3 perlpragma - how to write a user pragma
7 A pragma is a module which influences some aspect of the compile time or run
8 time behaviour of Perl, such as C<strict> or C<warnings>. With Perl 5.10 you
9 are no longer limited to the built in pragmata; you can now create user
10 pragmata that modify the behaviour of user functions within a lexical scope.
12 =head1 A basic example
14 For example, say you need to create a class implementing overloaded
15 mathematical operators, and would like to provide your own pragma that
16 functions much like C<use integer;> You'd like this code
20 my $l = MyMaths->new(1.2);
21 my $r = MyMaths->new(3.4);
23 print "A: ", $l + $r, "\n";
26 print "B: ", $l + $r, "\n";
30 print "C: ", $l + $r, "\n";
33 print "D: ", $l + $r, "\n";
36 print "E: ", $l + $r, "\n";
46 I<i.e.>, where C<use myint;> is in effect, addition operations are forced
47 to integer, whereas by default they are not, with the default behaviour being
48 restored via C<no myint;>
50 The minimal implementation of the package C<MyMaths> would be something like
57 use overload '+' => sub {
59 # Pass 1 to check up one call level from here
60 if (myint::in_effect(1)) {
68 my ($class, $value) = @_;
69 bless \$value, $class;
74 Note how we load the user pragma C<myint> with an empty list C<()> to
75 prevent its C<import> being called.
77 The interaction with the Perl compilation happens inside package C<myint>:
93 my $level = shift // 0;
94 my $hinthash = (caller($level))[10];
95 return $hinthash->{myint};
100 As pragmata are implemented as modules, like any other module, C<use myint;>
115 Hence the C<import> and C<unimport> routines are called at B<compile time>
118 User pragmata store their state by writing to the magical hash C<%^H>,
119 hence these two routines manipulate it. The state information in C<%^H> is
120 stored in the optree, and can be retrieved at runtime with C<caller()>, at
121 index 10 of the list of returned results. In the example pragma, retrieval
122 is encapsulated into the routine C<in_effect()>, which takes as parameter
123 the number of call frames to go up to find the value of the pragma in the
124 user's script. This uses C<caller()> to determine the value of
125 C<$^H{myint}> when each line of the user's script was called, and
126 therefore provide the correct semantics in the subroutine implementing the
129 =head1 Implementation details
131 The optree is shared between threads. This means there is a possibility that
132 the optree will outlive the particular thread (and therefore the interpreter
133 instance) that created it, so true Perl scalars cannot be stored in the
134 optree. Instead a compact form is used, which can only store values that are
135 integers (signed and unsigned), strings or C<undef> - references and
136 floating point values are stringified. If you need to store multiple values
137 or complex structures, you should serialise them, for example with C<pack>.
138 The deletion of a hash key from C<%^H> is recorded, and as ever can be
139 distinguished from the existence of a key with value C<undef> with
142 B<Don't> attempt to store references to data structures as integers which
143 are retrieved via C<caller> and converted back, as this will not be threadsafe.
144 Accesses would be to the structure without locking (which is not safe for
145 Perl's scalars), and either the structure has to leak, or it has to be
146 freed when its creating thread terminates, which may be before the optree
147 referencing it is deleted, if other threads outlive it.