3 perlstyle - Perl style guide
7 Each programmer will, of course, have his or her own preferences in
8 regards to formatting, but there are some general guidelines that will
9 make your programs easier to read, understand, and maintain.
11 The most important thing is to run your programs under the B<-w>
12 flag at all times. You may turn it off explicitly for particular
13 portions of code via the C<no warnings> pragma or the C<$^W> variable
14 if you must. You should also always run under C<use strict> or know the
15 reason why not. The C<use sigtrap> and even C<use diagnostics> pragmas
16 may also prove useful.
18 Regarding aesthetics of code lay out, about the only thing Larry
19 cares strongly about is that the closing curly bracket of
20 a multi-line BLOCK should line up with the keyword that started the construct.
21 Beyond that, he has other preferences that aren't so strong:
31 Opening curly on same line as keyword, if possible, otherwise line up.
35 Space before the opening curly of a multi-line BLOCK.
39 One-line BLOCK may be put on one line, including curlies.
43 No space before the semicolon.
47 Semicolon omitted in "short" one-line BLOCK.
51 Space around most operators.
55 Space around a "complex" subscript (inside brackets).
59 Blank lines between chunks that do different things.
67 No space between function name and its opening parenthesis.
71 Space after each comma.
75 Long lines broken after an operator (except C<and> and C<or>).
79 Space after last parenthesis matching on current line.
83 Line up corresponding items vertically.
87 Omit redundant punctuation as long as clarity doesn't suffer.
91 Larry has his reasons for each of these things, but he doesn't claim that
92 everyone else's mind works the same as his does.
94 Here are some other more substantive style issues to think about:
100 Just because you I<CAN> do something a particular way doesn't mean that
101 you I<SHOULD> do it that way. Perl is designed to give you several
102 ways to do anything, so consider picking the most readable one. For
105 open(FOO,$foo) || die "Can't open $foo: $!";
109 die "Can't open $foo: $!" unless open(FOO,$foo);
111 because the second way hides the main point of the statement in a
112 modifier. On the other hand
114 print "Starting analysis\n" if $verbose;
118 $verbose && print "Starting analysis\n";
120 because the main point isn't whether the user typed B<-v> or not.
122 Similarly, just because an operator lets you assume default arguments
123 doesn't mean that you have to make use of the defaults. The defaults
124 are there for lazy systems programmers writing one-shot programs. If
125 you want your program to be readable, consider supplying the argument.
127 Along the same lines, just because you I<CAN> omit parentheses in many
128 places doesn't mean that you ought to:
130 return print reverse sort num values %array;
131 return print(reverse(sort num (values(%array))));
133 When in doubt, parenthesize. At the very least it will let some poor
134 schmuck bounce on the % key in B<vi>.
136 Even if you aren't in doubt, consider the mental welfare of the person
137 who has to maintain the code after you, and who will probably put
138 parentheses in the wrong place.
142 Don't go through silly contortions to exit a loop at the top or the
143 bottom, when Perl provides the C<last> operator so you can exit in
144 the middle. Just "outdent" it a little to make it more visible:
156 Don't be afraid to use loop labels--they're there to enhance
157 readability as well as to allow multilevel loop breaks. See the
162 Avoid using C<grep()> (or C<map()>) or `backticks` in a void context, that is,
163 when you just throw away their return values. Those functions all
164 have return values, so use them. Otherwise use a C<foreach()> loop or
165 the C<system()> function instead.
169 For portability, when using features that may not be implemented on
170 every machine, test the construct in an eval to see if it fails. If
171 you know what version or patchlevel a particular feature was
172 implemented, you can test C<$]> (C<$PERL_VERSION> in C<English>) to see if it
173 will be there. The C<Config> module will also let you interrogate values
174 determined by the B<Configure> program when Perl was installed.
178 Choose mnemonic identifiers. If you can't remember what mnemonic means,
179 you've got a problem.
183 While short identifiers like C<$gotit> are probably ok, use underscores to
184 separate words in longer identifiers. It is generally easier to read
185 C<$var_names_like_this> than C<$VarNamesLikeThis>, especially for
186 non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works
187 consistently with C<VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS>.
189 Package names are sometimes an exception to this rule. Perl informally
190 reserves lowercase module names for "pragma" modules like C<integer> and
191 C<strict>. Other modules should begin with a capital letter and use mixed
192 case, but probably without underscores due to limitations in primitive
193 file systems' representations of module names as files that must fit into a
198 You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope
199 or nature of a variable. For example:
201 $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with perl vars!)
202 $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static
203 $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables
205 Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase.
206 E.g., C<$obj-E<gt>as_string()>.
208 You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or
209 function should not be used outside the package that defined it.
213 If you have a really hairy regular expression, use the C</x> modifier and
214 put in some whitespace to make it look a little less like line noise.
215 Don't use slash as a delimiter when your regexp has slashes or backslashes.
219 Use the new C<and> and C<or> operators to avoid having to parenthesize
220 list operators so much, and to reduce the incidence of punctuation
221 operators like C<&&> and C<||>. Call your subroutines as if they were
222 functions or list operators to avoid excessive ampersands and parentheses.
226 Use here documents instead of repeated C<print()> statements.
230 Line up corresponding things vertically, especially if it'd be too long
231 to fit on one line anyway.
234 $IDX = $ST_ATIME if $opt_u;
235 $IDX = $ST_CTIME if $opt_c;
236 $IDX = $ST_SIZE if $opt_s;
238 mkdir $tmpdir, 0700 or die "can't mkdir $tmpdir: $!";
239 chdir($tmpdir) or die "can't chdir $tmpdir: $!";
240 mkdir 'tmp', 0777 or die "can't mkdir $tmpdir/tmp: $!";
244 Always check the return codes of system calls. Good error messages should
245 go to C<STDERR>, include which program caused the problem, what the failed
246 system call and arguments were, and (VERY IMPORTANT) should contain the
247 standard system error message for what went wrong. Here's a simple but
250 opendir(D, $dir) or die "can't opendir $dir: $!";
254 Line up your transliterations when it makes sense:
261 Think about reusability. Why waste brainpower on a one-shot when you
262 might want to do something like it again? Consider generalizing your
263 code. Consider writing a module or object class. Consider making your
264 code run cleanly with C<use strict> and C<use warnings> (or B<-w>) in
265 effect. Consider giving away your code. Consider changing your whole
266 world view. Consider... oh, never mind.
270 Try to document your code and use Pod formatting in a consistent way. Here
271 are commonly expected conventions:
277 use C<CE<lt>E<gt>> for function, variable and module names (and more
278 generally anything that can be considered part of code, like filehandles
279 or specific values). Note that function names are considered more readable
280 with parentheses after their name, that is C<function()>.
284 use C<BE<lt>E<gt>> for commands names like B<cat> or B<grep>.
288 use C<FE<lt>E<gt>> or C<CE<lt>E<gt>> for file names. C<FE<lt>E<gt>> should
289 be the only Pod code for file names, but as most Pod formatters render it
290 as italic, Unix and Windows paths with their slashes and backslashes may
291 be less readable, and better rendered with C<CE<lt>E<gt>>.