3 perlreref - Perl Regular Expressions Reference
7 This is a quick reference to Perl's regular expressions.
8 For full information see L<perlre> and L<perlop>, as well
9 as the L</"SEE ALSO"> section in this document.
13 =~ determines to which variable the regex is applied.
14 In its absence, $_ is used.
18 !~ determines to which variable the regex is applied,
19 and negates the result of the match; it returns
20 false if the match succeeds, and true if it fails.
24 m/pattern/igmsoxc searches a string for a pattern match,
25 applying the given options.
28 g Global - all occurrences
29 m Multiline mode - ^ and $ match internal lines
30 s match as a Single line - . matches \n
31 o compile pattern Once
32 x eXtended legibility - free whitespace and comments
33 c don't reset pos on failed matches when using /g
35 If 'pattern' is an empty string, the last I<successfully> matched
36 regex is used. Delimiters other than '/' may be used for both this
37 operator and the following ones.
39 qr/pattern/imsox lets you store a regex in a variable,
40 or pass one around. Modifiers as for m// and are stored
43 s/pattern/replacement/igmsoxe substitutes matches of
44 'pattern' with 'replacement'. Modifiers as for m//
47 e Evaluate replacement as an expression
49 'e' may be specified multiple times. 'replacement' is interpreted
50 as a double quoted string unless a single-quote (') is the delimiter.
52 ?pattern? is like m/pattern/ but matches only once. No alternate
53 delimiters can be used. Must be reset with L<reset|perlfunc/reset>.
57 \ Escapes the character immediately following it
58 . Matches any single character except a newline (unless /s is used)
59 ^ Matches at the beginning of the string (or line, if /m is used)
60 $ Matches at the end of the string (or line, if /m is used)
61 * Matches the preceding element 0 or more times
62 + Matches the preceding element 1 or more times
63 ? Matches the preceding element 0 or 1 times
64 {...} Specifies a range of occurrences for the element preceding it
65 [...] Matches any one of the characters contained within the brackets
66 (...) Groups subexpressions for capturing to $1, $2...
67 (?:...) Groups subexpressions without capturing (cluster)
68 | Matches either the subexpression preceding or following it
69 \1, \2 ... The text from the Nth group
71 =head2 ESCAPE SEQUENCES
73 These work as in normal strings.
81 \037 Any octal ASCII value
82 \x7f Any hexadecimal ASCII value
83 \x{263a} A wide hexadecimal value
85 \N{name} A named character
87 \l Lowercase next character
88 \u Titlecase next character
91 \Q Disable pattern metacharacters until \E
92 \E End case modification
94 For Titlecase, see L</Titlecase>.
96 This one works differently from normal strings:
98 \b An assertion, not backspace, except in a character class
100 =head2 CHARACTER CLASSES
102 [amy] Match 'a', 'm' or 'y'
103 [f-j] Dash specifies "range"
104 [f-j-] Dash escaped or at start or end means 'dash'
105 [^f-j] Caret indicates "match any character _except_ these"
107 The following sequences work within or without a character class.
108 The first six are locale aware, all are Unicode aware. The default
109 character class equivalent are given. See L<perllocale> and
110 L<perlunicode> for details.
114 \w A word character [a-zA-Z0-9_]
115 \W A non-word character [^a-zA-Z0-9_]
116 \s A whitespace character [ \t\n\r\f]
117 \S A non-whitespace character [^ \t\n\r\f]
119 \C Match a byte (with Unicode, '.' matches a character)
120 \pP Match P-named (Unicode) property
121 \p{...} Match Unicode property with long name
123 \P{...} Match lack of Unicode property with long name
124 \X Match extended unicode sequence
126 POSIX character classes and their Unicode and Perl equivalents:
128 alnum IsAlnum Alphanumeric
129 alpha IsAlpha Alphabetic
130 ascii IsASCII Any ASCII char
131 blank IsSpace [ \t] Horizontal whitespace (GNU extension)
132 cntrl IsCntrl Control characters
133 digit IsDigit \d Digits
134 graph IsGraph Alphanumeric and punctuation
135 lower IsLower Lowercase chars (locale and Unicode aware)
136 print IsPrint Alphanumeric, punct, and space
137 punct IsPunct Punctuation
138 space IsSpace [\s\ck] Whitespace
139 IsSpacePerl \s Perl's whitespace definition
140 upper IsUpper Uppercase chars (locale and Unicode aware)
141 word IsWord \w Alphanumeric plus _ (Perl extension)
142 xdigit IsXDigit [0-9A-Fa-f] Hexadecimal digit
144 Within a character class:
146 POSIX traditional Unicode
147 [:digit:] \d \p{IsDigit}
148 [:^digit:] \D \P{IsDigit}
152 All are zero-width assertions.
154 ^ Match string start (or line, if /m is used)
155 $ Match string end (or line, if /m is used) or before newline
156 \b Match word boundary (between \w and \W)
157 \B Match except at word boundary (between \w and \w or \W and \W)
158 \A Match string start (regardless of /m)
159 \Z Match string end (before optional newline)
160 \z Match absolute string end
161 \G Match where previous m//g left off
165 Quantifiers are greedy by default -- match the B<longest> leftmost.
167 Maximal Minimal Allowed range
168 ------- ------- -------------
169 {n,m} {n,m}? Must occur at least n times but no more than m times
170 {n,} {n,}? Must occur at least n times
171 {n} {n}? Must occur exactly n times
172 * *? 0 or more times (same as {0,})
173 + +? 1 or more times (same as {1,})
174 ? ?? 0 or 1 time (same as {0,1})
176 There is no quantifier {,n} -- that gets understood as a literal string.
178 =head2 EXTENDED CONSTRUCTS
181 (?imxs-imsx:...) Enable/disable option (as per m// modifiers)
182 (?=...) Zero-width positive lookahead assertion
183 (?!...) Zero-width negative lookahead assertion
184 (?<=...) Zero-width positive lookbehind assertion
185 (?<!...) Zero-width negative lookbehind assertion
186 (?>...) Grab what we can, prohibit backtracking
187 (?{ code }) Embedded code, return value becomes $^R
188 (??{ code }) Dynamic regex, return value used as regex
189 (?(cond)yes|no) cond being integer corresponding to capturing parens
190 (?(cond)yes) or a lookaround/eval zero-width assertion
194 $_ Default variable for operators to use
195 $* Enable multiline matching (deprecated; not in 5.9.0 or later)
197 $& Entire matched string
198 $` Everything prior to matched string
199 $' Everything after to matched string
201 The use of those last three will slow down B<all> regex use
202 within your program. Consult L<perlvar> for C<@LAST_MATCH_START>
203 to see equivalent expressions that won't cause slow down.
204 See also L<Devel::SawAmpersand>.
206 $1, $2 ... hold the Xth captured expr
207 $+ Last parenthesized pattern match
208 $^N Holds the most recently closed capture
209 $^R Holds the result of the last (?{...}) expr
210 @- Offsets of starts of groups. $-[0] holds start of whole match
211 @+ Offsets of ends of groups. $+[0] holds end of whole match
213 Captured groups are numbered according to their I<opening> paren.
217 lc Lowercase a string
218 lcfirst Lowercase first char of a string
219 uc Uppercase a string
220 ucfirst Titlecase first char of a string
222 pos Return or set current match position
223 quotemeta Quote metacharacters
224 reset Reset ?pattern? status
225 study Analyze string for optimizing matching
227 split Use regex to split a string into parts
229 The first four of these are like the escape sequences C<\L>, C<\l>,
230 C<\U>, and C<\u>. For Titlecase, see L</Titlecase>.
236 Unicode concept which most often is equal to uppercase, but for
237 certain characters like the German "sharp s" there is a difference.
243 This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.
251 L<perlretut> for a tutorial on regular expressions.
255 L<perlrequick> for a rapid tutorial.
259 L<perlre> for more details.
263 L<perlvar> for details on the variables.
267 L<perlop> for details on the operators.
271 L<perlfunc> for details on the functions.
275 L<perlfaq6> for FAQs on regular expressions.
279 The L<re> module to alter behaviour and aid
284 L<perldebug/"Debugging regular expressions">
288 L<perluniintro>, L<perlunicode>, L<charnames> and L<locale>
289 for details on regexes and internationalisation.
293 I<Mastering Regular Expressions> by Jeffrey Friedl
294 (F<http://regex.info/>) for a thorough grounding and
295 reference on the topic.