4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
310 =item BASIC DOCUMENTATION
314 =item perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
316 SYNOPSIS, DESCRIPTION, AVAILABILITY, ENVIRONMENT, AUTHOR, FILES, SEE ALSO,
317 DIAGNOSTICS, BUGS, NOTES
319 =item perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
328 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
338 =item Simple statements
340 =item Compound statements
348 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
352 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
354 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
360 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
374 =item Scalar value constructors
376 =item List value constructors
380 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
388 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
398 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
400 =item The Arrow Operator
402 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
406 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
408 =item Binding Operators
410 =item Multiplicative Operators
412 =item Additive Operators
414 =item Shift Operators
416 =item Named Unary Operators
418 =item Relational Operators
420 =item Equality Operators
424 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
426 =item C-style Logical And
428 =item C-style Logical Or
430 =item Range Operators
432 =item Conditional Operator
434 =item Assignment Operators
438 =item List Operators (Rightward)
444 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
446 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
448 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
450 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
452 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
454 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
455 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
456 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
457 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
459 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
461 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
462 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
463 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
464 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
469 =item Constant Folding
471 =item Bitwise String Operators
473 =item Integer Arithmetic
475 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
483 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
493 =item Private Variables via my()
495 =item Persistent Private Variables
497 =item Temporary Values via local()
499 =item Lvalue subroutines
501 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
503 =item When to Still Use local()
505 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
506 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
507 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
509 =item Pass by Reference
513 =item Constant Functions
515 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
519 =item Subroutine Attributes
527 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
535 =item Perl Functions by Category
537 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
538 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
539 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
540 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
541 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
542 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
543 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
544 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
545 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
546 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
551 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
553 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
554 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
555 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
556 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
557 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
558 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
559 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
560 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
561 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
562 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
563 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
564 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
565 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
566 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
567 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
568 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
569 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
570 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
571 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
572 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
573 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
574 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
575 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
576 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
577 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
578 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
579 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
580 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
581 LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
582 ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd
583 ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module
584 LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
585 FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack
586 TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
587 ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print,
588 printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION,
589 push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/,
590 quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
591 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
592 DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv
593 SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
594 OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
595 return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
596 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
597 EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
598 FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
599 ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
600 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
601 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
602 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
603 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
604 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
605 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
606 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
607 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
608 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
609 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
610 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
611 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
612 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
613 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
614 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
615 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
616 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
617 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
618 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
619 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
620 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
621 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
622 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
623 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
624 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
630 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
636 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
644 =item Making References
646 =item Using References
664 =item Distribution Conditions
670 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
676 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
677 more elaborate constructs
681 =item COMMON MISTAKES
683 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
685 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
691 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
695 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
697 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
699 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
703 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
707 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
709 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
711 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
715 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
719 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
721 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
723 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
727 =item HASHES OF HASHES
731 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
733 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
735 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
739 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
743 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
745 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
747 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
759 =head2 perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start
769 =item Simple word matching
771 =item Using character classes
773 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
774 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
775 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
776 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
777 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
778 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n"
780 =item Matching this or that
782 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
784 =item Extracting matches
786 =item Matching repetitions
788 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
789 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
790 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
791 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
796 =item Search and replace
798 =item The split operator
806 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
810 =item Acknowledgments
816 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
824 =item Verbatim Paragraph
826 =item Command Paragraph
828 =item Ordinary Block of Text
832 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
834 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
844 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
852 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
870 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
872 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
873 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
874 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
875 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
877 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
879 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
880 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
881 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
885 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
887 =item Numerical Traps
889 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
891 =item General data type traps
893 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
894 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
896 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
898 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
900 =item Precedence Traps
902 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
905 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
907 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
908 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
911 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
913 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
919 =item Interpolation Traps
921 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
922 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
928 =item Unclassified Traps
930 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
937 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
947 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
949 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
951 =item Location of Perl
953 =item Command Switches
955 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
956 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
957 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
958 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
959 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
960 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
967 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
968 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
969 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
973 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
981 =head2 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
989 =item Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
991 =item What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
993 =item Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
997 =item Backward Compatibility
999 =item Category Hierarchy
1001 =item Fatal Warnings
1003 =item Reporting Warnings from a Module
1015 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
1021 =item The Perl Debugger
1025 =item Debugger Commands
1027 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
1028 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
1029 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
1030 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
1031 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
1032 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
1033 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
1034 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
1035 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
1037 =item Configurable Options
1039 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
1040 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
1041 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
1042 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
1043 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
1044 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
1046 =item Debugger input/output
1048 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
1051 =item Debugging compile-time statements
1053 =item Debugger Customization
1055 =item Readline Support
1057 =item Editor Support for Debugging
1059 =item The Perl Profiler
1063 =item Debugging regular expressions
1065 =item Debugging memory usage
1073 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1081 =item Predefined Names
1083 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1084 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1085 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1086 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1087 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1088 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1089 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1090 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1091 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1092 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1093 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1094 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1095 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1096 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1097 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1098 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1099 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1100 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1101 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1102 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1103 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1104 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1105 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1106 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1107 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1108 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1109 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1110 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1111 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1113 =item Error Indicators
1115 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1123 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
1129 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
1131 =item Growing Your Own
1133 =item Access and Printing
1143 =head2 perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl
1149 =item Open E<agrave> la shell
1157 =item The Minus File
1159 =item Mixing Reads and Writes
1165 =item Open E<agrave> la C
1169 =item Permissions E<agrave> la mode
1173 =item Obscure Open Tricks
1177 =item Re-Opening Files (dups)
1179 =item Dispelling the Dweomer
1181 =item Paths as Opens
1183 =item Single Argument Open
1185 =item Playing with STDIN and STDOUT
1189 =item Other I/O Issues
1193 =item Opening Non-File Files
1203 =item AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT
1209 =head2 perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial
1215 =item Part 1: The basics
1219 =item Simple word matching
1221 =item Using character classes
1223 \d is a digit and represents [0-9], \s is a whitespace character and
1224 represents [\ \t\r\n\f], \w is a word character (alphanumeric or _) and
1225 represents [0-9a-zA-Z_], \D is a negated \d; it represents any character
1226 but a digit [^0-9], \S is a negated \s; it represents any non-whitespace
1227 character [^\s], \W is a negated \w; it represents any non-word character
1228 [^\w], The period '.' matches any character but "\n", no modifiers (//):
1229 Default behavior. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^>
1230 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1231 end or before a newline at the end, s modifier (//s): Treat string as a
1232 single long line. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">. C<^>
1233 matches only at the beginning of the string and C<$> matches only at the
1234 end or before a newline at the end, m modifier (//m): Treat string as a set
1235 of multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character except C<"\n">. C<^> and
1236 C<$> are able to match at the start or end of I<any> line within the
1237 string, both s and m modifiers (//sm): Treat string as a single long line,
1238 but detect multiple lines. C<'.'> matches any character, even C<"\n">.
1239 C<^> and C<$>, however, are able to match at the start or end of I<any>
1240 line within the string
1242 =item Matching this or that
1244 =item Grouping things and hierarchical matching
1246 0 Start with the first letter in the string 'a', 1 Try the first
1247 alternative in the first group 'abd', 2 Match 'a' followed by 'b'. So far
1248 so good, 3 'd' in the regexp doesn't match 'c' in the string - a dead end.
1249 So backtrack two characters and pick the second alternative in the first
1250 group 'abc', 4 Match 'a' followed by 'b' followed by 'c'. We are on a roll
1251 and have satisfied the first group. Set $1 to 'abc', 5 Move on to the
1252 second group and pick the first alternative 'df', 6 Match the 'd', 7 'f' in
1253 the regexp doesn't match 'e' in the string, so a dead end. Backtrack one
1254 character and pick the second alternative in the second group 'd', 8 'd'
1255 matches. The second grouping is satisfied, so set $2 to 'd', 9 We are at
1256 the end of the regexp, so we are done! We have matched 'abcd' out of the
1259 =item Extracting matches
1261 =item Matching repetitions
1263 C<a?> = match 'a' 1 or 0 times, C<a*> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e.,
1264 any number of times, C<a+> = match 'a' 1 or more times, i.e., at least
1265 once, C<a{n,m}> = match at least C<n> times, but not more than C<m> times,
1266 C<a{n,}> = match at least C<n> or more times, C<a{n}> = match exactly C<n>
1267 times, Principle 0: Taken as a whole, any regexp will be matched at the
1268 earliest possible position in the string, Principle 1: In an alternation
1269 C<a|b|c...>, the leftmost alternative that allows a match for the whole
1270 regexp will be the one used, Principle 2: The maximal matching quantifiers
1271 C<?>, C<*>, C<+> and C<{n,m}> will in general match as much of the string
1272 as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to match, Principle 3: If
1273 there are two or more elements in a regexp, the leftmost greedy quantifier,
1274 if any, will match as much of the string as possible while still allowing
1275 the whole regexp to match. The next leftmost greedy quantifier, if any,
1276 will try to match as much of the string remaining available to it as
1277 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1278 all the regexp elements are satisfied, C<a??> = match 'a' 0 or 1 times. Try
1279 0 first, then 1, C<a*?> = match 'a' 0 or more times, i.e., any number of
1280 times, but as few times as possible, C<a+?> = match 'a' 1 or more times,
1281 i.e., at least once, but as few times as possible, C<a{n,m}?> = match at
1282 least C<n> times, not more than C<m> times, as few times as possible,
1283 C<a{n,}?> = match at least C<n> times, but as few times as possible,
1284 C<a{n}?> = match exactly C<n> times. Because we match exactly C<n> times,
1285 C<a{n}?> is equivalent to C<a{n}> and is just there for notational
1286 consistency, Principle 3: If there are two or more elements in a regexp,
1287 the leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will match as much
1288 (little) of the string as possible while still allowing the whole regexp to
1289 match. The next leftmost greedy (non-greedy) quantifier, if any, will try
1290 to match as much (little) of the string remaining available to it as
1291 possible, while still allowing the whole regexp to match. And so on, until
1292 all the regexp elements are satisfied, 0 Start with the first letter in the
1293 string 't', 1 The first quantifier '.*' starts out by matching the whole
1294 string 'the cat in the hat', 2 'a' in the regexp element 'at' doesn't match
1295 the end of the string. Backtrack one character, 3 'a' in the regexp
1296 element 'at' still doesn't match the last letter of the string 't', so
1297 backtrack one more character, 4 Now we can match the 'a' and the 't', 5
1298 Move on to the third element '.*'. Since we are at the end of the string
1299 and '.*' can match 0 times, assign it the empty string, 6 We are done!
1301 =item Building a regexp
1303 specifying the task in detail,, breaking down the problem into smaller
1304 parts,, translating the small parts into regexps,, combining the regexps,,
1305 and optimizing the final combined regexp
1307 =item Using regular expressions in Perl
1311 =item Part 2: Power tools
1315 =item More on characters, strings, and character classes
1317 =item Compiling and saving regular expressions
1319 =item Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression
1321 =item Non-capturing groupings
1323 =item Looking ahead and looking behind
1325 =item Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking
1327 =item Conditional expressions
1329 =item A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression
1331 =item Pragmas and debugging
1339 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1343 =item Acknowledgments
1349 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
1359 =item Making References
1361 =item Using References
1363 =item Symbolic references
1365 =item Not-so-symbolic references
1367 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
1369 =item Function Templates
1379 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1389 =item Regular Expressions
1391 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1393 =item Extended Patterns
1395 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1396 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1397 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1398 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1402 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1404 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1406 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1408 =item Combining pieces together
1410 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1411 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1412 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1413 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1415 =item Creating custom RE engines
1425 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
1433 =item Format Variables
1443 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
1451 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
1458 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
1464 =item The use locale pragma
1466 =item The setlocale function
1468 =item Finding locales
1470 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
1472 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
1474 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
1476 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
1478 =item Fixing system locale configuration
1480 =item The localeconv function
1484 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
1488 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
1490 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
1492 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
1494 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
1498 =item Other categories
1504 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
1505 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
1506 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
1507 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
1508 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
1509 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
1510 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
1511 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
1515 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
1516 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
1522 =item Backward compatibility
1524 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
1526 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
1528 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
1530 =item Freely available locale definitions
1534 =item An imperfect standard
1542 =item Broken systems
1552 =head2 perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl
1560 =item Important Caveat
1562 Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, C<use utf8> still needed
1563 to enable a few features
1565 =item Byte and Character semantics
1567 =item Effects of character semantics
1569 =item Character encodings for input and output
1579 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
1580 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
1596 =item Using open() for IPC
1602 =item Background Processes
1604 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
1606 =item Safe Pipe Opens
1608 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
1610 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
1614 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
1618 =item Internet Line Terminators
1620 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
1622 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
1626 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
1630 =item A Simple Client
1632 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
1634 =item A Webget Client
1636 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
1640 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
1642 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
1644 =item UDP: Message Passing
1658 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
1668 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
1670 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
1671 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
1672 files, directories and network sockets
1674 =item Resource limits
1676 =item Killing the parent process
1678 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
1680 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
1682 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
1683 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
1684 application, Thread-safety of extensions
1696 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
1704 =item Storing numbers
1706 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
1708 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
1710 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
1711 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
1712 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
1721 =head2 perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl
1727 =item What Is A Thread Anyway?
1729 =item Threaded Program Models
1741 =item Native threads
1743 =item What kind of threads are perl threads?
1745 =item Threadsafe Modules
1751 =item Basic Thread Support
1753 =item Creating Threads
1755 =item Giving up control
1757 =item Waiting For A Thread To Exit
1759 =item Errors In Threads
1761 =item Ignoring A Thread
1765 =item Threads And Data
1769 =item Shared And Unshared Data
1771 =item Thread Pitfall: Races
1773 =item Controlling access: lock()
1775 =item Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks
1777 =item Queues: Passing Data Around
1781 =item Threads And Code
1785 =item Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
1787 Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores
1789 =item Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines
1791 =item Subroutine Locks
1795 =item Locking A Subroutine
1799 =item General Thread Utility Routines
1803 =item What Thread Am I In?
1807 =item Are These Threads The Same?
1809 =item What Threads Are Running?
1813 =item A Complete Example
1821 =item Introductory Texts
1823 =item OS-Related References
1825 =item Other References
1829 =item Acknowledgements
1837 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
1843 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
1852 =item Numbers endianness and Width
1854 =item Files and Filesystems
1856 =item System Interaction
1858 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
1860 =item External Subroutines (XS)
1862 =item Standard Modules
1866 =item Character sets and character encoding
1868 =item Internationalisation
1870 =item System Resources
1880 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
1881 http://testers.cpan.org/
1889 =item DOS and Derivatives
1891 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
1899 =item EBCDIC Platforms
1907 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
1911 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1913 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
1914 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
1915 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
1916 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
1917 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
1918 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
1919 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
1920 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
1921 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
1922 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
1923 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
1924 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
1925 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
1926 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
1927 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
1928 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
1929 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
1930 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
1931 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
1932 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
1933 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
1934 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1935 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
1936 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
1937 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
1943 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
1944 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
1945 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
1946 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
1947 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
1950 =item Supported Platforms
1954 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
1960 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
1968 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
1970 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
1972 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
1976 =item Protecting Your Programs
1984 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
1992 =item If we could talk to the animals...
1994 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
1996 =item Invoking a barnyard
1998 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2000 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2002 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2004 =item A few notes about @ISA
2006 =item Overriding the methods
2008 =item Starting the search from a different place
2010 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2012 =item Where we're at so far...
2014 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2016 =item Invoking an instance method
2018 =item Accessing the instance data
2020 =item How to build a horse
2022 =item Inheriting the constructor
2024 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2026 =item Adding parameters to a method
2028 =item More interesting instances
2030 =item A horse of a different color
2042 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2048 =item Creating a Class
2052 =item Object Representation
2054 =item Class Interface
2056 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2058 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2062 =item Other Object Methods
2070 =item Accessing Class Data
2072 =item Debugging Methods
2074 =item Class Destructors
2076 =item Documenting the Interface
2086 =item Overridden Methods
2088 =item Multiple Inheritance
2090 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2094 =item Alternate Object Representations
2098 =item Arrays as Objects
2100 =item Closures as Objects
2104 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2108 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2110 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2114 =item Metaclassical Tools
2120 =item Data Members as Variables
2124 =item Object Terminology
2130 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2136 =item Acknowledgments
2142 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2148 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2152 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2154 =item Inheritance Concerns
2156 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2158 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2160 =item Monadic Classes
2162 =item Translucent Attributes
2166 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2170 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2172 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2174 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2176 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2178 =item Translucency Revisited
2186 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2188 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2194 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2202 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2204 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2206 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2208 =item Method Invocation
2212 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2214 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2220 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2228 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2234 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2236 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2238 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2240 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2242 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2244 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2246 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2248 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2250 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2256 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2268 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2272 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2277 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2278 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2279 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2281 =item Tying FileHandles
2283 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2284 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2286 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2298 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
2310 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
2322 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
2328 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
2332 =item Pragmatic Modules
2334 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
2335 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, locale, open, ops, overload,
2336 re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
2338 =item Standard Modules
2340 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
2341 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2342 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
2343 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
2344 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
2345 Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
2346 English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
2347 ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
2348 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
2349 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
2350 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
2351 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
2352 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
2353 File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
2354 File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
2355 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
2356 I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
2357 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
2358 Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
2359 Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils,
2360 Pod::Parser, Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color,
2361 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver,
2362 SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap,
2363 Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev,
2364 Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
2365 Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local,
2366 Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent,
2369 =item Extension Modules
2375 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2376 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2377 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2378 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2379 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2380 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2381 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2382 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2383 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2384 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2385 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2386 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2387 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2388 North America, South America
2390 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2394 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2396 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2397 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2398 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2399 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2400 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2401 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2402 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2403 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2404 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2405 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2406 care when changing a released module
2408 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2410 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2411 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2412 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2413 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2415 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2417 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2418 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2419 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2420 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2421 can then be reduced to a small
2429 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2439 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2440 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2452 =head2 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
2462 =item What should I make into a module?
2464 =item Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
2466 Look around, Check it's new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again
2468 =item Step-by-step: Making the module
2470 Start with F<h2xs>, Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>, Use
2471 L<Carp|Carp>, Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!, Use L<plain old
2472 documentation|perlpod>, Write tests, Write the README
2474 =item Step-by-step: Distributing your module
2476 Get a CPAN user ID, C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>, Upload the
2477 tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!
2487 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
2488 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2498 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
2500 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
2502 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
2504 =item What is perl6?
2506 =item How stable is Perl?
2508 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
2510 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
2513 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
2515 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
2517 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
2519 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
2521 =item What is a JAPH?
2523 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
2525 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
2526 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
2530 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2534 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
2535 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
2543 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
2545 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
2547 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
2549 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
2552 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
2553 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
2555 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
2556 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
2558 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
2560 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
2562 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
2564 =item Where should I post source code?
2568 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
2570 =item Perl in Magazines
2572 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
2574 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
2576 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
2578 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
2580 =item Where do I send bug reports?
2582 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
2586 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2590 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2599 =item How do I do (anything)?
2601 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
2603 =item Is there a Perl shell?
2605 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
2607 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
2609 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
2611 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
2613 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
2615 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
2617 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
2619 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
2621 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
2623 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
2625 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
2627 =item What is undump?
2629 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
2631 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
2633 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
2635 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
2637 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
2639 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
2641 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
2643 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
2645 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
2647 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
2649 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
2651 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
2653 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
2655 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
2657 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
2658 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
2660 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
2663 =item What's MakeMaker?
2667 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2671 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2682 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
2683 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
2685 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
2687 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
2690 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
2692 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
2694 =item How do I multiply matrices?
2696 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
2698 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
2700 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
2708 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
2710 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
2712 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
2714 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
2716 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
2718 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
2720 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
2728 =item How do I validate input?
2730 =item How do I unescape a string?
2732 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
2734 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
2736 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
2738 =item How do I reverse a string?
2740 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
2742 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
2744 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
2746 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
2748 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
2751 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
2753 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
2754 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
2756 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
2758 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
2760 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
2762 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
2764 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
2766 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
2768 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
2770 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
2771 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
2780 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
2782 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
2784 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
2786 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
2787 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
2788 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
2789 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
2792 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
2794 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
2795 intersection of two arrays?
2797 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
2799 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
2801 =item How do I handle linked lists?
2803 =item How do I handle circular lists?
2805 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
2807 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
2809 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
2811 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
2813 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
2815 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
2817 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
2821 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
2825 =item How do I process an entire hash?
2827 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
2830 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
2832 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
2834 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
2836 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
2838 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
2840 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
2842 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
2844 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
2846 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
2848 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
2850 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
2853 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
2854 array of hashes or arrays?
2856 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
2864 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
2866 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
2868 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
2870 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
2872 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
2874 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
2876 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
2880 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2884 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
2893 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
2895 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
2896 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
2898 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
2900 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
2902 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
2904 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
2905 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
2907 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
2909 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
2911 =item How can I write() into a string?
2913 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
2915 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
2917 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
2919 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
2921 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
2923 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
2925 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
2927 =item How can I lock a file?
2929 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
2931 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
2932 the file. How can I do this?
2934 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
2936 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
2938 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
2940 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
2942 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
2944 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
2946 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
2948 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
2950 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
2952 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
2954 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
2956 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
2957 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
2959 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
2961 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
2962 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
2964 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
2966 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
2970 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2974 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
2982 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
2983 and unmaintainable code?
2985 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
2987 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
2989 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
2992 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
2994 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
2997 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
2999 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
3001 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
3003 =item What is C</o> really for?
3005 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
3008 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
3010 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
3012 =item How do I process each word on each line?
3014 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
3016 =item How can I do approximate matching?
3018 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
3020 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
3022 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
3024 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
3026 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
3028 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
3030 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
3032 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
3036 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3040 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
3041 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
3049 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
3051 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
3054 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
3057 =item How do I skip some return values?
3059 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
3061 =item What's an extension?
3063 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
3065 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
3067 =item How do I create a module?
3069 =item How do I create a class?
3071 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
3073 =item What's a closure?
3075 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
3077 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
3080 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
3083 =item How do I create a static variable?
3085 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
3086 Between local() and my()?
3088 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
3091 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
3093 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
3095 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
3097 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
3099 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
3101 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
3103 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
3105 =item How can I find out my current package?
3107 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
3109 =item How do I clear a package?
3111 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
3115 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3119 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
3128 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
3130 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
3132 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
3134 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
3136 =item How do I print something out in color?
3138 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
3140 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
3142 =item How do I clear the screen?
3144 =item How do I get the screen size?
3146 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
3148 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
3150 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
3152 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
3154 =item How do I start a process in the background?
3156 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
3158 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
3160 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
3162 =item How do I set the time and date?
3164 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
3166 =item How can I measure time under a second?
3168 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
3170 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
3171 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
3173 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
3175 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
3177 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
3179 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
3181 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
3183 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
3185 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
3187 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
3189 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
3191 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
3194 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
3196 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
3198 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
3200 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
3203 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
3204 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
3205 changes to be visible?
3209 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
3212 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
3214 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
3216 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
3218 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
3220 =item How do I set CPU limits?
3222 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
3224 =item How do I use an SQL database?
3226 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
3228 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
3230 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
3232 =item What's the difference between require and use?
3234 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
3236 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
3239 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
3241 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
3245 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3249 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
3258 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
3261 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
3263 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
3265 =item How do I extract URLs?
3267 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
3268 file on another machine?
3270 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
3272 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
3274 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
3276 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
3278 =item How do I redirect to another page?
3280 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
3282 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
3284 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
3285 CGI script to do bad things?
3287 =item How do I parse a mail header?
3289 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
3291 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
3293 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
3295 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
3297 =item How do I send mail?
3299 =item How do I read mail?
3301 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
3303 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
3305 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
3307 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
3311 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
3315 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3325 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3329 =item Using The Back Ends
3333 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3337 =item The Decompiling Back End
3339 =item The Lint Back End
3341 =item The Simple C Back End
3343 =item The Bytecode Back End
3345 =item The Optimized C Back End
3347 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3348 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3349 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3353 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3359 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3369 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3370 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3374 =item Compiling your C program
3376 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3378 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3380 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3382 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3384 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3386 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3388 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3390 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3395 =item Embedding Perl under Windows
3405 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
3411 =item Debugger Internals
3415 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
3419 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
3421 =item Debugging regular expressions
3425 =item Compile-time output
3427 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
3428 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
3429 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
3432 =item Types of nodes
3434 =item Run-time output
3438 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
3442 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
3444 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
3445 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
3448 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3450 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3452 =item B<-DL> details
3456 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3464 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3476 =item Version caveat
3478 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3490 =item What has gone on?
3492 =item Writing good test scripts
3496 =item What's new here?
3498 =item Input and Output Parameters
3500 =item The XSUBPP Program
3502 =item The TYPEMAP file
3504 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3508 =item What has happened here?
3510 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3512 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3514 =item More about XSUB arguments
3516 =item The Argument Stack
3518 =item Extending your Extension
3520 =item Documenting your Extension
3522 =item Installing your Extension
3526 =item New Things in this Example
3530 =item New Things in this Example
3532 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3534 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3536 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3538 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3554 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3566 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3568 =item The Argument Stack
3570 =item The RETVAL Variable
3572 =item The MODULE Keyword
3574 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3576 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3578 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3580 =item The CODE: Keyword
3582 =item The INIT: Keyword
3584 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3586 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3588 =item Default Parameter Values
3590 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3592 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3594 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3596 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3598 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3600 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3602 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3604 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3606 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3608 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3610 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3612 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3614 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3616 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3618 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3620 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3622 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3624 =item The CASE: Keyword
3626 =item The & Unary Operator
3628 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3630 =item Using XS With C++
3632 =item Interface Strategy
3634 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3648 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3660 =item What is an "IV"?
3662 =item Working with SVs
3664 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3666 =item Working with AVs
3668 =item Working with HVs
3670 =item Hash API Extensions
3674 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3676 =item Creating New Variables
3678 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3680 =item Stashes and Globs
3682 =item Double-Typed SVs
3684 =item Magic Variables
3686 =item Assigning Magic
3688 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3692 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3694 =item Localizing changes
3696 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3697 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3698 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3699 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3700 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3701 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3702 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3703 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3704 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3712 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3714 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3716 =item Memory Allocation
3720 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3724 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3734 =item Examining the tree
3736 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3738 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3740 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3742 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3746 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3750 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3752 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3754 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3764 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3770 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3772 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3774 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3794 =item Determining the Context
3798 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3804 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3806 =item Passing Parameters
3808 =item Returning a Scalar
3810 =item Returning a list of values
3812 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3814 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3818 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3822 =item Using call_argv
3824 =item Using call_method
3828 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3830 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3832 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3833 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3836 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3838 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3850 =head2 perlutil - utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
3860 L<perldoc|perldoc>, L<pod2man|pod2man> and L<pod2text|pod2text>,
3861 L<pod2html|pod2html> and L<pod2latex|pod2latex>, L<pod2usage|pod2usage>,
3862 L<podselect|podselect>, L<podchecker|podchecker>, L<splain|splain>,
3863 L<roffitall|roffitall>
3867 L<a2p|a2p>, L<s2p|s2p>, L<find2perl|find2perl>
3871 L<perlbug|perlbug>, L<h2ph|h2ph>, L<c2ph|c2ph> and L<pstruct|pstruct>,
3872 L<h2xs|h2xs>, L<dprofpp|dprofpp>, L<perlcc|perlcc>
3880 =head2 perlfilter - Source Filters
3890 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
3892 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C
3894 B<Decryption Filters>
3896 =item CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
3898 =item WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
3900 =item USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
3912 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
3920 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
3921 B<filter_fetch_value>
3927 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
3929 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
3939 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
3945 AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push,
3946 av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, bytes_to_utf8, call_argv,
3947 call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, dMARK,
3948 dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND,
3949 fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS, get_av, get_cv, get_hv, get_sv, GIMME,
3950 GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload,
3951 gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR,
3952 G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force,
3953 HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists,
3954 hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey,
3955 hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store,
3956 hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE,
3957 isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number, MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy,
3958 mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical, mg_set, Move, New, newAV,
3959 Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv,
3960 newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv, newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto,
3961 Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK, perl_alloc,
3962 perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse, perl_run,
3963 PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal, PL_na,
3964 PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs, PUSHi,
3965 PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, require_pv,
3966 RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, strEQ, strGE,
3967 strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy, SvCUR, SvCUR_set,
3968 SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only,
3969 SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvLOCK, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, SvNOK, SvNOKp,
3970 SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOKp,
3971 SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force, SvPV_nolen,
3972 SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV,
3973 SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, SvTAINTED,
3974 SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, SVt_IV, SVt_NV,
3975 SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUNLOCK, SvUPGRADE, SvUV,
3976 SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn,
3977 sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_cmp, sv_dec,
3978 sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject,
3979 sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg,
3980 sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv,
3981 sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv,
3982 sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv,
3983 sv_setuv_mg, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, sv_vcatpvfn,
3984 sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, U8 *s, utf8_to_bytes, warn, XPUSHi,
3985 XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV,
3986 XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES,
3987 XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION,
3988 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
3996 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
4011 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
4019 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
4020 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
4021 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
4022 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
4023 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
4024 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
4025 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
4026 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
4027 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
4028 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
4032 =item Co-existence with stdio
4034 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
4035 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
4036 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
4037 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
4038 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
4039 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
4045 =head2 perltodo - Perl TO-DO List
4051 =item Infrastructure
4055 =item Mailing list archives
4057 =item Bug tracking system
4059 =item Regression Tests
4061 Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to
4084 Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs
4088 =item Perl Internals
4094 =item Garbage Collection
4096 =item Reliable signals
4098 Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed
4099 sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN
4101 =item Interpolated regex performance bugs
4103 =item Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp
4105 =item Make XS easier to use
4107 =item Make embedded Perl easier to use
4109 =item Namespace cleanup
4121 =item A clear division into tutorial and reference
4123 =item Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions
4125 =item More tutorials
4127 Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging
4129 =item Include a search tool
4131 =item Include a locate tool
4133 =item Separate function manpages by default
4135 =item Users can't find the manpages
4137 =item Install ALL Documentation
4139 =item Outstanding issues to be documented
4141 =item Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl
4143 =item Replace man with a perl program
4145 =item Unicode tutorial
4153 =item Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition 2
4155 =item Module versions
4163 VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice
4165 =item Procedural options
4169 =item y2k localtime/gmtime
4171 =item Export File::Find variables
4175 =item Debugger attach/detach
4177 =item Regular Expression debugger
4179 =item Alternative RE Syntax
4181 =item Bundled modules
4187 =item Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc.
4189 =item POD Converters
4205 =item POSIX on non-POSIX
4207 =item Portable installations
4215 =item Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest
4217 =item Sort out the spawnvp() mess
4219 =item Work out DLL versioning
4225 =item Would be nice to have
4227 C<pack "(stuff)*">, Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled
4228 perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format
4229 BOTTOM, -i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input
4230 should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun
4231 debugger, lvalue functions
4233 =item Possible pragmas
4245 =item constant function cache
4247 =item foreach(reverse...)
4249 =item Cache eval tree
4253 =item Shrink opcode tables
4255 =item Cache hash value
4257 =item Optimize away @_ where possible
4259 =item Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b }
4261 =item Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization
4265 =item Vague possibilities
4267 ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?,
4268 Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real
4269 threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al
4271 =item To Do Or Not To Do
4275 =item Making my() work on "package" variables
4277 =item "or" testing defined not truth
4279 =item "dynamic" lexicals
4281 =item "class"-based, rather than package-based "lexicals"
4297 =item External threads
4303 =item Per-thread GVs
4315 =item Precompiled modules
4319 =item Typed lexicals
4329 =item Cached compilation
4333 =item Recently Finished Tasks
4337 =item Figure a way out of $^(capital letter)
4343 =item Namespace cleanup
4355 =head2 perlhack - How to hack at the Perl internals
4361 Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the
4362 implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is
4363 the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does
4364 it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is
4365 the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough
4366 documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much
4367 work?, Patches speak louder than words
4373 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
4381 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
4393 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
4395 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
4399 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
4403 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4409 =item Core Enhancements
4413 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4415 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4417 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4419 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4421 =item "our" declarations
4423 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4425 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4427 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4429 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4431 =item open() with more than two arguments
4433 =item 64-bit support
4435 =item Large file support
4441 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4443 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4445 =item File globbing implemented internally
4447 Support for CHECK blocks
4449 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4451 Better pseudo-random number generator
4453 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4455 Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4457 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4459 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4461 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4463 =item Comments in pack() templates
4465 =item Weak references
4467 =item Binary numbers supported
4469 =item Lvalue subroutines
4471 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4473 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4475 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4477 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4479 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4481 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4483 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4485 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4487 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4489 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4491 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4493 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4495 =item Improved diagnostics
4497 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4499 More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4501 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4503 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4505 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4507 =item Improved security features
4509 More functional bareword prototype (*)
4511 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4513 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4515 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4517 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4519 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4523 =item Modules and Pragmata
4529 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4530 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4531 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4532 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4533 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4534 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4535 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4536 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4542 =item Utility Changes
4556 =item The Perl Debugger
4560 =item Improved Documentation
4562 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4563 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4564 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4565 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4567 =item Performance enhancements
4571 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4573 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4575 =item Faster subroutine calls
4577 delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4581 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4585 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4587 =item New Configure flags
4589 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4595 =item -Duselargefiles
4597 =item installusrbinperl
4603 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
4607 =item Platform specific changes
4611 =item Supported platforms
4615 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
4623 =item Significant bug fixes
4627 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
4629 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
4631 =item All compilation errors are true errors
4633 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
4635 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
4637 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
4639 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
4641 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
4643 =item Failures in DESTROY()
4645 =item Locale bugs fixed
4649 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
4651 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
4653 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
4655 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
4659 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
4661 (perhaps you forgot to load "%s"?), "%s" variable %s masks earlier
4662 declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet implemented, "our" variable %s
4663 redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s, / cannot take a count, / must
4664 be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow
4665 a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, /%s/:
4666 Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through, /%s/ should
4667 probably be written as "%s", %s() called too early to check prototype, %s
4668 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY
4669 element or slice, %s argument is not a subroutine name, %s package
4670 attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s, (in cleanup) %s, <>
4671 should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled substitution pattern,
4672 Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional, Binary number >
4673 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32
4674 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check filesystem
4675 of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can't
4676 declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default, Can't
4677 modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't remove
4678 %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't weaken
4679 a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class syntax [%s]
4680 belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
4681 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
4682 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
4683 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
4684 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
4685 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
4686 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
4687 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
4688 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
4689 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
4690 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
4691 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
4692 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
4693 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
4694 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
4695 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
4696 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
4697 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
4698 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
4699 around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use
4700 "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count
4701 in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed
4702 memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments,
4703 Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not
4704 implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl
4705 can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown
4706 open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s,
4707 Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter
4708 in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute
4709 parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute
4710 list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant
4715 =item Incompatible Changes
4719 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
4721 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed
4723 =item Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different
4725 Literals of the form C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed
4726 pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed,
4727 C<undef> fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe
4728 and socket handles, Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported,
4729 delete(), values() and C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies,
4730 vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic
4731 output has changed, C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves
4732 like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed
4734 =item Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms
4736 =item More builtins taint their results
4738 =item C Source Incompatibilities
4740 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
4742 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
4744 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
4746 =item Binary Incompatibilities
4750 =item Known Problems
4754 =item Thread test failures
4756 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
4758 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
4760 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
4762 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
4765 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
4767 =item Arrow operator and arrays
4771 =item Experimental features
4773 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
4774 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
4775 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
4780 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
4782 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
4783 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Probable precedence problem on %s,
4784 regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
4786 =item Reporting Bugs
4794 =head2 perl56delta, perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
4800 =item Core Enhancements
4804 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
4806 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
4808 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
4810 =item Support for interpolating named characters
4812 =item "our" declarations
4814 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
4816 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
4818 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
4820 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
4822 =item open() with more than two arguments
4824 =item 64-bit support
4826 =item Large file support
4832 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
4834 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
4836 =item File globbing implemented internally
4838 =item Support for CHECK blocks
4840 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
4842 =item Better pseudo-random number generator
4844 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
4846 =item Better worst-case behavior of hashes
4848 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
4850 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
4852 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
4854 =item Comments in pack() templates
4856 =item Weak references
4858 =item Binary numbers supported
4860 =item Lvalue subroutines
4862 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
4864 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
4866 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
4868 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
4870 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
4872 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
4874 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
4876 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
4878 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
4880 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
4882 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
4884 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
4886 =item Improved diagnostics
4888 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
4890 =item More consistent close-on-exec behavior
4892 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
4894 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
4896 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
4898 =item Improved security features
4900 =item More functional bareword prototype (*)
4902 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
4904 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
4906 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
4908 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
4910 =item Optional Y2K warnings
4912 =item Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings
4916 =item Modules and Pragmata
4922 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
4923 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
4924 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
4925 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
4926 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
4927 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
4928 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
4929 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
4935 =item Utility Changes
4949 =item The Perl Debugger
4953 =item Improved Documentation
4955 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
4956 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
4957 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
4958 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
4960 =item Performance enhancements
4964 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
4966 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
4968 =item Faster subroutine calls
4970 =item delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
4974 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
4978 =item -Dusethreads means something different
4980 =item New Configure flags
4982 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
4988 =item -Duselargefiles
4990 =item installusrbinperl
4996 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
5000 =item Platform specific changes
5004 =item Supported platforms
5008 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
5016 =item Significant bug fixes
5020 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
5022 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
5024 =item All compilation errors are true errors
5026 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
5028 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
5030 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
5032 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
5034 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
5036 =item Failures in DESTROY()
5038 =item Locale bugs fixed
5042 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
5044 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
5046 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
5048 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
5052 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
5054 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
5055 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
5056 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
5057 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
5058 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
5059 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
5060 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
5061 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
5062 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
5063 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
5064 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
5065 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
5066 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
5067 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
5068 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
5069 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
5070 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
5071 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
5072 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
5073 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
5074 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
5075 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
5076 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
5077 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
5078 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
5079 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
5080 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
5081 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
5082 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
5083 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
5084 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
5085 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
5086 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
5087 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
5088 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
5089 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
5090 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
5091 around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string,
5092 Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS"
5093 instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows,
5094 Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored,
5095 Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on
5096 zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This
5097 Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL
5098 environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode
5099 '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized
5100 escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute
5101 list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in
5102 subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of
5103 CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number
5107 =item Incompatible Changes
5111 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
5113 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed,
5114 Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form
5115 C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number
5116 generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, C<undef> fails on
5117 read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles,
5118 Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported, delete(), values() and
5119 C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS)
5120 enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic output has changed,
5121 C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator,
5122 Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed, Semantics of bit
5123 operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms, More builtins taint their
5126 =item C Source Incompatibilities
5128 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
5130 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
5132 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
5134 =item Binary Incompatibilities
5138 =item Known Problems
5142 =item Thread test failures
5144 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
5146 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
5148 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
5150 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
5153 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
5155 =item Arrow operator and arrays
5157 =item Experimental features
5159 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
5160 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
5161 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
5166 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5168 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
5169 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as
5170 \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>"
5171 to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
5173 =item Reporting Bugs
5181 =head2 perl5005delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.005
5187 =item About the new versioning system
5189 =item Incompatible Changes
5193 =item WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
5195 =item Default installation structure has changed
5197 =item Perl Source Compatibility
5199 =item C Source Compatibility
5201 Core sources now require ANSI C compiler, All Perl global variables must
5202 now be referenced with an explicit prefix, Enabling threads has source
5203 compatibility issues
5205 =item Binary Compatibility
5207 =item Security fixes may affect compatibility
5209 =item Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
5223 =item Regular Expressions
5225 Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression
5226 constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other
5227 improvements, Incompatible changes
5229 =item Improved malloc()
5231 =item Quicksort is internally implemented
5233 =item Reliable signals
5235 =item Reliable stack pointers
5237 =item More generous treatment of carriage returns
5241 =item Better support for multiple interpreters
5243 =item Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined
5245 =item C<%!> is transparently tied to the L<Errno> module
5247 =item Pseudo-hashes are supported
5249 =item C<EXPR foreach EXPR> is supported
5251 =item Keywords can be globally overridden
5253 =item C<$^E> is meaningful on Win32
5255 =item C<foreach (1..1000000)> optimized
5257 =item C<Foo::> can be used as implicitly quoted package name
5259 =item C<exists $Foo::{Bar::}> tests existence of a package
5261 =item Better locale support
5263 =item Experimental support for 64-bit platforms
5265 =item prototype() returns useful results on builtins
5267 =item Extended support for exception handling
5269 =item Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
5271 =item All C<printf> format conversions are handled internally
5273 =item New C<INIT> keyword
5275 =item New C<lock> keyword
5277 =item New C<qr//> operator
5279 =item C<our> is now a reserved word
5281 =item Tied arrays are now fully supported
5283 =item Tied handles support is better
5285 =item 4th argument to substr
5287 =item Negative LENGTH argument to splice
5289 =item Magic lvalues are now more magical
5291 =item <> now reads in records
5295 =item Supported Platforms
5301 =item Changes in existing support
5305 =item Modules and Pragmata
5311 B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed,
5312 ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC::SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle,
5313 Thread, attrs, fields, re
5315 =item Changes in existing modules
5317 Benchmark, Carp, CGI, Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX, DB_File,
5318 MakeMaker, CPAN, Cwd, Benchmark
5322 =item Utility Changes
5324 =item Documentation Changes
5326 =item New Diagnostics
5328 Ambiguous call resolved as CORE::%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index
5329 while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent
5330 package, Can't call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can't check
5331 filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can't coerce array into hash, Can't
5332 goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can't localize pseudo-hash element,
5333 Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber
5334 for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions,
5335 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character
5336 class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in
5337 insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re 'eval', %s:
5338 Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to '' (assuming
5339 package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such
5340 field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously
5341 large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance
5342 detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s', Reference found
5343 where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use
5344 of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed
5346 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
5348 Can't mktemp(), Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s, Cannot open
5349 temporary file, regexp too big
5351 =item Configuration Changes
5361 =head2 perl5004delta, perldelta - what's new for perl5.004
5367 =item Supported Environments
5373 =item List assignment to %ENV works
5375 =item "Can't locate Foo.pm in @INC" error now lists @INC
5377 =item Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
5379 =item $PERL5OPT environment variable
5381 =item Limitations on B<-M>, B<-m>, and B<-T> options
5383 =item More precise warnings
5385 =item Deprecated: Inherited C<AUTOLOAD> for non-methods
5387 =item Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
5389 =item Subroutine arguments created only when they're modified
5391 =item Group vector changeable with C<$)>
5393 =item Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
5395 =item Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc.
5397 =item No resetting of $. on implicit close
5399 =item C<wantarray> may return undef
5401 =item C<eval EXPR> determines value of EXPR in scalar context
5403 =item Changes to tainting checks
5405 No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No
5406 spawning if tainted $TERM doesn't look like a terminal name
5408 =item New Opcode module and revised Safe module
5410 =item Embedding improvements
5412 =item Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO::* classes
5414 =item Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
5416 =item New and changed syntax
5420 =item New and changed builtin constants
5424 =item New and changed builtin variables
5428 =item New and changed builtin functions
5430 delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in
5431 Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION, use Module
5432 VERSION LIST, prototype(FUNCTION), srand, $_ as Default, C<m//gc> does not
5433 reset search position on failure, C<m//x> ignores whitespace before ?*+{},
5434 nested C<sub{}> closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals
5436 =item New builtin methods
5438 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
5440 =item TIEHANDLE now supported
5442 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this
5443 LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this
5445 =item Malloc enhancements
5447 -DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, -DPACK_MALLOC, -DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE
5449 =item Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements
5453 =item Support for More Operating Systems
5469 use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib 'dir', use
5470 constant NAME => VALUE, use locale, use ops, use vmsish
5476 =item Required Updates
5478 =item Installation directories
5480 =item Module information summary
5494 =item Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators
5498 =item Utility Changes
5504 Sends converted HTML to standard output
5508 C<void> XSUBs now default to returning nothing
5512 =item C Language API Changes
5514 C<gv_fetchmethod> and C<perl_call_sv>, C<perl_eval_pv>, Extended API for
5517 =item Documentation Changes
5519 L<perldelta>, L<perlfaq>, L<perllocale>, L<perltoot>, L<perlapio>,
5520 L<perlmodlib>, L<perldebug>, L<perlsec>
5522 =item New Diagnostics
5524 "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is
5525 not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too
5526 large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free
5527 nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr,
5528 Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can't redefine active sort
5529 subroutine %s, Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in
5530 use, Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Constant
5531 subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did
5532 not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too
5533 long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT:
5534 %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number,
5535 internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type
5536 in pack: '%s', Invalid type in unpack: '%s', Name "%s::%s" used only once:
5537 possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of
5538 memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible
5539 attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words
5540 with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found
5541 while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s', Too late for
5542 "B<-T>" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist,
5543 Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to
5544 mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with
5545 defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay
5546 shared, Warning: something's wrong, Ill-formed logical name |%s| in
5547 prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX,
5548 PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s
5558 =head2 perlamiga - Perl under Amiga OS (possibly very outdated information)
5574 B<Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library>, B<Version of Amiga OS>
5576 =item Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS
5578 =item Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS
5580 fork(), some features of the UNIX filesystem regarding link count and file
5581 dates, inplace operation (the -i switch) without backup file, umask()
5582 works, but the correct permissions are only set when the file is
5589 =item Accessing documentation
5597 =item B<GNU> C<info> files
5609 =item Getting the perl source
5615 =item Installing the built perl
5625 =head2 perlcygwin, README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
5635 =item Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it)
5637 =item Cygwin Configuration
5639 C<PATH>, I<nroff>, Permissions
5647 =item Strip Binaries
5649 =item Optional Libraries
5651 C<-lcrypt>, C<-lgdbm> (C<use GDBM_File>), C<-ldb> (C<use DB_File>),
5652 C<-lcygipc> (C<use IPC::SysV>)
5654 =item Configure-time Options
5656 C<-Uusedl>, C<-Uusemymalloc>, C<-Dusemultiplicity>, C<-Duseperlio>,
5657 C<-Duse64bitint>, C<-Duselongdouble>, C<-Dusethreads>, C<-Duselargefiles>
5659 =item Suspicious Warnings
5661 Whoa There, I<dlsym()>, Win9x and C<d_eofnblk>, Checking how std your stdio
5662 is.., Compiler/Preprocessor defines
5680 =item File Permissions
5684 =item Filetime Granularity
5686 =item Tainting Checks
5690 =item Script Portability
5692 Pathnames, Text/Binary, F<.exe>, chown(), Miscellaneous
5700 Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl
5701 Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts
5711 =head2 perldos - Perl under DOS, W31, W95.
5725 =item Shortcomings of Perl under DOS
5741 =head2 perlhpux, README.hpux - Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix
5750 =item Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX
5760 =item Portability Between PA-RISC Versions
5762 =item Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX
5764 =item The HP ANSI C Compiler
5766 =item Using Large Files with Perl
5772 =item GDBM and Threads
5774 =item NFS filesystems and utime(2)
5784 =head2 perlmachten, README.machten - Perl version 5 on Power MachTen
5793 =item Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen
5795 =item Failures during C<make test>
5797 op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t
5799 =item Building external modules
5809 =head2 perlos2 - Perl under OS/2, DOS, Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
5825 EMX, RSX, HPFS, pdksh
5827 =item Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...)
5829 =item Starting OS/2 (and DOS) programs under Perl
5835 =item Frequently asked questions
5839 =item I cannot run external programs
5841 =item I cannot embed perl into my program, or use F<perl.dll> from my
5844 Is your program EMX-compiled with C<-Zmt -Zcrtdll>?, Did you use
5847 =item C<``> and pipe-C<open> do not work under DOS.
5849 =item Cannot start C<find.exe "pattern" file>
5857 =item Automatic binary installation
5859 C<PERL_BADLANG>, C<PERL_BADFREE>, F<Config.pm>
5861 =item Manual binary installation
5863 Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable
5864 (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library,
5865 Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl
5866 and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation,
5867 Perl manual in F<.INF> format, Pdksh
5873 =item Accessing documentation
5877 =item OS/2 F<.INF> file
5885 =item GNU C<info> files
5899 =item Getting perl source
5901 =item Application of the patches
5909 A lot of C<bad free>, Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT, F<op/fs.t>,
5910 F<lib/io_pipe.t>, F<lib/io_sock.t>, F<op/stat.t>, F<lib/io_udp.t>
5912 =item Installing the built perl
5914 =item C<a.out>-style build
5922 =item Some C</> became C<\> in pdksh.
5924 =item C<'errno'> - unresolved external
5926 =item Problems with tr or sed
5928 =item Some problem (forget which ;-)
5930 =item Library ... not found
5932 =item Segfault in make
5936 =item Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port
5940 =item C<setpriority>, C<getpriority>
5944 =item C<extproc> on the first line
5946 =item Additional modules:
5948 =item Prebuilt methods:
5950 C<File::Copy::syscopy>, C<DynaLoader::mod2fname>, C<Cwd::current_drive()>,
5951 C<Cwd::sys_chdir(name)>, C<Cwd::change_drive(name)>,
5952 C<Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)>,
5953 C<Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)>, C<Cwd::sys_cwd(name)>,
5954 C<Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)>, C<Cwd::extLibpath([type])>,
5955 C<Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )>
5961 C<popen>, C<tmpnam>, C<tmpfile>, C<ctermid>, C<stat>, C<flock>
5975 =item F<perl___.exe>
5977 =item Why strange names?
5979 =item Why dynamic linking?
5981 =item Why chimera build?
5983 explicit fork(), open FH, "|-", open FH, "-|"
5991 =item C<PERLLIB_PREFIX>
5993 =item C<PERL_BADLANG>
5995 =item C<PERL_BADFREE>
5997 =item C<PERL_SH_DIR>
5999 =item C<USE_PERL_FLOCK>
6001 =item C<TMP> or C<TEMP>
6011 =item DLL name mangling
6015 =item Calls to external programs
6017 =item Memory allocation
6021 C<COND_WAIT>, F<os2.c>
6035 =head2 perlos390, README.os390 - building and installing Perl for OS/390.
6047 =item Setup and utilities
6051 =item Build, test, install
6073 =head2 perlvms - VMS-specific documentation for Perl
6081 =item Organization of Perl Images
6087 =item Perl Extensions
6089 =item Installing static extensions
6091 =item Installing dynamic extensions
6095 =item File specifications
6101 =item Wildcard expansion
6107 =item PERL5LIB and PERLLIB
6113 =item I/O redirection and backgrounding
6115 =item Command line switches
6121 =item Perl functions
6123 File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE, crypt PLAINTEXT, USER, dump,
6124 exec LIST, fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select
6125 (system call), stat EXPR, system LIST, time, times, unlink LIST, utime
6126 LIST, waitpid PID,FLAGS
6128 =item Perl variables
6130 %ENV, CRTL_ENV, CLISYM_[LOCAL], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $|
6132 =item Standard modules with VMS-specific differences
6146 =head2 perlwin32 - Perl under Win32
6158 Make, Command Shell, Borland C++, Microsoft Visual C++, Mingw32 with GCC
6168 Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line,
6169 Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific
6170 Extensions, Running Perl Scripts, Miscellaneous Things
6174 =item BUGS AND CAVEATS
6184 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
6186 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6198 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6208 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
6218 =item Built-in Attributes
6220 locked, method, lvalue
6222 =item Available Subroutines
6226 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
6228 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
6230 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
6238 =item Default exports
6240 =item Available exports
6242 =item Export tags defined
6252 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
6264 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
6280 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
6294 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
6308 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
6321 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
6330 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
6336 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
6346 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
6356 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
6367 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
6369 =item The I<splain> Program
6383 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
6397 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
6407 =item subpragma access
6413 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
6424 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
6434 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
6444 =item Adding directories to @INC
6446 =item Deleting directories from @INC
6448 =item Restoring original @INC
6458 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
6469 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
6477 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
6483 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
6495 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
6505 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
6507 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
6509 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
6511 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
6513 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
6515 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
6517 =item Overloadable Operations
6519 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
6520 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
6521 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
6523 =item Inheritance and overloading
6525 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
6526 is inherited by derived classes
6530 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
6538 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
6540 =item Copy Constructor
6546 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
6548 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
6549 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
6550 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
6553 =item Losing overloading
6555 =item Run-time Overloading
6557 =item Public functions
6559 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
6561 =item Overloading constants
6563 integer, float, binary, q, qr
6565 =item IMPLEMENTATION
6567 =item Metaphor clash
6573 =item Two-face scalars
6575 =item Two-face references
6577 =item Symbolic calculator
6579 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
6591 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
6601 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
6613 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
6615 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
6619 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
6623 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
6631 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
6639 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
6643 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
6653 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
6665 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
6675 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
6683 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
6684 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
6688 =head2 warnings::register - warnings import function
6690 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
6692 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
6702 =item DBM Comparisons
6712 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
6722 =item Subroutine Stubs
6724 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6726 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
6728 =item Package Lexicals
6730 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
6740 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
6748 $keep, $check, $modtime
6752 =item Multiple packages
6760 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
6768 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
6772 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
6780 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
6794 =item B::PVMG METHODS
6798 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
6800 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
6802 =item B::PVLV METHODS
6804 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
6808 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
6812 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
6813 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
6817 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
6818 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
6822 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
6826 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
6831 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
6833 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
6837 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
6839 =item B::UNOP METHOD
6843 =item B::BINOP METHOD
6847 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
6851 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
6855 =item B::PMOP METHODS
6857 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
6859 =item B::SVOP METHOD
6863 =item B::PADOP METHOD
6867 =item B::PVOP METHOD
6871 =item B::LOOP METHODS
6873 redoop, nextop, lastop
6875 =item B::COP METHODS
6877 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
6881 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
6883 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
6884 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
6885 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
6886 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
6892 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
6905 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
6917 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
6929 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
6939 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
6940 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
6941 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the
6952 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
6962 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
6963 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
6973 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
6983 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
6984 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
6985 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
6997 =item Context of ".."
7001 =item Deprecated features
7009 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
7021 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
7031 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
7032 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
7034 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
7054 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
7066 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
7074 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
7076 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
7077 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
7079 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
7089 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
7099 =item IMPLEMENTATION
7105 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
7117 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
7129 =head2 B::Stash - show what stashes are loaded
7131 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
7143 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
7153 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
7161 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
7173 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
7187 =item Standard Exports
7189 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
7190 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
7191 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
7193 =item Optional Exports
7195 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
7196 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
7197 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
7213 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
7217 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
7231 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
7241 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
7242 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
7243 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the
7254 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
7266 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
7268 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
7270 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
7271 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
7272 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
7274 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
7276 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
7278 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
7280 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
7282 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
7284 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
7286 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
7288 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
7290 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
7292 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
7294 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
7296 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
7298 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
7300 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
7302 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
7304 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
7305 B<:standard>, B<:all>
7309 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, -autoload,
7310 -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
7312 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
7314 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
7315 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
7320 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
7324 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
7326 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
7328 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
7330 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
7332 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
7334 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
7336 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
7338 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
7341 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
7345 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
7349 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
7351 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
7353 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
7355 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
7357 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
7359 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
7360 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
7362 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
7366 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
7370 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
7372 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
7374 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
7376 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
7380 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
7382 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
7384 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
7388 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
7390 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
7394 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
7398 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
7402 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
7406 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
7410 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
7412 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
7414 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
7418 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
7420 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
7421 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
7423 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
7429 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
7430 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
7432 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
7434 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
7435 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
7438 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7444 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7448 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7450 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
7451 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
7452 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
7453 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_software ()>,
7454 B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>, B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>,
7455 B<http()>, B<https()>
7457 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
7459 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
7460 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7464 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
7466 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7468 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
7469 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7471 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7473 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7477 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
7478 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
7479 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
7480 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
7481 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
7482 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
7483 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
7484 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
7485 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
7486 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
7487 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
7488 ...and many many more..
7490 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7498 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
7508 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7516 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
7525 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
7527 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
7531 =item Changing the default message
7543 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
7551 =item USING CGI::Cookie
7553 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
7557 =item Creating New Cookies
7559 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
7561 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
7563 =item Manipulating Cookies
7565 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
7569 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7577 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
7585 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
7587 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
7589 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
7591 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
7595 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7603 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
7613 =item Tags that won't be formatted
7615 =item Customizing the Indenting
7627 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
7635 =item USING CGI::Push
7637 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
7641 =item Heterogeneous Pages
7643 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
7647 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
7649 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7657 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
7667 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
7675 =head2 CGI::Util - various utilities
7677 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
7687 =item Interactive Mode
7689 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
7690 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
7691 distribution, Signals
7699 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
7701 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
7703 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
7705 =item Methods in the four Classes
7713 =item Finding packages and VERSION
7717 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
7723 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
7724 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
7725 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
7726 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
7730 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
7732 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
7740 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
7742 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
7744 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
7754 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
7764 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
7777 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
7787 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
7795 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
7805 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
7815 =item The C<struct()> function
7817 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
7819 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
7820 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
7822 =item Initializing with C<new>
7828 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
7830 =item Author and Modification History
7834 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
7842 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
7854 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
7858 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
7859 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
7860 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
7864 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
7865 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
7869 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
7870 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
7871 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
7875 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
7876 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
7877 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
7881 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
7882 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
7883 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
7884 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
7885 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
7886 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
7887 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
7888 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
7889 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
7890 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>,
7891 C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>,
7892 C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
7893 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
7894 C<d_getespwnam>, C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>,
7895 C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>,
7896 C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>,
7897 C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>,
7898 C<d_getpbyname>, C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>,
7899 C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>, C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>,
7900 C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getprpwnam>, C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>,
7901 C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspnam>,
7902 C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>,
7903 C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>,
7904 C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>,
7905 C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>,
7906 C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
7907 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
7908 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>,
7909 C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>,
7910 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
7911 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
7912 C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
7913 C<d_nv_preserves_uv_bits>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
7914 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
7915 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
7916 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
7917 C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
7918 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
7919 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
7920 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
7921 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
7922 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
7923 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
7924 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
7925 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
7926 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
7927 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
7928 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
7929 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
7930 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
7931 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>,
7932 C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>,
7933 C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>,
7934 C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>,
7935 C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>,
7936 C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>,
7937 C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>,
7938 C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
7939 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
7940 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
7941 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
7942 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
7943 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
7944 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
7945 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
7949 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
7950 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
7954 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
7955 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
7959 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
7960 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
7964 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
7968 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
7969 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
7970 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
7971 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
7972 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
7973 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
7974 C<i_prot>, C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>,
7975 C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>,
7976 C<i_string>, C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>,
7977 C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>,
7978 C<i_sysmode>, C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>,
7979 C<i_syssecrt>, C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
7980 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
7981 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
7982 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
7983 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
7984 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
7985 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
7986 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
7987 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
7988 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
7989 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
7990 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
7994 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
7998 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
7999 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
8000 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
8001 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
8002 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
8007 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
8008 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
8009 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
8013 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
8014 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
8015 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
8019 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
8020 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
8021 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
8025 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
8026 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
8030 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
8035 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
8036 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
8037 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
8038 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
8042 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
8046 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
8047 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
8051 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
8052 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
8053 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
8054 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
8055 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
8056 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
8057 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>,
8058 C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>,
8059 C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>,
8060 C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>,
8061 C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>,
8062 C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>,
8063 C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>,
8064 C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
8068 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
8069 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
8073 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
8074 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
8075 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
8076 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
8077 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
8078 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
8079 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
8080 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
8085 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
8086 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
8087 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
8091 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
8103 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
8113 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
8125 =item Global Variables
8127 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
8128 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
8133 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
8134 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
8136 =item Client Callback Methods
8138 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
8139 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
8140 CLIENT->output(LIST)
8150 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
8158 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
8162 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
8164 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
8166 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
8168 =item Default Parameters
8170 =item In Memory Databases
8178 =item A Simple Example
8186 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
8188 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
8190 =item The get_dup() Method
8192 =item The find_dup() Method
8194 =item The del_dup() Method
8196 =item Matching Partial Keys
8204 =item The 'bval' Option
8206 =item A Simple Example
8208 =item Extra RECNO Methods
8210 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
8211 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
8213 =item Another Example
8217 =item THE API INTERFACE
8219 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
8220 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
8221 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
8222 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
8226 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
8227 B<filter_fetch_value>
8233 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
8235 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
8239 =item HINTS AND TIPS
8243 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
8245 =item Safe ways to lock a database
8247 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
8249 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
8251 =item The untie() Gotcha
8255 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
8259 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
8261 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
8263 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
8265 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
8285 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
8286 printing and C<eval>
8298 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
8299 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
8300 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
8307 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
8309 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8310 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8311 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8312 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8313 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8314 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8315 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8316 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8317 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8318 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8319 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
8320 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
8340 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
8348 =item PROFILE FORMAT
8360 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
8372 =item A simple scalar string
8374 =item A simple scalar number
8376 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
8378 =item A reference to a simple scalar
8380 =item A reference to an array
8382 =item A reference to a hash
8384 =item Dumping a large array or hash
8386 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
8388 =item A reference to a subroutine
8402 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
8412 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
8422 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
8434 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
8435 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
8436 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
8441 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
8442 veryCompact, set, get
8448 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
8456 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
8457 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
8458 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
8459 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
8466 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
8479 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
8492 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
8507 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
8523 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
8535 =item Selecting What To Export
8537 =item Specialised Import Lists
8539 =item Constants can be inlined
8541 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
8543 =item Module Version Checking
8545 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
8547 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
8553 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
8563 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
8584 mv source... destination
8586 cp source... destination
8604 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
8616 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
8617 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
8627 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
8637 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
8649 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
8650 packlist(), version()
8658 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
8666 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
8672 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
8682 =item VMS implementation
8684 =item Win32 implementation
8692 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8701 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
8705 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8716 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
8728 =item Preloaded methods
8748 =item SelfLoaded methods
8794 file_name_is_absolute
8800 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
8840 maybe_command_in_dirs
8878 replace_manpage_separator
8892 test_via_harness (o)
8922 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
8933 =item Methods always loaded
8945 =item SelfLoaded methods
8947 guess_name (override)
8951 find_perl (override)
8955 maybe_command (override)
8957 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
8959 perl_script (override)
8961 file_name_is_absolute (override)
8963 replace_manpage_separator
8965 init_others (override)
8967 constants (override)
8971 const_cccmd (override)
8973 pm_to_blib (override)
8975 tool_autosplit (override)
8977 tool_sxubpp (override)
8979 xsubpp_version (override)
8981 tools_other (override)
8991 top_targets (override)
8995 dynamic_lib (override)
8997 dynamic_bs (override)
8999 static_lib (override)
9001 manifypods (override)
9003 processPL (override)
9005 installbin (override)
9011 realclean (override)
9013 dist_basics (override)
9015 dist_core (override)
9019 dist_test (override)
9023 perldepend (override)
9029 test_via_harness (override)
9031 test_via_script (override)
9033 makeaperl (override)
9037 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
9064 test_via_harness (o)
9066 tool_autosplit (override)
9084 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
9094 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
9096 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
9104 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
9108 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
9110 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
9112 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
9114 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
9116 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
9117 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
9118 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
9119 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
9120 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
9121 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
9122 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
9123 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
9124 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
9125 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
9126 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
9127 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
9128 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
9129 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
9132 =item Additional lowercase attributes
9134 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
9137 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
9139 =item Hintsfile support
9141 =item Distribution Support
9143 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
9144 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
9145 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
9147 =item Disabling an extension
9161 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
9173 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
9177 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
9178 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
9186 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
9198 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
9208 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
9217 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
9225 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
9237 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
9245 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
9255 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
9267 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
9277 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
9281 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
9289 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
9293 C<basename>, C<dirname>
9297 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
9307 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
9321 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
9331 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
9333 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
9343 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
9351 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
9363 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
9371 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
9372 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
9378 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
9386 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
9387 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
9391 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
9399 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
9411 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
9425 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
9443 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
9471 file_name_is_absolute
9491 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
9501 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
9533 file_name_is_absolute
9555 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
9571 =item Methods always loaded
9573 canonpath (override)
9591 case_tolerant (override)
9595 file_name_is_absolute (override)
9597 splitpath (override)
9613 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
9643 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
9665 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
9679 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
9689 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
9697 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
9705 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
9707 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
9725 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
9739 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
9751 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
9759 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
9765 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
9773 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
9783 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
9799 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
9807 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
9809 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
9813 =item Simple options
9815 =item A little bit less simple options
9817 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
9819 =item Options with values
9821 =item Options with multiple values
9823 =item Options with hash values
9825 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
9827 =item Options with multiple names
9829 =item Case and abbreviations
9831 =item Summary of Option Specifications
9833 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
9837 =item Advanced Possibilities
9841 =item Documentation and help texts
9843 =item Storing options in a hash
9847 =item The lonesome dash
9849 =item Argument call-back
9853 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
9855 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
9856 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
9857 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
9858 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
9860 =item Return values and Errors
9866 =item Default destinations
9868 =item Alternative option starters
9870 =item Configuration variables
9876 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
9880 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
9891 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
9902 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
9912 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
9920 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
9921 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
9931 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
9941 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
9945 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
9953 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
9963 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
9967 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
9968 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
9969 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
9970 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
9982 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
9992 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
9996 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10006 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10016 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10017 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10027 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
10041 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
10051 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10055 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10056 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10057 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10067 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
10081 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10082 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10092 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
10108 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10121 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
10135 hostpath(), peerpath()
10145 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
10154 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
10155 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
10165 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
10175 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
10179 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
10187 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
10198 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
10202 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
10203 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
10204 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
10205 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
10217 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
10227 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
10231 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
10241 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
10251 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
10252 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
10262 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
10277 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
10288 new ( [ HANDLES ] )
10292 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
10293 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
10294 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
10304 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
10319 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
10320 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
10330 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
10331 AF_INET domain sockets
10347 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
10360 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
10361 AF_UNIX domain sockets
10375 hostpath(), peerpath()
10385 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10395 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10396 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10407 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
10421 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
10434 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
10444 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10445 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10446 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10457 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
10475 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
10485 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
10486 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
10497 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
10508 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
10509 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
10510 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
10521 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
10529 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
10538 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
10546 Canonical notation, Input, Output
10550 =item Autocreating constants
10558 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
10571 =item STRINGIFICATION
10575 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
10581 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
10583 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
10591 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
10599 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
10605 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
10607 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
10611 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10613 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
10617 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
10619 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
10621 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
10622 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
10626 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
10636 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
10646 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
10658 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
10659 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
10669 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
10686 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
10703 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
10718 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
10735 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
10745 =item IMPLEMENTATION
10751 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
10761 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
10773 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
10775 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
10776 or optag, an operator set (opset)
10778 =item Opcode Functions
10780 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
10781 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
10782 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
10785 =item Manipulating Opsets
10787 =item TO DO (maybe)
10793 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
10795 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
10796 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
10797 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
10806 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
10815 a new namespace, an operator mask
10821 =item RECENT CHANGES
10823 =item Methods in class Safe
10825 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
10826 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
10827 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
10828 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
10830 =item Some Safety Issues
10832 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
10840 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
10853 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
10867 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
10868 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
10869 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
10870 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
10871 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
10872 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
10873 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
10874 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
10875 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
10876 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
10877 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
10878 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
10879 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
10880 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
10881 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
10882 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
10883 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
10884 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
10885 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
10886 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
10887 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr, strtod,
10888 strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh, tcdrain,
10889 tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times, tmpfile,
10890 tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname, ungetc,
10891 unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid, wcstombs,
10898 =item POSIX::SigAction
10902 =item POSIX::SigSet
10904 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
10906 =item POSIX::Termios
10908 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
10909 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
10910 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
10911 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
10912 values, c_oflag field values
10916 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
10920 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
10924 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
10982 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
10988 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
10994 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
11006 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
11007 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
11008 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
11009 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
11010 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
11011 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
11012 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
11013 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
11018 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
11019 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
11020 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
11021 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
11022 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
11023 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
11024 section, Hyperlinks
11036 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
11039 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
11041 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
11043 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
11045 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
11047 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
11055 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
11065 B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc>
11073 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
11083 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
11084 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
11099 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
11112 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
11119 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
11143 =item B<was_cutting()>
11149 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
11161 =item B<cmd_name()>
11173 =item B<raw_text()>
11179 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
11185 =item B<cmd_separator()>
11191 =item B<parse_tree()>
11197 =item B<file_line()>
11203 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
11215 =item B<cmd_name()>
11239 =item B<raw_text()>
11245 =item B<left_delimiter()>
11251 =item B<right_delimiter()>
11257 =item B<parse_tree()>
11263 =item B<file_line()>
11275 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
11293 =item B<children()>
11311 =item B<raw_text()>
11329 =head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
11341 =item OBJECT METHODS
11349 =item Data Accessors
11365 B<ReplaceNAMEwithSection>
11367 B<StartWithNewPage>
11381 =item Subclassed methods
11395 B<interior_sequence>
11411 =item Methods for headings
11419 =item Internal methods
11425 B<_replace_special_chars>
11431 B<_clean_latex_commands>
11447 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
11455 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
11460 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
11461 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
11471 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
11507 =item Pod::Hyperlink
11547 =item Pod::Cache::Item
11575 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
11587 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
11589 =item PARSING OPTIONS
11591 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
11592 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
11598 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11606 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11612 =item B<verbatim()>
11614 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11620 =item B<textblock()>
11622 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
11628 =item B<interior_sequence()>
11634 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
11646 =item B<initialize()>
11652 =item B<begin_pod()>
11658 =item B<begin_input()>
11664 =item B<end_input()>
11676 =item B<preprocess_line()>
11682 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
11688 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
11694 =item B<parse_text()>
11696 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
11697 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
11698 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
11704 =item B<interpolate()>
11710 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
11716 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
11722 =item B<parse_from_file()>
11728 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
11734 =item B<errorsub()>
11746 =item B<parseopts()>
11752 =item B<output_file()>
11758 =item B<output_handle()>
11764 =item B<input_file()>
11770 =item B<input_handle()>
11776 =item B<input_streams()>
11782 =item B<top_stream()>
11788 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11794 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
11800 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
11806 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
11814 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
11834 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
11847 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
11849 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
11855 =item OBJECT METHODS
11861 =item B<curr_headings()>
11873 =item B<add_selection()>
11879 =item B<clear_selections()>
11885 =item B<match_section()>
11891 =item B<is_selected()>
11897 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
11903 =item B<podselect()>
11905 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
11911 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
11917 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
11923 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
11929 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
11941 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
11949 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
11953 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
11954 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
11966 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
11982 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
11983 text with format escapes
11997 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
12006 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
12015 =item Recommended Use
12023 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
12027 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
12037 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
12045 a new namespace, an operator mask
12051 =item RECENT CHANGES
12053 =item Methods in class Safe
12055 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
12056 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
12057 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
12058 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
12060 =item Some Safety Issues
12062 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
12070 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
12080 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
12090 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
12100 =item The __DATA__ token
12102 =item SelfLoader autoloading
12104 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
12106 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
12108 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
12110 =item Classes and inherited methods.
12114 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
12118 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
12130 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
12131 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
12139 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
12140 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
12141 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
12142 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
12143 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
12147 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
12157 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
12169 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
12170 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12178 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12179 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12190 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
12191 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
12199 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
12200 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
12211 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
12221 Invalid attribute name %s, Identifier %s used only once: possible typo, No
12222 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword %s not allowed while "strict subs"
12231 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
12243 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
12251 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
12261 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
12262 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
12270 =item Minimal set of supported functions
12272 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
12273 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
12275 =item Additional supported functions
12277 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
12285 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
12295 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
12307 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
12317 =item The test script output
12325 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
12326 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
12327 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
12340 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
12352 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
12363 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
12364 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
12365 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
12366 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
12367 backslashed double-quote)
12373 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
12390 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
12405 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
12419 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
12430 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
12431 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
12432 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
12436 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
12444 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
12452 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12454 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
12460 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
12468 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
12470 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
12474 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
12486 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
12496 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
12504 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
12505 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
12506 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
12507 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
12515 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
12524 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
12525 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
12526 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
12527 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
12529 =item MORE INFORMATION
12533 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
12541 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
12542 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
12546 =item MORE INFORMATION
12550 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
12568 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
12577 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
12579 =item MORE INFORMATION
12583 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
12595 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
12603 =item IMPLEMENTATION
12609 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
12624 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
12639 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
12651 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
12659 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
12660 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
12664 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
12679 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
12690 =item System Specifics
12704 =head2 Win32 - Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
12712 =item Alphabetical Listing of Win32 Functions
12714 Win32::AbortSystemShutdown(MACHINE), Win32::BuildNumber(),
12715 Win32::CopyFile(FROM, TO, OVERWRITE), Win32::DomainName(),
12716 Win32::ExpandEnvironmentStrings(STRING), Win32::FormatMessage(ERRORCODE),
12717 Win32::FsType(), Win32::FreeLibrary(HANDLE), Win32::GetArchName(),
12718 Win32::GetChipName(), Win32::GetCwd(), Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME),
12719 Win32::GetLastError(), Win32::GetLongPathName(PATHNAME),
12720 Win32::GetNextAvailDrive(), Win32::GetOSVersion(),
12721 Win32::GetShortPathName(PATHNAME), Win32::GetProcAddress(INSTANCE,
12722 PROCNAME), Win32::GetTickCount(), Win32::InitiateSystemShutdown(MACHINE,
12723 MESSAGE, TIMEOUT, FORCECLOSE, REBOOT), Win32::IsWinNT(), Win32::IsWin95(),
12724 Win32::LoadLibrary(LIBNAME), Win32::LoginName(),
12725 Win32::LookupAccountName(SYSTEM, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SID, SIDTYPE),
12726 Win32::LookupAccountSID(SYSTEM, SID, ACCOUNT, DOMAIN, SIDTYPE),
12727 Win32::MsgBox(MESSAGE [, FLAGS [, TITLE]]), Win32::NodeName(),
12728 Win32::RegisterServer(LIBRARYNAME), Win32::SetCwd(NEWDIRECTORY),
12729 Win32::SetLastError(ERROR), Win32::Sleep(TIME), Win32::Spawn(COMMAND, ARGS,
12730 PID), Win32::UnregisterServer(LIBRARYNAME)
12736 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
12748 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
12750 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
12751 don't all have manual pages yet:
12777 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles