4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl inmy C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does itmean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside[character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my E<lt>E<lt>HERE documents work?, What
125 is the difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference
126 between $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from
127 a list or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use E<lt>*E<gt>?, Is
165 there a leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading "E<gt>"
166 or trailing blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a
167 file?, Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking.
168 I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How
169 do I randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in
170 perl?, How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more
171 than one file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How
172 can I read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from
173 a file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = E<lt>FILEE<gt>;" work right?, How do I
214 redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference
215 between calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or
216 case statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
305 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
315 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
317 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
319 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
323 =item How stable is Perl?
325 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
327 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
330 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
332 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
334 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
336 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
338 =item What is a JAPH?
340 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
342 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
343 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
347 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
351 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
352 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
360 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
362 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
364 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
366 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
369 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
370 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
372 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
373 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
375 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
377 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
379 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
381 =item Where should I post source code?
385 References, Tutorials
386 *Learning Perl [2nd edition]
387 by Randal L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen
388 with foreword by Larry Wall, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
390 =item Perl in Magazines
392 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
394 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
396 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
398 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
400 =item Where do I send bug reports?
402 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
406 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
410 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
419 =item How do I do (anything)?
421 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
423 =item Is there a Perl shell?
425 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
427 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
429 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
431 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
433 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
435 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
437 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
439 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
441 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
443 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
445 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
447 =item What is undump?
449 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
451 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
453 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
455 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
457 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
459 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
461 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
463 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
465 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
467 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
469 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
471 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
473 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
475 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
477 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
478 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
480 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
483 =item What's MakeMaker?
487 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
491 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
502 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
503 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
505 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
507 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
510 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
512 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
514 =item How do I multiply matrices?
516 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
518 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
520 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
528 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
530 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
532 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
534 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
536 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
538 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
540 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
548 =item How do I validate input?
550 =item How do I unescape a string?
552 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
554 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
556 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
558 =item How do I reverse a string?
560 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
562 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
564 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
566 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
568 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
571 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
573 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
574 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
576 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
578 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
580 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
582 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
584 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
586 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
588 =item Why don't my E<lt>E<lt>HERE documents work?
590 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
591 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
600 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
602 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
604 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
606 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted:(this assumes all true
607 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
608 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
609 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
612 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
614 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
615 intersection of two arrays?
617 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
619 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
621 =item How do I handle linked lists?
623 =item How do I handle circular lists?
625 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
627 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
629 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
631 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
633 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
635 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
637 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
641 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
645 =item How do I process an entire hash?
647 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
650 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
652 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
654 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
656 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
658 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
660 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
662 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
664 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
666 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
668 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
670 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
673 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
674 array of hashes or arrays?
676 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
684 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
686 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
688 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
690 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
692 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
694 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
696 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
700 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
704 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
713 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
715 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
716 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
718 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
720 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
722 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
724 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
725 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
727 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
729 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
731 =item How can I write() into a string?
733 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
735 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
737 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
739 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use
742 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
744 =item How can I open a file with a leading "E<gt>" or trailing blanks?
746 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
748 =item How can I lock a file?
750 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
752 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
753 the file. How can I do this?
755 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
757 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
759 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
761 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
763 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
765 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
767 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
769 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
771 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
773 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
775 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
777 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
778 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
780 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
782 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
783 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
785 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
787 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
791 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
795 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
803 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
804 and unmaintainable code?
806 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
808 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
810 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
813 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
815 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
818 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
820 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
822 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
824 =item What is C</o> really for?
826 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
829 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
831 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
833 =item How do I process each word on each line?
835 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
837 =item How can I do approximate matching?
839 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
841 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
843 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
845 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
847 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
849 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
851 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
853 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
857 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
861 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
862 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
870 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
872 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
875 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
878 =item How do I skip some return values?
880 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
882 =item What's an extension?
884 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
886 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
888 =item How do I create a module?
890 =item How do I create a class?
892 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
894 =item What's a closure?
896 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
898 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
901 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
904 =item How do I create a static variable?
906 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
907 Between local() and my()?
909 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
912 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
914 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = E<lt>FILEE<gt>;" work right?
916 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
918 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
920 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
922 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
924 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
926 =item How can I find out my current package?
928 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
930 =item How do I clear a package?
932 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
936 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
940 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
949 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
951 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
953 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
955 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
957 =item How do I print something out in color?
959 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
961 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
963 =item How do I clear the screen?
965 =item How do I get the screen size?
967 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
969 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
971 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
973 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
975 =item How do I start a process in the background?
977 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
979 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
981 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
983 =item How do I set the time and date?
985 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
987 =item How can I measure time under a second?
989 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
991 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
992 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
994 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
996 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
998 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
1000 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
1002 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
1004 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
1006 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
1008 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
1010 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
1012 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
1015 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
1017 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
1019 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
1021 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
1024 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
1025 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
1026 changes to be visible?
1030 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
1033 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
1035 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
1037 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
1039 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
1041 =item How do I set CPU limits?
1043 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
1045 =item How do I use an SQL database?
1047 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
1049 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
1051 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
1053 =item What's the difference between require and use?
1055 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
1057 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
1060 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
1062 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
1066 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1070 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
1079 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
1082 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
1084 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
1086 =item How do I extract URLs?
1088 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
1089 file on another machine?
1091 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
1093 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
1095 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
1097 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
1099 =item How do I redirect to another page?
1101 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
1103 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
1105 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
1106 CGI script to do bad things?
1108 =item How do I parse a mail header?
1110 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
1112 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
1114 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
1116 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
1118 =item How do I send mail?
1120 =item How do I read mail?
1122 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
1124 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
1126 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
1128 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
1132 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1136 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6 (as of v5.005_64)
1142 =item Incompatible Changes
1146 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
1148 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed,
1149 Possibly changed pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash
1150 keys has changed, C<undef> fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may
1151 be set on pipe() handles, Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is
1152 unsupported, delete(), values() and C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values,
1153 not copies, vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some
1154 diagnostic output has changed, C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not()
1155 behaves like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have
1158 =item C Source Incompatibilities
1160 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
1162 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
1164 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>, Support for C++ exceptions
1166 =item Binary Incompatibilities
1170 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
1174 =item New Configure flags
1176 =item -Dusethreads and -Duse64bits now more daring
1182 =item -Duselargefiles
1184 =item installusrbinperl
1190 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
1198 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
1200 =item Interpreter threads
1202 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
1204 =item Lvalue subroutines
1206 =item "our" declarations
1208 =item Weak references
1210 =item File globbing implemented internally
1212 =item Binary numbers supported
1214 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
1216 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
1218 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
1220 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
1222 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
1224 =item 64-bit support
1226 =item Large file support
1232 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
1234 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
1236 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
1238 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
1240 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
1242 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
1244 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
1246 =item Comments in pack() templates
1248 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
1250 =item C<use attrs> implicit in subroutine attributes
1252 =item Regular expression improvements
1254 =item Overloading improvements
1256 =item open() with more than two arguments
1258 =item Support for interpolating named characters
1260 =item Experimental support for user-hooks in @INC
1262 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
1264 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
1266 =item Optional Y2K warnings
1270 =item Significant bug fixes
1274 =item E<lt>HANDLEE<gt> on empty files
1276 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
1278 =item All compilation errors are true errors
1280 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
1282 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
1284 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
1286 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
1288 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
1290 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
1292 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
1294 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
1296 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
1298 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
1300 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
1302 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
1304 =item Failures in DESTROY()
1306 =item Locale bugs fixed
1310 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
1312 =item Consistent numeric conversions
1314 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
1316 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
1318 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
1320 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
1322 =item Other fixes for better diagnostics
1326 =item Performance enhancements
1330 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
1332 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
1334 =item Method lookups optimized
1336 =item Faster mechanism to invoke XSUBs
1338 =item Perl_malloc() improvements
1340 =item Faster subroutine calls
1344 =item Platform specific changes
1348 =item Additional supported platforms
1362 =item Modules and Pragmata
1368 attributes, B, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper, DB, DB_File,
1369 Devel::DProf, Dumpvalue, Benchmark, Devel::Peek, ExtUtils::MakeMaker,
1370 Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
1371 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
1372 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File,
1373 Time::Local, Win32, DBM Filters
1379 =item Utility Changes
1391 =item Documentation Changes
1393 perlcompile.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod, perlopentut.pod,
1394 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod
1396 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
1398 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
1399 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
1400 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
1401 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
1402 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
1403 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
1404 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
1405 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
1406 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
1407 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad
1408 evalled substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Binary number >
1409 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32
1410 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check filesystem
1411 of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can't
1412 declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default, Can't
1413 modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't remove
1414 %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't weaken
1415 a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class syntax [%s]
1416 belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
1417 constant(%s): %%^H is not localized, constant(%s): %s, defined(@array) is
1418 deprecated, defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header,
1419 Did you mean "local" instead of "our"?, Document contains no data, entering
1420 effective %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened
1421 only for output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s"
1422 requires explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff
1423 non-portable, Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in
1424 prime_env_iter: |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s
1425 ignored, Illegal number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number,
1426 Invalid %s attribute: %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s"
1427 in regexp, Invalid separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid
1428 separator character %s in subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s
1429 failed, Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not
1430 permitted, Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open,
1431 Missing name in "my sub", No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed
1432 for variable %s in "our", No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset
1433 information; assuming local time is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777
1434 non-portable, panic: del_backref, panic: kid popen errno read, panic:
1435 magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug:
1436 %s, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows, Repeat
1437 count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored, Reference is
1438 already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments, Strange *+?{} on zero-length
1439 expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This Perl can't
1440 reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can't set CRTL environ elements
1441 (%s=%s), Unknown open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to
1442 prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated
1443 attribute parameter in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list,
1444 Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated
1445 subroutine attribute list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version
1446 number must be a constant number
1448 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
1450 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
1451 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to
1452 mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
1462 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
1470 =item Variable names
1476 =item Scalar value constructors
1478 =item List value constructors
1482 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
1490 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
1500 =item Simple statements
1502 =item Compound statements
1510 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
1514 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
1516 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
1522 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
1532 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
1534 =item The Arrow Operator
1536 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
1538 =item Exponentiation
1540 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
1542 =item Binding Operators
1544 =item Multiplicative Operators
1546 =item Additive Operators
1548 =item Shift Operators
1550 =item Named Unary Operators
1552 =item Relational Operators
1554 =item Equality Operators
1558 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
1560 =item C-style Logical And
1562 =item C-style Logical Or
1564 =item Range Operators
1566 =item Conditional Operator
1568 =item Assignment Operators
1570 =item Comma Operator
1572 =item List Operators (Rightward)
1578 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
1580 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
1582 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
1584 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
1586 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
1588 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
1589 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
1590 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC,
1591 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC
1593 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
1595 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
1596 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
1597 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<<file*globE<gt>>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
1598 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
1603 =item Constant Folding
1605 =item Bitwise String Operators
1607 =item Integer Arithmetic
1609 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
1611 =item Bigger Numbers
1617 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1627 =item Regular Expressions
1629 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1631 =item Extended Patterns
1633 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1634 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?E<lt>=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1635 code })>, C<(?p{ code })>, C<(?E<gt>pattern)>,
1636 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1640 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1642 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1644 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1646 =item Combining pieces together
1648 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1649 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<(?E<gt>S)>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1650 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(?p{ EXPR })>,
1651 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1653 =item Creating custom RE engines
1663 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
1673 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
1675 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
1677 =item Location of Perl
1679 =item Command Switches
1681 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>, B<-D>I<letters>,
1682 B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>, B<-h>,
1683 B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
1684 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
1685 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
1686 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
1693 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
1694 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL
1698 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
1706 =item Perl Functions by Category
1708 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
1709 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
1710 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
1711 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
1712 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
1713 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
1714 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
1715 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
1716 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
1717 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
1722 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1724 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
1725 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
1726 binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME, bless REF, caller EXPR, caller,
1727 chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE,
1728 chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER, chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot,
1729 close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE, connect SOCKET,NAME, continue
1730 BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen
1731 HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK,
1732 do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump, each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE,
1733 eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST, exec PROGRAM LIST, exists
1734 EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno
1735 FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, format, formline
1736 PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin, getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp
1737 PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME,
1738 gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname NAME, getpwuid UID,
1739 getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE,
1740 getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport
1741 PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent,
1742 getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN,
1743 setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent,
1744 endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET, getsockopt
1745 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL, goto EXPR,
1746 goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex, import, index
1747 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
1748 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
1749 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
1750 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
1751 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
1752 LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget
1753 KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, my EXPR, my
1754 EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open
1755 FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, opendir
1756 DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package,
1757 package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR,
1758 pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT,
1759 LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/,
1760 qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta,
1761 rand EXPR, rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read
1762 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR,
1763 readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo,
1764 ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR,
1765 reset, return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
1766 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
1767 EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
1768 FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
1769 ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
1770 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
1771 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
1772 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
1773 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
1774 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
1775 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
1776 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
1777 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,
1778 split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR, sqrt, srand EXPR,
1779 srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR, study, sub BLOCK,
1780 sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr
1781 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall
1782 LIST, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen
1783 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET,
1784 sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE,
1785 system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET,
1786 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell
1787 FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied
1788 VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate
1789 EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR, ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef
1790 EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE,
1791 unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module LIST, use Module, use Module VERSION LIST,
1792 use VERSION, utime LIST, values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid
1793 PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
1799 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1807 =item Predefined Names
1809 $ARG, $_, $E<lt>I<digits>E<gt>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1810 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number
1811 HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $, input_record_separator HANDLE
1812 EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, autoflush HANDLE EXPR,
1813 $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE EXPR,
1814 $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE EXPR,
1815 $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1816 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1817 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1818 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1819 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @-, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1820 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1821 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1822 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1823 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1824 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1825 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1826 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $PERL_VERSION, $],
1827 $COMPILING, $^C, $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H,
1828 $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04,
1829 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, $^R, $^S, $BASETIME, $^T, $WARNING, $^W, ${^Warnings},
1830 $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC, %ENV, $ENV{expr},
1833 =item Error Indicators
1835 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1843 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
1853 =item Private Variables via my()
1855 =item Persistent Private Variables
1857 =item Temporary Values via local()
1859 =item Lvalue subroutines
1861 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
1863 =item When to Still Use local()
1865 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
1866 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
1867 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
1869 =item Pass by Reference
1873 =item Constant Functions
1875 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
1879 =item Subroutine Attributes
1887 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
1899 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
1911 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
1917 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
1921 =item Pragmatic Modules
1923 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, caller, charnames, constant,
1924 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, ops, overload,
1925 re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
1927 =item Standard Modules
1929 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
1930 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
1931 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
1932 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
1933 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
1934 Class::Struct, Config, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Data::Dumper, Devel::DProf,
1935 Devel::Peek, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
1936 Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Embed,
1937 ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
1938 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
1939 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
1940 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
1941 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
1942 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Glob,
1943 File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac,
1944 File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32,
1945 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long,
1946 Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO, IO::Dir, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe,
1947 IO::Poll, IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IO::Socket::INET,
1948 IO::Socket::UNIX, IPC::Msg, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, IPC::Semaphore,
1949 IPC::SysV, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig,
1950 Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O,
1951 Opcode, POSIX, Pod::Checker, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man,
1952 Pod::Parser, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Usage,
1953 SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket,
1954 Symbol, Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Term::Cap, Term::Complete,
1955 Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords,
1956 Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash,
1957 Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime,
1958 Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
1960 =item Extension Modules
1966 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
1967 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
1968 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
1969 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
1970 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
1971 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
1972 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
1973 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
1974 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
1975 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
1976 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
1977 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
1978 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
1979 North America, South America
1981 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
1985 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
1987 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
1988 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
1989 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
1990 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
1991 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
1992 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
1993 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
1994 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
1995 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
1996 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
1997 care when changing a released module
1999 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2001 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2002 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2003 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2004 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2006 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2008 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2009 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2010 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2011 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2012 can then be reduced to a small
2020 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2030 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2031 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2043 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
2053 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
2055 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
2056 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
2057 files, directories and network sockets
2059 =item Resource limits
2061 =item Killing the parent process
2063 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
2065 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
2067 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Global state maintained by XSUBs,
2068 Interpreter embedded in larger application, Thread-safety of extensions
2080 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
2088 =item Format Variables
2098 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
2106 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
2113 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
2119 =item The use locale pragma
2121 =item The setlocale function
2123 =item Finding locales
2125 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
2127 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
2129 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
2131 =item Permanently fixing your locale configuration
2133 =item Fixing system locale configuration
2135 =item The localeconv function
2139 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
2143 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
2145 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
2147 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
2149 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
2153 =item Other categories
2159 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
2160 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
2161 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
2162 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
2163 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
2164 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(),strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
2165 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(),isgraph(),
2166 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(),
2171 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
2172 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
2178 =item Backward compatibility
2180 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
2182 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
2184 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
2186 =item Freely available locale definitions
2190 =item An imperfect standard
2198 =item Broken systems
2208 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
2218 =item Making References
2220 =item Using References
2222 =item Symbolic references
2224 =item Not-so-symbolic references
2226 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
2228 =item Function Templates
2238 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
2244 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
2252 =item Making References
2254 =item Using References
2272 =item Distribution Conditions
2278 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
2284 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
2285 more elaborate constructs
2289 =item COMMON MISTAKES
2291 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
2293 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
2299 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
2303 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2305 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2307 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2311 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
2315 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2317 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2319 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2323 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
2327 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2329 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2331 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2335 =item HASHES OF HASHES
2339 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
2341 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
2343 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
2347 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2351 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2353 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2355 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2367 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
2373 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
2375 =item Growing Your Own
2377 =item Access and Printing
2387 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2393 =item Creating a Class
2397 =item Object Representation
2399 =item Class Interface
2401 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2403 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2407 =item Other Object Methods
2415 =item Accessing Class Data
2417 =item Debugging Methods
2419 =item Class Destructors
2421 =item Documenting the Interface
2431 =item Overridden Methods
2433 =item Multiple Inheritance
2435 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2439 =item Alternate Object Representations
2443 =item Arrays as Objects
2445 =item Closures as Objects
2449 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2453 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2455 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2459 =item Metaclassical Tools
2465 =item Data Members as Variables
2469 =item Object Terminology
2475 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2481 =item Acknowledgments
2487 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2493 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2497 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2499 =item Inheritance Concerns
2501 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2503 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2505 =item Monadic Classes
2507 =item Translucent Attributes
2511 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2515 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2517 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2519 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2521 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2523 =item Translucency Revisited
2531 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2533 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2539 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2547 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2549 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2551 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2553 =item Method Invocation
2557 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2559 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2565 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2573 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2585 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2589 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2594 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2595 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2596 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2598 =item Tying FileHandles
2600 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2601 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2603 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2615 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2621 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2623 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2625 =item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
2627 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2629 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2631 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2633 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2635 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2637 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2639 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2645 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
2646 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
2662 =item Using open() for IPC
2668 =item Background Processes
2670 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
2672 =item Safe Pipe Opens
2674 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
2676 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
2680 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
2684 =item Internet Line Terminators
2686 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
2688 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
2692 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
2696 =item A Simple Client
2698 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
2700 =item A Webget Client
2702 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
2706 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
2708 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
2710 =item UDP: Message Passing
2724 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
2732 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
2733 B<filter_fetch_value>
2739 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
2741 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
2751 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
2757 =item The Perl Debugger
2761 =item Debugger Commands
2763 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
2764 [expr], E<lt>CRE<gt>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l
2765 subname, -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]pattern],
2766 t, t expr, b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
2767 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
2768 command, A, W [expr], W, O [opt[=val]] [opt"val"] [opt?]..,
2769 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
2770 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
2771 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
2772 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
2773 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
2774 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>, E<lt> [ command ],
2775 E<lt>E<lt> command, E<gt> command, E<gt>E<gt> command, { [ command ], {{
2776 command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R,
2777 |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, m package
2779 =item Debugger input/output
2781 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Listing, Frame listing
2783 =item Debugging compile-time statements
2785 =item Debugger Customization
2787 =item Readline Support
2789 =item Editor Support for Debugging
2791 =item The Perl Profiler
2793 =item Debugger support in perl
2795 =item Debugger Internals
2797 =item Other resources
2803 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
2807 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
2809 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
2810 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
2813 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
2815 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
2817 =item B<-DL> details
2821 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistic
2825 =item Debugging regular expressions
2829 =item Compile-time output
2831 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
2832 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
2833 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
2836 =item Types of nodes
2838 =item Run-time output
2844 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
2852 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
2860 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
2862 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
2864 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
2868 =item Protecting Your Programs
2876 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
2894 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
2896 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
2897 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
2898 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
2899 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
2901 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
2903 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
2904 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
2905 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance
2909 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
2911 =item Numerical Traps
2913 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
2915 =item General data type traps
2917 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
2918 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
2920 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
2922 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
2924 =item Precedence Traps
2926 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
2929 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
2931 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
2932 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
2935 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
2937 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
2943 =item Interpolation Traps
2945 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
2946 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
2952 =item Unclassified Traps
2954 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
2961 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
2967 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
2976 =item Numbers endianness and Width
2978 =item Files and Filesystems
2980 =item System Interaction
2982 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
2984 =item External Subroutines (XS)
2986 =item Standard Modules
2990 =item Character sets and character encoding
2992 =item Internationalisation
2994 =item System Resources
3004 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
3005 C<http://www.perl.org/cpan-testers/>
3013 =item DOS and Derivatives
3015 The djgpp environment for DOS, C<http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/>, The EMX
3016 environment for DOS, OS/2, etc.
3017 C<emx@iaehv.nl>,C<http://www.leo.org/pub/comp/os/os2/leo/gnu/emx+gcc/index.
3019 C<ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/dev/emx>, Build instructions for Win32,
3020 L<perlwin32>, The ActiveState Pages, C<http://www.activestate.com/>, The
3021 Cygwin environment for Win32;
3022 L<README.cygwin>,C<http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/>, The U/WIN
3023 environment for Win32,C<http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/uwin/>
3027 The MacPerl Pages, C<http://www.macperl.com/>, The MacPerl mailing lists,
3028 C<http://www.macperl.org/>, MacPerl Module Porters,
3029 C<http://pudge.net/mmp/>
3033 L<README.vms>, L<perlvms.pod>, vmsperl list, C<majordomo@perl.org>, vmsperl
3034 on the web, C<http://www.sidhe.org/vmsperl/index.html>
3038 L<README.vos>, VOS mailing list, VOS Perl on the web at
3039 C<http://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/vos.html>
3041 =item EBCDIC Platforms
3043 L<README.os390>, L<README.posix-bc>, L<README.vmesa>, perl-mvs list, AS/400
3044 Perl information at C<http://as400.rochester.ibm.com/>as well as on CPAN in
3045 the F<ports/> directory
3051 Amiga, L<README.amiga>, Atari, L<README.mint> and Guido Flohr's web
3052 pageC<http://stud.uni-sb.de/~gufl0000/>, Be OS, L<README.beos>, HP 300
3053 MPE/iX, L<README.mpeix> and Mark Bixby's web
3054 pageC<http://www.cccd.edu/~markb/perlix.html>, Novell Netware, Plan 9,
3059 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
3063 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
3065 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, binmode FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown
3066 LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen
3067 HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR,
3068 flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid,
3069 getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME,
3070 getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber
3071 NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent,
3072 getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent
3073 STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN,
3074 endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent,
3075 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, ioctl
3076 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, lstat
3077 FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd
3078 ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
3079 FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink, select
3080 RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
3081 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
3082 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl
3083 ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite
3084 ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat
3085 FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
3086 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
3087 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
3088 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
3094 v1.45, 20 December 1999, v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22
3095 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February
3096 1999, v1.38, 31 December 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September
3097 1998, v1.35, 13 August 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998,
3098 v1.30, 03 August 1998, v1.23, 10 July 1998
3100 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
3106 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
3114 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
3122 =item Verbatim Paragraph
3124 =item Command Paragraph
3126 =item Ordinary Block of Text
3130 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
3132 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
3142 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
3150 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3160 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3161 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3165 =item Compiling your C program
3167 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3169 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3171 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3173 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3175 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3177 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3179 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3181 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3186 =item Embedding Perl under Win32
3196 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
3204 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
3205 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
3206 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
3207 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
3208 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
3209 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
3210 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
3211 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
3212 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
3213 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
3217 =item Co-existence with stdio
3219 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
3220 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
3221 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
3222 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
3223 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
3224 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
3230 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3242 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3244 =item The Argument Stack
3246 =item The RETVAL Variable
3248 =item The MODULE Keyword
3250 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3252 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3254 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3256 =item The CODE: Keyword
3258 =item The INIT: Keyword
3260 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3262 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3264 =item Default Parameter Values
3266 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3268 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3270 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3272 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3274 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3276 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3278 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3280 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3282 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3284 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3286 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3288 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3290 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3292 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3294 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3296 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3298 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3300 =item The CASE: Keyword
3302 =item The & Unary Operator
3304 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3306 =item Using XS With C++
3308 =item Interface Strategy
3310 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3324 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3336 =item Version caveat
3338 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3350 =item What has gone on?
3352 =item Writing good test scripts
3356 =item What's new here?
3358 =item Input and Output Parameters
3360 =item The XSUBPP Program
3362 =item The TYPEMAP file
3364 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3368 =item What has happened here?
3370 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3372 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3374 =item More about XSUB arguments
3376 =item The Argument Stack
3378 =item Extending your Extension
3380 =item Documenting your Extension
3382 =item Installing your Extension
3386 =item New Things in this Example
3388 =item EXAMPLE 6 (Coming Soon)
3390 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3392 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3394 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3396 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3412 =head2 perlguts - Perl's Internal Functions
3424 =item What is an "IV"?
3426 =item Working with SVs
3428 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3430 =item Working with AVs
3432 =item Working with HVs
3434 =item Hash API Extensions
3438 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3440 =item Creating New Variables
3442 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3444 =item Stashes and Globs
3446 =item Double-Typed SVs
3448 =item Magic Variables
3450 =item Assigning Magic
3452 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3456 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3458 =item Localizing changes
3460 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3461 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3462 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3463 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3464 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3465 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3466 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3467 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3468 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3476 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3478 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3480 =item Memory Allocation
3484 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3488 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3498 =item Examining the tree
3500 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3502 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3504 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3506 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3510 =item The Perl Internal API
3514 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3516 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3518 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3524 av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, AvFILL, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push,
3525 av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH,
3526 PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, dMARK, dORIGMARK, PL_dowarn, dSP,
3527 dXSARGS, dXSI32, do_binmode, ENTER, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr,
3528 FREETMPS, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, GIMME, GIMME_V, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR,
3529 gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, G_VOID, gv_stashpv,
3530 gv_stashsv, GvSV, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY,
3531 HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, hv_clear, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent,
3532 hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey,
3533 hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, hv_iterval, hv_magic, HvNAME,
3534 hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, isDIGIT, isLOWER,
3535 isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number, MARK, mg_clear,
3536 mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_len, mg_magical, mg_set, modglobal,
3537 Move, PL_na, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
3538 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv,
3539 newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK,
3540 perl_alloc, perl_call_argv, perl_call_method, perl_call_pv, perl_call_sv,
3541 perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_eval_sv, perl_eval_pv, perl_free,
3542 perl_get_av, perl_get_cv, perl_get_hv, perl_get_sv, perl_parse,
3543 perl_require_pv, perl_run, POPi, POPl, POPp, POPn, POPs, PUSHMARK, PUSHi,
3544 PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc, RETVAL, safefree,
3545 safemalloc, saferealloc, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST, strEQ,
3546 strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, sv_2mortal, sv_bless,
3547 sv_catpv, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg,
3548 sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_cmp, SvCUR, SvCUR_set, sv_dec,
3549 sv_derived_from, SvEND, sv_eq, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, sv_grow, sv_inc,
3550 sv_insert, SvIOK, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIOKp, sv_isa,
3551 sv_isobject, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy,
3552 sv_newmortal, SvNIOK, SvNIOK_off, SvNIOKp, PL_sv_no, SvNOK, SvNOK_off,
3553 SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNOKp, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOK_off,
3554 SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPOKp, SvPV, SvPV_force, SvPV_nolen, SvPVX,
3555 SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV,
3556 SvSETMAGIC, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv,
3557 sv_setpv_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpvf,
3558 sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn,
3559 SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg,
3560 SvSTASH, SvTAINT, SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SVt_IV, SVt_PV,
3561 SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SVt_NV, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype,
3562 PL_sv_undef, sv_unref, SvUPGRADE, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg,
3563 sv_vcatpvfn, sv_vsetpvfn, SvUV, SvUVX, PL_sv_yes, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER,
3564 warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY,
3565 XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF,
3566 XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNV, XST_mNO, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES,
3567 XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
3573 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3579 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3581 =item THE PERL_CALL FUNCTIONS
3583 perl_call_sv, perl_call_pv, perl_call_method, perl_call_argv
3603 =item Determining the Context
3607 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3613 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3615 =item Passing Parameters
3617 =item Returning a Scalar
3619 =item Returning a list of values
3621 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3623 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3627 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3629 =item Using perl_call_sv
3631 =item Using perl_call_argv
3633 =item Using perl_call_method
3637 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3639 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3641 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3642 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3645 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3647 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3659 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3669 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3673 =item Using The Back Ends
3677 =item The Cross Referencing Back End (B::Xref)
3681 =item The Decompiling Back End
3683 =item The Lint Back End (B::Lint)
3685 =item The Simple C Back End
3687 =item The Bytecode Back End
3689 =item The Optimized C Back End
3691 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3692 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3693 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3701 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3707 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
3715 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
3727 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
3729 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
3733 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
3737 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
3739 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
3751 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
3761 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
3771 =item Built-in Attributes
3775 =item Available Subroutines
3779 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
3781 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
3783 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
3791 =item Default exports
3793 =item Available exports
3795 =item Export tags defined
3805 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
3817 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
3833 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
3847 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
3861 =head2 byte - Perl pragma to turn force treating strings as bytes not
3872 =head2 caller - inherit pragmatic attributes from the context of the caller
3884 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
3893 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
3899 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
3909 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
3919 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
3930 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
3932 =item The I<splain> Program
3946 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
3958 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
3964 $can_perhaps_read = -r "file"; # use the mode bits
3966 use filetest 'access'; # intuit harder
3967 $can_really_read = -r "file";
3969 $can_perhaps_read = -r "file"; # use the mode bits again
3975 =item subpragma access
3981 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
3992 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
4002 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
4012 =item Adding directories to @INC
4014 =item Deleting directories from @INC
4016 =item Restoring original @INC
4026 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
4037 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
4049 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
4059 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
4061 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
4063 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
4065 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
4067 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
4069 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
4071 =item Overloadable Operations
4073 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
4074 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
4075 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
4077 =item Inheritance and overloading
4079 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
4080 is inherited by derived classes
4084 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
4092 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
4094 =item Copy Constructor
4100 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
4102 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
4103 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
4104 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
4107 =item Losing overloading
4109 =item Run-time Overloading
4111 =item Public functions
4113 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
4115 =item Overloading constants
4117 integer, float, binary, q, qr
4119 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4121 =item Metaphor clash
4127 =item Two-face scalars
4129 =item Two-face references
4131 =item Symbolic calculator
4133 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
4145 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
4155 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
4167 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
4169 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
4173 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
4177 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
4185 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
4193 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
4197 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
4207 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to turn on UTF-8 and Unicode support
4219 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
4229 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
4239 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
4241 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
4251 =item DBM Comparisons
4261 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
4271 =item Subroutine Stubs
4273 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4275 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4277 =item Package Lexicals
4279 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
4289 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
4297 $keep, $check, $modtime
4301 =item Multiple packages
4309 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
4317 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
4321 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
4329 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
4343 =item B::PVMG METHODS
4347 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
4349 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
4351 =item B::PVLV METHODS
4353 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
4357 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
4361 NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE, FILEGV,
4366 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
4367 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
4371 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
4375 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
4380 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
4382 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
4386 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
4388 =item B::UNOP METHOD
4392 =item B::BINOP METHOD
4396 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
4400 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
4404 =item B::PMOP METHODS
4406 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
4408 =item B::SVOP METHOD
4412 =item B::PADOP METHOD
4416 =item B::PVOP METHOD
4420 =item B::LOOP METHODS
4422 redoop, nextop, lastop
4424 =item B::COP METHODS
4426 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
4430 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
4432 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
4433 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
4434 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
4435 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
4441 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
4454 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
4466 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4478 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4488 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4489 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
4490 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
4500 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
4510 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
4511 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>
4521 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
4531 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
4532 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
4533 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
4545 =item Context of ".."
4549 =item Deprecated features
4557 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
4569 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
4579 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
4580 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
4582 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
4602 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
4614 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
4622 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
4624 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
4625 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
4627 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
4637 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
4647 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4653 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
4665 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
4677 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
4689 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
4699 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
4707 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4719 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
4733 =item Standard Exports
4735 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
4736 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
4737 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
4739 =item Optional Exports
4741 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
4742 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
4743 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
4759 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
4763 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
4777 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4787 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4788 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
4789 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
4799 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4811 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
4813 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4815 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. Forexample,
4816 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
4817 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4819 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4821 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4823 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4825 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4827 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4829 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4831 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4833 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4835 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4837 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4839 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4841 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4843 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4845 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4847 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4849 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
4850 B<:standard>, B<:all>
4854 -any, -compile, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -autoload, -no_debug,
4857 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4859 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
4860 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
4865 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4869 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4871 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
4873 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
4875 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
4877 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
4879 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
4881 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
4883 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
4886 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
4890 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
4894 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
4896 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
4898 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
4900 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
4902 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
4906 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
4910 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
4912 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
4914 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
4916 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
4920 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
4922 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
4924 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
4928 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
4930 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
4934 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
4938 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
4942 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
4946 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
4950 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
4952 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
4954 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
4958 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
4960 B<Parameters:>, 3.The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type,
4962 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
4964 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
4970 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
4971 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
4973 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
4975 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
4976 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
4979 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
4985 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
4989 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
4991 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
4992 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()>Return the script
4993 name as a partial URL, for self-refering
4994 scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host
4995 ()>, B<server_software ()>, B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>,
4996 B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>, B<http()>, B<https()>
4998 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
5000 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
5001 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
5006 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);, multipart_start(), multipart_end()
5008 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
5010 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
5011 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
5013 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
5015 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5019 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
5020 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
5021 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
5022 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
5023 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
5024 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
5025 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
5026 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
5027 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
5028 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
5029 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
5030 ...and many many more..
5032 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
5040 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
5050 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5058 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
5067 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
5069 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
5073 =item Changing the default message
5085 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
5093 =item USING CGI::Cookie
5095 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
5099 =item Creating New Cookies
5101 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
5103 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
5105 =item Manipulating Cookies
5107 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
5111 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5119 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
5127 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
5129 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
5131 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
5133 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
5137 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5145 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
5155 =item Tags that won't be formatted
5157 =item Customizing the Indenting
5169 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
5177 =item USING CGI::Push
5179 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
5183 =item Heterogeneous Pages
5185 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
5189 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
5191 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5199 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
5209 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5217 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
5227 =item Interactive Mode
5229 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
5230 install, clean modules or distributions, readme, look module or
5231 distribution, Signals
5239 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
5241 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
5243 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
5245 =item Methods in the four Classes
5253 =item Finding packages and VERSION
5257 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
5263 o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>, o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
5264 E<lt>valueE<gt>, o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>, o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
5265 [shift|pop], o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt> [unshift|push|splice]
5270 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
5272 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
5280 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
5282 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
5284 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
5294 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
5304 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
5317 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
5327 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
5335 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
5345 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
5355 =item The C<struct()> function
5357 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
5359 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
5360 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
5362 =item Initializing with C<new>
5368 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
5370 =item Author and Modification History
5374 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
5382 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
5394 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
5398 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
5399 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
5400 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
5404 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
5405 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
5409 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
5410 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
5411 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
5415 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
5416 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
5417 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
5421 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
5422 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
5423 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
5424 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
5425 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
5426 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
5427 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
5428 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
5429 C<d_endsent>, C<d_endspent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>,
5430 C<d_fchown>, C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>,
5431 C<d_fgetpos>, C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>,
5432 C<d_fpos64_t>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
5433 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getgrent>,
5434 C<d_getgrps>, C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>,
5435 C<d_gethname>, C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>,
5436 C<d_getmntent>, C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>,
5437 C<d_getnetprotos>, C<d_getpbyname>, C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>,
5438 C<d_getpgid>, C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>, C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>,
5439 C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>, C<d_getsbyport>,
5440 C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspent>, C<d_getspnam>,
5441 C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>,
5442 C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64t>, C<d_isascii>, C<d_killpg>,
5443 C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>, C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>,
5444 C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
5445 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
5446 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_msg>,
5447 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
5448 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
5449 C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nvpresuv>, C<d_off64_t>,
5450 C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>,
5451 C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>,
5452 C<d_poll>, C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>,
5453 C<d_PRIfldbl>, C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>,
5454 C<d_PRIo64>, C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>,
5455 C<d_pwage>, C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>,
5456 C<d_pwgecos>, C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
5457 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
5458 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
5459 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
5460 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
5461 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
5462 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
5463 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
5464 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
5465 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setspent>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
5466 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
5467 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>, C<d_statblks>,
5468 C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>, C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>,
5469 C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>, C<d_stdiobase>,
5470 C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>, C<d_strerrm>,
5471 C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>, C<d_strtoll>,
5472 C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>, C<d_suidsafe>,
5473 C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>, C<d_syserrlst>,
5474 C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
5475 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
5476 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorbin>,
5477 C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>, C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>,
5478 C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>, C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>,
5479 C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>, C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>,
5480 C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>, C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>,
5481 C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
5485 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
5486 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
5490 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
5491 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
5495 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
5496 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
5500 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
5504 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
5505 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
5506 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
5507 C<i_grp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>, C<i_machcthr>,
5508 C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>, C<i_netdb>,
5509 C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>, C<i_pthread>,
5510 C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>, C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>,
5511 C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>, C<i_string>, C<i_sysaccess>,
5512 C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>, C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>,
5513 C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>, C<i_syssecrt>,
5514 C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
5515 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
5516 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>, C<i_termio>,
5517 C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>, C<i_values>,
5518 C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>, C<ignore_versioned_solibs>,
5519 C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>, C<incpath>, C<inews>,
5520 C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>, C<installman3dir>,
5521 C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>, C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>,
5522 C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>, C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>,
5523 C<installusrbinperl>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
5524 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
5528 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
5532 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
5533 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libswanted>,
5534 C<line>, C<lint>, C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>,
5535 C<longdblsize>, C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>,
5536 C<lseeksize>, C<lseektype>
5540 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
5541 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
5542 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
5546 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<models>, C<modetype>, C<more>,
5547 C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>, C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
5551 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
5552 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
5553 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
5557 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
5558 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>
5562 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl>
5566 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
5567 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pmake>, C<pr>,
5568 C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>, C<prototype>,
5573 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
5577 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>, C<rm>,
5582 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
5583 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
5584 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
5585 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
5586 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
5587 C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>,
5588 C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>, C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<sort>,
5589 C<spackage>, C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>,
5590 C<sPRIEldbl>, C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>,
5591 C<sPRIi64>, C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>,
5592 C<ssizetype>, C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>,
5593 C<stdio_base>, C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>,
5594 C<stdio_ptr>, C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>,
5599 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
5600 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
5604 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
5605 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
5606 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bits>, C<usedl>,
5607 C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>, C<uselongdouble>, C<uselonglong>,
5608 C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>, C<usenm>, C<useopcode>,
5609 C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>, C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>,
5610 C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>, C<usrinc>, C<uuname>,
5611 C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>, C<uvxformat>
5615 C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>, C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlibexp>,
5616 C<vendorprefix>, C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
5632 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
5642 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
5654 =item Global Variables
5656 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
5657 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
5662 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
5663 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
5665 =item Client Callback Methods
5667 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
5668 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
5669 CLIENT->output(LIST)
5679 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
5687 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
5691 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
5693 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
5695 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
5697 =item Default Parameters
5699 =item In Memory Databases
5707 =item A Simple Example
5715 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
5717 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
5719 =item The get_dup() Method
5721 =item The find_dup() Method
5723 =item The del_dup() Method
5725 =item Matching Partial Keys
5733 =item The 'bval' Option
5735 =item A Simple Example
5737 =item Extra RECNO Methods
5739 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
5740 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
5742 =item Another Example
5746 =item THE API INTERFACE
5748 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
5749 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
5750 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
5751 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
5755 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
5756 B<filter_fetch_value>
5762 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
5764 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
5768 =item HINTS AND TIPS
5772 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
5774 =item Safe ways to lock a database
5776 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
5778 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
5780 =item The untie() Gotcha
5784 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
5788 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
5790 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
5792 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
5794 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
5814 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
5815 printing and C<eval>
5827 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
5828 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dumpxs I<or>
5829 I<PACKAGE>->Dumpxs(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>),
5830 I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
5831 I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Reset
5835 Dumper(I<LIST>), DumperX(I<LIST>)
5837 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
5839 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5840 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5841 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5842 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5843 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5844 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5845 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5846 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5847 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5848 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5849 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
5850 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
5870 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
5878 =item PROFILE FORMAT
5890 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
5902 =item A simple scalar string
5904 =item A simple scalar number
5906 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
5908 =item A reference to a simple scalar
5910 =item A reference to an array
5912 =item A reference to a hash
5914 =item Dumping a large array or hash
5916 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
5918 =item A reference to a subroutine
5932 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
5942 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
5952 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
5964 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
5965 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
5966 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
5971 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
5972 veryCompact, set, get
5978 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
5986 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
5987 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
5988 dl_load_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
5989 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
5996 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
6009 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
6020 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables
6032 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
6046 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
6058 =item Selecting What To Export
6060 =item Specialised Import Lists
6062 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
6064 =item Module Version Checking
6066 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
6068 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
6074 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
6084 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
6105 mv source... destination
6107 cp source... destination
6125 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
6137 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
6138 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
6148 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
6158 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
6170 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
6171 packlist(), version()
6179 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
6187 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
6193 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
6203 =item VMS implementation
6205 =item Win32 implementation
6213 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6222 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
6226 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6237 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
6249 =item Preloaded methods
6269 =item SelfLoaded methods
6315 file_name_is_absolute
6321 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
6361 maybe_command_in_dirs
6399 replace_manpage_separator
6413 test_via_harness (o)
6443 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6454 =item Methods always loaded
6466 =item SelfLoaded methods
6468 guess_name (override)
6472 find_perl (override)
6476 maybe_command (override)
6478 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
6480 perl_script (override)
6482 file_name_is_absolute (override)
6484 replace_manpage_separator
6486 init_others (override)
6488 constants (override)
6492 const_cccmd (override)
6494 pm_to_blib (override)
6496 tool_autosplit (override)
6498 tool_sxubpp (override)
6500 xsubpp_version (override)
6502 tools_other (override)
6512 top_targets (override)
6516 dynamic_lib (override)
6518 dynamic_bs (override)
6520 static_lib (override)
6522 manifypods (override)
6524 processPL (override)
6526 installbin (override)
6532 realclean (override)
6534 dist_basics (override)
6536 dist_core (override)
6540 dist_test (override)
6544 perldepend (override)
6550 test_via_harness (override)
6552 test_via_script (override)
6554 makeaperl (override)
6558 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6585 test_via_harness (o)
6587 tool_autosplit (override)
6605 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
6615 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
6617 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
6625 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
6629 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
6631 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
6633 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
6635 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
6637 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
6638 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
6639 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
6640 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
6641 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
6642 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
6643 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
6644 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
6645 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
6646 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
6647 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
6648 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
6649 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
6650 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
6653 =item Additional lowercase attributes
6655 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
6658 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
6660 =item Hintsfile support
6662 =item Distribution Support
6664 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
6665 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
6666 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
6668 =item Disabling an extension
6682 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
6694 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
6698 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
6699 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
6707 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
6719 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
6729 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
6738 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
6746 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
6758 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
6766 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
6776 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
6788 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
6798 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
6802 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
6810 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
6814 C<basename>, C<dirname>
6818 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
6828 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
6842 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
6852 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
6854 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
6864 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
6872 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
6884 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
6892 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
6893 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
6899 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
6907 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
6908 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
6912 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
6920 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
6932 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
6946 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
6964 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
6992 file_name_is_absolute
7002 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
7012 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
7042 file_name_is_absolute
7064 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
7080 =item Methods always loaded
7100 file_name_is_absolute (override)
7108 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
7142 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
7156 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
7168 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
7176 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
7182 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
7190 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
7200 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
7216 =head2 Getopt::Long, GetOptions - extended processing of command line
7229 =item Linkage specification
7231 =item Aliases and abbreviations
7233 =item Non-option call-back routine
7235 =item Option starters
7237 =item Return values and Errors
7245 =item CONFIGURATION OPTIONS
7247 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
7248 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
7249 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
7250 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
7252 =item OTHER USEFUL VARIABLES
7254 $Getopt::Long::VERSION, $Getopt::Long::error
7258 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
7262 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
7273 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
7284 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
7294 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
7302 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
7303 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
7313 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
7323 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
7327 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
7335 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
7345 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
7349 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
7350 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
7351 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
7352 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
7364 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
7374 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
7378 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
7388 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
7398 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
7399 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
7409 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
7423 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
7437 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
7438 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
7439 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
7449 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
7463 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
7464 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
7474 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
7490 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
7503 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
7517 hostpath(), peerpath()
7527 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
7536 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
7537 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
7547 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
7557 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
7561 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
7569 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
7580 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
7584 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
7585 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
7586 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
7587 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
7599 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
7609 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
7613 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
7623 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
7633 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
7634 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
7644 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
7659 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
7674 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
7675 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
7676 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
7686 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
7701 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
7702 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
7712 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
7713 AF_INET domain sockets
7729 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
7742 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
7743 AF_UNIX domain sockets
7757 hostpath(), peerpath()
7767 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
7781 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
7794 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
7812 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
7822 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
7823 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
7834 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
7845 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
7846 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
7847 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
7858 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
7866 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
7875 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
7883 Canonical notation, Input, Output
7887 =item Autocreating constants
7895 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
7908 =item STRINGIFICATION
7912 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
7914 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
7922 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
7930 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
7936 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
7938 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
7942 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
7944 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
7948 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
7950 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
7952 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
7953 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
7957 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
7967 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
7977 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
7989 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
7990 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
8000 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
8017 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
8034 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
8049 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
8066 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
8076 =item IMPLEMENTATION
8082 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
8092 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
8104 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
8106 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
8107 or optag, an operator set (opset)
8109 =item Opcode Functions
8111 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
8112 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
8113 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
8116 =item Manipulating Opsets
8124 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
8126 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
8127 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
8128 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
8137 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
8146 a new namespace, an operator mask
8152 =item RECENT CHANGES
8154 =item Methods in class Safe
8156 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
8157 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
8158 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
8159 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
8161 =item Some Safety Issues
8163 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
8171 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
8184 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
8198 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
8199 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
8200 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
8201 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
8202 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
8203 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
8204 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
8205 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
8206 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
8207 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
8208 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
8209 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
8210 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
8211 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
8212 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
8213 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
8214 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
8215 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
8216 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
8217 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
8218 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, stroul, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr,
8219 strtod, strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh,
8220 tcdrain, tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times,
8221 tmpfile, tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname,
8222 ungetc, unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid,
8223 wcstombs, wctomb, write
8229 =item POSIX::SigAction
8235 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
8237 =item POSIX::Termios
8239 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
8240 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
8241 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
8242 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
8243 values, c_oflag field values
8247 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
8251 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
8255 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
8315 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
8321 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
8327 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
8349 =head2 Pod::Checker, Pod::Hyperlink - class for manipulation of POD
8360 new(), parse(), markup($on,$off,$pageon,$pageoff), text(), warning(),
8361 page(), node(), type(), alttext(), line(), file()
8367 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
8377 help, htmldir, htmlroot, infile, outfile, podroot, podpath, libpods,
8378 netscape, nonetscape, index, noindex, recurse, norecurse, title, css,
8393 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
8406 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
8413 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
8437 =item B<was_cutting()>
8443 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
8473 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
8479 =item B<cmd_separator()>
8485 =item B<parse_tree()>
8491 =item B<file_line()>
8497 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
8539 =item B<left_delimiter()>
8545 =item B<right_delimiter()>
8551 =item B<parse_tree()>
8557 =item B<file_line()>
8569 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
8623 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
8631 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
8636 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
8637 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
8649 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
8661 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
8663 =item PARSING OPTIONS
8665 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset)
8671 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
8679 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
8687 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
8693 =item B<textblock()>
8695 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
8701 =item B<interior_sequence()>
8707 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
8719 =item B<initialize()>
8725 =item B<begin_pod()>
8731 =item B<begin_input()>
8737 =item B<end_input()>
8749 =item B<preprocess_line()>
8755 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
8761 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
8767 =item B<parse_text()>
8769 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
8770 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
8771 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
8777 =item B<interpolate()>
8783 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
8789 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
8795 =item B<parse_from_file()>
8801 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
8819 =item B<parseopts()>
8825 =item B<output_file()>
8831 =item B<output_handle()>
8837 =item B<input_file()>
8843 =item B<input_handle()>
8849 =item B<input_streams()>
8855 =item B<top_stream()>
8861 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
8867 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
8873 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
8879 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
8887 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
8900 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
8902 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
8908 =item OBJECT METHODS
8914 =item B<curr_headings()>
8926 =item B<add_selection()>
8932 =item B<clear_selections()>
8938 =item B<match_section()>
8944 =item B<is_selected()>
8950 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
8956 =item B<podselect()>
8958 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
8964 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
8970 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
8976 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
8982 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
8994 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
9002 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
9006 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
9007 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
9019 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
9035 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
9036 text with format escapes
9050 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
9059 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
9068 =item Recommended Use
9076 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
9080 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
9090 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
9098 a new namespace, an operator mask
9104 =item RECENT CHANGES
9106 =item Methods in class Safe
9108 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
9109 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
9110 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
9111 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
9113 =item Some Safety Issues
9115 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
9123 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
9133 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
9143 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
9153 =item The __DATA__ token
9155 =item SelfLoader autoloading
9157 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
9159 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
9161 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
9163 =item Classes and inherited methods.
9167 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
9171 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
9183 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
9184 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
9192 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
9193 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
9194 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
9195 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
9196 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
9200 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
9210 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
9222 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
9223 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
9231 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
9232 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
9245 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
9257 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
9265 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
9275 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
9276 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
9284 =item Minimal set of supported functions
9286 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
9287 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
9289 =item Additional supported functions
9291 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
9299 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
9309 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
9321 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
9331 =item The test script output
9339 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
9340 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
9341 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
9354 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
9366 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
9377 0a simple word, 1multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2use of
9378 quotes to include a space in a word, 3use of a backslash to include a space
9379 in a word, 4use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
9380 double-quote, 5another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
9381 backslashed double-quote)
9387 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
9404 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
9419 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
9433 =head2 Thread - multithreading
9443 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
9444 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
9445 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
9449 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
9457 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
9465 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
9467 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
9473 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
9481 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
9483 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
9487 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
9499 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
9509 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
9517 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
9518 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
9519 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
9520 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
9528 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
9537 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
9538 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
9539 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
9540 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
9542 =item MORE INFORMATION
9546 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
9554 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
9555 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
9559 =item MORE INFORMATION
9563 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
9581 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
9590 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
9592 =item MORE INFORMATION
9596 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
9608 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
9616 =item IMPLEMENTATION
9622 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
9637 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
9652 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
9664 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
9672 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
9673 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
9677 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
9692 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
9707 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
9719 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
9721 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
9722 don't all have manual pages yet:
9748 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles