4 perltoc - perl documentation table of contents
8 This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl
9 documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped
10 through to locate the proper section you're looking for.
12 =head1 BASIC DOCUMENTATION
14 =head2 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
22 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules, embeddable and
23 extensible, roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous
24 DBM implementations), subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and
25 prototyped, arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions,
26 object-oriented programming, compilability into C code or Perl bytecode,
27 support for light-weight processes (threads), support for
28 internationalization, localization, and Unicode, lexical scoping, regular
29 expression enhancements, enhanced debugger and interactive Perl
30 environment, with integrated editor support, POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
50 =head2 perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23
57 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ, L<perlfaq1>: General Questions
58 About Perl, What is Perl?, Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it
59 free?, Which version of Perl should I use?, What are perl4 and perl5?, What
60 is perl6?, How stable is Perl?, Is Perl difficult to learn?, How does Perl
61 compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?, Can
62 I do [task] in Perl?, When shouldn't I program in Perl?, What's the
63 difference between "perl" and "Perl"?, Is it a Perl program or a Perl
64 script?, What is a JAPH?, Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?,
65 How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
66 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?, L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and
67 Learning about Perl, What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?, How
68 can I get a binary version of Perl?, I don't have a C compiler on my
69 system. How can I compile perl?, I copied the Perl binary from one machine
70 to another, but scripts don't work, I grabbed the sources and tried to
71 compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make
72 it work?, What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is
73 CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?, Is there an ISO or ANSI certified
74 version of Perl?, Where can I get information on Perl?, What are the Perl
75 newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions?, Where should I post
76 source code?, Perl Books, Perl in Magazines, Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW
77 Access, What mailing lists are there for perl?, Archives of
78 comp.lang.perl.misc, Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?, Where
79 do I send bug reports?, What is perl.com?, L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools,
80 How do I do (anything)?, How can I use Perl interactively?, Is there a Perl
81 shell?, How do I debug my Perl programs?, How do I profile my Perl
82 programs?, How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?, Is there a
83 pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?, Is there a ctags for Perl?, Is there
84 an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?, Where can I get Perl macros for vi?, Where
85 can I get perl-mode for emacs?, How can I use curses with Perl?, How can I
86 use X or Tk with Perl?, How can I generate simple menus without using CGI
87 or Tk?, What is undump?, How can I make my Perl program run faster?, How
88 can I make my Perl program take less memory?, Is it unsafe to return a
89 pointer to local data?, How can I free an array or hash so my program
90 shrinks?, How can I make my CGI script more efficient?, How can I hide the
91 source for my Perl program?, How can I compile my Perl program into byte
92 code or C?, How can I compile Perl into Java?, How can I get C<#!perl> to
93 work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?, Can I write useful perl programs on the command
94 line?, Why don't perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?, Where can
95 I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?, Where can I learn about
96 object-oriented Perl programming?, Where can I learn about linking C with
97 Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp], I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't
98 embed perl in my C program, what am I doing wrong?, When I tried to run my
99 script, I got this message. What does it mean?, What's MakeMaker?,
100 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation, Why am I getting long decimals (eg,
101 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?,
102 Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?, Does Perl have a round()
103 function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions?, How do I
104 convert bits into ints?, Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?, How do I
105 multiply matrices?, How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?,
106 How can I output Roman numerals?, Why aren't my random numbers random?, How
107 do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?, How do I find the current
108 century or millennium?, How can I compare two dates and find the
109 difference?, How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?, How
110 can I find the Julian Day?, How do I find yesterday's date?, Does Perl have
111 a year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?, How do I validate input?, How
112 do I unescape a string?, How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?,
113 How do I expand function calls in a string?, How do I find matching/nesting
114 anything?, How do I reverse a string?, How do I expand tabs in a string?,
115 How do I reformat a paragraph?, How can I access/change the first N letters
116 of a string?, How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?, How can I
117 count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string?, How do I
118 capitalize all the words on one line?, How can I split a [character]
119 delimited string except when inside [character]? (Comma-separated files),
120 How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?, How do I
121 pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?, How do I extract
122 selected columns from a string?, How do I find the soundex value of a
123 string?, How can I expand variables in text strings?, What's wrong with
124 always quoting "$vars"?, Why don't my <<HERE documents work?, What is the
125 difference between a list and an array?, What is the difference between
126 $array[1] and @array[1]?, How can I remove duplicate elements from a list
127 or array?, How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain
128 element?, How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
129 the intersection of two arrays?, How do I test whether two arrays or hashes
130 are equal?, How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
131 true?, How do I handle linked lists?, How do I handle circular lists?, How
132 do I shuffle an array randomly?, How do I process/modify each element of an
133 array?, How do I select a random element from an array?, How do I permute N
134 elements of a list?, How do I sort an array by (anything)?, How do I
135 manipulate arrays of bits?, Why does defined() return true on empty arrays
136 and hashes?, How do I process an entire hash?, What happens if I add or
137 remove keys from a hash while iterating over it?, How do I look up a hash
138 element by value?, How can I know how many entries are in a hash?, How do I
139 sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?, How can I always keep my
140 hash sorted?, What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with
141 hashes?, Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?, How
142 do I reset an each() operation part-way through?, How can I get the unique
143 keys from two hashes?, How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM
144 file?, How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?,
145 Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it?,
146 How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array
147 of hashes or arrays?, How can I use a reference as a hash key?, How do I
148 handle binary data correctly?, How do I determine whether a scalar is a
149 number/whole/integer/float?, How do I keep persistent data across program
150 calls?, How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?, How do I
151 define methods for every class/object?, How do I verify a credit card
152 checksum?, How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?,
153 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats, How do I flush/unbuffer an output
154 filehandle? Why must I do this?, How do I change one line in a file/delete
155 a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the
156 beginning of a file?, How do I count the number of lines in a file?, How do
157 I make a temporary file name?, How can I manipulate fixed-record-length
158 files?, How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
159 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?,
160 How can I use a filehandle indirectly?, How can I set up a footer format to
161 be used with write()?, How can I write() into a string?, How can I output
162 my numbers with commas added?, How can I translate tildes (~) in a
163 filename?, How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?, Why do
164 I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?, Is there a
165 leak/bug in glob()?, How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing
166 blanks?, How can I reliably rename a file?, How can I lock a file?, Why
167 can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?, I still don't get locking. I just
168 want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this?, How do I
169 randomly update a binary file?, How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?,
170 How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?, How do I print to more than one
171 file at once?, How can I read in an entire file all at once?, How can I
172 read in a file by paragraphs?, How can I read a single character from a
173 file? From the keyboard?, How can I tell whether there's a character
174 waiting on a filehandle?, How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?, How do I dup()
175 a filehandle in Perl?, How do I close a file descriptor by number?, Why
176 can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe`
177 work?, Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?, Why does Perl let me
178 delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't
179 this a bug in Perl?, How do I select a random line from a file?, Why do I
180 get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?, L<perlfaq6>: Regexps, How
181 can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and
182 unmaintainable code?, I'm having trouble matching over more than one line.
183 What's wrong?, How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are
184 themselves on different lines?, I put a regular expression into $/ but it
185 didn't work. What's wrong?, How do I substitute case insensitively on the
186 LHS, but preserving case on the RHS?, How can I make C<\w> match national
187 character sets?, How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?,
188 How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?, What is C</o> really for?,
189 How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file?,
190 Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?, What does it
191 mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?, How do I process
192 each word on each line?, How can I print out a word-frequency or
193 line-frequency summary?, How can I do approximate matching?, How do I
194 efficiently match many regular expressions at once?, Why don't
195 word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?, Why does using $&, $`, or
196 $' slow my program down?, What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?, Are
197 Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?, What's wrong with
198 using grep or map in a void context?, How can I match strings with
199 multibyte characters?, How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the
200 user?, L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues, Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE
201 for the Perl language?, What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how
202 do I know when to use them?, Do I always/never have to quote my strings or
203 use semicolons and commas?, How do I skip some return values?, How do I
204 temporarily block warnings?, What's an extension?, Why do Perl operators
205 have different precedence than C operators?, How do I declare/create a
206 structure?, How do I create a module?, How do I create a class?, How can I
207 tell if a variable is tainted?, What's a closure?, What is variable suicide
208 and how can I prevent it?, How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle,
209 Array, Hash, Method, Regex}?, How do I create a static variable?, What's
210 the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between
211 local() and my()?, How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly
212 named lexical is in scope?, What's the difference between deep and shallow
213 binding?, Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?, How do I redefine a
214 builtin function, operator, or method?, What's the difference between
215 calling a function as &foo and foo()?, How do I create a switch or case
216 statement?, How can I catch accesses to undefined
217 variables/functions/methods?, Why can't a method included in this same file
218 be found?, How can I find out my current package?, How can I comment out a
219 large block of perl code?, How do I clear a package?, How can I use a
220 variable as a variable name?, L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction, How do I
221 find out which operating system I'm running under?, How come exec() doesn't
222 return?, How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?, How do I
223 print something out in color?, How do I read just one key without waiting
224 for a return key?, How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?,
225 How do I clear the screen?, How do I get the screen size?, How do I ask the
226 user for a password?, How do I read and write the serial port?, How do I
227 decode encrypted password files?, How do I start a process in the
228 background?, How do I trap control characters/signals?, How do I modify the
229 shadow password file on a Unix system?, How do I set the time and date?,
230 How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?, How can I measure time
231 under a second?, How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
232 handling), Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)?
233 What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?, How can I call
234 my system's unique C functions from Perl?, Where do I get the include files
235 to do ioctl() or syscall()?, Why do setuid perl scripts complain about
236 kernel problems?, How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?, Why
237 can't I get the output of a command with system()?, How can I capture
238 STDERR from an external command?, Why doesn't open() return an error when a
239 pipe open fails?, What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?, How
240 can I call backticks without shell processing?, Why can't my script read
241 from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)?, How can I
242 convert my shell script to perl?, Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp
243 session?, How can I write expect in Perl?, Is there a way to hide perl's
244 command line from programs such as "ps"?, I {changed directory, modified my
245 environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I
246 exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible?, How do I close
247 a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete?, How do I fork a
248 daemon process?, How do I make my program run with sh and csh?, How do I
249 find out if I'm running interactively or not?, How do I timeout a slow
250 event?, How do I set CPU limits?, How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?,
251 How do I use an SQL database?, How do I make a system() exit on control-C?,
252 How do I open a file without blocking?, How do I install a module from
253 CPAN?, What's the difference between require and use?, How do I keep my own
254 module/library directory?, How do I add the directory my program lives in
255 to the module/library search path?, How do I add a directory to my include
256 path at runtime?, What is socket.ph and where do I get it?, L<perlfaq9>:
257 Networking, My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser.
258 (500 Server Error), How can I get better error messages from a CGI
259 program?, How do I remove HTML from a string?, How do I extract URLs?, How
260 do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on
261 another machine?, How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?, How do I fetch an
262 HTML file?, How do I automate an HTML form submission?, How do I decode or
263 create those %-encodings on the web?, How do I redirect to another page?,
264 How do I put a password on my web pages?, How do I edit my .htpasswd and
265 .htgroup files with Perl?, How do I make sure users can't enter values into
266 a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?, How do I parse a mail
267 header?, How do I decode a CGI form?, How do I check a valid mail address?,
268 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?, How do I return the user's mail
269 address?, How do I send mail?, How do I read mail?, How do I find out my
270 hostname/domainname/IP address?, How do I fetch a news article or the
271 active newsgroups?, How do I fetch/put an FTP file?, How can I do RPC in
276 =item Where to get this document
278 =item How to contribute to this document
280 =item What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
287 =item Author and Copyright Information
291 =item Bundled Distributions
299 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97,
300 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97
304 =head2 perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date:
305 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
315 =item Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
317 =item Which version of Perl should I use?
319 =item What are perl4 and perl5?
323 =item How stable is Perl?
325 =item Is Perl difficult to learn?
327 =item How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX,
330 =item Can I do [task] in Perl?
332 =item When shouldn't I program in Perl?
334 =item What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
336 =item Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
338 =item What is a JAPH?
340 =item Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
342 =item How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
343 (5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language)?
347 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
351 =head2 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $,
352 $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
360 =item What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
362 =item How can I get a binary version of Perl?
364 =item I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
366 =item I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
369 =item I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
370 loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
372 =item What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN?
373 What does CPAN/src/... mean?
375 =item Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
377 =item Where can I get information on Perl?
379 =item What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
381 =item Where should I post source code?
385 References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics
387 =item Perl in Magazines
389 =item Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
391 =item What mailing lists are there for Perl?
393 =item Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
395 =item Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
397 =item Where do I send bug reports?
399 =item What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
403 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
407 =head2 perlfaq3 - Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
416 =item How do I do (anything)?
418 =item How can I use Perl interactively?
420 =item Is there a Perl shell?
422 =item How do I debug my Perl programs?
424 =item How do I profile my Perl programs?
426 =item How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
428 =item Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
430 =item Is there a ctags for Perl?
432 =item Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?
434 =item Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
436 =item Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
438 =item How can I use curses with Perl?
440 =item How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
442 =item How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
444 =item What is undump?
446 =item How can I make my Perl program run faster?
448 =item How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
450 =item Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
452 =item How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
454 =item How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
456 =item How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
458 =item How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
460 =item How can I compile Perl into Java?
462 =item How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?
464 =item Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
466 =item Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
468 =item Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
470 =item Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
472 =item Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
474 =item I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in
475 my C program, what am I doing wrong?
477 =item When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
480 =item What's MakeMaker?
484 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
488 =head2 perlfaq4 - Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
499 =item Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the
500 numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
502 =item Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly?
504 =item Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
507 =item How do I convert bits into ints?
509 =item Why doesn't & work the way I want it to?
511 =item How do I multiply matrices?
513 =item How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
515 =item How can I output Roman numerals?
517 =item Why aren't my random numbers random?
525 =item How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
527 =item How do I find the current century or millennium?
529 =item How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
531 =item How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
533 =item How can I find the Julian Day?
535 =item How do I find yesterday's date?
537 =item Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?
545 =item How do I validate input?
547 =item How do I unescape a string?
549 =item How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
551 =item How do I expand function calls in a string?
553 =item How do I find matching/nesting anything?
555 =item How do I reverse a string?
557 =item How do I expand tabs in a string?
559 =item How do I reformat a paragraph?
561 =item How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
563 =item How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
565 =item How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
568 =item How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
570 =item How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
571 [character]? (Comma-separated files)
573 =item How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
575 =item How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
577 =item How do I extract selected columns from a string?
579 =item How do I find the soundex value of a string?
581 =item How can I expand variables in text strings?
583 =item What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"?
585 =item Why don't my <<HERE documents work?
587 1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be
588 a semicolon at the end, 3. You can't (easily) have any space in front of
597 =item What is the difference between a list and an array?
599 =item What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
601 =item How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?
603 a) If @in is sorted, and you want @out to be sorted: (this assumes all true
604 values in the array), b) If you don't know whether @in is sorted:, c) Like
605 (b), but @in contains only small integers:, d) A way to do (b) without any
606 loops or greps:, e) Like (d), but @in contains only small positive
609 =item How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
611 =item How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the
612 intersection of two arrays?
614 =item How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
616 =item How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true?
618 =item How do I handle linked lists?
620 =item How do I handle circular lists?
622 =item How do I shuffle an array randomly?
624 =item How do I process/modify each element of an array?
626 =item How do I select a random element from an array?
628 =item How do I permute N elements of a list?
630 =item How do I sort an array by (anything)?
632 =item How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
634 =item Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?
638 =item Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)
642 =item How do I process an entire hash?
644 =item What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over
647 =item How do I look up a hash element by value?
649 =item How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
651 =item How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
653 =item How can I always keep my hash sorted?
655 =item What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes?
657 =item Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
659 =item How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
661 =item How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
663 =item How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
665 =item How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
667 =item Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
670 =item How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or
671 array of hashes or arrays?
673 =item How can I use a reference as a hash key?
681 =item How do I handle binary data correctly?
683 =item How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float?
685 =item How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
687 =item How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
689 =item How do I define methods for every class/object?
691 =item How do I verify a credit card checksum?
693 =item How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?
697 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
701 =head2 perlfaq5 - Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
710 =item How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
712 =item How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
713 line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
715 =item How do I count the number of lines in a file?
717 =item How do I make a temporary file name?
719 =item How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
721 =item How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
722 filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles?
724 =item How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
726 =item How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
728 =item How can I write() into a string?
730 =item How can I output my numbers with commas added?
732 =item How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
734 =item How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
736 =item Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use <*>?
738 =item Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
740 =item How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks?
742 =item How can I reliably rename a file?
744 =item How can I lock a file?
746 =item Why can't I just open(FH, ">file.lock")?
748 =item I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in
749 the file. How can I do this?
751 =item How do I randomly update a binary file?
753 =item How do I get a file's timestamp in perl?
755 =item How do I set a file's timestamp in perl?
757 =item How do I print to more than one file at once?
759 =item How can I read in an entire file all at once?
761 =item How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
763 =item How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
765 =item How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle?
767 =item How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl?
769 =item How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
771 =item How do I close a file descriptor by number?
773 =item Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't
774 `C:\temp\foo.exe` work?
776 =item Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files?
778 =item Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber
779 protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?
781 =item How do I select a random line from a file?
783 =item Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?
787 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
791 =head2 perlfaq6 - Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
799 =item How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible
800 and unmaintainable code?
802 Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters
804 =item I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong?
806 =item How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on
809 =item I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong?
811 =item How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS, but preserving
814 =item How can I make C<\w> match national character sets?
816 =item How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>?
818 =item How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
820 =item What is C</o> really for?
822 =item How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
825 =item Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
827 =item What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it?
829 =item How do I process each word on each line?
831 =item How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
833 =item How can I do approximate matching?
835 =item How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
837 =item Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me?
839 =item Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down?
841 =item What good is C<\G> in a regular expression?
843 =item Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
845 =item What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
847 =item How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
849 =item How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?
853 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
857 =head2 perlfaq7 - Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date:
858 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
866 =item Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
868 =item What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to
871 =item Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
874 =item How do I skip some return values?
876 =item How do I temporarily block warnings?
878 =item What's an extension?
880 =item Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
882 =item How do I declare/create a structure?
884 =item How do I create a module?
886 =item How do I create a class?
888 =item How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
890 =item What's a closure?
892 =item What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
894 =item How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
897 Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes,
900 =item How do I create a static variable?
902 =item What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
903 Between local() and my()?
905 =item How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
908 =item What's the difference between deep and shallow binding?
910 =item Why doesn't "my($foo) = <FILE>;" work right?
912 =item How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
914 =item What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
916 =item How do I create a switch or case statement?
918 =item How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
920 =item Why can't a method included in this same file be found?
922 =item How can I find out my current package?
924 =item How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
926 =item How do I clear a package?
928 =item How can I use a variable as a variable name?
932 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
936 =head2 perlfaq8 - System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23
945 =item How do I find out which operating system I'm running under?
947 =item How come exec() doesn't return?
949 =item How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?
951 Keyboard, Screen, Mouse
953 =item How do I print something out in color?
955 =item How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
957 =item How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
959 =item How do I clear the screen?
961 =item How do I get the screen size?
963 =item How do I ask the user for a password?
965 =item How do I read and write the serial port?
967 lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input
969 =item How do I decode encrypted password files?
971 =item How do I start a process in the background?
973 STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies
975 =item How do I trap control characters/signals?
977 =item How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
979 =item How do I set the time and date?
981 =item How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
983 =item How can I measure time under a second?
985 =item How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling)
987 =item Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
988 does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean?
990 =item How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl?
992 =item Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
994 =item Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
996 =item How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
998 =item Why can't I get the output of a command with system()?
1000 =item How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
1002 =item Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
1004 =item What's wrong with using backticks in a void context?
1006 =item How can I call backticks without shell processing?
1008 =item Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix,
1011 =item How can I convert my shell script to perl?
1013 =item Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
1015 =item How can I write expect in Perl?
1017 =item Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as
1020 =item I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How
1021 come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my
1022 changes to be visible?
1026 =item How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to
1029 =item How do I fork a daemon process?
1031 =item How do I make my program run with sh and csh?
1033 =item How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not?
1035 =item How do I timeout a slow event?
1037 =item How do I set CPU limits?
1039 =item How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
1041 =item How do I use an SQL database?
1043 =item How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
1045 =item How do I open a file without blocking?
1047 =item How do I install a module from CPAN?
1049 =item What's the difference between require and use?
1051 =item How do I keep my own module/library directory?
1053 =item How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library
1056 =item How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
1058 =item What is socket.ph and where do I get it?
1062 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1066 =head2 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30
1075 =item My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
1078 =item How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
1080 =item How do I remove HTML from a string?
1082 =item How do I extract URLs?
1084 =item How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a
1085 file on another machine?
1087 =item How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
1089 =item How do I fetch an HTML file?
1091 =item How do I automate an HTML form submission?
1093 =item How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
1095 =item How do I redirect to another page?
1097 =item How do I put a password on my web pages?
1099 =item How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
1101 =item How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my
1102 CGI script to do bad things?
1104 =item How do I parse a mail header?
1106 =item How do I decode a CGI form?
1108 =item How do I check a valid mail address?
1110 =item How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
1112 =item How do I return the user's mail address?
1114 =item How do I send mail?
1116 =item How do I read mail?
1118 =item How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
1120 =item How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
1122 =item How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
1124 =item How can I do RPC in Perl?
1128 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
1132 =head2 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6.0
1138 =item Core Enhancements
1142 =item Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
1144 =item Lexically scoped warning categories
1146 =item Unicode and UTF-8 support
1148 =item Support for interpolating named characters
1150 =item "our" declarations
1152 =item Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
1154 =item Improved Perl version numbering system
1156 =item New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
1158 =item File and directory handles can be autovivified
1160 =item open() with more than two arguments
1162 =item 64-bit support
1164 =item Large file support
1170 =item Enhanced support for sort() subroutines
1172 =item C<sort $coderef @foo> allowed
1174 =item File globbing implemented internally
1176 Support for CHECK blocks
1178 =item POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
1180 Better pseudo-random number generator
1182 =item Improved C<qw//> operator
1184 Better worst-case behavior of hashes
1186 =item pack() format 'Z' supported
1188 =item pack() format modifier '!' supported
1190 =item pack() and unpack() support counted strings
1192 =item Comments in pack() templates
1194 =item Weak references
1196 =item Binary numbers supported
1198 =item Lvalue subroutines
1200 =item Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
1202 =item Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
1204 =item exists() is supported on subroutine names
1206 =item exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
1208 =item Pseudo-hashes work better
1210 =item Automatic flushing of output buffers
1212 =item Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
1214 =item Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
1216 =item eof() has the same old magic as <>
1218 =item binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes
1220 =item C<-T> filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as "text"
1222 =item system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
1224 =item Improved diagnostics
1226 =item Diagnostics follow STDERR
1228 More consistent close-on-exec behavior
1230 =item syswrite() ease-of-use
1232 =item Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
1234 =item Bit operators support full native integer width
1236 =item Improved security features
1238 More functional bareword prototype (*)
1240 =item C<require> and C<do> may be overridden
1242 =item $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
1244 =item New variable $^C reflects C<-c> switch
1246 =item New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
1248 =item Optional Y2K warnings
1252 =item Modules and Pragmata
1258 attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper,
1259 DB, DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
1260 Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec,
1261 File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO, JPL, lib, Math::BigInt,
1262 Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker,
1263 podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage,
1264 pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname,
1265 Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters
1271 =item Utility Changes
1285 =item The Perl Debugger
1289 =item Improved Documentation
1291 perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod,
1292 perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod,
1293 perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod,
1294 perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod
1296 =item Performance enhancements
1300 =item Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
1302 =item Optimized assignments to lexical variables
1304 =item Faster subroutine calls
1306 delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster
1310 =item Installation and Configuration Improvements
1314 =item -Dusethreads means something different
1316 =item New Configure flags
1318 =item Threadedness and 64-bitness now more daring
1324 =item -Duselargefiles
1326 =item installusrbinperl
1332 =item Enhanced Installation Directories
1336 =item Platform specific changes
1340 =item Supported platforms
1344 =item OS390 (OpenEdition MVS)
1352 =item Significant bug fixes
1356 =item <HANDLE> on empty files
1358 =item C<eval '...'> improvements
1360 =item All compilation errors are true errors
1362 =item Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
1364 =item Behavior of list slices is more consistent
1366 =item C<(\$)> prototype and C<$foo{a}>
1368 =item C<goto &sub> and AUTOLOAD
1370 =item C<-bareword> allowed under C<use integer>
1372 =item Failures in DESTROY()
1374 =item Locale bugs fixed
1378 =item Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
1380 =item Taint failures under C<-U>
1382 =item END blocks and the C<-c> switch
1384 =item Potential to leak DATA filehandles
1388 =item New or Changed Diagnostics
1390 "%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet
1391 implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, '!' allowed only after types %s,
1392 / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed
1393 by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape
1394 \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class
1395 passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too
1396 early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s
1397 argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a
1398 subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word:
1399 %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled
1400 substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional,
1401 Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector
1402 size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can't check
1403 filesystem of script "%s", Can't declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s",
1404 Can't declare %s in "%s", Can't ignore signal CHLD, forcing to default,
1405 Can't modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can't read CRTL environ, Can't
1406 remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can't return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can't
1407 weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class
1408 syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference,
1409 constant(%s): %s, CORE::%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated,
1410 defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean
1411 "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective
1412 %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for
1413 output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires
1414 explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable,
1415 Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter:
1416 |%s|, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal
1417 number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute:
1418 %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid
1419 separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in
1420 subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs
1421 returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing
1422 %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub",
1423 No %s specified for -%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our",
1424 No space allowed after -%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time
1425 is UTC, Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref,
1426 panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing
1427 around "%s" list, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use
1428 "sub NAME : ATTRS" instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count
1429 in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed
1430 memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can't take arguments,
1431 Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not
1432 implemented, This Perl can't reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl
1433 can't set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown
1434 open() mode '%s', Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s,
1435 Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter
1436 in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute
1437 parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute
1438 list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant
1443 =item Incompatible Changes
1447 =item Perl Source Incompatibilities
1449 CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed
1451 =item Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different
1453 Literals of the form C<1.2.3> parse differently, Possibly changed
1454 pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed,
1455 C<undef> fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe
1456 and socket handles, Writing C<"$$1"> to mean C<"${$}1"> is unsupported,
1457 delete(), values() and C<\(%h)> operate on aliases to values, not copies,
1458 vec(EXPR,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS, Text of some diagnostic
1459 output has changed, C<%@> has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves
1460 like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype C<(*)> have changed
1462 =item Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64-bit platforms
1464 =item More builtins taint their results
1466 =item C Source Incompatibilities
1468 C<PERL_POLLUTE>, C<PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT>, C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
1470 =item Compatible C Source API Changes
1472 C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
1474 =item Binary Incompatibilities
1478 =item Known Problems
1482 =item Thread test failures
1484 =item EBCDIC platforms not supported
1486 =item In 64-bit HP-UX the lib/io_multihomed test may hang
1488 =item NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure
1490 =item Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX, aka DEC OSF/1) lib/sdbm test failure with
1493 =item UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
1495 =item Arrow operator and arrays
1499 =item Experimental features
1501 Threads, Unicode, 64-bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The
1502 pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file
1503 globbing, The DB module, The regular expression constructs C<(?{ code })>
1508 =item Obsolete Diagnostics
1510 Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed
1511 logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter, Probable precedence problem on %s,
1512 regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
1514 =item Reporting Bugs
1522 =head2 perldata - Perl data types
1530 =item Variable names
1536 =item Scalar value constructors
1538 =item List value constructors
1542 =item Typeglobs and Filehandles
1550 =head2 perlsyn - Perl syntax
1560 =item Simple statements
1562 =item Compound statements
1570 =item Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
1574 =item PODs: Embedded Documentation
1576 =item Plain Old Comments (Not!)
1582 =head2 perlop - Perl operators and precedence
1592 =item Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
1594 =item The Arrow Operator
1596 =item Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
1598 =item Exponentiation
1600 =item Symbolic Unary Operators
1602 =item Binding Operators
1604 =item Multiplicative Operators
1606 =item Additive Operators
1608 =item Shift Operators
1610 =item Named Unary Operators
1612 =item Relational Operators
1614 =item Equality Operators
1618 =item Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
1620 =item C-style Logical And
1622 =item C-style Logical Or
1624 =item Range Operators
1626 =item Conditional Operator
1628 =item Assignment Operators
1630 =item Comma Operator
1632 =item List Operators (Rightward)
1638 =item Logical or and Exclusive Or
1640 =item C Operators Missing From Perl
1642 unary &, unary *, (TYPE)
1644 =item Quote and Quote-like Operators
1646 =item Regexp Quote-Like Operators
1648 ?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, C<'STRING'>,
1649 qq/STRING/, "STRING", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/,
1650 s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC,
1651 y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cdsUC
1653 =item Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
1655 Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation,
1656 C<<<'EOF'>, C<m''>, C<s'''>, C<tr///>, C<y///>, C<''>, C<q//>, C<"">,
1657 C<``>, C<qq//>, C<qx//>, C<< <file*glob> >>, C<?RE?>, C</RE/>, C<m/RE/>,
1658 C<s/RE/foo/>,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of
1663 =item Constant Folding
1665 =item Bitwise String Operators
1667 =item Integer Arithmetic
1669 =item Floating-point Arithmetic
1671 =item Bigger Numbers
1677 =head2 perlre - Perl regular expressions
1687 =item Regular Expressions
1689 cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit
1691 =item Extended Patterns
1693 C<(?#text)>, C<(?imsx-imsx)>, C<(?:pattern)>, C<(?imsx-imsx:pattern)>,
1694 C<(?=pattern)>, C<(?!pattern)>, C<(?<=pattern)>, C<(?<!pattern)>, C<(?{
1695 code })>, C<(??{ code })>, C<< (?>pattern) >>,
1696 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>, C<(?(condition)yes-pattern)>
1700 =item Version 8 Regular Expressions
1702 =item Warning on \1 vs $1
1704 =item Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring
1706 =item Combining pieces together
1708 C<ST>, C<S|T>, C<S{REPEAT_COUNT}>, C<S{min,max}>, C<S{min,max}?>, C<S?>,
1709 C<S*>, C<S+>, C<S??>, C<S*?>, C<S+?>, C<< (?>S) >>, C<(?=S)>, C<(?<=S)>,
1710 C<(?!S)>, C<(?<!S)>, C<(??{ EXPR })>,
1711 C<(?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)>
1713 =item Creating custom RE engines
1723 =head2 perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter
1733 =item #! and quoting on non-Unix systems
1735 OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS
1737 =item Location of Perl
1739 =item Command Switches
1741 B<-0>[I<digits>], B<-a>, B<-C>, B<-c>, B<-d>, B<-d:>I<foo>,
1742 B<-D>I<letters>, B<-D>I<number>, B<-e> I<commandline>, B<-F>I<pattern>,
1743 B<-h>, B<-i>[I<extension>], B<-I>I<directory>, B<-l>[I<octnum>],
1744 B<-m>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<module>, B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'>,
1745 B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...>, B<-n>, B<-p>, B<-P>, B<-s>, B<-S>,
1746 B<-T>, B<-u>, B<-U>, B<-v>, B<-V>, B<-V:>I<name>, B<-w>, B<-W>, B<-X>,
1753 HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL
1754 (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL,
1755 PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)
1759 =head2 perlfunc - Perl builtin functions
1767 =item Perl Functions by Category
1769 Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching,
1770 Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data,
1771 Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed
1772 length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories,
1773 Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related
1774 to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process
1775 groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and
1776 object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess
1777 communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network
1778 info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted
1783 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
1785 I<-X> FILEHANDLE, I<-X> EXPR, I<-X>, abs VALUE, abs, accept
1786 NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME,
1787 binmode FILEHANDLE, DISCIPLINE, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME,
1788 bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE,
1789 chomp LIST, chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop LIST, chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER,
1790 chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE,
1791 connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT,
1792 dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete
1793 EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump,
1794 each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST,
1795 exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl
1796 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION,
1797 fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin,
1798 getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam
1799 NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname
1800 NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr
1801 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER,
1802 getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent,
1803 getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent
1804 STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent,
1805 endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET,
1806 getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL,
1807 goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex,
1808 import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl
1809 FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST,
1810 last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length,
1811 link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR,
1812 lock, log EXPR, log, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK
1813 LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl
1814 ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd
1815 ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES, next LABEL, next, no Module
1816 LIST, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open
1817 FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, pack
1818 TEMPLATE,LIST, package, package NAMESPACE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop
1819 ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print,
1820 printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION,
1821 push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/,
1822 quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read
1823 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir
1824 DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv
1825 SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename
1826 OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset,
1827 return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex
1828 STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar
1829 EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select
1830 FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl
1831 ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send
1832 SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority
1833 WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY,
1834 shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE,
1835 shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep
1836 EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair
1837 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST,
1838 sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,
1839 splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split
1840 /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, sqrt EXPR,
1841 sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR,
1842 study, sub BLOCK, sub NAME, sub NAME BLOCK, substr
1843 EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr
1844 EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
1845 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread
1846 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek
1847 FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite
1848 FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,
1849 syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie
1850 VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate
1851 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR,
1852 ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack
1853 TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST,
1854 use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST,
1855 values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn
1856 LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///
1862 =head2 perlvar - Perl predefined variables
1870 =item Predefined Names
1872 $ARG, $_, $<I<digits>>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $`, $POSTMATCH, $',
1873 $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*,
1874 input_line_number HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $,
1875 input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR, $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/,
1876 autoflush HANDLE EXPR, $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $|, output_field_separator HANDLE
1877 EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE
1878 EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $",
1879 $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE
1880 EXPR, $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR,
1881 $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR,
1882 $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $-, @LAST_MATCH_START, @-, C<$`> is the same as
1883 C<substr($var, 0, $-[0])>, C<$&> is the same as C<substr($var, $-[0], $+[0]
1884 - $-[0])>, C<$'> is the same as C<substr($var, $+[0])>, C<$1> is the same
1885 as C<substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])>, C<$2> is the same as
1886 C<substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])>, C<$3> is the same as C<substr $var,
1887 $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])>, format_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_NAME, $~,
1888 format_top_name HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^,
1889 format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS,
1890 $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A,
1891 $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E,
1892 $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<,
1893 $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(,
1894 $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C,
1895 $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M,
1896 $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80,
1897 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S,
1898 $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS},
1899 ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC,
1900 %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}
1902 =item Error Indicators
1904 =item Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names
1912 =head2 perlsub - Perl subroutines
1922 =item Private Variables via my()
1924 =item Persistent Private Variables
1926 =item Temporary Values via local()
1928 =item Lvalue subroutines
1930 =item Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
1932 =item When to Still Use local()
1934 1. You need to give a global variable a temporary value, especially $_, 2.
1935 You need to create a local file or directory handle or a local function, 3.
1936 You want to temporarily change just one element of an array or hash
1938 =item Pass by Reference
1942 =item Constant Functions
1944 =item Overriding Built-in Functions
1948 =item Subroutine Attributes
1956 =head2 perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
1968 =item Package Constructors and Destructors
1980 =head2 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
1986 =item THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
1990 =item Pragmatic Modules
1992 attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, caller, charnames, constant,
1993 diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, ops, overload,
1994 re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings
1996 =item Standard Modules
1998 AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock,
1999 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint,
2000 B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI,
2001 CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push,
2002 CGI::Switch, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy,
2003 Class::Struct, Config, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Data::Dumper, Devel::DProf,
2004 Devel::Peek, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English,
2005 Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Embed,
2006 ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist,
2007 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS,
2008 ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest,
2009 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist,
2010 ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree,
2011 File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Glob,
2012 File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac,
2013 File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32,
2014 File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long,
2015 Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO, IO::Dir, IO::File, IO::Handle, IO::Pipe,
2016 IO::Poll, IO::Seekable, IO::Select, IO::Socket, IO::Socket::INET,
2017 IO::Socket::UNIX, IPC::Msg, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, IPC::Semaphore,
2018 IPC::SysV, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig,
2019 Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O,
2020 Opcode, POSIX, Pod::Checker, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Man,
2021 Pod::Parser, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Usage,
2022 SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket,
2023 Symbol, Sys::Hostname, Sys::Syslog, Term::Cap, Term::Complete,
2024 Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords,
2025 Text::Soundex, Text::Wrap, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash,
2026 Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime,
2027 Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL, User::grent, User::pwent
2029 =item Extension Modules
2035 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools, Development Support, Operating
2036 System Interfaces, Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess
2037 Communication, Data Types and Data Type Utilities, Database Interfaces,
2038 User Interfaces, Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages,
2039 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles), String
2040 Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching, Option,
2041 Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing,
2042 Internationalization and Locale, Authentication, Security, and Encryption,
2043 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME, Server and Daemon Utilities,
2044 Archiving and Compression, Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing,
2045 and Graphing, Mail and Usenet News, Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and
2046 exceptions etc), File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities,
2047 Miscellaneous Modules, Africa, Asia, Australasia, Central America, Europe,
2048 North America, South America
2050 =item Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
2054 =item Guidelines for Module Creation
2056 Do similar modules already exist in some form?, Try to design the new
2057 module to be easy to extend and reuse, Some simple style guidelines, Select
2058 what to export, Select a name for the module, Have you got it right?,
2059 README and other Additional Files, A description of the
2060 module/package/extension etc, A copyright notice - see below, Prerequisites
2061 - what else you may need to have, How to build it - possible changes to
2062 Makefile.PL etc, How to install it, Recent changes in this release,
2063 especially incompatibilities, Changes / enhancements you plan to make in
2064 the future, Adding a Copyright Notice, Give the module a
2065 version/issue/release number, How to release and distribute a module, Take
2066 care when changing a released module
2068 =item Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2070 There is no requirement to convert anything, Consider the implications,
2071 Make the most of the opportunity, The pl2pm utility will get you started,
2072 Adds the standard Module prologue lines, Converts package specifiers from '
2073 to ::, Converts die(...) to croak(...), Several other minor changes
2075 =item Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2077 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library, Many
2078 applications contain some Perl code that could be reused, Break-out the
2079 reusable code into one or more separate module files, Take the opportunity
2080 to reconsider and redesign the interfaces, In some cases the 'application'
2081 can then be reduced to a small
2089 =head2 perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules
2099 B<DECOMPRESS> the file, B<UNPACK> the file into a directory, B<BUILD> the
2100 module (sometimes unnecessary), B<INSTALL> the module
2112 =head2 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
2122 =item Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
2124 $$ or $PROCESS_ID, %ENV, chdir() and all other builtins that accept
2125 filenames, wait() and waitpid(), kill(), exec(), exit(), Open handles to
2126 files, directories and network sockets
2128 =item Resource limits
2130 =item Killing the parent process
2132 =item Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
2134 =item CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
2136 BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented,
2137 Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger
2138 application, Thread-safety of extensions
2150 =head2 perlform - Perl formats
2158 =item Format Variables
2168 =item Accessing Formatting Internals
2176 =head2 perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and
2183 =item PREPARING TO USE LOCALES
2189 =item The use locale pragma
2191 =item The setlocale function
2193 =item Finding locales
2195 =item LOCALE PROBLEMS
2197 =item Temporarily fixing locale problems
2199 =item Permanently fixing locale problems
2201 =item Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration
2203 =item Fixing system locale configuration
2205 =item The localeconv function
2209 =item LOCALE CATEGORIES
2213 =item Category LC_COLLATE: Collation
2215 =item Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types
2217 =item Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting
2219 =item Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts
2223 =item Other categories
2229 B<Comparison operators> (C<lt>, C<le>, C<ge>, C<gt> and C<cmp>):,
2230 B<Case-mapping interpolation> (with C<\l>, C<\L>, C<\u> or C<\U>),
2231 B<Matching operator> (C<m//>):, B<Substitution operator> (C<s///>):,
2232 B<Output formatting functions> (printf() and write()):, B<Case-mapping
2233 functions> (lc(), lcfirst(), uc(), ucfirst()):, B<POSIX locale-dependent
2234 functions> (localeconv(), strcoll(), strftime(), strxfrm()):, B<POSIX
2235 character class tests> (isalnum(), isalpha(), isdigit(), isgraph(),
2236 islower(), isprint(), ispunct(), isspace(), isupper(), isxdigit()):
2240 PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY,
2241 LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG
2247 =item Backward compatibility
2249 =item I18N:Collate obsolete
2251 =item Sort speed and memory use impacts
2253 =item write() and LC_NUMERIC
2255 =item Freely available locale definitions
2259 =item An imperfect standard
2267 =item Broken systems
2277 =head2 perlref - Perl references and nested data structures
2287 =item Making References
2289 =item Using References
2291 =item Symbolic references
2293 =item Not-so-symbolic references
2295 =item Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash
2297 =item Function Templates
2307 =head2 perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references
2313 =item Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
2321 =item Making References
2323 =item Using References
2341 =item Distribution Conditions
2347 =head2 perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook
2353 arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes,
2354 more elaborate constructs
2358 =item COMMON MISTAKES
2360 =item CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
2362 =item WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS C<use strict>
2368 =item ARRAYS OF ARRAYS
2372 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2374 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2376 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
2380 =item HASHES OF ARRAYS
2384 =item Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2386 =item Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2388 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS
2392 =item ARRAYS OF HASHES
2396 =item Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2398 =item Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2400 =item Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES
2404 =item HASHES OF HASHES
2408 =item Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
2410 =item Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
2412 =item Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES
2416 =item MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2420 =item Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
2422 =item Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2424 =item Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
2436 =head2 perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
2442 =item Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
2444 =item Growing Your Own
2446 =item Access and Printing
2456 =head2 perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
2464 =item If we could talk to the animals...
2466 =item Introducing the method invocation arrow
2468 =item Invoking a barnyard
2470 =item The extra parameter of method invocation
2472 =item Calling a second method to simplify things
2474 =item Inheriting the windpipes
2476 =item A few notes about @ISA
2478 =item Overriding the methods
2480 =item Starting the search from a different place
2482 =item The SUPER way of doing things
2484 =item Where we're at so far...
2486 =item A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?
2488 =item Invoking an instance method
2490 =item Accessing the instance data
2492 =item How to build a horse
2494 =item Inheriting the constructor
2496 =item Making a method work with either classes or instances
2498 =item Adding parameters to a method
2500 =item More interesting instances
2502 =item A horse of a different color
2514 =head2 perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
2520 =item Creating a Class
2524 =item Object Representation
2526 =item Class Interface
2528 =item Constructors and Instance Methods
2530 =item Planning for the Future: Better Constructors
2534 =item Other Object Methods
2542 =item Accessing Class Data
2544 =item Debugging Methods
2546 =item Class Destructors
2548 =item Documenting the Interface
2558 =item Overridden Methods
2560 =item Multiple Inheritance
2562 =item UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects
2566 =item Alternate Object Representations
2570 =item Arrays as Objects
2572 =item Closures as Objects
2576 =item AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods
2580 =item Autoloaded Data Methods
2582 =item Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods
2586 =item Metaclassical Tools
2592 =item Data Members as Variables
2596 =item Object Terminology
2602 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2608 =item Acknowledgments
2614 =head2 perltootc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
2620 =item Class Data as Package Variables
2624 =item Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket
2626 =item Inheritance Concerns
2628 =item The Eponymous Meta-Object
2630 =item Indirect References to Class Data
2632 =item Monadic Classes
2634 =item Translucent Attributes
2638 =item Class Data as Lexical Variables
2642 =item Privacy and Responsibility
2644 =item File-Scoped Lexicals
2646 =item More Inheritance Concerns
2648 =item Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key
2650 =item Translucency Revisited
2658 =item AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
2660 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
2666 =head2 perlobj - Perl objects
2674 =item An Object is Simply a Reference
2676 =item A Class is Simply a Package
2678 =item A Method is Simply a Subroutine
2680 =item Method Invocation
2684 =item Default UNIVERSAL methods
2686 isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )
2692 =item Two-Phased Garbage Collection
2700 =head2 perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable
2712 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
2716 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value,
2721 USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE
2722 this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY
2723 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, DESTROY this
2725 =item Tying FileHandles
2727 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this,
2728 LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, DESTROY this
2730 =item The C<untie> Gotcha
2742 =head2 perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
2748 =item OO SCALING TIPS
2750 =item INSTANCE VARIABLES
2752 =item SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
2754 =item INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
2756 =item OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
2758 =item OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
2760 =item USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
2762 =item THINKING OF CODE REUSE
2764 =item CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
2766 =item INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
2772 =head2 perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,
2773 safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
2789 =item Using open() for IPC
2795 =item Background Processes
2797 =item Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent
2799 =item Safe Pipe Opens
2801 =item Bidirectional Communication with Another Process
2803 =item Bidirectional Communication with Yourself
2807 =item Sockets: Client/Server Communication
2811 =item Internet Line Terminators
2813 =item Internet TCP Clients and Servers
2815 =item Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers
2819 =item TCP Clients with IO::Socket
2823 =item A Simple Client
2825 C<Proto>, C<PeerAddr>, C<PeerPort>
2827 =item A Webget Client
2829 =item Interactive Client with IO::Socket
2833 =item TCP Servers with IO::Socket
2835 Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse
2837 =item UDP: Message Passing
2851 =head2 perldbmfilter - Perl DBM Filters
2859 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
2860 B<filter_fetch_value>
2866 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
2868 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
2878 =head2 perldebug - Perl debugging
2884 =item The Perl Debugger
2888 =item Debugger Commands
2890 h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n
2891 [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname,
2892 -, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr,
2893 b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname
2894 [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line]
2895 command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O
2896 option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >>
2897 command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !!
2898 cmd, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]
2900 =item Configurable Options
2902 C<recallCommand>, C<ShellBang>, C<pager>, C<tkRunning>, C<signalLevel>,
2903 C<warnLevel>, C<dieLevel>, C<AutoTrace>, C<LineInfo>, C<inhibit_exit>,
2904 C<PrintRet>, C<ornaments>, C<frame>, C<maxTraceLen>, C<arrayDepth>,
2905 C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>, C<DumpDBFiles>,
2906 C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<quote>, C<HighBit>, C<undefPrint>,
2907 C<UsageOnly>, C<TTY>, C<noTTY>, C<ReadLine>, C<NonStop>
2909 =item Debugger input/output
2911 Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame
2914 =item Debugging compile-time statements
2916 =item Debugger Customization
2918 =item Readline Support
2920 =item Editor Support for Debugging
2922 =item The Perl Profiler
2926 =item Debugging regular expressions
2928 =item Debugging memory usage
2936 =head2 perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
2944 =item Storing numbers
2946 =item Numeric operators and numeric conversions
2948 =item Flavors of Perl numeric operations
2950 Arithmetic operators except, C<no integer>, Arithmetic operators except,
2951 C<use integer>, Bitwise operators, C<no integer>, Bitwise operators, C<use
2952 integer>, Operators which expect an integer, Operators which expect a
2961 =head2 perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging
2967 =item Debugger Internals
2971 =item Writing Your Own Debugger
2975 =item Frame Listing Output Examples
2977 =item Debugging regular expressions
2981 =item Compile-time output
2983 C<anchored> I<STRING> C<at> I<POS>, C<floating> I<STRING> C<at>
2984 I<POS1..POS2>, C<matching floating/anchored>, C<minlen>, C<stclass>
2985 I<TYPE>, C<noscan>, C<isall>, C<GPOS>, C<plus>, C<implicit>, C<with eval>,
2988 =item Types of nodes
2990 =item Run-time output
2994 =item Debugging Perl memory usage
2998 =item Using C<$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}>
3000 C<buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)>, Free/Used, C<Total sbrk():
3001 SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS>, C<pad: 0>, C<heads: 2192>, C<chain: 0>, C<tail:
3004 =item Example of using B<-DL> switch
3006 C<717>, C<002>, C<054>, C<602>, C<702>, C<704>
3008 =item B<-DL> details
3012 =item Limitations of B<-DL> statistics
3020 =head2 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
3028 =head2 perlsec - Perl security
3036 =item Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
3038 =item Switches On the "#!" Line
3040 =item Cleaning Up Your Path
3044 =item Protecting Your Programs
3052 =head2 perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary
3070 =item Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
3072 Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical
3073 Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts,
3074 Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc,
3075 Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps
3077 =item Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
3079 Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance,
3080 Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix,
3081 Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance
3085 Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing
3087 =item Numerical Traps
3089 Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops
3091 =item General data type traps
3093 (Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String),
3094 (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)
3096 =item Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
3098 (list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)
3100 =item Precedence Traps
3102 Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence,
3105 =item General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
3107 Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular
3108 Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression,
3111 =item Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
3113 (Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle
3119 =item Interpolation Traps
3121 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation,
3122 Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation
3128 =item Unclassified Traps
3130 C<require>/C<do> trap using returned value, C<split> on empty string with
3137 =head2 perlport - Writing portable Perl
3143 Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already I<is>
3152 =item Numbers endianness and Width
3154 =item Files and Filesystems
3156 =item System Interaction
3158 =item Interprocess Communication (IPC)
3160 =item External Subroutines (XS)
3162 =item Standard Modules
3166 =item Character sets and character encoding
3168 =item Internationalisation
3170 =item System Resources
3180 Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results:
3181 http://testers.cpan.org/
3189 =item DOS and Derivatives
3191 Build instructions for OS/2, L<perlos2>
3199 =item EBCDIC Platforms
3207 =item FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS
3211 =item Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
3213 -I<X> FILEHANDLE, -I<X> EXPR, -I<X>, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode
3214 FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt
3215 PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec
3216 LIST, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork,
3217 getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME,
3218 getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr
3219 ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent,
3220 getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent,
3221 setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN,
3222 setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent,
3223 endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob,
3224 ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE,
3225 lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS,
3226 msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR,
3227 open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink,
3228 select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget
3229 KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP,
3230 setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt
3231 SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS,
3232 shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, socketpair
3233 SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat,
3234 symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen
3235 FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate
3236 FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST,
3237 wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS
3243 v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999,
3244 v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May
3245 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December
3246 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August
3247 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998,
3250 =item Supported Platforms
3254 =item AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS
3260 =head2 perlstyle - Perl style guide
3268 =head2 perlpod - plain old documentation
3276 =item Verbatim Paragraph
3278 =item Command Paragraph
3280 =item Ordinary Block of Text
3284 =item Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
3286 =item Common Pod Pitfalls
3296 =head2 perlbook - Perl book information
3304 =head2 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
3314 B<Use C from Perl?>, B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>, B<Use Perl from
3315 Perl?>, B<Use C from C?>, B<Use Perl from C?>
3319 =item Compiling your C program
3321 =item Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
3323 =item Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
3325 =item Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
3327 =item Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
3329 =item Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
3331 =item Maintaining a persistent interpreter
3333 =item Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
3335 =item Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
3340 =item Embedding Perl under Win32
3350 =head2 perlapio - perl's IO abstraction interface.
3358 B<PerlIO *>, B<PerlIO_stdin()>, B<PerlIO_stdout()>, B<PerlIO_stderr()>,
3359 B<PerlIO_open(path, mode)>, B<PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode)>,
3360 B<PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a)>,
3361 B<PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...)>, B<PerlIO_read(f,buf,count)>,
3362 B<PerlIO_write(f,buf,count)>, B<PerlIO_close(f)>, B<PerlIO_puts(f,s)>,
3363 B<PerlIO_putc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_ungetc(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_getc(f)>,
3364 B<PerlIO_eof(f)>, B<PerlIO_error(f)>, B<PerlIO_fileno(f)>,
3365 B<PerlIO_clearerr(f)>, B<PerlIO_flush(f)>, B<PerlIO_tell(f)>,
3366 B<PerlIO_seek(f,o,w)>, B<PerlIO_getpos(f,p)>, B<PerlIO_setpos(f,p)>,
3367 B<PerlIO_rewind(f)>, B<PerlIO_tmpfile()>
3371 =item Co-existence with stdio
3373 B<PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags)>, B<PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags)>,
3374 B<PerlIO_findFILE(f)>, B<PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f)>, B<PerlIO_setlinebuf(f)>,
3375 B<PerlIO_has_cntptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_ptr(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_cnt(f)>,
3376 B<PerlIO_canset_cnt(f)>, B<PerlIO_fast_gets(f)>,
3377 B<PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c)>, B<PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c)>, B<PerlIO_has_base(f)>,
3378 B<PerlIO_get_base(f)>, B<PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)>
3384 =head2 perlxs - XS language reference manual
3396 =item The Anatomy of an XSUB
3398 =item The Argument Stack
3400 =item The RETVAL Variable
3402 =item The MODULE Keyword
3404 =item The PACKAGE Keyword
3406 =item The PREFIX Keyword
3408 =item The OUTPUT: Keyword
3410 =item The CODE: Keyword
3412 =item The INIT: Keyword
3414 =item The NO_INIT Keyword
3416 =item Initializing Function Parameters
3418 =item Default Parameter Values
3420 =item The PREINIT: Keyword
3422 =item The SCOPE: Keyword
3424 =item The INPUT: Keyword
3426 =item Variable-length Parameter Lists
3428 =item The C_ARGS: Keyword
3430 =item The PPCODE: Keyword
3432 =item Returning Undef And Empty Lists
3434 =item The REQUIRE: Keyword
3436 =item The CLEANUP: Keyword
3438 =item The BOOT: Keyword
3440 =item The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword
3442 =item The PROTOTYPES: Keyword
3444 =item The PROTOTYPE: Keyword
3446 =item The ALIAS: Keyword
3448 =item The INTERFACE: Keyword
3450 =item The INTERFACE_MACRO: Keyword
3452 =item The INCLUDE: Keyword
3454 =item The CASE: Keyword
3456 =item The & Unary Operator
3458 =item Inserting Comments and C Preprocessor Directives
3460 =item Using XS With C++
3462 =item Interface Strategy
3464 =item Perl Objects And C Structures
3478 =head2 perlxstut, perlXStut - Tutorial for writing XSUBs
3490 =item Version caveat
3492 =item Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading
3504 =item What has gone on?
3506 =item Writing good test scripts
3510 =item What's new here?
3512 =item Input and Output Parameters
3514 =item The XSUBPP Program
3516 =item The TYPEMAP file
3518 =item Warning about Output Arguments
3522 =item What has happened here?
3524 =item Anatomy of .xs file
3526 =item Getting the fat out of XSUBs
3528 =item More about XSUB arguments
3530 =item The Argument Stack
3532 =item Extending your Extension
3534 =item Documenting your Extension
3536 =item Installing your Extension
3540 =item New Things in this Example
3542 =item EXAMPLE 6 (Coming Soon)
3544 =item EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
3546 =item EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
3548 =item EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
3550 =item Troubleshooting these Examples
3566 =head2 perlguts - Introduction to the Perl API
3578 =item What is an "IV"?
3580 =item Working with SVs
3582 =item What's Really Stored in an SV?
3584 =item Working with AVs
3586 =item Working with HVs
3588 =item Hash API Extensions
3592 =item Blessed References and Class Objects
3594 =item Creating New Variables
3596 =item Reference Counts and Mortality
3598 =item Stashes and Globs
3600 =item Double-Typed SVs
3602 =item Magic Variables
3604 =item Assigning Magic
3606 =item Magic Virtual Tables
3610 =item Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
3612 =item Localizing changes
3614 C<SAVEINT(int i)>, C<SAVEIV(IV i)>, C<SAVEI32(I32 i)>, C<SAVELONG(long i)>,
3615 C<SAVESPTR(s)>, C<SAVEPPTR(p)>, C<SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEFREEOP(OP
3616 *op)>, C<SAVEFREEPV(p)>, C<SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)>, C<SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char
3617 *key, I32 length)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void
3618 *p)>, C<SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)>, C<SAVESTACK_POS()>,
3619 C<SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)>, C<AV* save_ary(GV *gv)>, C<HV* save_hash(GV
3620 *gv)>, C<void save_item(SV *item)>, C<void save_list(SV **sarg, I32
3621 maxsarg)>, C<SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)>, C<void save_aptr(AV **aptr)>,
3622 C<void save_hptr(HV **hptr)>
3630 =item XSUBs and the Argument Stack
3632 =item Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
3634 =item Memory Allocation
3638 =item Putting a C value on Perl stack
3642 =item Scratchpads and recursion
3652 =item Examining the tree
3654 =item Compile pass 1: check routines
3656 =item Compile pass 1a: constant folding
3658 =item Compile pass 2: context propagation
3660 =item Compile pass 3: peephole optimization
3664 =item How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported
3668 =item Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
3670 =item How do I use all this in extensions?
3672 =item Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
3682 =head2 perlcall - Perl calling conventions from C
3688 An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program
3690 =item THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS
3692 call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv
3712 =item Determining the Context
3716 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3722 =item No Parameters, Nothing returned
3724 =item Passing Parameters
3726 =item Returning a Scalar
3728 =item Returning a list of values
3730 =item Returning a list in a scalar context
3732 =item Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
3736 =item Using G_KEEPERR
3740 =item Using call_argv
3742 =item Using call_method
3746 =item Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
3748 =item Strategies for storing Callback Context Information
3750 1. Ignore the problem - Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of
3751 callbacks - hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl
3754 =item Alternate Stack Manipulation
3756 =item Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C
3768 =head2 perlcompile - Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
3778 B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref
3782 =item Using The Back Ends
3786 =item The Cross Referencing Back End
3790 =item The Decompiling Back End
3792 =item The Lint Back End
3794 =item The Simple C Back End
3796 =item The Bytecode Back End
3798 =item The Optimized C Back End
3800 B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC,
3801 B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj,
3802 B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref
3806 =item KNOWN PROBLEMS
3812 =head2 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
3818 AvFILL, av_clear, av_extend, av_fetch, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push,
3819 av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, call_argv, call_method, call_pv,
3820 call_sv, CLASS, Copy, croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS,
3821 dXSI32, ENTER, eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND, fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS,
3822 get_av, get_cv, get_hv, get_sv, GIMME, GIMME_V, GvSV, gv_fetchmeth,
3823 gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY,
3824 G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY,
3825 HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear,
3826 hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent,
3827 hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv,
3828 hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA,
3829 isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, items, ix, LEAVE, looks_like_number,
3830 MARK, mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical,
3831 mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc,
3832 NEWSV, newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv,
3833 newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv,
3834 ORIGMARK, perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse,
3835 perl_run, PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_modglobal,
3836 PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs,
3837 PUSHi, PUSHMARK, PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK, Renew, Renewc,
3838 require_pv, RETVAL, Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS, SP, SPAGAIN, ST,
3839 strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy,
3840 SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_off,
3841 SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off,
3842 SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK,
3843 SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force,
3844 SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off,
3845 SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT,
3846 SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, SvTYPE, svtype, SVt_IV,
3847 SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUV,
3848 SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn,
3849 sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_cmp, sv_dec,
3850 sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject,
3851 sv_len, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg,
3852 sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv,
3853 sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv,
3854 sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv,
3855 sv_setuv_mg, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, sv_vcatpvfn,
3856 sv_vsetpvfn, THIS, toLOWER, toUPPER, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs,
3857 XPUSHu, XS, XSRETURN, XSRETURN_EMPTY, XSRETURN_IV, XSRETURN_NO,
3858 XSRETURN_NV, XSRETURN_PV, XSRETURN_UNDEF, XSRETURN_YES, XST_mIV, XST_mNO,
3859 XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION, XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK,
3868 =head2 perlintern - autogenerated documentation of purely B<internal>
3881 =head2 perlhist - the Perl history records
3889 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN
3901 =item SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
3903 =item SELECTED PATCH SIZES
3907 =item THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS
3911 =head1 PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
3913 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
3925 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
3935 =head2 attributes - get/set subroutine or variable attributes
3945 =item Built-in Attributes
3947 locked, method, lvalue
3949 =item Available Subroutines
3953 =item Package-specific Attribute Handling
3955 FETCH_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_I<type>_ATTRIBUTES
3957 =item Syntax of Attribute Lists
3965 =item Default exports
3967 =item Available exports
3969 =item Export tags defined
3979 =head2 attrs - set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
3991 =head2 autouse - postpone load of modules until a function is used
4007 =head2 base - Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
4021 =head2 blib - Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
4035 =head2 bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character
4048 =head2 charnames - define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal
4057 =item CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
4063 =head2 constant - Perl pragma to declare constants
4073 =item TECHNICAL NOTE
4083 =head2 diagnostics - Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning
4094 =item The C<diagnostics> Pragma
4096 =item The I<splain> Program
4110 =head2 fields - compile-time class fields
4124 =head2 filetest - Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
4134 =item subpragma access
4140 =head2 integer - Perl pragma to compute arithmetic in integer instead of
4151 =head2 less - perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
4161 =head2 lib - manipulate @INC at compile time
4171 =item Adding directories to @INC
4173 =item Deleting directories from @INC
4175 =item Restoring original @INC
4185 =head2 locale - Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in
4196 =head2 open - perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
4204 =item UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
4210 =head2 ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
4222 =head2 overload - Package for overloading perl operations
4232 =item Declaration of overloaded functions
4234 =item Calling Conventions for Binary Operations
4236 FALSE, TRUE, C<undef>
4238 =item Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
4240 =item Calling Conventions for Mutators
4242 C<++> and C<-->, C<x=> and other assignment versions
4244 =item Overloadable Operations
4246 I<Arithmetic operations>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Bit operations>,
4247 I<Increment and decrement>, I<Transcendental functions>, I<Boolean, string
4248 and numeric conversion>, I<Iteration>, I<Dereferencing>, I<Special>
4250 =item Inheritance and overloading
4252 Strings as values of C<use overload> directive, Overloading of an operation
4253 is inherited by derived classes
4257 =item SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR C<use overload>
4265 C<undef>, TRUE, defined, but FALSE
4267 =item Copy Constructor
4273 =item MAGIC AUTOGENERATION
4275 I<Assignment forms of arithmetic operations>, I<Conversion operations>,
4276 I<Increment and decrement>, C<abs($a)>, I<Unary minus>, I<Negation>,
4277 I<Concatenation>, I<Comparison operations>, I<Iterator>, I<Dereferencing>,
4280 =item Losing overloading
4282 =item Run-time Overloading
4284 =item Public functions
4286 overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)
4288 =item Overloading constants
4290 integer, float, binary, q, qr
4292 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4294 =item Metaphor clash
4300 =item Two-face scalars
4302 =item Two-face references
4304 =item Symbolic calculator
4306 =item I<Really> symbolic calculator
4318 =head2 re - Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
4328 =head2 sigtrap - Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
4340 =item SIGNAL HANDLERS
4342 B<stack-trace>, B<die>, B<handler> I<your-handler>
4346 B<normal-signals>, B<error-signals>, B<old-interface-signals>
4350 B<untrapped>, B<any>, I<signal>, I<number>
4358 =head2 strict - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
4366 C<strict refs>, C<strict vars>, C<strict subs>
4370 =head2 subs - Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
4380 =head2 utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
4392 =head2 vars - Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
4402 =head2 warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
4410 use warnings::register, warnings::enabled([$category]),
4411 warnings::warn([$category,] $message)
4415 =head1 MODULE DOCUMENTATION
4417 =head2 AnyDBM_File - provide framework for multiple DBMs
4427 =item DBM Comparisons
4437 =head2 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
4447 =item Subroutine Stubs
4449 =item Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4451 =item Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
4453 =item Package Lexicals
4455 =item B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
4465 =head2 AutoSplit - split a package for autoloading
4473 $keep, $check, $modtime
4477 =item Multiple packages
4485 =head2 B - The Perl Compiler
4493 =item OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
4497 =item SV-RELATED CLASSES
4505 IV, IVX, needs64bits, packiv
4519 =item B::PVMG METHODS
4523 =item B::MAGIC METHODS
4525 MOREMAGIC, PRIVATE, TYPE, FLAGS, OBJ, PTR
4527 =item B::PVLV METHODS
4529 TARGOFF, TARGLEN, TYPE, TARG
4533 USEFUL, PREVIOUS, RARE, TABLE
4537 is_empty, NAME, STASH, SV, IO, FORM, AV, HV, EGV, CV, CVGEN, LINE, FILE,
4538 FILEGV, GvREFCNT, FLAGS
4542 LINES, PAGE, PAGE_LEN, LINES_LEFT, TOP_NAME, TOP_GV, FMT_NAME, FMT_GV,
4543 BOTTOM_NAME, BOTTOM_GV, SUBPROCESS, IoTYPE, IoFLAGS
4547 FILL, MAX, OFF, ARRAY, AvFLAGS
4551 STASH, START, ROOT, GV, FILE, DEPTH, PADLIST, OUTSIDE, XSUB, XSUBANY,
4556 FILL, MAX, KEYS, RITER, NAME, PMROOT, ARRAY
4558 =item OP-RELATED CLASSES
4562 next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private
4564 =item B::UNOP METHOD
4568 =item B::BINOP METHOD
4572 =item B::LOGOP METHOD
4576 =item B::LISTOP METHOD
4580 =item B::PMOP METHODS
4582 pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp
4584 =item B::SVOP METHOD
4588 =item B::PADOP METHOD
4592 =item B::PVOP METHOD
4596 =item B::LOOP METHODS
4598 redoop, nextop, lastop
4600 =item B::COP METHODS
4602 label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line
4606 =item FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY C<B>
4608 main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes,
4609 sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree(OP, METHOD), walkoptree_debug(DEBUG),
4610 walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE), svref_2object(SV), ppname(OPNUM),
4611 hash(STR), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring(STR), class(OBJ), threadsv_names
4617 =head2 B::Asmdata - Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate
4630 =head2 B::Assembler - Assemble Perl bytecode
4642 =head2 B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4654 =head2 B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4664 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4665 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
4666 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
4676 =head2 B::C - Perl compiler's C backend
4686 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Dc>, B<-DA>,
4687 B<-DC>, B<-DM>, B<-f>, B<-fcog>, B<-fno-cog>, B<-On>, B<-llimit>
4697 =head2 B::CC - Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
4707 B<-ofilename>, B<-v>, B<-->, B<-uPackname>, B<-mModulename>, B<-D>, B<-Dr>,
4708 B<-DO>, B<-Ds>, B<-Dp>, B<-Dq>, B<-Dl>, B<-Dt>, B<-f>,
4709 B<-ffreetmps-each-bblock>, B<-ffreetmps-each-loop>, B<-fomit-taint>, B<-On>
4721 =item Context of ".."
4725 =item Deprecated features
4733 =head2 B::Debug - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
4745 =head2 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
4755 B<-l>, B<-p>, B<-q>, B<-u>I<PACKAGE>, B<-s>I<LETTERS>, B<C>, B<i>I<NUMBER>,
4756 B<T>, B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
4758 =item USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
4778 =head2 B::Disassembler - Disassemble Perl bytecode
4790 =head2 B::Lint - Perl lint
4798 =item OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS
4800 B<context>, B<implicit-read> and B<implicit-write>, B<dollar-underscore>,
4801 B<private-names>, B<undefined-subs>, B<regexp-variables>, B<all>, B<none>
4803 =item NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS
4813 =head2 B::O, O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
4823 =item IMPLEMENTATION
4829 =head2 B::Showlex - Show lexical variables used in functions or files
4841 =head2 B::Stackobj - Helper module for CC backend
4853 =head2 B::Terse - Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
4865 =head2 B::Xref - Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
4875 C<-oFILENAME>, C<-r>, C<-D[tO]>
4883 =head2 Bblock, B::Bblock - Walk basic blocks
4895 =head2 Benchmark - benchmark running times of Perl code
4909 =item Standard Exports
4911 timeit(COUNT, CODE), timethis ( COUNT, CODE, [ TITLE, [ STYLE ]] ),
4912 timethese ( COUNT, CODEHASHREF, [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr (
4913 TIMEDIFF, [ STYLE, [ FORMAT ] ] )
4915 =item Optional Exports
4917 clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT, CODEHASHREF, [
4918 STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit(TIME, CODE), disablecache (
4919 ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )
4935 =item MODIFICATION HISTORY
4939 =head2 ByteLoader - load byte compiled perl code
4953 =head2 Bytecode, B::Bytecode - Perl compiler's bytecode backend
4963 B<-ofilename>, B<-afilename>, B<-->, B<-f>, B<-fcompress-nullops>,
4964 B<-fomit-sequence-numbers>, B<-fbypass-nullops>, B<-fstrip-syntax-tree>,
4965 B<-On>, B<-D>, B<-Do>, B<-Db>, B<-Da>, B<-DC>, B<-S>, B<-m>
4975 =head2 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4987 =item PROGRAMMING STYLE
4989 =item CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4991 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For example,
4992 -value is an alias for -values, 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values,
4993 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4995 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4997 =item CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4999 =item FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
5001 =item FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
5003 =item FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
5005 =item SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
5007 =item APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
5009 =item IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
5011 =item DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
5013 =item DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
5015 =item DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
5017 =item FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
5019 =item SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
5021 =item RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
5023 =item USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
5025 B<:cgi>, B<:form>, B<:html2>, B<:html3>, B<:netscape>, B<:html>,
5026 B<:standard>, B<:all>
5030 -any, -compile, -nosticky, -nph, -newstyle_urls, -oldstyle_urls, -autoload,
5031 -no_debug, -debug, -private_tempfiles
5033 =item SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
5035 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag), 2. end_table() (generates a
5036 </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag), 4. end_ul() (generates
5041 =item GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
5045 =item CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
5047 =item GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5049 =item CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5051 B<Parameters:>, 4, 5, 6..
5053 =item ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5055 =item CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5057 =item OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5059 B<-absolute>, B<-relative>, B<-full>, B<-path> (B<-path_info>), B<-query>
5062 =item MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5066 =item CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5070 =item PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5072 =item THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5074 =item HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5076 =item NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5078 =item AUTOESCAPING HTML
5080 $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset =
5081 charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5083 =item PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5087 =item CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5091 =item CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5093 =item STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5095 B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>, B<multipart/form-data>
5097 =item CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5101 =item CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5103 =item CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5105 =item CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5109 =item CREATING A POPUP MENU
5111 =item CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
5115 =item CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
5119 =item CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
5123 =item CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
5127 =item CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
5131 =item CREATING A RESET BUTTON
5133 =item CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
5135 =item CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
5139 =item CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
5141 B<Parameters:>, 3. The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment
5142 type, and may be TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
5144 =item CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
5150 1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag,
5151 B<-name>, B<-value>, B<-path>, B<-domain>, B<-expires>, B<-secure>
5153 =item WORKING WITH FRAMES
5155 1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the
5156 document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in
5159 =item LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
5165 =item DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
5169 =item FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
5171 B<Accept()>, B<raw_cookie()>, B<user_agent()>, B<path_info()>,
5172 B<path_translated()>, B<remote_host()>, B<script_name()> Return the script
5173 name as a partial URL, for self-refering scripts, B<referer()>, B<auth_type
5174 ()>, B<server_name ()>, B<virtual_host ()>, B<server_software ()>,
5175 B<remote_user ()>, B<user_name ()>, B<request_method()>, B<content_type()>,
5176 B<http()>, B<https()>
5178 =item USING NPH SCRIPTS
5180 In the B<use> statement, By calling the B<nph()> method:, By using B<-nph>
5181 parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
5185 multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end()
5187 =item Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
5189 B<$CGI::POST_MAX>, B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>, B<1. On a script-by-script
5190 basis>, B<2. Globally for all scripts>
5192 =item COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
5194 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5198 Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor
5199 (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell
5200 (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg
5201 (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick
5202 (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis
5203 (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen
5204 (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim
5205 MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks
5206 (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed
5207 Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug
5208 MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org),
5209 ...and many many more..
5211 =item A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
5219 =head2 CGI::Apache - Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
5229 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5237 =head2 CGI::Carp, B<CGI::Carp> - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or
5246 =item REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
5248 =item MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW
5252 =item Changing the default message
5264 =head2 CGI::Cookie - Interface to Netscape Cookies
5272 =item USING CGI::Cookie
5274 B<1. expiration date>, B<2. domain>, B<3. path>, B<4. secure flag>
5278 =item Creating New Cookies
5280 =item Sending the Cookie to the Browser
5282 =item Recovering Previous Cookies
5284 =item Manipulating Cookies
5286 B<name()>, B<value()>, B<domain()>, B<path()>, B<expires()>
5290 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5298 =head2 CGI::Fast - CGI Interface for Fast CGI
5306 =item OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
5308 =item WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
5310 =item INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
5312 =item USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
5316 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5324 =head2 CGI::Pretty - module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
5334 =item Tags that won't be formatted
5336 =item Customizing the Indenting
5348 =head2 CGI::Push - Simple Interface to Server Push
5356 =item USING CGI::Push
5358 -next_page, -last_page, -type, -delay, -cookie, -target, -expires
5362 =item Heterogeneous Pages
5364 =item Changing the Page Delay on the Fly
5368 =item INSTALLING CGI::Push SCRIPTS
5370 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5378 =head2 CGI::Switch - Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
5388 =item AUTHOR INFORMATION
5396 =head2 CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
5406 =item Interactive Mode
5408 Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test,
5409 install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or
5410 distribution, Signals
5418 =item The four C<CPAN::*> Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
5420 =item ProgrammerE<39>s interface
5422 expand($type,@things), Programming Examples
5424 =item Methods in the four Classes
5432 =item Finding packages and VERSION
5436 =item Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode
5442 C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>scalar optionE<gt>
5443 E<lt>valueE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>>, C<o conf E<lt>list
5444 optionE<gt> [shift|pop]>, C<o conf E<lt>list optionE<gt>
5445 [unshift|push|splice] E<lt>listE<gt>>
5449 =item Note on urllist parameter's format
5451 =item urllist parameter has CD-ROM support
5459 =item POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
5461 =item WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS
5463 http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS, IP Masquerade
5473 =head2 CPAN::FirstTime - Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
5483 =head2 CPANox, CPAN::Nox - Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS
5496 =head2 Carp, carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
5506 =item Forcing a Stack Trace
5514 =head2 Carp::Heavy - Carp guts
5524 =head2 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
5534 =item The C<struct()> function
5536 =item Element Types and Accessor Methods
5538 Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>), Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>), Hash (C<'%'> or
5539 C<'*%'>), Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
5541 =item Initializing with C<new>
5547 Example 1, Example 2, Example 3
5549 =item Author and Modification History
5553 =head2 Config - access Perl configuration information
5561 myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)
5573 C<_a>, C<_exe>, C<_o>
5577 C<afs>, C<alignbytes>, C<ansi2knr>, C<aphostname>, C<api_revision>,
5578 C<api_subversion>, C<api_version>, C<api_versionstring>, C<ar>, C<archlib>,
5579 C<archlibexp>, C<archname64>, C<archname>, C<archobjs>, C<awk>
5583 C<baserev>, C<bash>, C<bin>, C<bincompat5005>, C<binexp>, C<bison>,
5584 C<byacc>, C<byteorder>
5588 C<c>, C<castflags>, C<cat>, C<cc>, C<cccdlflags>, C<ccdlflags>, C<ccflags>,
5589 C<ccsymbols>, C<cf_by>, C<cf_email>, C<cf_time>, C<charsize>, C<chgrp>,
5590 C<chmod>, C<chown>, C<clocktype>, C<comm>, C<compress>
5594 C<CONFIGDOTSH>, C<contains>, C<cp>, C<cpio>, C<cpp>, C<cpp_stuff>,
5595 C<cppccsymbols>, C<cppflags>, C<cpplast>, C<cppminus>, C<cpprun>,
5596 C<cppstdin>, C<cppsymbols>, C<crosscompile>, C<cryptlib>, C<csh>
5600 C<d_access>, C<d_accessx>, C<d_alarm>, C<d_archlib>, C<d_atolf>,
5601 C<d_atoll>, C<d_attribut>, C<d_bcmp>, C<d_bcopy>, C<d_bincompat5005>,
5602 C<d_bsd>, C<d_bsdgetpgrp>, C<d_bsdsetpgrp>, C<d_bzero>, C<d_casti32>,
5603 C<d_castneg>, C<d_charvspr>, C<d_chown>, C<d_chroot>, C<d_chsize>,
5604 C<d_closedir>, C<d_const>, C<d_crypt>, C<d_csh>, C<d_cuserid>,
5605 C<d_dbl_dig>, C<d_difftime>, C<d_dirnamlen>, C<d_dlerror>, C<d_dlopen>,
5606 C<d_dlsymun>, C<d_dosuid>, C<d_drand48proto>, C<d_dup2>, C<d_eaccess>,
5607 C<d_endgrent>, C<d_endhent>, C<d_endnent>, C<d_endpent>, C<d_endpwent>,
5608 C<d_endsent>, C<d_eofnblk>, C<d_eunice>, C<d_fchmod>, C<d_fchown>,
5609 C<d_fcntl>, C<d_fd_macros>, C<d_fd_set>, C<d_fds_bits>, C<d_fgetpos>,
5610 C<d_flexfnam>, C<d_flock>, C<d_fork>, C<d_fpathconf>, C<d_fpos64_t>,
5611 C<d_frexpl>, C<d_fs_data_s>, C<d_fseeko>, C<d_fsetpos>, C<d_fstatfs>,
5612 C<d_fstatvfs>, C<d_ftello>, C<d_ftime>, C<d_Gconvert>, C<d_getcwd>,
5613 C<d_getfsstat>, C<d_getgrent>, C<d_getgrps>, C<d_gethbyaddr>,
5614 C<d_gethbyname>, C<d_gethent>, C<d_gethname>, C<d_gethostprotos>,
5615 C<d_getlogin>, C<d_getmnt>, C<d_getmntent>, C<d_getnbyaddr>,
5616 C<d_getnbyname>, C<d_getnent>, C<d_getnetprotos>, C<d_getpbyname>,
5617 C<d_getpbynumber>, C<d_getpent>, C<d_getpgid>, C<d_getpgrp2>, C<d_getpgrp>,
5618 C<d_getppid>, C<d_getprior>, C<d_getprotoprotos>, C<d_getpwent>,
5619 C<d_getsbyname>, C<d_getsbyport>, C<d_getsent>, C<d_getservprotos>,
5620 C<d_getspnam>, C<d_gettimeod>, C<d_gnulibc>, C<d_grpasswd>, C<d_hasmntopt>,
5621 C<d_htonl>, C<d_iconv>, C<d_index>, C<d_inetaton>, C<d_int64_t>,
5622 C<d_isascii>, C<d_isnan>, C<d_isnanl>, C<d_killpg>, C<d_lchown>,
5623 C<d_ldbl_dig>, C<d_link>, C<d_locconv>, C<d_lockf>, C<d_longdbl>,
5624 C<d_longlong>, C<d_lseekproto>, C<d_lstat>, C<d_madvise>, C<d_mblen>,
5625 C<d_mbstowcs>, C<d_mbtowc>, C<d_memchr>, C<d_memcmp>, C<d_memcpy>,
5626 C<d_memmove>, C<d_memset>, C<d_mkdir>, C<d_mkdtemp>, C<d_mkfifo>,
5627 C<d_mkstemp>, C<d_mkstemps>, C<d_mktime>, C<d_mmap>, C<d_modfl>,
5628 C<d_mprotect>, C<d_msg>, C<d_msg_ctrunc>, C<d_msg_dontroute>, C<d_msg_oob>,
5629 C<d_msg_peek>, C<d_msg_proxy>, C<d_msgctl>, C<d_msgget>, C<d_msgrcv>,
5630 C<d_msgsnd>, C<d_msync>, C<d_munmap>, C<d_mymalloc>, C<d_nice>,
5631 C<d_nv_preserves_uv>, C<d_off64_t>, C<d_old_pthread_create_joinable>,
5632 C<d_oldpthreads>, C<d_oldsock>, C<d_open3>, C<d_pathconf>, C<d_pause>,
5633 C<d_perl_otherlibdirs>, C<d_phostname>, C<d_pipe>, C<d_poll>,
5634 C<d_portable>, C<d_PRId64>, C<d_PRIeldbl>, C<d_PRIEldbl>, C<d_PRIfldbl>,
5635 C<d_PRIFldbl>, C<d_PRIgldbl>, C<d_PRIGldbl>, C<d_PRIi64>, C<d_PRIo64>,
5636 C<d_PRIu64>, C<d_PRIx64>, C<d_PRIX64>, C<d_pthread_yield>, C<d_pwage>,
5637 C<d_pwchange>, C<d_pwclass>, C<d_pwcomment>, C<d_pwexpire>, C<d_pwgecos>,
5638 C<d_pwpasswd>, C<d_pwquota>, C<d_qgcvt>, C<d_quad>, C<d_readdir>,
5639 C<d_readlink>, C<d_rename>, C<d_rewinddir>, C<d_rmdir>, C<d_safebcpy>,
5640 C<d_safemcpy>, C<d_sanemcmp>, C<d_sched_yield>, C<d_scm_rights>,
5641 C<d_seekdir>, C<d_select>, C<d_sem>, C<d_semctl>, C<d_semctl_semid_ds>,
5642 C<d_semctl_semun>, C<d_semget>, C<d_semop>, C<d_setegid>, C<d_seteuid>,
5643 C<d_setgrent>, C<d_setgrps>, C<d_sethent>, C<d_setlinebuf>, C<d_setlocale>,
5644 C<d_setnent>, C<d_setpent>, C<d_setpgid>, C<d_setpgrp2>, C<d_setpgrp>,
5645 C<d_setprior>, C<d_setpwent>, C<d_setregid>, C<d_setresgid>,
5646 C<d_setresuid>, C<d_setreuid>, C<d_setrgid>, C<d_setruid>, C<d_setsent>,
5647 C<d_setsid>, C<d_setvbuf>, C<d_sfio>, C<d_shm>, C<d_shmat>,
5648 C<d_shmatprototype>, C<d_shmctl>, C<d_shmdt>, C<d_shmget>, C<d_sigaction>,
5649 C<d_sigsetjmp>, C<d_socket>, C<d_socklen_t>, C<d_sockpair>, C<d_sqrtl>,
5650 C<d_statblks>, C<d_statfs_f_flags>, C<d_statfs_s>, C<d_statvfs>,
5651 C<d_stdio_cnt_lval>, C<d_stdio_ptr_lval>, C<d_stdio_stream_array>,
5652 C<d_stdiobase>, C<d_stdstdio>, C<d_strchr>, C<d_strcoll>, C<d_strctcpy>,
5653 C<d_strerrm>, C<d_strerror>, C<d_strtod>, C<d_strtol>, C<d_strtold>,
5654 C<d_strtoll>, C<d_strtoul>, C<d_strtoull>, C<d_strtouq>, C<d_strxfrm>,
5655 C<d_suidsafe>, C<d_symlink>, C<d_syscall>, C<d_sysconf>, C<d_sysernlst>,
5656 C<d_syserrlst>, C<d_system>, C<d_tcgetpgrp>, C<d_tcsetpgrp>, C<d_telldir>,
5657 C<d_telldirproto>, C<d_time>, C<d_times>, C<d_truncate>, C<d_tzname>,
5658 C<d_umask>, C<d_uname>, C<d_union_semun>, C<d_ustat>, C<d_vendorarch>,
5659 C<d_vendorbin>, C<d_vendorlib>, C<d_vfork>, C<d_void_closedir>,
5660 C<d_voidsig>, C<d_voidtty>, C<d_volatile>, C<d_vprintf>, C<d_wait4>,
5661 C<d_waitpid>, C<d_wcstombs>, C<d_wctomb>, C<d_xenix>, C<date>,
5662 C<db_hashtype>, C<db_prefixtype>, C<defvoidused>, C<direntrytype>,
5663 C<dlext>, C<dlsrc>, C<doublesize>, C<drand01>, C<dynamic_ext>
5667 C<eagain>, C<ebcdic>, C<echo>, C<egrep>, C<emacs>, C<eunicefix>,
5668 C<exe_ext>, C<expr>, C<extensions>
5672 C<fflushall>, C<fflushNULL>, C<find>, C<firstmakefile>, C<flex>,
5673 C<fpossize>, C<fpostype>, C<freetype>, C<full_ar>, C<full_csh>, C<full_sed>
5677 C<gccversion>, C<gidformat>, C<gidsign>, C<gidsize>, C<gidtype>,
5678 C<glibpth>, C<grep>, C<groupcat>, C<groupstype>, C<gzip>
5682 C<h_fcntl>, C<h_sysfile>, C<hint>, C<hostcat>, C<huge>
5686 C<i16size>, C<i16type>, C<i32size>, C<i32type>, C<i64size>, C<i64type>,
5687 C<i8size>, C<i8type>, C<i_arpainet>, C<i_bsdioctl>, C<i_db>, C<i_dbm>,
5688 C<i_dirent>, C<i_dld>, C<i_dlfcn>, C<i_fcntl>, C<i_float>, C<i_gdbm>,
5689 C<i_grp>, C<i_iconv>, C<i_ieeefp>, C<i_inttypes>, C<i_limits>, C<i_locale>,
5690 C<i_machcthr>, C<i_malloc>, C<i_math>, C<i_memory>, C<i_mntent>, C<i_ndbm>,
5691 C<i_netdb>, C<i_neterrno>, C<i_netinettcp>, C<i_niin>, C<i_poll>,
5692 C<i_pthread>, C<i_pwd>, C<i_rpcsvcdbm>, C<i_sfio>, C<i_sgtty>, C<i_shadow>,
5693 C<i_socks>, C<i_stdarg>, C<i_stddef>, C<i_stdlib>, C<i_string>,
5694 C<i_sunmath>, C<i_sysaccess>, C<i_sysdir>, C<i_sysfile>, C<i_sysfilio>,
5695 C<i_sysin>, C<i_sysioctl>, C<i_syslog>, C<i_sysmman>, C<i_sysmode>,
5696 C<i_sysmount>, C<i_sysndir>, C<i_sysparam>, C<i_sysresrc>, C<i_syssecrt>,
5697 C<i_sysselct>, C<i_syssockio>, C<i_sysstat>, C<i_sysstatfs>,
5698 C<i_sysstatvfs>, C<i_systime>, C<i_systimek>, C<i_systimes>, C<i_systypes>,
5699 C<i_sysuio>, C<i_sysun>, C<i_sysutsname>, C<i_sysvfs>, C<i_syswait>,
5700 C<i_termio>, C<i_termios>, C<i_time>, C<i_unistd>, C<i_ustat>, C<i_utime>,
5701 C<i_values>, C<i_varargs>, C<i_varhdr>, C<i_vfork>,
5702 C<ignore_versioned_solibs>, C<inc_version_list>, C<inc_version_list_init>,
5703 C<incpath>, C<inews>, C<installarchlib>, C<installbin>, C<installman1dir>,
5704 C<installman3dir>, C<installprefix>, C<installprefixexp>,
5705 C<installprivlib>, C<installscript>, C<installsitearch>, C<installsitebin>,
5706 C<installsitelib>, C<installstyle>, C<installusrbinperl>,
5707 C<installvendorarch>, C<installvendorbin>, C<installvendorlib>, C<intsize>,
5708 C<ivdformat>, C<ivsize>, C<ivtype>
5712 C<known_extensions>, C<ksh>
5716 C<large>, C<ld>, C<lddlflags>, C<ldflags>, C<ldlibpthname>, C<less>,
5717 C<lib_ext>, C<libc>, C<libperl>, C<libpth>, C<libs>, C<libsdirs>,
5718 C<libsfiles>, C<libsfound>, C<libspath>, C<libswanted>, C<line>, C<lint>,
5719 C<lkflags>, C<ln>, C<lns>, C<locincpth>, C<loclibpth>, C<longdblsize>,
5720 C<longlongsize>, C<longsize>, C<lp>, C<lpr>, C<ls>, C<lseeksize>,
5725 C<mail>, C<mailx>, C<make>, C<make_set_make>, C<mallocobj>, C<mallocsrc>,
5726 C<malloctype>, C<man1dir>, C<man1direxp>, C<man1ext>, C<man3dir>,
5727 C<man3direxp>, C<man3ext>
5731 C<Mcc>, C<medium>, C<mips_type>, C<mkdir>, C<mmaptype>, C<models>,
5732 C<modetype>, C<more>, C<multiarch>, C<mv>, C<myarchname>, C<mydomain>,
5733 C<myhostname>, C<myuname>
5737 C<n>, C<netdb_hlen_type>, C<netdb_host_type>, C<netdb_name_type>,
5738 C<netdb_net_type>, C<nm>, C<nm_opt>, C<nm_so_opt>, C<nonxs_ext>, C<nroff>,
5739 C<nvsize>, C<nvtype>
5743 C<o_nonblock>, C<obj_ext>, C<old_pthread_create_joinable>, C<optimize>,
5744 C<orderlib>, C<osname>, C<osvers>, C<otherlibdirs>
5748 C<package>, C<pager>, C<passcat>, C<patchlevel>, C<path_sep>, C<perl5>,
5753 C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_SUBVERSION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, C<perladmin>,
5754 C<perlpath>, C<pg>, C<phostname>, C<pidtype>, C<plibpth>, C<pm_apiversion>,
5755 C<pmake>, C<pr>, C<prefix>, C<prefixexp>, C<privlib>, C<privlibexp>,
5756 C<prototype>, C<ptrsize>
5760 C<quadkind>, C<quadtype>
5764 C<randbits>, C<randfunc>, C<randseedtype>, C<ranlib>, C<rd_nodata>,
5765 C<revision>, C<rm>, C<rmail>, C<runnm>
5769 C<sched_yield>, C<scriptdir>, C<scriptdirexp>, C<sed>, C<seedfunc>,
5770 C<selectminbits>, C<selecttype>, C<sendmail>, C<sh>, C<shar>, C<sharpbang>,
5771 C<shmattype>, C<shortsize>, C<shrpenv>, C<shsharp>, C<sig_count>,
5772 C<sig_name>, C<sig_name_init>, C<sig_num>, C<sig_num_init>, C<signal_t>,
5773 C<sitearch>, C<sitearchexp>, C<sitebin>, C<sitebinexp>, C<sitelib>,
5774 C<sitelib_stem>, C<sitelibexp>, C<siteprefix>, C<siteprefixexp>,
5775 C<sizesize>, C<sizetype>, C<sleep>, C<smail>, C<small>, C<so>,
5776 C<sockethdr>, C<socketlib>, C<socksizetype>, C<sort>, C<spackage>,
5777 C<spitshell>, C<split>, C<sPRId64>, C<sPRIeldbl>, C<sPRIEldbl>,
5778 C<sPRIfldbl>, C<sPRIFldbl>, C<sPRIgldbl>, C<sPRIGldbl>, C<sPRIi64>,
5779 C<sPRIo64>, C<sPRIu64>, C<sPRIx64>, C<sPRIX64>, C<src>, C<ssizetype>,
5780 C<startperl>, C<startsh>, C<static_ext>, C<stdchar>, C<stdio_base>,
5781 C<stdio_bufsiz>, C<stdio_cnt>, C<stdio_filbuf>, C<stdio_ptr>,
5782 C<stdio_stream_array>, C<strings>, C<submit>, C<subversion>, C<sysman>
5786 C<tail>, C<tar>, C<tbl>, C<tee>, C<test>, C<timeincl>, C<timetype>,
5787 C<touch>, C<tr>, C<trnl>, C<troff>
5791 C<u16size>, C<u16type>, C<u32size>, C<u32type>, C<u64size>, C<u64type>,
5792 C<u8size>, C<u8type>, C<uidformat>, C<uidsign>, C<uidsize>, C<uidtype>,
5793 C<uname>, C<uniq>, C<uquadtype>, C<use5005threads>, C<use64bitall>,
5794 C<use64bitint>, C<usedl>, C<useithreads>, C<uselargefiles>,
5795 C<uselongdouble>, C<usemorebits>, C<usemultiplicity>, C<usemymalloc>,
5796 C<usenm>, C<useopcode>, C<useperlio>, C<useposix>, C<usesfio>,
5797 C<useshrplib>, C<usesocks>, C<usethreads>, C<usevendorprefix>, C<usevfork>,
5798 C<usrinc>, C<uuname>, C<uvoformat>, C<uvsize>, C<uvtype>, C<uvuformat>,
5803 C<vendorarch>, C<vendorarchexp>, C<vendorbin>, C<vendorbinexp>,
5804 C<vendorlib>, C<vendorlib_stem>, C<vendorlibexp>, C<vendorprefix>,
5805 C<vendorprefixexp>, C<version>, C<vi>, C<voidflags>
5809 C<xlibpth>, C<xs_apiversion>
5821 =head2 Cwd, getcwd - get pathname of current working directory
5831 =head2 DB - programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft,
5843 =item Global Variables
5845 $DB::sub, %DB::sub, $DB::single, $DB::signal, $DB::trace, @DB::args,
5846 @DB::dbline, %DB::dbline, $DB::package, $DB::filename, $DB::subname,
5851 CLIENT->register(), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->skippkg('D::hide'),
5852 CLIENT->run(), CLIENT->step(), CLIENT->next(), CLIENT->done()
5854 =item Client Callback Methods
5856 CLIENT->init(), CLIENT->prestop([STRING]), CLIENT->stop(), CLIENT->idle(),
5857 CLIENT->poststop([STRING]), CLIENT->evalcode(STRING), CLIENT->cleanup(),
5858 CLIENT->output(LIST)
5868 =head2 DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
5876 B<DB_HASH>, B<DB_BTREE>, B<DB_RECNO>
5880 =item Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
5882 =item Interface to Berkeley DB
5884 =item Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
5886 =item Default Parameters
5888 =item In Memory Databases
5896 =item A Simple Example
5904 =item Changing the BTREE sort order
5906 =item Handling Duplicate Keys
5908 =item The get_dup() Method
5910 =item The find_dup() Method
5912 =item The del_dup() Method
5914 =item Matching Partial Keys
5922 =item The 'bval' Option
5924 =item A Simple Example
5926 =item Extra RECNO Methods
5928 B<$X-E<gt>push(list) ;>, B<$value = $X-E<gt>pop ;>, B<$X-E<gt>shift>,
5929 B<$X-E<gt>unshift(list) ;>, B<$X-E<gt>length>
5931 =item Another Example
5935 =item THE API INTERFACE
5937 B<$status = $X-E<gt>get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status =
5938 $X-E<gt>put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>del($key [,
5939 $flags]) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>fd ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>seq($key,
5940 $value, $flags) ;>, B<$status = $X-E<gt>sync([$flags]) ;>
5944 B<filter_store_key>, B<filter_store_value>, B<filter_fetch_key>,
5945 B<filter_fetch_value>
5951 =item An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
5953 =item Another Example -- Key is a C int.
5957 =item HINTS AND TIPS
5961 =item Locking: The Trouble with fd
5963 =item Safe ways to lock a database
5965 B<Tie::DB_Lock>, B<Tie::DB_LockFile>, B<DB_File::Lock>
5967 =item Sharing Databases With C Applications
5969 =item The untie() Gotcha
5973 =item COMMON QUESTIONS
5977 =item Why is there Perl source in my database?
5979 =item How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
5981 =item What does "Invalid Argument" mean?
5983 =item What does "Bareword 'DB_File' not allowed" mean?
6003 =head2 Data::Dumper - stringified perl data structures, suitable for both
6004 printing and C<eval>
6016 I<PACKAGE>->new(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Dump I<or>
6017 I<PACKAGE>->Dump(I<ARRAYREF [>, I<ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Seen(I<[HASHREF]>),
6018 I<$OBJ>->Values(I<[ARRAYREF]>), I<$OBJ>->Names(I<[ARRAYREF]>),
6025 =item Configuration Variables or Methods
6027 $Data::Dumper::Indent I<or> I<$OBJ>->Indent(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6028 $Data::Dumper::Purity I<or> I<$OBJ>->Purity(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6029 $Data::Dumper::Pad I<or> I<$OBJ>->Pad(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6030 $Data::Dumper::Varname I<or> I<$OBJ>->Varname(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6031 $Data::Dumper::Useqq I<or> I<$OBJ>->Useqq(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6032 $Data::Dumper::Terse I<or> I<$OBJ>->Terse(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6033 $Data::Dumper::Freezer I<or> $I<OBJ>->Freezer(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6034 $Data::Dumper::Toaster I<or> $I<OBJ>->Toaster(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6035 $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy I<or> $I<OBJ>->Deepcopy(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6036 $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys I<or> $I<OBJ>->Quotekeys(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6037 $Data::Dumper::Bless I<or> $I<OBJ>->Bless(I<[NEWVAL]>),
6038 $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth I<or> $I<OBJ>->Maxdepth(I<[NEWVAL]>)
6058 =head2 Devel::DProf - a Perl code profiler
6066 =item PROFILE FORMAT
6078 =head2 Devel::Peek - A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
6090 =item A simple scalar string
6092 =item A simple scalar number
6094 =item A simple scalar with an extra reference
6096 =item A reference to a simple scalar
6098 =item A reference to an array
6100 =item A reference to a hash
6102 =item Dumping a large array or hash
6104 =item A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
6106 =item A reference to a subroutine
6120 =head2 Devel::SelfStubber - generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
6130 =head2 DirHandle - supply object methods for directory handles
6140 =head2 Dumpvalue - provides screen dump of Perl data.
6152 C<arrayDepth>, C<hashDepth>, C<compactDump>, C<veryCompact>, C<globPrint>,
6153 C<DumpDBFiles>, C<DumpPackages>, C<DumpReused>, C<tick>, C<HighBit>,
6154 C<printUndef>, C<UsageOnly>, unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit,
6159 dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump,
6160 veryCompact, set, get
6166 =head2 DynaLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
6174 @dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs,
6175 @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(),
6176 dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(),
6177 dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(),
6184 =head2 DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into
6197 =head2 English - use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation
6210 =head2 Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or
6225 =head2 Errno - System errno constants
6241 =head2 Exporter - Implements default import method for modules
6253 =item Selecting What To Export
6255 =item Specialised Import Lists
6257 =item Exporting without using Export's import method
6259 =item Module Version Checking
6261 =item Managing Unknown Symbols
6263 =item Tag Handling Utility Functions
6269 =head2 Exporter::Heavy - Exporter guts
6279 =head2 ExtUtils::Command - utilities to replace common UNIX commands in
6300 mv source... destination
6302 cp source... destination
6320 =head2 ExtUtils::Embed - Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
6332 xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(),
6333 ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)
6343 =head2 ExtUtils::Install - install files from here to there
6353 =head2 ExtUtils::Installed - Inventory management of installed modules
6365 new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(),
6366 packlist(), version()
6374 =head2 ExtUtils::Liblist - determine libraries to use and how to use them
6382 For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
6388 =item LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
6398 =item VMS implementation
6400 =item Win32 implementation
6408 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6417 canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
6421 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_OS2 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6432 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Unix - methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
6444 =item Preloaded methods
6464 =item SelfLoaded methods
6510 file_name_is_absolute
6516 =item Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile
6556 maybe_command_in_dirs
6594 replace_manpage_separator
6608 test_via_harness (o)
6638 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_VMS - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6649 =item Methods always loaded
6661 =item SelfLoaded methods
6663 guess_name (override)
6667 find_perl (override)
6671 maybe_command (override)
6673 maybe_command_in_dirs (override)
6675 perl_script (override)
6677 file_name_is_absolute (override)
6679 replace_manpage_separator
6681 init_others (override)
6683 constants (override)
6687 const_cccmd (override)
6689 pm_to_blib (override)
6691 tool_autosplit (override)
6693 tool_sxubpp (override)
6695 xsubpp_version (override)
6697 tools_other (override)
6707 top_targets (override)
6711 dynamic_lib (override)
6713 dynamic_bs (override)
6715 static_lib (override)
6717 manifypods (override)
6719 processPL (override)
6721 installbin (override)
6727 realclean (override)
6729 dist_basics (override)
6731 dist_core (override)
6735 dist_test (override)
6739 perldepend (override)
6745 test_via_harness (override)
6747 test_via_script (override)
6749 makeaperl (override)
6753 =head2 ExtUtils::MM_Win32 - methods to override UN*X behaviour in
6780 test_via_harness (o)
6782 tool_autosplit (override)
6800 =head2 ExtUtils::MakeMaker - create an extension Makefile
6810 =item How To Write A Makefile.PL
6812 =item Default Makefile Behaviour
6820 =item PREFIX and LIB attribute
6824 =item Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
6826 =item Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
6828 =item Which architecture dependent directory?
6830 =item Using Attributes and Parameters
6832 AUTHOR, ABSTRACT, ABSTRACT_FROM, BINARY_LOCATION, C, CAPI, CCFLAGS, CONFIG,
6833 CONFIGURE, DEFINE, DIR, DISTNAME, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, EXCLUDE_EXT,
6834 EXE_FILES, FIRST_MAKEFILE, FULLPERL, FUNCLIST, H, HTMLLIBPODS,
6835 HTMLSCRIPTPODS, IMPORTS, INC, INCLUDE_EXT, INSTALLARCHLIB, INSTALLBIN,
6836 INSTALLDIRS, INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR, INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR,
6837 INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR, INSTALLMAN1DIR, INSTALLMAN3DIR, INSTALLPRIVLIB,
6838 INSTALLSCRIPT, INSTALLSITEARCH, INSTALLSITELIB, INST_ARCHLIB, INST_BIN,
6839 INST_EXE, INST_LIB, INST_HTMLLIBDIR, INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR, INST_MAN1DIR,
6840 INST_MAN3DIR, INST_SCRIPT, PERL_MALLOC_OK, LDFROM, LIB, LIBPERL_A, LIBS,
6841 LINKTYPE, MAKEAPERL, MAKEFILE, MAN1PODS, MAN3PODS, MAP_TARGET, MYEXTLIB,
6842 NAME, NEEDS_LINKING, NOECHO, NORECURS, NO_VC, OBJECT, OPTIMIZE, PERL,
6843 PERLMAINCC, PERL_ARCHLIB, PERL_LIB, PERL_SRC, PERM_RW, PERM_RWX, PL_FILES,
6844 PM, PMLIBDIRS, POLLUTE, PPM_INSTALL_EXEC, PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT, PREFIX,
6845 PREREQ_PM, SKIP, TYPEMAPS, VERSION, VERSION_FROM, XS, XSOPT, XSPROTOARG,
6848 =item Additional lowercase attributes
6850 clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test,
6853 =item Overriding MakeMaker Methods
6855 =item Hintsfile support
6857 =item Distribution Support
6859 make distcheck, make skipcheck, make distclean, make manifest,
6860 make distdir, make tardist, make dist, make uutardist, make
6861 shdist, make zipdist, make ci
6863 =item Disabling an extension
6877 =head2 ExtUtils::Manifest - utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
6889 =item GLOBAL VARIABLES
6893 C<Not in MANIFEST:> I<file>, C<No such file:> I<file>, C<MANIFEST:> I<$!>,
6894 C<Added to MANIFEST:> I<file>
6902 =head2 ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain - write the C code for perlmain.c
6914 =head2 ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap - make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
6924 =head2 ExtUtils::Mksymlists - write linker options files for dynamic
6933 DLBASE, DL_FUNCS, DL_VARS, FILE, FUNCLIST, IMPORTS, NAME
6941 =head2 ExtUtils::Packlist - manage .packlist files
6953 new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()
6961 =head2 ExtUtils::testlib - add blib/* directories to @INC
6971 =head2 Fatal - replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
6983 =head2 Fcntl - load the C Fcntl.h defines
6993 =item EXPORTED SYMBOLS
6997 =head2 File::Basename, fileparse - split a pathname into pieces
7005 fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse
7009 C<basename>, C<dirname>
7013 =head2 File::CheckTree, validate - run many filetest checks on a tree
7023 =head2 File::Compare - Compare files or filehandles
7037 =head2 File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles
7047 =item Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)
7049 rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])
7059 =head2 File::DosGlob - DOS like globbing and then some
7067 =item EXPORTS (by request only)
7079 =head2 File::Find, find - traverse a file tree
7087 C<wanted>, C<bydepth>, C<follow>, C<follow_fast>, C<follow_skip>,
7088 C<no_chdir>, C<untaint>, C<untaint_pattern>, C<untaint_skip>
7094 =head2 File::Glob - Perl extension for BSD glob routine
7102 C<GLOB_ERR>, C<GLOB_MARK>, C<GLOB_NOCASE>, C<GLOB_NOCHECK>, C<GLOB_NOSORT>,
7103 C<GLOB_BRACE>, C<GLOB_NOMAGIC>, C<GLOB_QUOTE>, C<GLOB_TILDE>, C<GLOB_CSH>
7107 C<GLOB_NOSPACE>, C<GLOB_ABEND>
7115 =head2 File::Path - create or remove directory trees
7127 =head2 File::Spec - portably perform operations on file names
7141 =head2 File::Spec::Functions - portably perform operations on file names
7159 =head2 File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for MacOS
7187 file_name_is_absolute
7207 =head2 File::Spec::OS2 - methods for OS/2 file specs
7217 =head2 File::Spec::Unix - methods used by File::Spec
7249 file_name_is_absolute
7271 =head2 File::Spec::VMS - methods for VMS file specs
7287 =item Methods always loaded
7289 canonpath (override)
7307 case_tolerant (override)
7311 file_name_is_absolute (override)
7313 splitpath (override)
7329 =head2 File::Spec::Win32 - methods for Win32 file specs
7363 =head2 File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely
7385 =item MKTEMP FUNCTIONS
7399 =item POSIX FUNCTIONS
7409 =item ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
7417 =item UTILITY FUNCTIONS
7425 =item PACKAGE VARIABLES
7427 B<safe_level>, STANDARD, MEDIUM, HIGH
7445 =head2 File::stat - by-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
7459 =head2 FileCache - keep more files open than the system permits
7471 =head2 FileHandle - supply object methods for filehandles
7479 $fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines
7485 =head2 FindBin - Locate directory of original perl script
7493 =item EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
7503 =head2 GDBM_File - Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
7519 =head2 Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options
7527 =item Command Line Options, an Introduction
7529 =item Getting Started with Getopt::Long
7533 =item Simple options
7535 =item A little bit less simple options
7537 =item Mixing command line option with other arguments
7539 =item Options with values
7541 =item Options with multiple values
7543 =item Options with hash values
7545 =item User-defined subroutines to handle options
7547 =item Options with multiple names
7549 =item Case and abbreviations
7551 =item Summary of Option Specifications
7553 !, +, s, i, f, : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]
7557 =item Advanced Possibilities
7561 =item Documentation and help texts
7563 =item Storing options in a hash
7567 =item The lonesome dash
7569 =item Argument call-back
7573 =item Configuring Getopt::Long
7575 default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, require_order, permute, bundling
7576 (default: reset), bundling_override (default: reset), ignore_case
7577 (default: set), ignore_case_always (default: reset), pass_through (default:
7578 reset), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: reset)
7580 =item Return values and Errors
7586 =item Default destinations
7588 =item Alternative option starters
7590 =item Configuration variables
7596 =item COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER
7600 =head2 Getopt::Std, getopt - Process single-character switches with switch
7611 =head2 I18N::Collate - compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current
7622 =head2 IO - load various IO modules
7632 =head2 IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory handles
7640 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
7641 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
7651 =head2 IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
7661 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
7665 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
7673 =head2 IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O handles
7683 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
7687 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
7688 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
7689 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
7690 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
7702 =head2 IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
7712 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
7716 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
7726 =head2 IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
7736 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
7737 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
7747 =head2 IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for I/O objects
7761 =head2 IO::Select - OO interface to the select system call
7775 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
7776 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
7777 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
7787 =head2 IO::Socket - Object interface to socket communications
7801 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
7802 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
7812 =head2 IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
7828 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
7841 =head2 IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
7855 hostpath(), peerpath()
7865 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Dir, IO::Dir - supply object methods for directory
7874 new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (),
7875 rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO::Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]
7885 =head2 IO::lib::IO::File, IO::File - supply object methods for filehandles
7895 new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile
7899 open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )
7907 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Handle, IO::Handle - supply object methods for I/O
7918 new (), new_from_fd ( FD, MODE )
7922 $io->fdopen ( FD, MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines,
7923 $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF, LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error,
7924 $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ),
7925 $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint
7937 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Pipe, IO::Pipe - supply object methods for pipes
7947 new ( [READER, WRITER] )
7951 reader ([ARGS]), writer ([ARGS]), handles ()
7961 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Poll, IO::Poll - Object interface to system poll call
7971 mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove (
7972 IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )
7982 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Seekable, IO::Seekable - supply seek based methods for
7997 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Select, IO::Select - OO interface to the select system
8012 add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read (
8013 [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ),
8014 count (), bits(), select ( READ, WRITE, ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )
8024 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket, IO::Socket - Object interface to socket
8039 accept([PKG]), socketpair(DOMAIN, TYPE, PROTOCOL), timeout([VAL]),
8040 sockopt(OPT [, VAL]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected
8050 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET - Object interface for
8051 AF_INET domain sockets
8067 sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost
8080 =head2 IO::lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO::Socket::UNIX - Object interface for
8081 AF_UNIX domain sockets
8095 hostpath(), peerpath()
8105 =head2 IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
8115 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
8116 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
8127 =head2 IPC::Open2, open2 - open a process for both reading and writing
8141 =head2 IPC::Open3, open3 - open a process for reading, writing, and error
8154 =head2 IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object class
8164 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
8165 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
8166 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
8177 =head2 IPC::SysV - SysV IPC constants
8195 =head2 IPC::SysV::Msg, IPC::Msg - SysV Msg IPC object class
8205 new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF, LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set
8206 ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE, MSG [,
8217 =head2 IPC::SysV::Semaphore, IPC::Semaphore - SysV Semaphore IPC object
8228 new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ),
8229 getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ),
8230 set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N
8241 =head2 Math::BigFloat - Arbitrary length float math package
8249 number format, Error returns 'NaN', Division is computed to, Rounding is
8258 =head2 Math::BigInt - Arbitrary size integer math package
8266 Canonical notation, Input, Output
8270 =item Autocreating constants
8278 =head2 Math::Complex - complex numbers and associated mathematical
8291 =item STRINGIFICATION
8295 =item CHANGED IN PERL 5.6
8301 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
8303 =item ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
8311 =head2 Math::Trig - trigonometric functions
8319 =item TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
8325 =item ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
8327 =item SIMPLE (REAL) ARGUMENTS, COMPLEX RESULTS
8331 =item PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
8333 =item RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS
8337 =item COORDINATE SYSTEMS
8339 =item 3-D ANGLE CONVERSIONS
8341 cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian,
8342 cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical
8346 =item GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
8356 =head2 NDBM_File - Tied access to ndbm files
8366 =head2 Net::Ping - check a remote host for reachability
8378 Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [,
8379 $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);
8389 =head2 Net::hostent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*()
8406 =head2 Net::netent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*()
8423 =head2 Net::protoent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*()
8438 =head2 Net::servent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*()
8455 =head2 O - Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
8465 =item IMPLEMENTATION
8471 =head2 ODBM_File - Tied access to odbm files
8481 =head2 Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
8493 =item Operator Names and Operator Lists
8495 an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname
8496 or optag, an operator set (opset)
8498 =item Opcode Functions
8500 opcodes, opset (OP, ...), opset_to_ops (OPSET), opset_to_hex (OPSET),
8501 full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset (OPSET), verify_opset (OPSET, ...),
8502 define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET), opmask_add (OPSET), opmask, opdesc (OP, ...),
8505 =item Manipulating Opsets
8513 =item Predefined Opcode Tags
8515 :base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math,
8516 :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open,
8517 :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided,
8526 =head2 Opcode::Safe, Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted
8535 a new namespace, an operator mask
8541 =item RECENT CHANGES
8543 =item Methods in class Safe
8545 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
8546 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
8547 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
8548 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
8550 =item Some Safety Issues
8552 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
8560 =head2 Opcode::ops, ops - Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when
8573 =head2 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
8587 _exit, abort, abs, access, acos, alarm, asctime, asin, assert, atan, atan2,
8588 atexit, atof, atoi, atol, bsearch, calloc, ceil, chdir, chmod, chown,
8589 clearerr, clock, close, closedir, cos, cosh, creat, ctermid, ctime,
8590 cuserid, difftime, div, dup, dup2, errno, execl, execle, execlp, execv,
8591 execve, execvp, exit, exp, fabs, fclose, fcntl, fdopen, feof, ferror,
8592 fflush, fgetc, fgetpos, fgets, fileno, floor, fmod, fopen, fork, fpathconf,
8593 fprintf, fputc, fputs, fread, free, freopen, frexp, fscanf, fseek, fsetpos,
8594 fstat, ftell, fwrite, getc, getchar, getcwd, getegid, getenv, geteuid,
8595 getgid, getgrgid, getgrnam, getgroups, getlogin, getpgrp, getpid, getppid,
8596 getpwnam, getpwuid, gets, getuid, gmtime, isalnum, isalpha, isatty,
8597 iscntrl, isdigit, isgraph, islower, isprint, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
8598 isxdigit, kill, labs, ldexp, ldiv, link, localeconv, localtime, log, log10,
8599 longjmp, lseek, malloc, mblen, mbstowcs, mbtowc, memchr, memcmp, memcpy,
8600 memmove, memset, mkdir, mkfifo, mktime, modf, nice, offsetof, open,
8601 opendir, pathconf, pause, perror, pipe, pow, printf, putc, putchar, puts,
8602 qsort, raise, rand, read, readdir, realloc, remove, rename, rewind,
8603 rewinddir, rmdir, scanf, setgid, setjmp, setlocale, setpgid, setsid,
8604 setuid, sigaction, siglongjmp, sigpending, sigprocmask, sigsetjmp,
8605 sigsuspend, sin, sinh, sleep, sprintf, sqrt, srand, sscanf, stat, strcat,
8606 strchr, strcmp, strcoll, strcpy, strcspn, strerror, strftime, strlen,
8607 strncat, strncmp, strncpy, stroul, strpbrk, strrchr, strspn, strstr,
8608 strtod, strtok, strtol, strtoul, strxfrm, sysconf, system, tan, tanh,
8609 tcdrain, tcflow, tcflush, tcgetpgrp, tcsendbreak, tcsetpgrp, time, times,
8610 tmpfile, tmpnam, tolower, toupper, ttyname, tzname, tzset, umask, uname,
8611 ungetc, unlink, utime, vfprintf, vprintf, vsprintf, wait, waitpid,
8612 wcstombs, wctomb, write
8618 =item POSIX::SigAction
8624 new, addset, delset, emptyset, fillset, ismember
8626 =item POSIX::Termios
8628 new, getattr, getcc, getcflag, getiflag, getispeed, getlflag, getoflag,
8629 getospeed, setattr, setcc, setcflag, setiflag, setispeed, setlflag,
8630 setoflag, setospeed, Baud rate values, Terminal interface values, c_cc
8631 field values, c_cflag field values, c_iflag field values, c_lflag field
8632 values, c_oflag field values
8636 =item PATHNAME CONSTANTS
8640 =item POSIX CONSTANTS
8644 =item SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
8704 =head2 Pod::Checker, podchecker() - check pod documents for syntax errors
8710 =item OPTIONS/ARGUMENTS
8716 B<-warnings> =E<gt> I<val>
8728 empty =headn, =over on line I<N> without closing =back, =item without
8729 previous =over, =back without previous =over, No argument for =begin, =end
8730 without =begin, Nested =begin's, =for without formatter specification,
8731 unresolved internal link I<NAME>, Unknown command "I<CMD>", Unknown
8732 interior-sequence "I<SEQ>", nested commands
8733 I<CMD>E<lt>...I<CMD>E<lt>...E<gt>...E<gt>, garbled entity I<STRING>, Entity
8734 number out of range, malformed link LE<lt>E<gt>, nonempty ZE<lt>E<gt>,
8735 empty XE<lt>E<gt>, Spurious text after =pod / =cut, Spurious character(s)
8740 multiple occurence of link target I<name>, line containing nothing but
8741 whitespace in paragraph, file does not start with =head, No numeric
8742 argument for =over, previous =item has no contents, preceding non-item
8743 paragraph(s), =item type mismatch (I<one> vs. I<two>), I<N> unescaped
8744 C<E<lt>E<gt>> in paragraph, Unknown entity, No items in =over, No argument
8745 for =item, empty section in previous paragraph, Verbatim paragraph in NAME
8758 C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( @args )>, C<$checker-E<gt>poderror( {%opts},
8761 C<$checker-E<gt>num_errors()>
8763 C<$checker-E<gt>name()>
8765 C<$checker-E<gt>node()>
8767 C<$checker-E<gt>idx()>
8769 C<$checker-E<gt>hyperlink()>
8777 =head2 Pod::Find - find POD documents in directory trees
8787 B<-verbose>, B<-perl>, B<-script>, B<-inc>
8795 =head2 Pod::Html - module to convert pod files to HTML
8805 backlink, css, flush, header, help, htmldir, htmlroot, index, infile,
8806 libpods, netscape, outfile, podpath, podroot, quiet, recurse, title,
8821 =head2 Pod::InputObjects - objects representing POD input paragraphs,
8834 B<Pod::InputSource>, B<Pod::Paragraph>, B<Pod::InteriorSequence>,
8841 =item B<Pod::InputSource>
8865 =item B<was_cutting()>
8871 =item B<Pod::Paragraph>
8901 =item B<cmd_prefix()>
8907 =item B<cmd_separator()>
8913 =item B<parse_tree()>
8919 =item B<file_line()>
8925 =item B<Pod::InteriorSequence>
8967 =item B<left_delimiter()>
8973 =item B<right_delimiter()>
8979 =item B<parse_tree()>
8985 =item B<file_line()>
8997 =item B<Pod::ParseTree>
9051 =head2 Pod::Man - Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
9059 center, date, fixed, fixedbold, fixeditalic, fixedbolditalic, release,
9064 roff font should be 1 or 2 chars, not `%s', Invalid link %s, Unknown escape
9065 EE<lt>%sE<gt>, Unknown sequence %s, Unmatched =back
9075 =head2 Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion
9111 =item Pod::Hyperlink
9151 =item Pod::Cache::Item
9179 =head2 Pod::Parser - base class for creating POD filters and translators
9191 =item QUICK OVERVIEW
9193 =item PARSING OPTIONS
9195 B<-want_nonPODs> (default: unset), B<-process_cut_cmd> (default: unset),
9196 B<-warnings> (default: unset)
9202 =item RECOMMENDED SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
9210 C<$cmd>, C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9218 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9224 =item B<textblock()>
9226 C<$text>, C<$line_num>, C<$pod_para>
9232 =item B<interior_sequence()>
9238 =item OPTIONAL SUBROUTINE/METHOD OVERRIDES
9250 =item B<initialize()>
9256 =item B<begin_pod()>
9262 =item B<begin_input()>
9268 =item B<end_input()>
9280 =item B<preprocess_line()>
9286 =item B<preprocess_paragraph()>
9292 =item METHODS FOR PARSING AND PROCESSING
9298 =item B<parse_text()>
9300 B<-expand_seq> =E<gt> I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_text> =E<gt>
9301 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>, B<-expand_ptree> =E<gt>
9302 I<code-ref>|I<method-name>
9308 =item B<interpolate()>
9314 =item B<parse_paragraph()>
9320 =item B<parse_from_filehandle()>
9326 =item B<parse_from_file()>
9332 =item ACCESSOR METHODS
9350 =item B<parseopts()>
9356 =item B<output_file()>
9362 =item B<output_handle()>
9368 =item B<input_file()>
9374 =item B<input_handle()>
9380 =item B<input_streams()>
9386 =item B<top_stream()>
9392 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
9398 =item B<_push_input_stream()>
9404 =item B<_pop_input_stream()>
9410 =item TREE-BASED PARSING
9418 =head2 Pod::Plainer - Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
9438 =head2 Pod::Select, podselect() - extract selected sections of POD from
9451 =item SECTION SPECIFICATIONS
9453 =item RANGE SPECIFICATIONS
9459 =item OBJECT METHODS
9465 =item B<curr_headings()>
9477 =item B<add_selection()>
9483 =item B<clear_selections()>
9489 =item B<match_section()>
9495 =item B<is_selected()>
9501 =item EXPORTED FUNCTIONS
9507 =item B<podselect()>
9509 B<-output>, B<-sections>, B<-ranges>
9515 =item PRIVATE METHODS AND DATA
9521 =item B<_compile_section_spec()>
9527 =item $self->{_SECTION_HEADINGS}
9533 =item $self->{_SELECTED_SECTIONS}
9545 =head2 Pod::Text - Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
9553 alt, indent, loose, sentence, width
9557 Bizarre space in item, Can't open %s for reading: %s, Unknown escape: %s,
9558 Unknown sequence: %s, Unmatched =back
9570 =head2 Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
9586 =head2 Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Text::Color - Convert POD data to ASCII
9587 text with format escapes
9601 =head2 Pod::Usage, pod2usage() - print a usage message from embedded pod
9610 C<-message>, C<-msg>, C<-exitval>, C<-verbose>, C<-output>, C<-input>,
9619 =item Recommended Use
9627 =item ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
9631 =head2 SDBM_File - Tied access to sdbm files
9641 =head2 Safe - Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
9649 a new namespace, an operator mask
9655 =item RECENT CHANGES
9657 =item Methods in class Safe
9659 permit (OP, ...), permit_only (OP, ...), deny (OP, ...), deny_only (OP,
9660 ...), trap (OP, ...), untrap (OP, ...), share (NAME, ...), share_from
9661 (PACKAGE, ARRAYREF), varglob (VARNAME), reval (STRING), rdo (FILENAME),
9662 root (NAMESPACE), mask (MASK)
9664 =item Some Safety Issues
9666 Memory, CPU, Snooping, Signals, State Changes
9674 =head2 Search::Dict, look - search for key in dictionary file
9684 =head2 SelectSaver - save and restore selected file handle
9694 =head2 SelfLoader - load functions only on demand
9704 =item The __DATA__ token
9706 =item SelfLoader autoloading
9708 =item Autoloading and package lexicals
9710 =item SelfLoader and AutoLoader
9712 =item __DATA__, __END__, and the FOOBAR::DATA filehandle.
9714 =item Classes and inherited methods.
9718 =item Multiple packages and fully qualified subroutine names
9722 =head2 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
9734 =head2 Socket, sockaddr_in, sockaddr_un, inet_aton, inet_ntoa - load the C
9735 socket.h defines and structure manipulators
9743 inet_aton HOSTNAME, inet_ntoa IP_ADDRESS, INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST,
9744 INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE, sockaddr_in PORT, ADDRESS, sockaddr_in
9745 SOCKADDR_IN, pack_sockaddr_in PORT, IP_ADDRESS, unpack_sockaddr_in
9746 SOCKADDR_IN, sockaddr_un PATHNAME, sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN,
9747 pack_sockaddr_un PATH, unpack_sockaddr_un SOCKADDR_UN
9751 =head2 Symbol - manipulate Perl symbols and their names
9761 =head2 Sys::Hostname - Try every conceivable way to get hostname
9773 =head2 Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog - Perl
9774 interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
9782 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
9783 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
9794 =head2 Syslog::Syslog, Sys::Syslog, openlog, closelog, setlogmask, syslog -
9795 Perl interface to the UNIX syslog(3) calls
9803 openlog $ident, $logopt, $facility, syslog $priority, $format, @args,
9804 setlogmask $mask_priority, setlogsock $sock_type (added in 5.004_02),
9815 =head2 Term::ANSIColor - Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
9825 Invalid attribute name %s, Identifier %s used only once: possible typo, No
9826 comma allowed after filehandle, Bareword %s not allowed while "strict subs"
9835 =head2 Term::Cap - Perl termcap interface
9847 =head2 Term::Complete - Perl word completion module
9855 E<lt>tabE<gt>, ^D, ^U, E<lt>delE<gt>, E<lt>bsE<gt>
9865 =head2 Term::ReadLine - Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
9866 no real package is found, substitutes stubs instead of basic functions.
9874 =item Minimal set of supported functions
9876 C<ReadLine>, C<new>, C<readline>, C<addhistory>, C<IN>, $C<OUT>,
9877 C<MinLine>, C<findConsole>, Attribs, C<Features>
9879 =item Additional supported functions
9881 C<tkRunning>, C<ornaments>, C<newTTY>
9889 =head2 Test - provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
9899 NORMAL TESTS, SKIPPED TESTS, TODO TESTS
9911 =head2 Test::Harness - run perl standard test scripts with statistics
9921 =item The test script output
9929 C<All tests successful.\nFiles=%d, Tests=%d, %s>, C<FAILED tests
9930 %s\n\tFailed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.>, C<Test returned status %d (wstat
9931 %d)>, C<Failed 1 test, %.2f%% okay. %s>, C<Failed %d/%d tests, %.2f%% okay.
9944 =head2 Text::Abbrev, abbrev - create an abbreviation table from a list
9956 =head2 Text::ParseWords - parse text into an array of tokens or array of
9967 0 a simple word, 1 multiple spaces are skipped because of our $delim, 2 use
9968 of quotes to include a space in a word, 3 use of a backslash to include a
9969 space in a word, 4 use of a backslash to remove the special meaning of a
9970 double-quote, 5 another simple word (note the lack of effect of the
9971 backslashed double-quote)
9977 =head2 Text::Soundex - Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described
9994 =head2 Text::Tabs -- expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and
10009 =head2 Text::Wrap - line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
10023 =head2 Thread - manipulate threads in Perl (EXPERIMENTAL, subject to
10034 new \&start_sub, new \&start_sub, LIST, lock VARIABLE, async BLOCK;,
10035 Thread->self, Thread->list, cond_wait VARIABLE, cond_signal VARIABLE,
10036 cond_broadcast VARIABLE, yield
10040 join, eval, detach, equal, tid
10048 =head2 Thread::Queue - thread-safe queues
10056 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
10058 new, enqueue LIST, dequeue, dequeue_nb, pending
10064 =head2 Thread::Semaphore - thread-safe semaphores
10072 =item FUNCTIONS AND METHODS
10074 new, new NUMBER, down, down NUMBER, up, up NUMBER
10078 =head2 Thread::Signal - Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
10090 =head2 Thread::Specific - thread-specific keys
10100 =head2 Tie::Array - base class for tied arrays
10108 TIEARRAY classname, LIST, STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index,
10109 FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this,
10110 key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this,
10111 SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST
10119 =head2 Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle - base class definitions for tied
10128 TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this,
10129 LIST, PRINTF this, format, LIST, READ this, scalar, length, offset,
10130 READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this,
10131 EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this
10133 =item MORE INFORMATION
10137 =head2 Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash - base class definitions for tied hashes
10145 TIEHASH classname, LIST, STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY
10146 this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this
10150 =item MORE INFORMATION
10154 =head2 Tie::RefHash - use references as hash keys
10172 =head2 Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar - base class definitions for tied
10181 TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this
10183 =item MORE INFORMATION
10187 =head2 Tie::SubstrHash - Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
10199 =head2 Time::Local - efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
10207 =item IMPLEMENTATION
10213 =head2 Time::gmtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime()
10228 =head2 Time::localtime - by-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime()
10243 =head2 Time::tm - internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
10255 =head2 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
10263 isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL::isa (
10264 VAL, TYPE ), UNIVERSAL::can ( VAL, METHOD )
10268 =head2 User::grent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*()
10283 =head2 User::pwent - by-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*()
10294 =item System Specifics
10308 =head2 XSLoader - Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
10320 =head1 AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
10322 Here should be listed all the extra programs' documentation, but they
10323 don't all have manual pages yet:
10349 Larry Wall <F<larry@wall.org>>, with the help of oodles