3 perlrecharclass - Perl Regular Expression Character Classes
7 The top level documentation about Perl regular expressions
10 This manual page discusses the syntax and use of character
11 classes in Perl Regular Expressions.
13 A character class is a way of denoting a set of characters,
14 in such a way that one character of the set is matched.
15 It's important to remember that matching a character class
16 consumes exactly one character in the source string. (The source
17 string is the string the regular expression is matched against.)
19 There are three types of character classes in Perl regular
20 expressions: the dot, backslashed sequences, and the bracketed form.
24 The dot (or period), C<.> is probably the most used, and certainly
25 the most well-known character class. By default, a dot matches any
26 character, except for the newline. The default can be changed to
27 add matching the newline with the I<single line> modifier: either
28 for the entire regular expression using the C</s> modifier, or
29 locally using C<(?s)>.
31 Here are some examples:
35 "" =~ /./ # No match (dot has to match a character)
36 "\n" =~ /./ # No match (dot does not match a newline)
37 "\n" =~ /./s # Match (global 'single line' modifier)
38 "\n" =~ /(?s:.)/ # Match (local 'single line' modifier)
39 "ab" =~ /^.$/ # No match (dot matches one character)
42 =head2 Backslashed sequences
44 Perl regular expressions contain many backslashed sequences that
45 constitute a character class. That is, they will match a single
46 character, if that character belongs to a specific set of characters
47 (defined by the sequence). A backslashed sequence is a sequence of
48 characters starting with a backslash. Not all backslashed sequences
49 are character class; for a full list, see L<perlrebackslash>.
51 Here's a list of the backslashed sequences, which are discussed in
54 \d Match a digit character.
55 \D Match a non-digit character.
56 \w Match a "word" character.
57 \W Match a non-"word" character.
58 \s Match a white space character.
59 \S Match a non-white space character.
60 \h Match a horizontal white space character.
61 \H Match a character that isn't horizontal white space.
62 \v Match a vertical white space character.
63 \V Match a character that isn't vertical white space.
64 \pP, \p{Prop} Match a character matching a Unicode property.
65 \PP, \P{Prop} Match a character that doesn't match a Unicode property.
69 C<\d> matches a single character that is considered to be a I<digit>.
70 What is considered a digit depends on the internal encoding of
71 the source string. If the source string is in UTF-8 format, C<\d>
72 not only matches the digits '0' - '9', but also Arabic, Devanagari and
73 digits from other languages. Otherwise, if there is a locale in effect,
74 it will match whatever characters the locale considers digits. Without
75 a locale, C<\d> matches the digits '0' to '9'.
76 See L</Locale, Unicode and UTF-8>.
78 Any character that isn't matched by C<\d> will be matched by C<\D>.
80 =head3 Word characters
82 C<\w> matches a single I<word> character: an alphanumeric character
83 (that is, an alphabetic character, or a digit), or the underscore (C<_>).
84 What is considered a word character depends on the internal encoding
85 of the string. If it's in UTF-8 format, C<\w> matches those characters
86 that are considered word characters in the Unicode database. That is, it
87 not only matches ASCII letters, but also Thai letters, Greek letters, etc.
88 If the source string isn't in UTF-8 format, C<\w> matches those characters
89 that are considered word characters by the current locale. Without
90 a locale in effect, C<\w> matches the ASCII letters, digits and the
93 Any character that isn't matched by C<\w> will be matched by C<\W>.
97 C<\s> matches any single character that is consider white space. In the
98 ASCII range, C<\s> matches the horizontal tab (C<\t>), the new line
99 (C<\n>), the form feed (C<\f>), the carriage return (C<\r>), and the
100 space (the vertical tab, C<\cK> is not matched by C<\s>). The exact set
101 of characters matched by C<\s> depends on whether the source string is
102 in UTF-8 format. If it is, C<\s> matches what is considered white space
103 in the Unicode database. Otherwise, if there is a locale in effect, C<\s>
104 matches whatever is considered white space by the current locale. Without
105 a locale, C<\s> matches the five characters mentioned in the beginning
106 of this paragraph. Perhaps the most notable difference is that C<\s>
107 matches a non-breaking space only if the non-breaking space is in a
108 UTF-8 encoded string.
110 Any character that isn't matched by C<\s> will be matched by C<\S>.
112 C<\h> will match any character that is considered horizontal white space;
113 this includes the space and the tab characters. C<\H> will match any character
114 that is not considered horizontal white space.
116 C<\v> will match any character that is considered vertical white space;
117 this includes the carriage return and line feed characters (newline).
118 C<\V> will match any character that is not considered vertical white space.
120 C<\R> matches anything that can be considered a newline under Unicode
121 rules. It's not a character class, as it can match a multi-character
122 sequence. Therefore, it cannot be used inside a bracketed character
123 class. Details are discussed in L<perlrebackslash>.
125 C<\h>, C<\H>, C<\v>, C<\V>, and C<\R> are new in perl 5.10.0.
127 Note that unlike C<\s>, C<\d> and C<\w>, C<\h> and C<\v> always match
128 the same characters, regardless whether the source string is in UTF-8
129 format or not. The set of characters they match is also not influenced
132 One might think that C<\s> is equivalent with C<[\h\v]>. This is not true.
133 The vertical tab (C<"\x0b">) is not matched by C<\s>, it is however
134 considered vertical white space. Furthermore, if the source string is
135 not in UTF-8 format, the next line (C<"\x85">) and the no-break space
136 (C<"\xA0">) are not matched by C<\s>, but are by C<\v> and C<\h> respectively.
137 If the source string is in UTF-8 format, both the next line and the
138 no-break space are matched by C<\s>.
140 The following table is a complete listing of characters matched by
141 C<\s>, C<\h> and C<\v>.
143 The first column gives the code point of the character (in hex format),
144 the second column gives the (Unicode) name. The third column indicates
145 by which class(es) the character is matched.
147 0x00009 CHARACTER TABULATION h s
148 0x0000a LINE FEED (LF) vs
149 0x0000b LINE TABULATION v
150 0x0000c FORM FEED (FF) vs
151 0x0000d CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) vs
153 0x00085 NEXT LINE (NEL) vs [1]
154 0x000a0 NO-BREAK SPACE h s [1]
155 0x01680 OGHAM SPACE MARK h s
156 0x0180e MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR h s
161 0x02004 THREE-PER-EM SPACE h s
162 0x02005 FOUR-PER-EM SPACE h s
163 0x02006 SIX-PER-EM SPACE h s
164 0x02007 FIGURE SPACE h s
165 0x02008 PUNCTUATION SPACE h s
166 0x02009 THIN SPACE h s
167 0x0200a HAIR SPACE h s
168 0x02028 LINE SEPARATOR vs
169 0x02029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR vs
170 0x0202f NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE h s
171 0x0205f MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE h s
172 0x03000 IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE h s
178 NEXT LINE and NO-BREAK SPACE only match C<\s> if the source string is in
183 It is worth noting that C<\d>, C<\w>, etc, match single characters, not
184 complete numbers or words. To match a number (that consists of integers),
185 use C<\d+>; to match a word, use C<\w+>.
188 =head3 Unicode Properties
190 C<\pP> and C<\p{Prop}> are character classes to match characters that
191 fit given Unicode classes. One letter classes can be used in the C<\pP>
192 form, with the class name following the C<\p>, otherwise, the property
193 name is enclosed in braces, and follows the C<\p>. For instance, a
194 match for a number can be written as C</\pN/> or as C</\p{Number}/>.
195 Lowercase letters are matched by the property I<LowercaseLetter> which
196 has as short form I<Ll>. They have to be written as C</\p{Ll}/> or
197 C</\p{LowercaseLetter}/>. C</\pLl/> is valid, but means something different.
198 It matches a two character string: a letter (Unicode property C<\pL>),
199 followed by a lowercase C<l>.
201 For a list of possible properties, see
202 L<perlunicode/Unicode Character Properties>. It is also possible to
203 defined your own properties. This is discussed in
204 L<perlunicode/User-Defined Character Properties>.
209 "a" =~ /\w/ # Match, "a" is a 'word' character.
210 "7" =~ /\w/ # Match, "7" is a 'word' character as well.
211 "a" =~ /\d/ # No match, "a" isn't a digit.
212 "7" =~ /\d/ # Match, "7" is a digit.
213 " " =~ /\s/ # Match, a space is white space.
214 "a" =~ /\D/ # Match, "a" is a non-digit.
215 "7" =~ /\D/ # No match, "7" is not a non-digit.
216 " " =~ /\S/ # No match, a space is not non-white space.
218 " " =~ /\h/ # Match, space is horizontal white space.
219 " " =~ /\v/ # No match, space is not vertical white space.
220 "\r" =~ /\v/ # Match, a return is vertical white space.
222 "a" =~ /\pL/ # Match, "a" is a letter.
223 "a" =~ /\p{Lu}/ # No match, /\p{Lu}/ matches upper case letters.
225 "\x{0e0b}" =~ /\p{Thai}/ # Match, \x{0e0b} is the character
226 # 'THAI CHARACTER SO SO', and that's in
227 # Thai Unicode class.
228 "a" =~ /\P{Lao}/ # Match, as "a" is not a Laoian character.
231 =head2 Bracketed Character Classes
233 The third form of character class you can use in Perl regular expressions
234 is the bracketed form. In its simplest form, it lists the characters
235 that may be matched inside square brackets, like this: C<[aeiou]>.
236 This matches one of C<a>, C<e>, C<i>, C<o> or C<u>. Just as the other
237 character classes, exactly one character will be matched. To match
238 a longer string consisting of characters mentioned in the characters
239 class, follow the character class with a quantifier. For instance,
240 C<[aeiou]+> matches a string of one or more lowercase ASCII vowels.
242 Repeating a character in a character class has no
243 effect; it's considered to be in the set only once.
247 "e" =~ /[aeiou]/ # Match, as "e" is listed in the class.
248 "p" =~ /[aeiou]/ # No match, "p" is not listed in the class.
249 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]$/ # No match, a character class only matches
250 # a single character.
251 "ae" =~ /^[aeiou]+$/ # Match, due to the quantifier.
253 =head3 Special Characters Inside a Bracketed Character Class
255 Most characters that are meta characters in regular expressions (that
256 is, characters that carry a special meaning like C<*> or C<(>) lose
257 their special meaning and can be used inside a character class without
258 the need to escape them. For instance, C<[()]> matches either an opening
259 parenthesis, or a closing parenthesis, and the parens inside the character
260 class don't group or capture.
262 Characters that may carry a special meaning inside a character class are:
263 C<\>, C<^>, C<->, C<[> and C<]>, and are discussed below. They can be
264 escaped with a backslash, although this is sometimes not needed, in which
265 case the backslash may be omitted.
267 The sequence C<\b> is special inside a bracketed character class. While
268 outside the character class C<\b> is an assertion indicating a point
269 that does not have either two word characters or two non-word characters
270 on either side, inside a bracketed character class, C<\b> matches a
273 A C<[> is not special inside a character class, unless it's the start
274 of a POSIX character class (see below). It normally does not need escaping.
276 A C<]> is either the end of a POSIX character class (see below), or it
277 signals the end of the bracketed character class. Normally it needs
278 escaping if you want to include a C<]> in the set of characters.
279 However, if the C<]> is the I<first> (or the second if the first
280 character is a caret) character of a bracketed character class, it
281 does not denote the end of the class (as you cannot have an empty class)
282 and is considered part of the set of characters that can be matched without
287 "+" =~ /[+?*]/ # Match, "+" in a character class is not special.
288 "\cH" =~ /[\b]/ # Match, \b inside in a character class
289 # is equivalent with a backspace.
290 "]" =~ /[][]/ # Match, as the character class contains.
292 "[]" =~ /[[]]/ # Match, the pattern contains a character class
293 # containing just ], and the character class is
296 =head3 Character Ranges
298 It is not uncommon to want to match a range of characters. Luckily, instead
299 of listing all the characters in the range, one may use the hyphen (C<->).
300 If inside a bracketed character class you have two characters separated
301 by a hyphen, it's treated as if all the characters between the two are in
302 the class. For instance, C<[0-9]> matches any ASCII digit, and C<[a-m]>
303 matches any lowercase letter from the first half of the ASCII alphabet.
305 Note that the two characters on either side of the hyphen are not
306 necessary both letters or both digits. Any character is possible,
307 although not advisable. C<['-?]> contains a range of characters, but
308 most people will not know which characters that will be. Furthermore,
309 such ranges may lead to portability problems if the code has to run on
310 a platform that uses a different character set, such as EBCDIC.
312 If a hyphen in a character class cannot be part of a range, for instance
313 because it is the first or the last character of the character class,
314 or if it immediately follows a range, the hyphen isn't special, and will be
315 considered a character that may be matched. You have to escape the hyphen
316 with a backslash if you want to have a hyphen in your set of characters to
317 be matched, and its position in the class is such that it can be considered
322 [a-z] # Matches a character that is a lower case ASCII letter.
323 [a-fz] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive) or the
325 [-z] # Matches either a hyphen ('-') or the letter 'z'.
326 [a-f-m] # Matches any letter between 'a' and 'f' (inclusive), the
327 # hyphen ('-'), or the letter 'm'.
328 ['-?] # Matches any of the characters '()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?
329 # (But not on an EBCDIC platform).
334 It is also possible to instead list the characters you do not want to
335 match. You can do so by using a caret (C<^>) as the first character in the
336 character class. For instance, C<[^a-z]> matches a character that is not a
337 lowercase ASCII letter.
339 This syntax make the caret a special character inside a bracketed character
340 class, but only if it is the first character of the class. So if you want
341 to have the caret as one of the characters you want to match, you either
342 have to escape the caret, or not list it first.
346 "e" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # No match, the 'e' is listed.
347 "x" =~ /[^aeiou]/ # Match, as 'x' isn't a lowercase vowel.
348 "^" =~ /[^^]/ # No match, matches anything that isn't a caret.
349 "^" =~ /[x^]/ # Match, caret is not special here.
351 =head3 Backslash Sequences
353 You can put a backslash sequence character class inside a bracketed character
354 class, and it will act just as if you put all the characters matched by
355 the backslash sequence inside the character class. For instance,
356 C<[a-f\d]> will match any digit, or any of the lowercase letters between
357 'a' and 'f' inclusive.
361 /[\p{Thai}\d]/ # Matches a character that is either a Thai
362 # character, or a digit.
363 /[^\p{Arabic}()]/ # Matches a character that is neither an Arabic
364 # character, nor a parenthesis.
366 Backslash sequence character classes cannot form one of the endpoints
369 =head3 Posix Character Classes
371 Posix character classes have the form C<[:class:]>, where I<class> is
372 name, and the C<[:> and C<:]> delimiters. Posix character classes appear
373 I<inside> bracketed character classes, and are a convenient and descriptive
374 way of listing a group of characters. Be careful about the syntax,
377 $string =~ /[[:alpha:]]/
379 # Incorrect (will warn):
380 $string =~ /[:alpha:]/
382 The latter pattern would be a character class consisting of a colon,
383 and the letters C<a>, C<l>, C<p> and C<h>.
385 Perl recognizes the following POSIX character classes:
387 alpha Any alphabetical character.
388 alnum Any alphanumerical character.
389 ascii Any ASCII character.
390 blank A GNU extension, equal to a space or a horizontal tab (C<\t>).
391 cntrl Any control character.
392 digit Any digit, equivalent to C<\d>.
393 graph Any printable character, excluding a space.
394 lower Any lowercase character.
395 print Any printable character, including a space.
396 punct Any punctuation character.
397 space Any white space character. C<\s> plus the vertical tab (C<\cK>).
398 upper Any uppercase character.
399 word Any "word" character, equivalent to C<\w>.
400 xdigit Any hexadecimal digit, '0' - '9', 'a' - 'f', 'A' - 'F'.
402 The exact set of characters matched depends on whether the source string
403 is internally in UTF-8 format or not. See L</Locale, Unicode and UTF-8>.
405 Most POSIX character classes have C<\p> counterparts. The difference
406 is that the C<\p> classes will always match according to the Unicode
407 properties, regardless whether the string is in UTF-8 format or not.
409 The following table shows the relation between POSIX character classes
410 and the Unicode properties:
412 [[:...:]] \p{...} backslash
430 Some character classes may have a non-obvious name:
436 Any control character. Usually, control characters don't produce output
437 as such, but instead control the terminal somehow: for example newline
438 and backspace are control characters. All characters with C<ord()> less
439 than 32 are usually classified as control characters (in ASCII, the ISO
440 Latin character sets, and Unicode), as is the character C<ord()> value
445 Any character that is I<graphical>, that is, visible. This class consists
446 of all the alphanumerical characters and all punctuation characters.
450 All printable characters, which is the set of all the graphical characters
455 Any punctuation (special) character.
461 A Perl extension to the POSIX character class is the ability to
462 negate it. This is done by prefixing the class name with a caret (C<^>).
465 POSIX Unicode Backslash
466 [[:^digit:]] \P{IsDigit} \D
467 [[:^space:]] \P{IsSpace} \S
468 [[:^word:]] \P{IsWord} \W
470 =head4 [= =] and [. .]
472 Perl will recognize the POSIX character classes C<[=class=]>, and
473 C<[.class.]>, but does not (yet?) support this construct. Use of
474 such a constructs will lead to an error.
479 /[[:digit:]]/ # Matches a character that is a digit.
480 /[01[:lower:]]/ # Matches a character that is either a
481 # lowercase letter, or '0' or '1'.
482 /[[:digit:][:^xdigit:]]/ # Matches a character that can be anything,
483 # but the letters 'a' to 'f' in either case.
484 # This is because the character class contains
485 # all digits, and anything that isn't a
486 # hex digit, resulting in a class containing
487 # all characters, but the letters 'a' to 'f'
491 =head2 Locale, Unicode and UTF-8
493 Some of the character classes have a somewhat different behaviour depending
494 on the internal encoding of the source string, and the locale that is
497 C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s> and the POSIX character classes (and their negations,
498 including C<\W>, C<\D>, C<\S>) suffer from this behaviour.
500 The rule is that if the source string is in UTF-8 format, the character
501 classes match according to the Unicode properties. If the source string
502 isn't, then the character classes match according to whatever locale is
503 in effect. If there is no locale, they match the ASCII defaults
504 (52 letters, 10 digits and underscore for C<\w>, 0 to 9 for C<\d>, etc).
506 This usually means that if you are matching against characters whose C<ord()>
507 values are between 128 and 255 inclusive, your character class may match
508 or not depending on the current locale, and whether the source string is
509 in UTF-8 format. The string will be in UTF-8 format if it contains
510 characters whose C<ord()> value exceeds 255. But a string may be in UTF-8
511 format without it having such characters.
513 For portability reasons, it may be better to not use C<\w>, C<\d>, C<\s>
514 or the POSIX character classes, and use the Unicode properties instead.
518 $str = "\xDF"; # $str is not in UTF-8 format.
519 $str =~ /^\w/; # No match, as $str isn't in UTF-8 format.
520 $str .= "\x{0e0b}"; # Now $str is in UTF-8 format.
521 $str =~ /^\w/; # Match! $str is now in UTF-8 format.
523 $str =~ /^\w/; # Still a match! $str remains in UTF-8 format.