4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
305 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
315 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
317 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
319 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
323 =item How stable is Perl?
325 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
327 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
330 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
332 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
334 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
336 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
338 =item What is a JAPH?
340 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
342 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
343 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
347 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
351 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
352 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
360 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
362 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
364 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
366 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
369 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
370 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
372 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
373 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
375 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
377 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
379 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
381 =item Where should I post source code?
385 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
387 =item Perl in Magazines
389 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
391 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
393 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
395 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
397 =item Where do I send bug reports?
399 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
403 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
407 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
416 =item How do I do (anything)?
418 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
420 =item Is there a Perl shell?
422 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
424 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
426 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
428 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
430 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
432 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
434 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
436 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
438 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
440 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
442 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
444 =item What is undump?
446 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
448 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
450 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
452 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
454 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
456 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
458 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
460 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
462 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
464 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
466 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
468 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
470 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
472 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
474 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
475 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
477 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
480 =item What's MakeMaker?
484 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
488 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
499 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
500 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
502 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
504 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
507 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
509 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
511 =item How do I multiply matrices?
513 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
515 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
517 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
525 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
527 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
529 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
531 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
533 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
535 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
537 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
545 =item How do I validate input?
547 =item How do I unescape a string?
549 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
551 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
553 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
555 =item How do I reverse a string?
557 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
559 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
561 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
563 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
565 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
568 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
570 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
571 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
573 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
575 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
577 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
579 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
581 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
583 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
585 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
587 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
588 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
597 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
599 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
601 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
603 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
604 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
605 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
606 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
609 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
611 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
612 intersection of two arrays?
614 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
616 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
618 =item How do I handle linked lists?
620 =item How do I handle circular lists?
622 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
624 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
626 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
628 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
630 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
632 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
634 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
638 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
642 =item How do I process an entire hash?
644 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
647 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
649 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
651 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
653 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
655 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
657 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
659 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
661 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
663 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
665 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
667 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
670 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
671 array of hashes or arrays?
673 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
681 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
683 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
685 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
687 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
689 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
691 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
693 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
697 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
701 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
710 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
712 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
713 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
715 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
717 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
719 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
721 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
722 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
724 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
726 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
728 =item How can I write() into a string?
730 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
732 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
734 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
736 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
738 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
740 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
742 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
744 =item How can I lock a file?
746 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
748 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
749 the file. How can I do this?
751 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
753 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
755 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
757 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
759 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
761 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
763 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
765 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
767 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
769 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
771 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
773 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
774 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
776 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
778 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
779 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
781 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
783 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
787 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
791 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
799 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
800 and unmaintainable code?
802 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
804 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
806 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
809 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
811 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
814 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
816 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
818 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
820 =item What is C</o> really for?
822 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
825 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
827 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
829 =item How do I process each word on each line?
831 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
833 =item How can I do approximate matching?
835 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
837 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
839 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
841 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
843 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
845 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
847 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
849 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
853 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
857 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
858 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
866 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
868 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
871 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
874 =item How do I skip some return values?
876 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
878 =item What's an extension?
880 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
882 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
884 =item How do I create a module?
886 =item How do I create a class?
888 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
890 =item What's a closure?
892 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
894 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
897 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
900 =item How do I create a static variable?
902 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
903 Between local() and my()?
905 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
908 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
910 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
912 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
914 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
916 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
918 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
920 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
922 =item How can I find out my current package?
924 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
926 =item How do I clear a package?
928 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
932 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
936 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
945 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
947 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
949 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
951 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
953 =item How do I print something out in color?
955 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
957 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
959 =item How do I clear the screen?
961 =item How do I get the screen size?
963 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
965 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
967 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
969 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
971 =item How do I start a process in the background?
973 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
975 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
977 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
979 =item How do I set the time and date?
981 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
983 =item How can I measure time under a second?
985 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
987 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
988 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
990 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
992 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
994 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
996 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
998 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
1000 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
1002 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
1004 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
1006 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
1008 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
1011 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
1013 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
1015 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
1017 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
1020 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
1021 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
1022 changes to be visible?
1026 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
1029 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
1031 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
1033 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
1035 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
1037 =item How do I set CPU limits?
1039 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
1041 =item How do I use an SQL database?
1043 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
1045 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
1047 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
1049 =item What's the difference between require and use?
1051 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
1053 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
1056 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
1058 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
1062 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1066 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
1075 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
1078 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
1080 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
1082 =item How do I extract URLs?
1084 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
1085 file on another machine?
1087 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
1089 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
1091 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
1093 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
1095 =item How do I redirect to another page?
1097 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
1099 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
1101 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
1102 CGI script to do bad things?
1104 =item How do I parse a mail header?
1106 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
1108 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
1110 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
1112 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
1114 =item How do I send mail?
1116 =item How do I read mail?
1118 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
1120 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
1122 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
1124 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
1128 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1132 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
1138 =item Core Enhancements
1142 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
1144 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
1146 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
1148 =item Support for interpolating named characters
1150 =item "our" declarations
1152 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
1154 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
1156 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
1158 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
1160 =item open() with more than two arguments
1162 =item 64-bit support
1164 =item Large file support
1170 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
1172 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
1174 =item File globbing implemented internally
1176 Support for CHECK blocks
1178 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
1180 Better pseudo-random number generator
1182 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
1184 Better worst-case behavior of hashes
1186 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
1188 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
1190 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
1192 =item Comments in pack() templates
1194 =item Weak references
1196 =item Binary numbers supported
1198 =item Lvalue subroutines
1200 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
1202 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
1204 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
1206 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
1208 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
1210 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
1212 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
1214 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
1216 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
1218 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
1220 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
1222 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
1224 =item Improved diagnostics
1226 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
1228 More consistent close-on-exec behavior
1230 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
1232 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
1234 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
1236 =item Improved security features
1238 More functional bareword prototype (*)
1240 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
1242 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
1244 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
1246 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
1248 =item Optional Y2K warnings
1252 =item Modules and Pragmata
1258 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
1259 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
1260 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
1261 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
1262 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
1263 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
1264 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
1265 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
1271 =item Utility Changes
1285 =item The Perl Debugger
1289 =item Improved Documentation
1291 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
1292 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
1293 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
1294 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
1296 =item Performance enhancements
1300 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
1302 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
1304 =item Faster subroutine calls
1306 delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
1310 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
1314 =item -Dusethreads means something different
1316 =item New Configure flags
1318 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
1324 =item -Duselargefiles
1326 =item installusrbinperl
1332 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
1336 =item Platform specific changes
1340 =item Supported platforms
1344 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
1352 =item Significant bug fixes
1356 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
1358 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
1360 =item All compilation errors are true errors
1362 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
1364 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
1366 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
1368 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
1370 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
1372 =item Failures in DESTROY()
1374 =item Locale bugs fixed
1378 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
1380 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
1382 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
1384 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
1388 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
1390 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
1391 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
1392 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
1393 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
1394 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
1395 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
1396 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
1397 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
1398 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
1399 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
1400 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
1401 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
1402 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
1403 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
1404 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
1405 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
1406 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
1407 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
1408 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
1409 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
1410 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
1411 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
1412 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
1413 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
1414 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
1415 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
1416 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
1417 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
1418 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
1419 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
1420 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
1421 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
1422 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
1423 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
1424 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
1425 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
1426 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
1427 around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use
1428 "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count
1429 in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed
1430 memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments,
1431 Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not
1432 implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl
1433 can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown
1434 open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s,
1435 Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter
1436 in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute
1437 parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute
1438 list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant
1443 =item Incompatible Changes
1447 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
1449 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed
1451 =item Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different
1453 Literals of the form C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed
1454 pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed,
1455 C<undef> fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe
1456 and socket handles, Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported,
1457 delete(), values() and C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies,
1458 vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic
1459 output has changed, C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves
1460 like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed
1462 =item Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms
1464 =item More builtins taint their results
1466 =item C Source Incompatibilities
1468 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
1470 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
1472 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
1474 =item Binary Incompatibilities
1478 =item Known Problems
1482 =item Thread test failures
1484 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
1486 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
1488 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
1490 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
1493 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
1495 =item Arrow operator and arrays
1499 =item Experimental features
1501 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
1502 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
1503 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
1508 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
1510 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
1511 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Probable precedence problem on %s,
1512 regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
1514 =item Reporting Bugs
1522 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
1530 =item Variable names
1536 =item Scalar value constructors
1538 =item List value constructors
1542 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
1550 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
1560 =item Simple statements
1562 =item Compound statements
1570 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
1574 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
1576 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
1582 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
1592 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
1594 =item The Arrow Operator
1596 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
1598 =item Exponentiation
1600 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
1602 =item Binding Operators
1604 =item Multiplicative Operators
1606 =item Additive Operators
1608 =item Shift Operators
1610 =item Named Unary Operators
1612 =item Relational Operators
1614 =item Equality Operators
1618 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
1620 =item C-style Logical And
1622 =item C-style Logical Or
1624 =item Range Operators
1626 =item Conditional Operator
1628 =item Assignment Operators
1630 =item Comma Operator
1632 =item List Operators (Rightward)
1638 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
1640 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
1642 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
1644 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
1646 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
1648 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
1649 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
1650 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds,
1651 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds
1653 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
1655 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
1656 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
1657 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
1658 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
1663 =item Constant Folding
1665 =item Bitwise String Operators
1667 =item Integer Arithmetic
1669 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
1671 =item Bigger Numbers
1677 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1687 =item Regular Expressions
1689 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1691 =item Extended Patterns
1693 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1694 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1695 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1696 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1700 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1702 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1704 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1706 =item Combining pieces together
1708 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1709 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1710 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1711 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1713 =item Creating custom RE engines
1723 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
1733 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
1735 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
1737 =item Location of Perl
1739 =item Command Switches
1741 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
1742 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
1743 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
1744 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
1745 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
1746 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
1753 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
1754 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
1755 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
1759 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
1767 =item Perl Functions by Category
1769 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
1770 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
1771 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
1772 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
1773 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
1774 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
1775 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
1776 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
1777 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
1778 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
1783 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1785 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
1786 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
1787 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
1788 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
1789 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
1790 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
1791 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
1792 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
1793 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
1794 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
1795 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
1796 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
1797 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
1798 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
1799 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
1800 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
1801 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
1802 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
1803 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
1804 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
1805 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
1806 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
1807 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
1808 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
1809 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
1810 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
1811 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
1812 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
1813 LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
1814 ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd
1815 ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module
1816 LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
1817 FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack
1818 TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
1819 ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print,
1820 printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION,
1821 push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/,
1822 quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
1823 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
1824 DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv
1825 SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
1826 OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
1827 return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
1828 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
1829 EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
1830 FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
1831 ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
1832 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
1833 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
1834 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
1835 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
1836 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
1837 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
1838 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
1839 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
1840 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
1841 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
1842 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
1843 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
1844 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1845 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
1846 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
1847 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
1848 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
1849 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
1850 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
1851 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
1852 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
1853 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
1854 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
1855 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
1856 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
1862 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1870 =item Predefined Names
1872 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1873 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1874 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1875 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1876 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1877 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1878 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1879 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1880 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1881 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1882 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1883 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1884 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1885 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1886 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1887 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1888 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1889 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1890 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1891 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1892 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1893 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1894 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1895 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1896 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1897 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1898 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1899 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1900 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1902 =item Error Indicators
1904 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1912 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
1922 =item Private Variables via my()
1924 =item Persistent Private Variables
1926 =item Temporary Values via local()
1928 =item Lvalue subroutines
1930 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
1932 =item When to Still Use local()
1934 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
1935 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
1936 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
1938 =item Pass by Reference
1942 =item Constant Functions
1944 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
1948 =item Subroutine Attributes
1956 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
1968 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
1980 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
1986 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
1990 =item Pragmatic Modules
1992 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant,
1993 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops,
1994 overload, re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
1996 =item Standard Modules
1998 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
1999 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2000 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
2001 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
2002 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
2003 Class::Struct, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue,
2004 English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command,
2005 ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
2006 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
2007 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
2008 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
2009 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
2010 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path,
2011 File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2,
2012 File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp,
2013 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std,
2014 I18N::Collate, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt,
2015 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, NDBM_File, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent,
2016 Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, Pod::Checker, Pod::Find,
2017 Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser,
2018 Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Termcap,
2019 Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell,
2020 Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine,
2021 Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex,
2022 Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar,
2023 Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm,
2024 UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
2026 =item Extension Modules
2032 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2033 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2034 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2035 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2036 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2037 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2038 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2039 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2040 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2041 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2042 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2043 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2044 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2045 North America, South America
2047 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2051 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2053 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2054 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2055 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2056 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2057 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2058 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2059 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2060 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2061 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2062 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2063 care when changing a released module
2065 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2067 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2068 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2069 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2070 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2072 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2074 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2075 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2076 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2077 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2078 can then be reduced to a small
2086 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2096 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2097 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2109 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
2119 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
2121 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
2122 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
2123 files, directories and network sockets
2125 =item Resource limits
2127 =item Killing the parent process
2129 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
2131 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
2133 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
2134 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
2135 application, Thread-safety of extensions
2147 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
2155 =item Format Variables
2165 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
2173 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
2180 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
2186 =item The use locale pragma
2188 =item The setlocale function
2190 =item Finding locales
2192 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
2194 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
2196 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
2198 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
2200 =item Fixing system locale configuration
2202 =item The localeconv function
2206 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
2210 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
2212 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
2214 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
2216 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
2220 =item Other categories
2226 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
2227 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
2228 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
2229 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
2230 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
2231 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
2232 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
2233 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
2237 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
2238 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
2244 =item Backward compatibility
2246 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
2248 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
2250 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
2252 =item Freely available locale definitions
2256 =item An imperfect standard
2264 =item Broken systems
2274 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
2284 =item Making References
2286 =item Using References
2288 =item Symbolic references
2290 =item Not-so-symbolic references
2292 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
2294 =item Function Templates
2304 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
2310 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
2318 =item Making References
2320 =item Using References
2338 =item Distribution Conditions
2344 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
2350 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
2351 more elaborate constructs
2355 =item COMMON MISTAKES
2357 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
2359 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
2365 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
2369 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2371 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2373 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2377 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
2381 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2383 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2385 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2389 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
2393 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2395 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2397 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2401 =item HASHES OF HASHES
2405 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
2407 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
2409 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
2413 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2417 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2419 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2421 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2433 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
2439 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
2441 =item Growing Your Own
2443 =item Access and Printing
2453 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
2461 =item If we could talk to the animals...
2463 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
2465 =item Invoking a barnyard
2467 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2469 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2471 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2473 =item A few notes about @ISA
2475 =item Overriding the methods
2477 =item Starting the search from a different place
2479 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2481 =item Where we're at so far...
2483 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2485 =item Invoking an instance method
2487 =item Accessing the instance data
2489 =item How to build a horse
2491 =item Inheriting the constructor
2493 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2495 =item Adding parameters to a method
2497 =item More interesting instances
2499 =item A horse of a different color
2511 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2517 =item Creating a Class
2521 =item Object Representation
2523 =item Class Interface
2525 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2527 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2531 =item Other Object Methods
2539 =item Accessing Class Data
2541 =item Debugging Methods
2543 =item Class Destructors
2545 =item Documenting the Interface
2555 =item Overridden Methods
2557 =item Multiple Inheritance
2559 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2563 =item Alternate Object Representations
2567 =item Arrays as Objects
2569 =item Closures as Objects
2573 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2577 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2579 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2583 =item Metaclassical Tools
2589 =item Data Members as Variables
2593 =item Object Terminology
2599 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2605 =item Acknowledgments
2611 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2617 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2621 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2623 =item Inheritance Concerns
2625 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2627 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2629 =item Monadic Classes
2631 =item Translucent Attributes
2635 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2639 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2641 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2643 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2645 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2647 =item Translucency Revisited
2655 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2657 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2663 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2671 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2673 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2675 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2677 =item Method Invocation
2681 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2683 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2689 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2697 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2709 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2713 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2718 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2719 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2720 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2722 =item Tying FileHandles
2724 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2725 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2727 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2739 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2745 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2747 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2749 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2751 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2753 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2755 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2757 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2759 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2761 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2767 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
2768 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
2784 =item Using open() for IPC
2790 =item Background Processes
2792 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
2794 =item Safe Pipe Opens
2796 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
2798 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
2802 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
2806 =item Internet Line Terminators
2808 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
2810 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
2814 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
2818 =item A Simple Client
2820 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
2822 =item A Webget Client
2824 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
2828 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
2830 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
2832 =item UDP: Message Passing
2846 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
2854 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
2855 B<filter_fetch_value>
2861 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
2863 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
2873 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
2879 =item The Perl Debugger
2883 =item Debugger Commands
2885 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
2886 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
2887 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
2888 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
2889 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
2890 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
2891 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
2892 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
2893 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
2895 =item Configurable Options
2897 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
2898 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
2899 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
2900 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
2901 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
2902 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
2904 =item Debugger input/output
2906 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
2909 =item Debugging compile-time statements
2911 =item Debugger Customization
2913 =item Readline Support
2915 =item Editor Support for Debugging
2917 =item The Perl Profiler
2921 =item Debugging regular expressions
2923 =item Debugging memory usage
2931 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
2939 =item Storing numbers
2941 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
2943 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
2945 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
2946 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
2947 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
2956 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
2962 =item Debugger Internals
2966 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
2970 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
2972 =item Debugging regular expressions
2976 =item Compile-time output
2978 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
2979 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
2980 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
2983 =item Types of nodes
2985 =item Run-time output
2989 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
2993 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
2995 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
2996 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
2999 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3001 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3003 =item B<-DL> details
3007 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3015 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
3023 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
3031 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
3033 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
3035 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
3039 =item Protecting Your Programs
3047 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
3065 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
3067 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
3068 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
3069 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
3070 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
3072 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
3074 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
3075 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
3076 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance
3080 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
3082 =item Numerical Traps
3084 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
3086 =item General data type traps
3088 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
3089 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
3091 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
3093 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
3095 =item Precedence Traps
3097 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
3100 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
3102 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
3103 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
3106 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
3108 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
3114 =item Interpolation Traps
3116 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
3117 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
3123 =item Unclassified Traps
3125 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
3132 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
3138 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
3147 =item Numbers endianness and Width
3149 =item Files and Filesystems
3151 =item System Interaction
3153 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
3155 =item External Subroutines (XS)
3157 =item Standard Modules
3161 =item Character sets and character encoding
3163 =item Internationalisation
3165 =item System Resources
3175 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
3176 http://testers.cpan.org/
3184 =item DOS and Derivatives
3186 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
3194 =item EBCDIC Platforms
3202 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
3206 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
3208 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
3209 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
3210 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
3211 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
3212 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
3213 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
3214 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
3215 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
3216 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
3217 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
3218 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
3219 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
3220 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
3221 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
3222 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
3223 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
3224 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
3225 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
3226 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
3227 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
3228 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
3229 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
3230 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
3231 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
3232 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
3238 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
3239 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
3240 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
3241 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
3242 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
3245 =item Supported Platforms
3249 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
3255 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
3263 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
3271 =item Verbatim Paragraph
3273 =item Command Paragraph
3275 =item Ordinary Block of Text
3279 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
3281 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
3291 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
3299 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3309 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3310 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3314 =item Compiling your C program
3316 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3318 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3320 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3322 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3324 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3326 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3328 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3330 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3335 =item Embedding Perl under Win32
3345 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
3353 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
3354 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
3355 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
3356 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
3357 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
3358 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
3359 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
3360 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
3361 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
3362 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
3366 =item Co-existence with stdio
3368 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
3369 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
3370 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
3371 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
3372 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
3373 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
3379 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3391 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3393 =item The Argument Stack
3395 =item The RETVAL Variable
3397 =item The MODULE Keyword
3399 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3401 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3403 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3405 =item The CODE: Keyword
3407 =item The INIT: Keyword
3409 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3411 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3413 =item Default Parameter Values
3415 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3417 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3419 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3421 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3423 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3425 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3427 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3429 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3431 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3433 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3435 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3437 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3439 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3441 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3443 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3445 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3447 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3449 =item The CASE: Keyword
3451 =item The & Unary Operator
3453 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3455 =item Using XS With C++
3457 =item Interface Strategy
3459 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3473 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3485 =item Version caveat
3487 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3499 =item What has gone on?
3501 =item Writing good test scripts
3505 =item What's new here?
3507 =item Input and Output Parameters
3509 =item The XSUBPP Program
3511 =item The TYPEMAP file
3513 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3517 =item What has happened here?
3519 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3521 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3523 =item More about XSUB arguments
3525 =item The Argument Stack
3527 =item Extending your Extension
3529 =item Documenting your Extension
3531 =item Installing your Extension
3535 =item New Things in this Example
3539 =item New Things in this Example
3541 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3543 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3545 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3547 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3563 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3575 =item What is an "IV"?
3577 =item Working with SVs
3579 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3581 =item Working with AVs
3583 =item Working with HVs
3585 =item Hash API Extensions
3589 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3591 =item Creating New Variables
3593 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3595 =item Stashes and Globs
3597 =item Double-Typed SVs
3599 =item Magic Variables
3601 =item Assigning Magic
3603 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3607 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3609 =item Localizing changes
3611 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3612 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3613 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3614 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3615 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3616 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3617 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3618 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3619 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3627 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3629 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3631 =item Memory Allocation
3635 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3639 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3649 =item Examining the tree
3651 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3653 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3655 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3657 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3661 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3665 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3667 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3669 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3679 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3685 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3687 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3689 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3709 =item Determining the Context
3713 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3719 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3721 =item Passing Parameters
3723 =item Returning a Scalar
3725 =item Returning a list of values
3727 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3729 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3733 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3737 =item Using call_argv
3739 =item Using call_method
3743 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3745 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3747 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3748 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3751 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3753 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3765 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3775 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3779 =item Using The Back Ends
3783 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3787 =item The Decompiling Back End
3789 =item The Lint Back End
3791 =item The Simple C Back End
3793 =item The Bytecode Back End
3795 =item The Optimized C Back End
3797 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3798 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3799 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3803 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3809 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
3815 AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push,
3816 av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, call_argv, call_method, call_pv,
3817 call_sv, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS,
3818 dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS,
3819 get_av, get_cv, get_hv, get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth,
3820 gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY,
3821 G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY,
3822 HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear,
3823 hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent,
3824 hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv,
3825 hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA,
3826 isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number,
3827 MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
3828 mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
3829 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv,
3830 newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv,
3831 ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse,
3832 perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal,
3833 PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs,
3834 PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc,
3835 require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST,
3836 strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy,
3837 SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off,
3838 SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvLOCK, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp,
3839 SvNIOK_off, SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX,
3840 SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX,
3841 SvPV_force, SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK,
3842 SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH,
3843 SvTAINT, SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype,
3844 SVt_IV, SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUNLOCK,
3845 SvUPGRADE, SvUV, SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf,
3846 sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg,
3847 sv_chop, sv_cmp, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_grow, sv_inc,
3848 sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy,
3849 sv_newmortal, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv,
3850 sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn,
3851 sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv,
3852 sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg, sv_unref,
3853 sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, sv_vcatpvfn, sv_vsetpvfn, THIS,
3854 toLOWER, toUPPER, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS,
3855 XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO, XSRETURN_NV,
3856 XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV,
3857 XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK, Zero
3865 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
3880 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
3888 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
3900 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
3902 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
3906 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
3910 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
3912 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
3924 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
3934 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
3944 =item Built-in Attributes
3946 locked, method, lvalue
3948 =item Available Subroutines
3952 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
3954 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
3956 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
3964 =item Default exports
3966 =item Available exports
3968 =item Export tags defined
3978 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
3994 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
4008 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
4022 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
4035 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
4044 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
4050 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
4060 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
4070 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
4081 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
4083 =item The I<splain> Program
4097 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
4111 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
4121 =item subpragma access
4127 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
4138 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
4148 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
4158 =item Adding directories to @INC
4160 =item Deleting directories from @INC
4162 =item Restoring original @INC
4172 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
4183 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
4191 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
4197 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
4207 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
4209 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
4211 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
4213 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
4215 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
4217 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
4219 =item Overloadable Operations
4221 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
4222 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
4223 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
4225 =item Inheritance and overloading
4227 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
4228 is inherited by derived classes
4232 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
4240 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
4242 =item Copy Constructor
4248 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
4250 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
4251 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
4252 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
4255 =item Losing overloading
4257 =item Run-time Overloading
4259 =item Public functions
4261 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
4263 =item Overloading constants
4265 integer, float, binary, q, qr
4267 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4269 =item Metaphor clash
4275 =item Two-face scalars
4277 =item Two-face references
4279 =item Symbolic calculator
4281 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
4293 =head2 pwent - Perl pragma to control the pwent functions
4303 =item subpragma shadow_password
4309 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
4319 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
4331 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
4333 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
4337 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
4341 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
4349 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
4357 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
4361 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
4371 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
4383 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
4393 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
4401 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
4402 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
4406 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
4408 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
4418 =item DBM Comparisons
4428 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
4438 =item Subroutine Stubs
4440 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4442 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4444 =item Package Lexicals
4446 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
4456 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
4464 $keep, $check, $modtime
4468 =item Multiple packages
4476 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
4484 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
4488 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
4496 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
4510 =item B::PVMG METHODS
4514 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
4516 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
4518 =item B::PVLV METHODS
4520 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
4524 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
4528 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
4529 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
4533 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
4534 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
4538 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
4542 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
4547 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
4549 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
4553 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
4555 =item B::UNOP METHOD
4559 =item B::BINOP METHOD
4563 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
4567 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
4571 =item B::PMOP METHODS
4573 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
4575 =item B::SVOP METHOD
4579 =item B::PADOP METHOD
4583 =item B::PVOP METHOD
4587 =item B::LOOP METHODS
4589 redoop, nextop, lastop
4591 =item B::COP METHODS
4593 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
4597 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
4599 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
4600 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
4601 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
4602 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
4608 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
4621 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
4633 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4645 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4655 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4656 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
4657 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the
4668 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
4678 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
4679 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
4689 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
4699 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
4700 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
4701 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
4713 =item Context of ".."
4717 =item Deprecated features
4725 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
4737 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
4747 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
4748 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
4750 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
4770 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
4782 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
4790 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
4792 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
4793 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
4795 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
4805 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
4815 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4821 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
4833 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
4845 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
4857 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
4867 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
4875 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4887 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
4901 =item Standard Exports
4903 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
4904 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
4905 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
4907 =item Optional Exports
4909 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
4910 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
4911 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
4927 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
4931 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
4945 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4955 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4956 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>,
4957 B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-Ppackage> Stores package in the
4968 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4980 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
4982 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4984 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
4985 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
4986 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4988 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4990 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4992 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4994 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4996 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4998 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
5000 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
5002 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
5004 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
5006 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
5008 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
5010 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
5012 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
5014 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
5016 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
5018 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
5019 B<:standard>, B<:all>
5023 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, -autoload,
5024 -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
5026 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
5028 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
5029 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
5034 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
5038 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
5040 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5042 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5044 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
5046 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5048 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5050 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5052 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
5055 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5059 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5063 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5065 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5067 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5069 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5071 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
5073 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
5074 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5076 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5080 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5084 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5086 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5088 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
5090 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5094 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5096 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5098 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5102 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
5104 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
5108 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
5112 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
5116 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
5120 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
5124 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
5126 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
5128 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
5132 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
5134 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
5135 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
5137 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
5143 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
5144 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
5146 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
5148 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
5149 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
5152 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
5158 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
5162 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
5164 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
5165 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
5166 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
5167 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_software ()>,
5168 B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>, B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>,
5169 B<http()>, B<https()>
5171 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
5173 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
5174 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
5178 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
5180 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
5182 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
5183 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
5185 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
5187 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5191 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
5192 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
5193 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
5194 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
5195 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
5196 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
5197 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
5198 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
5199 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
5200 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
5201 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
5202 ...and many many more..
5204 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
5212 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
5222 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5230 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
5239 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
5241 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
5245 =item Changing the default message
5257 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
5265 =item USING CGI::Cookie
5267 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
5271 =item Creating New Cookies
5273 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
5275 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
5277 =item Manipulating Cookies
5279 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
5283 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5291 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
5299 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
5301 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
5303 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
5305 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
5309 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5317 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
5327 =item Tags that won't be formatted
5329 =item Customizing the Indenting
5341 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
5349 =item USING CGI::Push
5351 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
5355 =item Heterogeneous Pages
5357 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
5361 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
5363 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5371 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
5381 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5389 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
5399 =item Interactive Mode
5401 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
5402 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
5403 distribution, Signals
5411 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
5413 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
5415 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
5417 =item Methods in the four Classes
5425 =item Finding packages and VERSION
5429 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
5435 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
5436 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
5437 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
5438 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
5442 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
5444 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
5452 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
5454 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
5456 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
5466 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
5476 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
5489 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
5499 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
5507 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
5517 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
5527 =item The C<struct()> function
5529 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
5531 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
5532 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
5534 =item Initializing with C<new>
5540 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
5542 =item Author and Modification History
5546 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
5554 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
5566 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
5570 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
5571 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
5572 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
5576 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
5577 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
5581 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
5582 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
5583 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
5587 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
5588 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
5589 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
5593 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
5594 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
5595 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
5596 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
5597 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
5598 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
5599 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
5600 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
5601 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
5602 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>,
5603 C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>,
5604 C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
5605 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
5606 C<d_getespwnam>, C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>,
5607 C<d_gethbyaddr>, C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>,
5608 C<d_gethostprotos>, C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>,
5609 C<d_getnbyaddr>, C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>,
5610 C<d_getpbyname>, C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>,
5611 C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>, C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>,
5612 C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getprpwnam>, C<d_getpwent>, C<d_getsbyname>,
5613 C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>, C<d_getspnam>,
5614 C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>, C<d_htonl>,
5615 C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>, C<d_isascii>,
5616 C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>, C<d_ldbl_dig>,
5617 C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>, C<d_longlong>,
5618 C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>, C<d_mbstowcs>,
5619 C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>, C<d_memmove>,
5620 C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>, C<d_mkstemp>,
5621 C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>, C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>,
5622 C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>, C<d_msg_peek>,
5623 C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>, C<d_msgsnd>,
5624 C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>, C<d_nv_preserves_uv>,
5625 C<d_nv_preserves_uv_bits>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
5626 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
5627 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
5628 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
5629 C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
5630 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
5631 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
5632 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
5633 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
5634 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
5635 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
5636 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
5637 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
5638 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
5639 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
5640 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
5641 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
5642 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
5643 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>,
5644 C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>,
5645 C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>,
5646 C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>,
5647 C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>,
5648 C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>,
5649 C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>,
5650 C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
5651 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
5652 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
5653 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
5654 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
5655 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
5656 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
5657 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
5661 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
5662 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
5666 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
5667 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
5671 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
5672 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
5676 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
5680 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
5681 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
5682 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
5683 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
5684 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
5685 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
5686 C<i_prot>, C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>,
5687 C<i_shadow>, C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>,
5688 C<i_string>, C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>,
5689 C<i_sysfilio>, C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>,
5690 C<i_sysmode>, C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>,
5691 C<i_syssecrt>, C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
5692 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
5693 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
5694 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
5695 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
5696 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
5697 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
5698 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
5699 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
5700 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
5701 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
5702 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
5706 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
5710 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
5711 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
5712 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
5713 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
5714 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
5719 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
5720 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
5721 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
5725 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
5726 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
5727 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
5731 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
5732 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
5733 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
5737 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
5738 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
5742 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
5747 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
5748 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
5749 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
5750 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
5754 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
5758 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
5759 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
5763 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
5764 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
5765 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
5766 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
5767 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
5768 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
5769 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>,
5770 C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>,
5771 C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>,
5772 C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>,
5773 C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>,
5774 C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>,
5775 C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>,
5776 C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
5780 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
5781 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
5785 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
5786 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
5787 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
5788 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
5789 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
5790 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
5791 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
5792 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
5797 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
5798 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
5799 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
5803 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
5815 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
5825 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
5837 =item Global Variables
5839 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
5840 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
5845 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
5846 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
5848 =item Client Callback Methods
5850 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
5851 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
5852 CLIENT->output(LIST)
5862 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
5870 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
5874 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
5876 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
5878 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
5880 =item Default Parameters
5882 =item In Memory Databases
5890 =item A Simple Example
5898 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
5900 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
5902 =item The get_dup() Method
5904 =item The find_dup() Method
5906 =item The del_dup() Method
5908 =item Matching Partial Keys
5916 =item The 'bval' Option
5918 =item A Simple Example
5920 =item Extra RECNO Methods
5922 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
5923 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
5925 =item Another Example
5929 =item THE API INTERFACE
5931 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
5932 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
5933 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
5934 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
5938 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
5939 B<filter_fetch_value>
5945 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
5947 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
5951 =item HINTS AND TIPS
5955 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
5957 =item Safe ways to lock a database
5959 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
5961 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
5963 =item The untie() Gotcha
5967 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
5971 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
5973 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
5975 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
5977 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
5997 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
5998 printing and C<eval>
6010 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
6011 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
6012 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
6019 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
6021 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6022 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6023 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6024 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6025 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6026 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6027 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6028 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6029 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6030 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6031 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6032 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
6052 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
6060 =item PROFILE FORMAT
6072 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
6084 =item A simple scalar string
6086 =item A simple scalar number
6088 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
6090 =item A reference to a simple scalar
6092 =item A reference to an array
6094 =item A reference to a hash
6096 =item Dumping a large array or hash
6098 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
6100 =item A reference to a subroutine
6114 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
6124 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
6134 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
6146 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
6147 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
6148 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
6153 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
6154 veryCompact, set, get
6160 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
6168 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
6169 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
6170 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
6171 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
6178 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
6191 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
6204 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
6219 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
6231 =item Selecting What To Export
6233 =item Specialised Import Lists
6235 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
6237 =item Module Version Checking
6239 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
6241 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
6247 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
6257 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
6278 mv source... destination
6280 cp source... destination
6298 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
6310 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
6311 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
6321 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
6331 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
6343 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
6344 packlist(), version()
6352 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
6360 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
6366 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
6376 =item VMS implementation
6378 =item Win32 implementation
6386 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6395 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
6399 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6410 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
6422 =item Preloaded methods
6442 =item SelfLoaded methods
6488 file_name_is_absolute
6494 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
6534 maybe_command_in_dirs
6572 replace_manpage_separator
6586 test_via_harness (o)
6616 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6627 =item Methods always loaded
6639 =item SelfLoaded methods
6641 guess_name (override)
6645 find_perl (override)
6649 maybe_command (override)
6651 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
6653 perl_script (override)
6655 file_name_is_absolute (override)
6657 replace_manpage_separator
6659 init_others (override)
6661 constants (override)
6665 const_cccmd (override)
6667 pm_to_blib (override)
6669 tool_autosplit (override)
6671 tool_sxubpp (override)
6673 xsubpp_version (override)
6675 tools_other (override)
6685 top_targets (override)
6689 dynamic_lib (override)
6691 dynamic_bs (override)
6693 static_lib (override)
6695 manifypods (override)
6697 processPL (override)
6699 installbin (override)
6705 realclean (override)
6707 dist_basics (override)
6709 dist_core (override)
6713 dist_test (override)
6717 perldepend (override)
6723 test_via_harness (override)
6725 test_via_script (override)
6727 makeaperl (override)
6731 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6758 test_via_harness (o)
6760 tool_autosplit (override)
6778 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
6788 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
6790 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
6798 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
6802 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
6804 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
6806 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
6808 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
6810 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
6811 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
6812 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
6813 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
6814 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
6815 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
6816 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
6817 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
6818 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
6819 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
6820 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
6821 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
6822 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
6823 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
6826 =item Additional lowercase attributes
6828 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
6831 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
6833 =item Hintsfile support
6835 =item Distribution Support
6837 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
6838 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
6839 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
6841 =item Disabling an extension
6855 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
6867 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
6871 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
6872 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
6880 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
6892 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
6902 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
6911 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
6919 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
6931 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
6939 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
6949 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
6961 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
6971 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
6975 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
6983 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
6987 C<basename>, C<dirname>
6991 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
7001 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
7015 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
7025 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
7027 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
7037 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
7045 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
7057 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
7065 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
7066 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
7072 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
7080 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
7081 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
7085 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
7093 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
7105 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
7119 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
7137 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
7165 file_name_is_absolute
7185 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
7195 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
7227 file_name_is_absolute
7249 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
7265 =item Methods always loaded
7267 canonpath (override)
7285 case_tolerant (override)
7289 file_name_is_absolute (override)
7291 splitpath (override)
7307 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
7341 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
7363 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
7377 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
7387 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
7395 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
7403 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
7405 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
7423 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
7437 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
7449 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
7457 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
7463 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
7471 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
7481 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
7497 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
7505 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
7507 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
7511 =item Simple options
7513 =item A little bit less simple options
7515 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
7517 =item Options with values
7519 =item Options with multiple values
7521 =item Options with hash values
7523 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
7525 =item Options with multiple names
7527 =item Case and abbreviations
7529 =item Summary of Option Specifications
7531 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
7535 =item Advanced Possibilities
7539 =item Documentation and help texts
7541 =item Storing options in a hash
7545 =item The lonesome dash
7547 =item Argument call-back
7551 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
7553 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
7554 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
7555 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
7556 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
7558 =item Return values and Errors
7564 =item Default destinations
7566 =item Alternative option starters
7568 =item Configuration variables
7574 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
7578 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
7589 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
7600 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
7610 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
7619 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
7620 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
7630 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
7640 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
7644 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
7652 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
7663 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
7667 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
7668 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
7669 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
7670 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
7682 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
7692 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
7696 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
7706 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
7716 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
7717 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
7727 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
7742 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
7757 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
7758 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
7759 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
7769 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
7784 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
7785 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
7795 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
7796 AF_INET domain sockets
7812 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
7825 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
7826 AF_UNIX domain sockets
7840 hostpath(), peerpath()
7850 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
7864 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
7877 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
7895 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
7905 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
7906 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
7917 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
7928 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
7929 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
7930 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
7941 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
7949 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
7958 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
7966 Canonical notation, Input, Output
7970 =item Autocreating constants
7978 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
7991 =item STRINGIFICATION
7995 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
8001 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
8003 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
8011 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
8019 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
8025 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
8027 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
8031 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
8033 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
8037 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
8039 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
8041 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
8042 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
8046 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
8056 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
8066 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
8078 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
8079 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
8089 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
8106 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
8123 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
8138 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
8155 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
8165 =item IMPLEMENTATION
8171 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
8181 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
8193 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
8195 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
8196 or optag, an operator set (opset)
8198 =item Opcode Functions
8200 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
8201 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
8202 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
8205 =item Manipulating Opsets
8213 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
8215 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
8216 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
8217 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
8226 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
8235 a new namespace, an operator mask
8241 =item RECENT CHANGES
8243 =item Methods in class Safe
8245 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
8246 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
8247 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
8248 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
8250 =item Some Safety Issues
8252 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
8260 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
8273 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
8287 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
8288 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
8289 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
8290 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
8291 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
8292 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
8293 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
8294 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
8295 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
8296 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
8297 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
8298 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
8299 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
8300 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
8301 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
8302 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
8303 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
8304 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
8305 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
8306 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
8307 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, stroul, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr,
8308 strtod, strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh,
8309 tcdrain, tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times,
8310 tmpfile, tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname,
8311 ungetc, unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid,
8312 wcstombs, wctomb, write
8318 =item POSIX::SigAction
8324 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
8326 =item POSIX::Termios
8328 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
8329 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
8330 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
8331 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
8332 values, c_oflag field values
8336 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
8340 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
8344 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
8404 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
8410 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
8416 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
8428 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
8429 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
8430 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
8431 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
8432 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
8433 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
8434 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
8435 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
8440 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
8441 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
8442 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
8443 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
8444 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
8445 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
8458 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
8461 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
8463 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
8465 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
8467 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
8469 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
8477 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
8487 B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc>
8495 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
8505 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
8506 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
8521 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
8534 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
8541 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
8565 =item B<was_cutting()>
8571 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
8601 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
8607 =item B<cmd_separator()>
8613 =item B<parse_tree()>
8619 =item B<file_line()>
8625 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
8667 =item B<left_delimiter()>
8673 =item B<right_delimiter()>
8679 =item B<parse_tree()>
8685 =item B<file_line()>
8697 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
8751 =head2 Pod::LaTeX - Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
8763 =item OBJECT METHODS
8771 =item Data Accessors
8787 B<ReplaceNAMEwithSection>
8803 =item Subclassed methods
8817 B<interior_sequence>
8833 =item Methods for headings
8841 =item Internal methods
8847 B<_replace_special_chars>
8853 B<_clean_latex_commands>
8869 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
8877 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
8882 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
8883 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
8893 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
8929 =item Pod::Hyperlink
8969 =item Pod::Cache::Item
8997 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
9009 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
9011 =item PARSING OPTIONS
9013 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
9014 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
9020 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
9028 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9036 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9042 =item B<textblock()>
9044 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9050 =item B<interior_sequence()>
9056 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
9068 =item B<initialize()>
9074 =item B<begin_pod()>
9080 =item B<begin_input()>
9086 =item B<end_input()>
9098 =item B<preprocess_line()>
9104 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
9110 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
9116 =item B<parse_text()>
9118 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
9119 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
9120 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
9126 =item B<interpolate()>
9132 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
9138 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
9144 =item B<parse_from_file()>
9150 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
9168 =item B<parseopts()>
9174 =item B<output_file()>
9180 =item B<output_handle()>
9186 =item B<input_file()>
9192 =item B<input_handle()>
9198 =item B<input_streams()>
9204 =item B<top_stream()>
9210 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
9216 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
9222 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
9228 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
9236 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
9256 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
9269 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
9271 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
9277 =item OBJECT METHODS
9283 =item B<curr_headings()>
9295 =item B<add_selection()>
9301 =item B<clear_selections()>
9307 =item B<match_section()>
9313 =item B<is_selected()>
9319 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
9325 =item B<podselect()>
9327 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
9333 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
9339 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
9345 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
9351 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
9363 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
9371 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
9375 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
9376 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
9388 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
9404 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
9405 text with format escapes
9419 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
9428 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
9437 =item Recommended Use
9445 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
9449 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
9459 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
9469 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
9479 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
9489 =item The __DATA__ token
9491 =item SelfLoader autoloading
9493 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
9495 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
9497 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
9499 =item Classes and inherited methods.
9503 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
9507 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
9519 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
9520 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
9528 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
9529 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
9530 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
9531 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
9532 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
9536 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
9546 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
9558 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
9559 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
9567 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
9568 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
9579 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
9589 Invalid attribute name %s, Identifier %s used only once: possible typo, No
9590 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword %s not allowed while "strict subs"
9599 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
9611 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
9619 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
9629 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
9630 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
9638 =item Minimal set of supported functions
9640 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
9641 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
9643 =item Additional supported functions
9645 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
9653 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
9663 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
9675 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
9685 =item The test script output
9693 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
9694 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
9695 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
9708 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
9720 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
9731 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
9732 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
9733 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
9734 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
9735 backslashed double-quote)
9741 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
9758 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
9773 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
9787 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
9798 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
9799 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
9800 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
9804 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
9812 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
9820 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
9822 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
9828 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
9836 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
9838 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
9842 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
9854 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
9864 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
9872 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
9873 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
9874 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
9875 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
9883 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
9892 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
9893 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
9894 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
9895 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
9897 =item MORE INFORMATION
9901 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
9909 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
9910 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
9914 =item MORE INFORMATION
9918 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
9936 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
9945 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
9947 =item MORE INFORMATION
9951 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
9963 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
9971 =item IMPLEMENTATION
9977 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
9992 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
10007 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
10019 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
10027 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
10028 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
10032 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
10047 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
10058 =item System Specifics
10072 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
10084 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
10086 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
10087 don't all have manual pages yet:
10113 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles