returning a list of values
3820 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3822 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3826 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3830 =item Using call_argv
3832 =item Using call_method
3836 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3838 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3840 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3841 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3844 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3846 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3858 =head2 perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
3868 L<perldoc|perldoc>, L<pod2man|pod2man> and L<pod2text|pod2text>,
3869 L<pod2html|pod2html> and L<pod2latex|pod2latex>, L<pod2usage|pod2usage>,
3870 L<podselect|podselect>, L<podchecker|podchecker>, L<splain|splain>,
3871 L<roffitall|roffitall>
3875 L<a2p|a2p>, L<s2p|s2p>, L<find2perl|find2perl>
3879 L<perlbug|perlbug>, L<h2ph|h2ph>, L<c2ph|c2ph> and L<pstruct|pstruct>,
3880 L<h2xs|h2xs>, L<dprofpp|dprofpp>, L<perlcc|perlcc>
3888 =head2 perlfilter - Source Filters
3898 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
3900 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
3902 B<Decryption Filters>
3904 =item CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
3906 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
3908 =item USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
3920 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
3928 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
3929 B<filter_fetch_value>
3935 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
3937 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
3947 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
3953 AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push,
3954 av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, bytes_to_utf8, call_argv,
3955 call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, dMARK,
3956 dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND,
3957 fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, get_av, get_cv, get_hv, get_sv, GIMME,
3958 GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload,
3959 gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR,
3960 G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force,
3961 HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists,
3962 hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey,
3963 hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store,
3964 hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE,
3965 isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number, MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy,
3966 mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical, mg_set, Move, New, newAV,
3967 Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv,
3968 newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv, newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto,
3969 Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK, perl_alloc,
3970 perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse, perl_run,
3971 PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal, PL_na,
3972 PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs, PUSHi,
3973 PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, require_pv,
3974 RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, strEQ, strGE,
3975 strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy, SvCUR, SvCUR_set,
3976 SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only,
3977 SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvLOCK, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, SvNOK, SvNOKp,
3978 SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOKp,
3979 SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force, SvPV_nolen,
3980 SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV,
3981 SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, SvTAINTED,
3982 SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, SVt_IV, SVt_NV,
3983 SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUNLOCK, SvUPGRADE, SvUV,
3984 SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn,
3985 sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_cmp, sv_dec,
3986 sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject,
3987 sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg,
3988 sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv,
3989 sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv,
3990 sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv,
3991 sv_setuv_mg, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, sv_vcatpvfn,
3992 sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, U8 *s, utf8_to_bytes, warn, XPUSHi,
3993 XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV,
3994 XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES,
3995 XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION,
3996 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
4004 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
4019 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
4027 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
4028 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
4029 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
4030 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
4031 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
4032 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
4033 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
4034 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
4035 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
4036 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
4040 =item Co-existence with stdio
4042 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
4043 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
4044 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
4045 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
4046 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
4047 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
4053 =head2 perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
4059 =item Infrastructure
4063 =item Mailing list archives
4065 =item Bug tracking system
4067 =item Regression Tests
4069 Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to
4092 Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs
4096 =item Perl Internals
4102 =item Garbage Collection
4104 =item Reliable signals
4106 Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed
4107 sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN
4109 =item Interpolated regex performance bugs
4111 =item Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp
4113 =item Make XS easier to use
4115 =item Make embedded Perl easier to use
4117 =item Namespace cleanup
4129 =item A clear division into tutorial and reference
4131 =item Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions
4133 =item More tutorials
4135 Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging
4137 =item Include a search tool
4139 =item Include a locate tool
4141 =item Separate function manpages by default
4143 =item Users can't find the manpages
4145 =item Install ALL Documentation
4147 =item Outstanding issues to be documented
4149 =item Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl
4151 =item Replace man with a perl program
4153 =item Unicode tutorial
4161 =item Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition 2
4163 =item Module versions
4171 VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice
4173 =item Procedural options
4177 =item y2k localtime/gmtime
4179 =item Export File::Find variables
4183 =item Debugger attach/detach
4185 =item Regular Expression debugger
4187 =item Alternative RE Syntax
4189 =item Bundled modules
4195 =item Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc.
4197 =item POD Converters
4213 =item POSIX on non-POSIX
4215 =item Portable installations
4223 =item Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest
4225 =item Sort out the spawnvp() mess
4227 =item Work out DLL versioning
4233 =item Would be nice to have
4235 C<pack "(stuff)*">, Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled
4236 perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format
4237 BOTTOM, -i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input
4238 should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun
4239 debugger, lvalue functions
4241 =item Possible pragmas
4253 =item constant function cache
4255 =item foreach(reverse...)
4257 =item Cache eval tree
4261 =item Shrink opcode tables
4263 =item Cache hash value
4265 =item Optimize away @_ where possible
4267 =item Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b }
4269 =item Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization
4273 =item Vague possibilities
4275 ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?,
4276 Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real
4277 threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al
4279 =item To Do Or Not To Do
4283 =item Making my() work on "package" variables
4285 =item "or" testing defined not truth
4287 =item "dynamic" lexicals
4289 =item "class"-based, rather than package-based "lexicals"
4305 =item External threads
4311 =item Per-thread GVs
4323 =item Precompiled modules
4327 =item Typed lexicals
4337 =item Cached compilation
4341 =item Recently Finished Tasks
4345 =item Figure a way out of $^(capital letter)
4351 =item Namespace cleanup
4363 =head2 perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
4369 Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the
4370 implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is
4371 the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does
4372 it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is
4373 the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough
4374 documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much
4375 work?, Patches speak louder than words
4381 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
4389 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
4401 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
4403 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
4407 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
4411 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4417 =item Core Enhancements
4421 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4423 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4425 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4427 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4429 =item "our" declarations
4431 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4433 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4435 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4437 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4439 =item open() with more than two arguments
4441 =item 64-bit support
4443 =item Large file support
4449 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4451 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4453 =item File globbing implemented internally
4455 Support for CHECK blocks
4457 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4459 Better pseudo-random number generator
4461 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4463 Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4465 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4467 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4469 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4471 =item Comments in pack() templates
4473 =item Weak references
4475 =item Binary numbers supported
4477 =item Lvalue subroutines
4479 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4481 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4483 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4485 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4487 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4489 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4491 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4493 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4495 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4497 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4499 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4501 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4503 =item Improved diagnostics
4505 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4507 More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4509 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4511 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4513 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4515 =item Improved security features
4517 More functional bareword prototype (*)
4519 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4521 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4523 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4525 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4527 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4531 =item Modules and Pragmata
4537 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4538 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4539 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4540 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4541 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4542 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4543 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4544 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4550 =item Utility Changes
4564 =item The Perl Debugger
4568 =item Improved Documentation
4570 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4571 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4572 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4573 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4575 =item Performance enhancements
4579 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4581 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4583 =item Faster subroutine calls
4585 delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4589 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4593 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4595 =item New Configure flags
4597 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4603 =item -Duselargefiles
4605 =item installusrbinperl
4611 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
4615 =item Platform specific changes
4619 =item Supported platforms
4623 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
4631 =item Significant bug fixes
4635 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
4637 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
4639 =item All compilation errors are true errors
4641 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
4643 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
4645 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
4647 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
4649 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
4651 =item Failures in DESTROY()
4653 =item Locale bugs fixed
4657 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
4659 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
4661 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
4663 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
4667 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4669 (perhaps you forgot to load "%s"?), "%s" variable %s masks earlier
4670 declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet implemented, "our" variable %s
4671 redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s, / cannot take a count, / must
4672 be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow
4673 a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, /%s/:
4674 Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through, /%s/ should
4675 probably be written as "%s", %s() called too early to check prototype, %s
4676 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY
4677 element or slice, %s argument is not a subroutine name, %s package
4678 attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s, (in cleanup) %s, <>
4679 should be quotes, Ambiguous range in transliteration operator, Attempt to
4680 join self, Bad evalled substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored,
4681 Bareword found in conditional, Binary number >
4682 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32
4683 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check filesystem
4684 of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can't
4685 declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default, Can't
4686 modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't remove
4687 %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't weaken
4688 a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class syntax [%s]
4689 belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
4690 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
4691 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
4692 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
4693 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
4694 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
4695 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
4696 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
4697 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
4698 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
4699 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, invalid []
4700 range "%s" in transliteration operator, Invalid separator character %s in
4701 attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in subroutine attribute
4702 list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented
4703 yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in
4704 piped open, Missing name in "my sub", No %s specified for -%c, No package
4705 name allowed for variable %s in "our", No space allowed after -%c, no UTC
4706 offset information; assuming local time is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777
4707 non-portable, panic: del_backref, panic: kid popen errno read, panic:
4708 magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug:
4709 %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature
4710 end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows, Repeat count in
4711 unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored, Reference is already
4712 weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on zero-length
4713 expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This Perl can't
4714 reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements
4715 (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode '%s', Unknown
4716 process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized escape \\%c
4717 passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list,
4718 Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine
4719 attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of CLI symbol
4720 "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
4724 =item Incompatible Changes
4728 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
4730 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed
4732 =item Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different
4734 Literals of the form C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed
4735 pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed,
4736 C<undef> fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe
4737 and socket handles, Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported,
4738 delete(), values() and C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies,
4739 vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic
4740 output has changed, C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves
4741 like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed
4743 =item Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms
4745 =item More builtins taint their results
4747 =item C Source Incompatibilities
4749 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
4751 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
4753 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
4755 =item Binary Incompatibilities
4759 =item Known Problems
4763 =item Thread test failures
4765 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
4767 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
4769 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
4771 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
4774 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
4776 =item Arrow operator and arrays
4780 =item Experimental features
4782 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
4783 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
4784 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
4789 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4791 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
4792 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Probable precedence problem on %s,
4793 regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
4795 =item Reporting Bugs
4803 =head2 perl56delta, perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4809 =item Core Enhancements
4813 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4815 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4817 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4819 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4821 =item "our" declarations
4823 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4825 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4827 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4829 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4831 =item open() with more than two arguments
4833 =item 64-bit support
4835 =item Large file support
4841 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4843 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4845 =item File globbing implemented internally
4847 =item Support for CHECK blocks
4849 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4851 =item Better pseudo-random number generator
4853 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4855 =item Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4857 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4859 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4861 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4863 =item Comments in pack() templates
4865 =item Weak references
4867 =item Binary numbers supported
4869 =item Lvalue subroutines
4871 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4873 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4875 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4877 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4879 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4881 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4883 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4885 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4887 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4889 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4891 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4893 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4895 =item Improved diagnostics
4897 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4899 =item More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4901 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4903 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4905 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4907 =item Improved security features
4909 =item More functional bareword prototype (*)
4911 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4913 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4915 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4917 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4919 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4921 =item Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings
4925 =item Modules and Pragmata
4931 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4932 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4933 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4934 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4935 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4936 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4937 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4938 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4944 =item Utility Changes
4958 =item The Perl Debugger
4962 =item Improved Documentation
4964 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4965 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4966 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4967 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4969 =item Performance enhancements
4973 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4975 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4977 =item Faster subroutine calls
4979 =item delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4983 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4987 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4989 =item New Configure flags
4991 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4997 =item -Duselargefiles
4999 =item installusrbinperl
5005 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
5009 =item Platform specific changes
5013 =item Supported platforms
5017 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
5025 =item Significant bug fixes
5029 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
5031 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
5033 =item All compilation errors are true errors
5035 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
5037 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
5039 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
5041 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
5043 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
5045 =item Failures in DESTROY()
5047 =item Locale bugs fixed
5051 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
5053 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
5055 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
5057 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
5061 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
5063 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
5064 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
5065 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
5066 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
5067 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
5068 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
5069 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
5070 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
5071 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
5072 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
5073 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
5074 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
5075 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
5076 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
5077 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
5078 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
5079 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
5080 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
5081 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
5082 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
5083 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
5084 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
5085 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
5086 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
5087 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
5088 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
5089 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
5090 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
5091 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
5092 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
5093 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
5094 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
5095 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
5096 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
5097 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
5098 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
5099 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
5100 around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string,
5101 Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS"
5102 instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows,
5103 Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored,
5104 Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on
5105 zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This
5106 Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL
5107 environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode
5108 '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized
5109 escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute
5110 list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in
5111 subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of
5112 CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
5116 =item Incompatible Changes
5120 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
5122 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed,
5123 Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form
5124 C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number
5125 generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, C<undef> fails on
5126 read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles,
5127 Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, delete(), values() and
5128 C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS)
5129 enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed,
5130 C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator,
5131 Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed, Semantics of bit
5132 operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their
5135 =item C Source Incompatibilities
5137 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
5139 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
5141 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
5143 =item Binary Incompatibilities
5147 =item Known Problems
5151 =item Thread test failures
5153 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
5155 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
5157 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
5159 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
5162 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
5164 =item Arrow operator and arrays
5166 =item Experimental features
5168 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
5169 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
5170 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
5175 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5177 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
5178 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as
5179 \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>"
5180 to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
5182 =item Reporting Bugs
5190 =head2 perl5005delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.005
5196 =item About the new versioning system
5198 =item Incompatible Changes
5202 =item WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
5204 =item Default installation structure has changed
5206 =item Perl Source Compatibility
5208 =item C Source Compatibility
5210 Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must
5211 now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source
5212 compatibility issues
5214 =item Binary Compatibility
5216 =item Security fixes may affect compatibility
5218 =item Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
5232 =item Regular Expressions
5234 Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression
5235 constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other
5236 improvements, Incompatible changes
5238 =item Improved malloc()
5240 =item Quicksort is internally implemented
5242 =item Reliable signals
5244 =item Reliable stack pointers
5246 =item More generous treatment of carriage returns
5250 =item Better support for multiple interpreters
5252 =item Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
5254 =item C<%!> is transparently tied to the L<Errno> module
5256 =item Pseudo-hashes are supported
5258 =item C<EXPR foreach EXPR> is supported
5260 =item Keywords can be globally overridden
5262 =item C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32
5264 =item C<foreach (1..1000000)> optimized
5266 =item C<Foo::> can be used as implicitly quoted package name
5268 =item C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> tests existence of a package
5270 =item Better locale support
5272 =item Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
5274 =item prototype() returns useful results on builtins
5276 =item Extended support for exception handling
5278 =item Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
5280 =item All C<printf> format conversions are handled internally
5282 =item New C<INIT> keyword
5284 =item New C<lock> keyword
5286 =item New C<qr//> operator
5288 =item C<our> is now a reserved word
5290 =item Tied arrays are now fully supported
5292 =item Tied handles support is better
5294 =item 4th argument to substr
5296 =item Negative LENGTH argument to splice
5298 =item Magic lvalues are now more magical
5300 =item <> now reads in records
5304 =item Supported Platforms
5310 =item Changes in existing support
5314 =item Modules and Pragmata
5320 B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed,
5321 ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
5322 Thread, attrs, fields, re
5324 =item Changes in existing modules
5326 Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File,
5327 MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark
5331 =item Utility Changes
5333 =item Documentation Changes
5335 =item New Diagnostics
5337 Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index
5338 while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent
5339 package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check
5340 filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't
5341 goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element,
5342 Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber
5343 for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions,
5344 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character
5345 class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in
5346 insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s:
5347 Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming
5348 package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such
5349 field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously
5350 large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance
5351 detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found
5352 where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use
5353 of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed
5355 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5357 Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s, Cannot open
5358 temporary file, regexp too big
5360 =item Configuration Changes
5370 =head2 perl5004delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.004
5376 =item Supported Environments
5382 =item List assignment to %ENV works
5384 =item "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error now lists @INC
5386 =item Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
5388 =item $PERL5OPT environment variable
5390 =item Limitations on B<-M>, B<-m>, and B<-T> options
5392 =item More precise warnings
5394 =item Deprecated: Inherited C<AUTOLOAD> for non-methods
5396 =item Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
5398 =item Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
5400 =item Group vector changeable with C<$)>
5402 =item Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
5404 =item Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc.
5406 =item No resetting of $. on implicit close
5408 =item C<wantarray> may return undef
5410 =item C<eval EXPR> determines value of EXPR in scalar context
5412 =item Changes to tainting checks
5414 No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No
5415 spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
5417 =item New Opcode module and revised Safe module
5419 =item Embedding improvements
5421 =item Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
5423 =item Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
5425 =item New and changed syntax
5429 =item New and changed builtin constants
5433 =item New and changed builtin variables
5437 =item New and changed builtin functions
5439 delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in
5440 Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module
5441 VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, C<m//gc> does not
5442 reset search position on failure, C<m//x> ignores whitespace before ?*+{},
5443 nested C<sub{}> closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals
5445 =item New builtin methods
5447 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
5449 =item TIEHANDLE now supported
5451 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this
5452 LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
5454 =item Malloc enhancements
5456 -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
5458 =item Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
5462 =item Support for More Operating Systems
5478 use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use
5479 constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
5485 =item Required Updates
5487 =item Installation directories
5489 =item Module information summary
5503 =item Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
5507 =item Utility Changes
5513 Sends converted HTML to standard output
5517 C<void> XSUBs now default to returning nothing
5521 =item C Language API Changes
5523 C<gv_fetchmethod> and C<perl_call_sv>, C<perl_eval_pv>, Extended API for
5526 =item Documentation Changes
5528 L<perldelta>, L<perlfaq>, L<perllocale>, L<perltoot>, L<perlapio>,
5529 L<perlmodlib>, L<perldebug>, L<perlsec>
5531 =item New Diagnostics
5533 "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is
5534 not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too
5535 large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free
5536 nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
5537 Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort
5538 subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
5539 use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant
5540 subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did
5541 not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too
5542 long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT:
5543 %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number,
5544 internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type
5545 in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once:
5546 possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of
5547 memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible
5548 attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words
5549 with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found
5550 while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for
5551 "B<-T>" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist,
5552 Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to
5553 mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with
5554 defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay
5555 shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in
5556 prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX,
5557 PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
5567 =head2 perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS (possibly very outdated information)
5583 B<Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library>, B<Version of Amiga OS>
5585 =item Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS
5587 =item Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS
5589 fork(), some features of the UNIX filesystem regarding link count and file
5590 dates, inplace operation (the -i switch) without backup file, umask()
5591 works, but the correct permissions are only set when the file is
5598 =item Accessing documentation
5606 =item B<GNU> C<info> files
5618 =item Getting the perl source
5624 =item Installing the built perl
5634 =head2 perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
5644 =item Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it)
5646 =item Cygwin Configuration
5648 C<PATH>, I<nroff>, Permissions
5656 =item Strip Binaries
5658 =item Optional Libraries
5660 C<-lcrypt>, C<-lgdbm> (C<use GDBM_File>), C<-ldb> (C<use DB_File>),
5661 C<-lcygipc> (C<use IPC::SysV>)
5663 =item Configure-time Options
5665 C<-Uusedl>, C<-Uusemymalloc>, C<-Dusemultiplicity>, C<-Duseperlio>,
5666 C<-Duse64bitint>, C<-Duselongdouble>, C<-Dusethreads>, C<-Duselargefiles>
5668 =item Suspicious Warnings
5670 Whoa There, I<dlsym()>, Win9x and C<d_eofnblk>, Checking how std your stdio
5671 is.., Compiler/Preprocessor defines
5689 =item File Permissions
5693 =item Filetime Granularity
5695 =item Tainting Checks
5699 =item Script Portability
5701 Pathnames, Text/Binary, F<.exe>, chown(), Miscellaneous
5709 Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl
5710 Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts
5720 =head2 perldos - Perl under DOS, W31, W95.
5734 =item Shortcomings of Perl under DOS
5750 =head2 perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix
5759 =item Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX
5769 =item Portability Between PA-RISC Versions
5771 =item Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX
5773 =item The HP ANSI C Compiler
5775 =item Using Large Files with Perl
5781 =item GDBM and Threads
5783 =item NFS filesystems and utime(2)
5793 =head2 perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen
5802 =item Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen
5804 =item Failures during C<make test>
5806 op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t
5808 =item Building external modules
5818 =head2 perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
5834 EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh
5836 =item Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...)
5838 =item Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl
5844 =item Frequently asked questions
5848 =item I cannot run external programs
5850 =item I cannot embed perl into my program, or use F<perl.dll> from my
5853 Is your program EMX-compiled with C<-Zmt -Zcrtdll>?, Did you use
5856 =item C<``> and pipe-C<open> do not work under DOS.
5858 =item Cannot start C<find.exe "pattern" file>
5866 =item Automatic binary installation
5868 C<PERL_BADLANG>, C<PERL_BADFREE>, F<Config.pm>
5870 =item Manual binary installation
5872 Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable
5873 (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library,
5874 Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl
5875 and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation,
5876 Perl manual in F<.INF> format, Pdksh
5882 =item Accessing documentation
5886 =item OS/2 F<.INF> file
5894 =item GNU C<info> files
5908 =item Getting perl source
5910 =item Application of the patches
5918 A lot of C<bad free>, Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, F<op/fs.t>,
5919 F<lib/io_pipe.t>, F<lib/io_sock.t>, F<op/stat.t>, F<lib/io_udp.t>
5921 =item Installing the built perl
5923 =item C<a.out>-style build
5931 =item Some C</> became C<\> in pdksh.
5933 =item C<'errno'> - unresolved external
5935 =item Problems with tr or sed
5937 =item Some problem (forget which ;-)
5939 =item Library ... not found
5941 =item Segfault in make
5945 =item Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port
5949 =item C<setpriority>, C<getpriority>
5953 =item C<extproc> on the first line
5955 =item Additional modules:
5957 =item Prebuilt methods:
5959 C<File::Copy::syscopy>, C<DynaLoader::mod2fname>, C<Cwd::current_drive()>,
5960 C<Cwd::sys_chdir(name)>, C<Cwd::change_drive(name)>,
5961 C<Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)>,
5962 C<Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_cwd(name)>,
5963 C<Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)>, C<Cwd::extLibpath([type])>,
5964 C<Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )>
5970 C<popen>, C<tmpnam>, C<tmpfile>, C<ctermid>, C<stat>, C<flock>
5984 =item F<perl___.exe>
5986 =item Why strange names?
5988 =item Why dynamic linking?
5990 =item Why chimera build?
5992 explicit fork(), open FH, "|-", open FH, "-|"
6000 =item C<PERLLIB_PREFIX>
6002 =item C<PERL_BADLANG>
6004 =item C<PERL_BADFREE>
6006 =item C<PERL_SH_DIR>
6008 =item C<USE_PERL_FLOCK>
6010 =item C<TMP> or C<TEMP>
6020 =item DLL name mangling
6024 =item Calls to external programs
6026 =item Memory allocation
6030 C<COND_WAIT>, F<os2.c>
6044 =head2 perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390.
6056 =item Setup and utilities
6060 =item Build, test, install
6082 =head2 perlposix-bc, README.posix-bc - building and installing Perl for
6123 =head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
6131 =item Organization of Perl Images
6137 =item Perl Extensions
6139 =item Installing static extensions
6141 =item Installing dynamic extensions
6145 =item File specifications
6151 =item Wildcard expansion
6157 =item PERL5LIB and PERLLIB
6163 =item I/O redirection and backgrounding
6165 =item Command line switches
6171 =item Perl functions
6173 File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump,
6174 exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select
6175 (system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime
6176 LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS
6178 =item Perl variables
6180 %ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $|
6182 =item Standard modules with VMS-specific differences
6196 =head2 perlwin32 - Perl under Win32
6208 Make, Command Shell, Borland C++, Microsoft Visual C++, Mingw32 with GCC
6218 Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line,
6219 Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific
6220 Extensions, Running Perl Scripts, Miscellaneous Things
6224 =item BUGS AND CAVEATS
6234 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
6236 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6248 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6258 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
6268 =item Built-in Attributes
6270 locked, method, lvalue
6272 =item Available Subroutines
6276 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
6278 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
6280 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
6288 =item Default exports
6290 =item Available exports
6292 =item Export tags defined
6302 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6314 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
6330 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
6344 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
6358 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
6371 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
6380 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
6386 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
6396 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
6406 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
6417 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
6419 =item The I<splain> Program
6433 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
6447 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
6457 =item subpragma access
6463 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
6474 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
6484 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
6494 =item Adding directories to @INC
6496 =item Deleting directories from @INC
6498 =item Restoring original @INC
6508 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
6519 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
6527 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
6533 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
6545 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
6555 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
6557 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
6559 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
6561 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
6563 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
6565 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
6567 =item Overloadable Operations
6569 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
6570 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
6571 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
6573 =item Inheritance and overloading
6575 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
6576 is inherited by derived classes
6580 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
6588 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
6590 =item Copy Constructor
6596 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
6598 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
6599 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
6600 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
6603 =item Losing overloading
6605 =item Run-time Overloading
6607 =item Public functions
6609 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
6611 =item Overloading constants
6613 integer, float, binary, q, qr
6615 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6617 =item Metaphor clash
6623 =item Two-face scalars
6625 =item Two-face references
6627 =item Symbolic calculator
6629 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
6641 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6651 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
6663 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
6665 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
6669 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
6673 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
6681 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
6689 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
6693 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
6703 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
6715 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
6725 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
6733 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
6734 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
6738 =head2 warnings::register - warnings import function
6740 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
6742 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
6752 =item DBM Comparisons
6762 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
6772 =item Subroutine Stubs
6774 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6776 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6778 =item Package Lexicals
6780 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
6790 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
6798 $keep, $check, $modtime
6802 =item Multiple packages
6810 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
6818 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
6822 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
6830 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
6844 =item B::PVMG METHODS
6848 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
6850 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
6852 =item B::PVLV METHODS
6854 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
6858 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
6862 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
6863 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
6867 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
6868 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
6872 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
6876 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
6881 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
6883 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
6887 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
6889 =item B::UNOP METHOD
6893 =item B::BINOP METHOD
6897 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
6901 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
6905 =item B::PMOP METHODS
6907 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
6909 =item B::SVOP METHOD
6913 =item B::PADOP METHOD
6917 =item B::PVOP METHOD
6921 =item B::LOOP METHODS
6923 redoop, nextop, lastop
6925 =item B::COP METHODS
6927 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
6931 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
6933 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
6934 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
6935 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
6936 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
6942 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
6955 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
6967 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6979 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
6989 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
6990 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
6991 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the
7002 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
7012 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
7013 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
7023 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
7033 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
7034 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
7035 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
7047 =item Context of ".."
7051 =item Deprecated features
7059 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
7071 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
7081 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
7082 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
7084 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
7104 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
7116 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
7124 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
7126 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
7127 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
7129 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
7139 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
7149 =item IMPLEMENTATION
7155 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
7167 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
7179 =head2 B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded
7181 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
7193 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
7203 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
7211 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
7223 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
7237 =item Standard Exports
7239 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
7240 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
7241 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
7243 =item Optional Exports
7245 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
7246 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
7247 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
7263 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
7267 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
7281 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
7291 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
7292 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
7293 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the
7304 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
7316 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
7318 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
7320 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
7321 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
7322 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
7324 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
7326 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
7328 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
7330 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
7332 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
7334 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
7336 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
7338 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
7340 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
7342 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
7344 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
7346 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
7348 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
7350 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
7352 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
7354 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
7355 B<:standard>, B<:all>
7359 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, -autoload,
7360 -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
7362 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
7364 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
7365 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
7370 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
7374 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
7376 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
7378 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
7380 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
7382 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
7384 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
7386 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
7388 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
7391 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
7395 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
7399 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
7401 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
7403 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
7405 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
7407 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
7409 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
7410 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
7412 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
7416 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
7420 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
7422 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
7424 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
7426 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
7430 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
7432 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
7434 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
7438 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
7440 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
7444 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
7448 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
7452 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
7456 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
7460 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
7462 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
7464 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
7468 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
7470 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
7471 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
7473 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
7479 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
7480 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
7482 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
7484 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
7485 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
7488 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7494 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7498 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7500 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
7501 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
7502 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
7503 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_software ()>,
7504 B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>, B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>,
7505 B<http()>, B<https()>
7507 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
7509 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
7510 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7514 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
7516 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7518 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
7519 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7521 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7523 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7527 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
7528 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
7529 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
7530 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
7531 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
7532 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
7533 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
7534 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
7535 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
7536 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
7537 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
7538 ...and many many more..
7540 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7548 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
7558 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7566 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
7575 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
7577 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
7581 =item Changing the default message
7593 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
7601 =item USING CGI::Cookie
7603 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
7607 =item Creating New Cookies
7609 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
7611 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
7613 =item Manipulating Cookies
7615 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
7619 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7627 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
7635 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
7637 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
7639 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
7641 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
7645 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7653 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
7663 =item Tags that won't be formatted
7665 =item Customizing the Indenting
7677 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
7685 =item USING CGI::Push
7687 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
7691 =item Heterogeneous Pages
7693 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
7697 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
7699 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7707 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
7717 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7725 =head2 CGI::Util - various utilities
7727 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
7737 =item Interactive Mode
7739 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
7740 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
7741 distribution, Signals
7749 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
7751 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
7753 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
7755 =item Methods in the four Classes
7763 =item Finding packages and VERSION
7767 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
7773 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
7774 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
7775 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
7776 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
7780 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
7782 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
7790 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
7792 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
7794 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
7804 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
7814 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
7827 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
7837 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
7845 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
7855 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
7865 =item The C<struct()> function
7867 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
7869 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
7870 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
7872 =item Initializing with C<new>
7878 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
7880 =item Author and Modification History
7884 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
7892 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
7904 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
7908 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
7909 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
7910 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
7914 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
7915 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
7919 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
7920 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
7921 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
7925 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
7926 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
7927 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
7931 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
7932 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
7933 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
7934 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
7935 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
7936 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
7937 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
7938 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
7939 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
7940 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>,
7941 C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>,
7942 C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
7943 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
7944 C<d_getespwnam>, C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>,
7945 C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>,
7946 C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>,
7947 C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>,
7948 C<d_getpbyname>, C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>,
7949 C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>, C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>,
7950 C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getprpwnam>, C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>,
7951 C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspnam>,
7952 C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>,
7953 C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>,
7954 C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>,
7955 C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>,
7956 C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
7957 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
7958 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>,
7959 C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>,
7960 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
7961 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
7962 C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
7963 C<d_nv_preserves_uv_bits>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
7964 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
7965 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
7966 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
7967 C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
7968 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
7969 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
7970 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
7971 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
7972 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
7973 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
7974 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
7975 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
7976 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
7977 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
7978 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
7979 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
7980 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
7981 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>,
7982 C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>,
7983 C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>,
7984 C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>,
7985 C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>,
7986 C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>,
7987 C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>,
7988 C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
7989 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
7990 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
7991 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
7992 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
7993 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
7994 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
7995 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
7999 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
8000 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
8004 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
8005 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
8009 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
8010 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
8014 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
8018 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
8019 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
8020 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
8021 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
8022 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
8023 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
8024 C<i_prot>, C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>,
8025 C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>,
8026 C<i_string>, C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>,
8027 C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>,
8028 C<i_sysmode>, C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>,
8029 C<i_syssecrt>, C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
8030 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
8031 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
8032 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
8033 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
8034 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
8035 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
8036 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
8037 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
8038 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
8039 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
8040 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
8044 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
8048 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
8049 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
8050 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
8051 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
8052 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
8057 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
8058 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
8059 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
8063 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
8064 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
8065 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
8069 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
8070 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
8071 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
8075 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
8076 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
8080 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
8085 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
8086 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
8087 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
8088 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
8092 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
8096 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
8097 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
8101 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
8102 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
8103 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
8104 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
8105 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
8106 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
8107 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>,
8108 C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>,
8109 C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>,
8110 C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>,
8111 C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>,
8112 C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>,
8113 C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>,
8114 C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
8118 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
8119 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
8123 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
8124 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
8125 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
8126 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
8127 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
8128 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
8129 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
8130 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
8135 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
8136 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
8137 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
8141 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
8153 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
8163 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
8175 =item Global Variables
8177 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
8178 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
8183 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
8184 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
8186 =item Client Callback Methods
8188 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
8189 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
8190 CLIENT->output(LIST)
8200 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
8208 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
8212 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
8214 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
8216 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
8218 =item Default Parameters
8220 =item In Memory Databases
8228 =item A Simple Example
8236 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
8238 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
8240 =item The get_dup() Method
8242 =item The find_dup() Method
8244 =item The del_dup() Method
8246 =item Matching Partial Keys
8254 =item The 'bval' Option
8256 =item A Simple Example
8258 =item Extra RECNO Methods
8260 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
8261 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
8263 =item Another Example
8267 =item THE API INTERFACE
8269 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
8270 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
8271 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
8272 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
8276 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
8277 B<filter_fetch_value>
8283 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
8285 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
8289 =item HINTS AND TIPS
8293 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
8295 =item Safe ways to lock a database
8297 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
8299 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
8301 =item The untie() Gotcha
8305 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
8309 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
8311 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
8313 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
8315 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
8335 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
8336 printing and C<eval>
8348 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
8349 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
8350 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
8357 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
8359 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8360 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8361 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8362 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8363 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8364 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8365 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8366 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8367 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8368 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8369 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8370 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
8390 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
8398 =item PROFILE FORMAT
8410 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
8422 =item A simple scalar string
8424 =item A simple scalar number
8426 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
8428 =item A reference to a simple scalar
8430 =item A reference to an array
8432 =item A reference to a hash
8434 =item Dumping a large array or hash
8436 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
8438 =item A reference to a subroutine
8452 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
8462 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
8472 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
8484 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
8485 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
8486 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
8491 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
8492 veryCompact, set, get
8498 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
8506 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
8507 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
8508 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
8509 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
8516 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
8529 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
8542 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
8557 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
8573 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
8585 =item Selecting What To Export
8587 =item Specialised Import Lists
8589 =item Constants can be inlined
8591 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
8593 =item Module Version Checking
8595 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
8597 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
8603 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
8613 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
8634 mv source... destination
8636 cp source... destination
8654 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
8666 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
8667 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
8677 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
8687 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
8699 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
8700 packlist(), version()
8708 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
8716 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
8722 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
8732 =item VMS implementation
8734 =item Win32 implementation
8742 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8751 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
8755 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8766 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
8778 =item Preloaded methods
8798 =item SelfLoaded methods
8844 file_name_is_absolute
8850 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
8890 maybe_command_in_dirs
8928 replace_manpage_separator
8942 test_via_harness (o)
8972 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8983 =item Methods always loaded
8995 =item SelfLoaded methods
8997 guess_name (override)
9001 find_perl (override)
9005 maybe_command (override)
9007 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
9009 perl_script (override)
9011 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9013 replace_manpage_separator
9015 init_others (override)
9017 constants (override)
9021 const_cccmd (override)
9023 pm_to_blib (override)
9025 tool_autosplit (override)
9027 tool_sxubpp (override)
9029 xsubpp_version (override)
9031 tools_other (override)
9041 top_targets (override)
9045 dynamic_lib (override)
9047 dynamic_bs (override)
9049 static_lib (override)
9051 manifypods (override)
9053 processPL (override)
9055 installbin (override)
9061 realclean (override)
9063 dist_basics (override)
9065 dist_core (override)
9069 dist_test (override)
9073 perldepend (override)
9079 test_via_harness (override)
9081 test_via_script (override)
9083 makeaperl (override)
9087 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
9114 test_via_harness (o)
9116 tool_autosplit (override)
9134 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
9144 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
9146 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
9154 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
9158 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
9160 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
9162 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
9164 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
9166 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
9167 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
9168 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
9169 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
9170 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
9171 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
9172 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
9173 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
9174 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
9175 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
9176 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
9177 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
9178 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
9179 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
9182 =item Additional lowercase attributes
9184 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
9187 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
9189 =item Hintsfile support
9191 =item Distribution Support
9193 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
9194 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
9195 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
9197 =item Disabling an extension
9211 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
9223 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
9227 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
9228 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
9236 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
9248 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
9258 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
9267 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
9275 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
9287 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
9295 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
9305 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
9317 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
9327 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
9331 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
9339 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
9343 C<basename>, C<dirname>
9347 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
9357 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
9371 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
9381 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
9383 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
9393 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
9401 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
9413 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
9421 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
9422 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
9428 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
9436 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
9437 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
9441 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
9449 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
9461 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
9475 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
9493 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
9521 file_name_is_absolute
9541 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
9551 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
9583 file_name_is_absolute
9605 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
9621 =item Methods always loaded
9623 canonpath (override)
9641 case_tolerant (override)
9645 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9647 splitpath (override)
9663 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
9693 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
9715 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
9729 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
9739 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
9747 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
9755 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
9757 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
9775 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
9789 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
9801 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
9809 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
9815 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
9823 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
9833 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
9849 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
9857 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
9859 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
9863 =item Simple options
9865 =item A little bit less simple options
9867 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
9869 =item Options with values
9871 =item Options with multiple values
9873 =item Options with hash values
9875 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
9877 =item Options with multiple names
9879 =item Case and abbreviations
9881 =item Summary of Option Specifications
9883 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
9887 =item Advanced Possibilities
9891 =item Documentation and help texts
9893 =item Storing options in a hash
9897 =item The lonesome dash
9899 =item Argument call-back
9903 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
9905 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
9906 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
9907 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
9908 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
9910 =item Return values and Errors
9916 =item Default destinations
9918 =item Alternative option starters
9920 =item Configuration variables
9926 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
9930 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
9941 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
9952 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
9962 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
9970 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9971 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
9981 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
9991 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
9995 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
10003 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
10013 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
10017 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
10018 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
10019 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
10020 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
10032 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10042 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10046 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10056 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10066 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10067 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10077 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
10091 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
10101 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10105 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10106 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10107 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10117 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
10131 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10132 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10142 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
10158 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10171 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
10185 hostpath(), peerpath()
10195 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
10204 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
10205 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
10215 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
10225 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
10229 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
10237 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
10248 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
10252 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
10253 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
10254 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
10255 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
10267 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10277 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10281 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10291 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10301 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10302 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10312 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
10327 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
10338 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10342 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10343 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10344 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10354 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
10369 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10370 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10380 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
10381 AF_INET domain sockets
10397 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10410 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
10411 AF_UNIX domain sockets
10425 hostpath(), peerpath()
10435 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10445 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10446 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10457 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
10471 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
10484 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
10494 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10495 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10496 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10507 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
10525 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10535 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10536 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10547 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
10558 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10559 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10560 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10571 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
10579 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
10588 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
10596 Canonical notation, Input, Output
10600 =item Autocreating constants
10608 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
10621 =item STRINGIFICATION
10625 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
10631 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
10633 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
10641 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
10649 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
10655 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
10657 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
10661 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10663 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
10667 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
10669 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10671 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
10672 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
10676 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
10686 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
10696 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
10708 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
10709 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
10719 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
10736 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
10753 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
10768 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
10785 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
10795 =item IMPLEMENTATION
10801 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
10811 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
10823 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
10825 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
10826 or optag, an operator set (opset)
10828 =item Opcode Functions
10830 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
10831 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
10832 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
10835 =item Manipulating Opsets
10837 =item TO DO (maybe)
10843 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
10845 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
10846 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
10847 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
10856 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
10865 a new namespace, an operator mask
10871 =item RECENT CHANGES
10873 =item Methods in class Safe
10875 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
10876 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
10877 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
10878 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
10880 =item Some Safety Issues
10882 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
10890 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
10903 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
10917 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
10918 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
10919 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
10920 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
10921 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
10922 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
10923 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
10924 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
10925 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
10926 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
10927 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
10928 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
10929 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
10930 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
10931 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
10932 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
10933 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
10934 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
10935 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
10936 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
10937 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod,
10938 strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain,
10939 tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile,
10940 tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc,
10941 unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs,
10948 =item POSIX::SigAction
10952 =item POSIX::SigSet
10954 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
10956 =item POSIX::Termios
10958 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
10959 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
10960 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
10961 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
10962 values, c_oflag field values
10966 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
10970 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
10974 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
11032 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
11038 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
11044 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
11056 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
11057 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
11058 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
11059 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
11060 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
11061 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
11062 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
11063 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
11068 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
11069 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
11070 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
11071 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
11072 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
11073 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
11074 section, Hyperlinks
11086 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
11089 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
11091 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
11093 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
11095 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
11097 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
11105 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
11115 B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc>
11123 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
11133 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
11134 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
11149 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
11162 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
11169 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
11193 =item B<was_cutting()>
11199 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
11211 =item B<cmd_name()>
11223 =item B<raw_text()>
11229 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
11235 =item B<cmd_separator()>
11241 =item B<parse_tree()>
11247 =item B<file_line()>
11253 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
11265 =item B<cmd_name()>
11289 =item B<raw_text()>
11295 =item B<left_delimiter()>
11301 =item B<right_delimiter()>
11307 =item B<parse_tree()>
11313 =item B<file_line()>
11325 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
11343 =item B<children()>
11361 =item B<raw_text()>
11379 =head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
11391 =item OBJECT METHODS
11399 =item Data Accessors
11415 B<ReplaceNAMEwithSection>
11417 B<StartWithNewPage>
11431 =item Subclassed methods
11445 B<interior_sequence>
11461 =item Methods for headings
11469 =item Internal methods
11475 B<_replace_special_chars>
11481 B<_clean_latex_commands>
11497 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
11505 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
11510 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
11511 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
11521 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
11557 =item Pod::Hyperlink
11597 =item Pod::Cache::Item
11625 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
11637 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
11639 =item PARSING OPTIONS
11641 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
11642 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
11648 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11656 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11662 =item B<verbatim()>
11664 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11670 =item B<textblock()>
11672 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11678 =item B<interior_sequence()>
11684 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11696 =item B<initialize()>
11702 =item B<begin_pod()>
11708 =item B<begin_input()>
11714 =item B<end_input()>
11726 =item B<preprocess_line()>
11732 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
11738 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
11744 =item B<parse_text()>
11746 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
11747 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
11748 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
11754 =item B<interpolate()>
11760 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
11766 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
11772 =item B<parse_from_file()>
11778 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
11784 =item B<errorsub()>
11796 =item B<parseopts()>
11802 =item B<output_file()>
11808 =item B<output_handle()>
11814 =item B<input_file()>
11820 =item B<input_handle()>
11826 =item B<input_streams()>
11832 =item B<top_stream()>
11838 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11844 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
11850 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
11856 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
11864 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
11884 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
11897 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
11899 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
11905 =item OBJECT METHODS
11911 =item B<curr_headings()>
11923 =item B<add_selection()>
11929 =item B<clear_selections()>
11935 =item B<match_section()>
11941 =item B<is_selected()>
11947 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
11953 =item B<podselect()>
11955 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
11961 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11967 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
11973 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
11979 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
11991 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
11999 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
12003 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
12004 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
12016 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
12032 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
12033 text with format escapes
12047 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
12056 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
12065 =item Recommended Use
12073 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
12077 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
12087 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
12095 a new namespace, an operator mask
12101 =item RECENT CHANGES
12103 =item Methods in class Safe
12105 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
12106 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
12107 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
12108 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
12110 =item Some Safety Issues
12112 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
12120 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
12130 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
12140 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
12150 =item The __DATA__ token
12152 =item SelfLoader autoloading
12154 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
12156 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
12158 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
12160 =item Classes and inherited methods.
12164 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
12168 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
12180 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
12181 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
12189 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
12190 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
12191 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
12192 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
12193 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
12197 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
12207 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
12219 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
12220 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12228 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12229 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12240 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
12241 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12249 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12250 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12261 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
12271 Invalid attribute name %s, Identifier %s used only once: possible typo, No
12272 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword %s not allowed while "strict subs"
12281 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
12293 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
12301 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
12311 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
12312 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
12320 =item Minimal set of supported functions
12322 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
12323 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
12325 =item Additional supported functions
12327 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
12335 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
12345 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
12357 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
12367 =item The test script output
12375 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
12376 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
12377 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
12390 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
12402 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
12413 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
12414 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
12415 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
12416 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
12417 backslashed double-quote)
12423 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
12440 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
12455 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
12469 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
12480 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
12481 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
12482 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
12486 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
12494 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
12502 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12504 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
12510 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
12518 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12520 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
12524 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
12536 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
12546 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
12554 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
12555 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
12556 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
12557 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
12565 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
12574 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
12575 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
12576 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
12577 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
12579 =item MORE INFORMATION
12583 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
12591 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
12592 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
12596 =item MORE INFORMATION
12600 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
12618 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
12627 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
12629 =item MORE INFORMATION
12633 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
12645 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
12653 =item IMPLEMENTATION
12659 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
12674 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
12689 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
12701 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
12709 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
12710 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
12714 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
12729 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
12740 =item System Specifics
12754 =head2 Win32 - Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
12762 =item Alphabetical Listing of Win32 Functions
12764 Win32::AbortSystemShutdown(MACHINE), Win32::BuildNumber(),
12765 Win32::CopyFile(FROM, TO, OVERWRITE), Win32::DomainName(),
12766 Win32::ExpandEnvironmentStrings(STRING), Win32::FormatMessage(ERRORCODE),
12767 Win32::FsType(), Win32::FreeLibrary(HANDLE), Win32::GetArchName(),
12768 Win32::GetChipName(), Win32::GetCwd(), Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME),
12769 Win32::GetLastError(), Win32::GetLongPathName(PATHNAME),
12770 Win32::GetNextAvailDrive(), Win32::GetOSVersion(),
12771 Win32::GetShortPathName(PATHNAME), Win32::GetProcAddress(INSTANCE,
12772 PROCNAME), Win32::GetTickCount(), Win32::InitiateSystemShutdown(MACHINE,
12773 MESSAGE, TIMEOUT, FORCECLOSE, REBOOT), Win32::IsWinNT(), Win32::IsWin95(),
12774 Win32::LoadLibrary(LIBNAME), Win32::LoginName(),
12775 Win32::LookupAccountName(SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SID, SIDTYPE),
12776 Win32::LookupAccountSID(SYSTEM, SID, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SIDTYPE),
12777 Win32::MsgBox(MESSAGE [, FLAGS [, TITLE]]), Win32::NodeName(),
12778 Win32::RegisterServer(LIBRARYNAME), Win32::SetCwd(NEWDIRECTORY),
12779 Win32::SetLastError(ERROR), Win32::Sleep(TIME), Win32::Spawn(COMMAND, ARGS,
12780 PID), Win32::UnregisterServer(LIBRARYNAME)
12786 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
12798 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
12800 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
12801 don't all have manual pages yet:
12827 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles