3 perlpod - plain old documentation
7 A pod-to-whatever translator reads a pod file paragraph by paragraph,
8 and translates it to the appropriate output format. There are
9 three kinds of paragraphs:
10 L<verbatim|/"Verbatim Paragraph">,
11 L<command|/"Command Paragraph">, and
12 L<ordinary text|/"Ordinary Block of Text">.
14 =head2 Verbatim Paragraph
16 A verbatim paragraph, distinguished by being indented (that is,
17 it starts with space or tab). It should be reproduced exactly,
18 with tabs assumed to be on 8-column boundaries. There are no
19 special formatting escapes, so you can't italicize or anything
20 like that. A \ means \, and nothing else.
22 =head2 Command Paragraph
24 All command paragraphs start with "=", followed by an
25 identifier, followed by arbitrary text that the command can
26 use however it pleases. Currently recognized commands are
45 The "=pod" directive does nothing beyond telling the compiler to lay
46 off parsing code through the next "=cut". It's useful for adding
47 another paragraph to the doc if you're mixing up code and pod a lot.
53 Head1 and head2 produce first and second level headings, with the text in
54 the same paragraph as the "=headn" directive forming the heading description.
62 Item, over, and back require a little more explanation: "=over" starts a
63 section specifically for the generation of a list using "=item" commands. At
64 the end of your list, use "=back" to end it. You will probably want to give
65 "4" as the number to "=over", as some formatters will use this for indentation.
66 This should probably be a default. Note also that there are some basic rules
67 to using =item: don't use them outside of an =over/=back block, use at least
68 one inside an =over/=back block, you don't _have_ to include the =back if
69 the list just runs off the document, and perhaps most importantly, keep the
70 items consistent: either use "=item *" for all of them, to produce bullets,
71 or use "=item 1.", "=item 2.", etc., to produce numbered lists, or use
72 "=item foo", "=item bar", etc., i.e., things that looks nothing like bullets
73 or numbers. If you start with bullets or numbers, stick with them, as many
74 formatters use the first "=item" type to decide how to format the list.
82 For, begin, and end let you include sections that are not interpreted
83 as pod text, but passed directly to particular formatters. A formatter
84 that can utilize that format will use the section, otherwise it will be
85 completely ignored. The directive "=for" specifies that the entire next
86 paragraph is in the format indicated by the first word after
90 <p> This is a raw HTML paragraph </p>
92 The paired commands "=begin" and "=end" work very similarly to "=for", but
93 instead of only accepting a single paragraph, all text from "=begin" to a
94 paragraph with a matching "=end" are treated as a particular format.
96 Here are some examples of how to use these:
100 <br>Figure 1.<IMG SRC="figure1.png"><br>
115 Some format names that formatters currently are known to accept include
116 "roff", "man", "latex", "tex", "text", and "html". (Some formatters will
117 treat some of these as synonyms.)
119 And don't forget, when using any command, that the command lasts up until
120 the end of the B<paragraph>, not the line. Hence in the examples below, you
121 can see the empty lines after each command to end its paragraph.
123 Some examples of lists include:
141 Description of Foo function
145 Description of Bar function
151 =head2 Ordinary Block of Text
153 It will be filled, and maybe even
154 justified. Certain interior sequences are recognized both
155 here and in commands:
157 I<text> italicize text, used for emphasis or variables
158 B<text> embolden text, used for switches and programs
159 S<text> text contains non-breaking spaces
161 L<name> A link (cross reference) to name
163 L<name/ident> item in manual page
164 L<name/"sec"> section in other manual page
165 L<"sec"> section in this manual page
166 (the quotes are optional)
168 same as above but only 'text' is used for output.
169 (Text can not contain the characters '/' and '|',
170 and should contain matched '<' or '>')
177 F<file> Used for filenames
178 X<index> An index entry
179 Z<> A zero-width character
180 E<escape> A named character (very similar to HTML escapes)
184 E<verbar> A literal |
185 (these are optional except in other interior
186 sequences and when preceded by a capital letter)
187 E<n> Character number n (probably in ASCII)
188 E<html> Some non-numeric HTML entity, such
193 That's it. The intent is simplicity, not power. I wanted paragraphs
194 to look like paragraphs (block format), so that they stand out
195 visually, and so that I could run them through fmt easily to reformat
196 them (that's F7 in my version of B<vi>). I wanted the translator (and not
197 me) to worry about whether " or ' is a left quote or a right quote
198 within filled text, and I wanted it to leave the quotes alone, dammit, in
199 verbatim mode, so I could slurp in a working program, shift it over 4
200 spaces, and have it print out, er, verbatim. And presumably in a
203 In particular, you can leave things like this verbatim in your text:
211 Doubtless a few other commands or sequences will need to be added along
212 the way, but I've gotten along surprisingly well with just these.
214 Note that I'm not at all claiming this to be sufficient for producing a
215 book. I'm just trying to make an idiot-proof common source for nroff,
216 TeX, and other markup languages, as used for online documentation.
217 Translators exist for B<pod2man> (that's for nroff(1) and troff(1)),
218 B<pod2text>, B<pod2html>, B<pod2latex>, and B<pod2fm>.
220 =head2 Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
222 You can embed pod documentation in your Perl scripts. Start your
223 documentation with a "=head1" command at the beginning, and end it
224 with a "=cut" command. Perl will ignore the pod text. See any of the
225 supplied library modules for examples. If you're going to put your
226 pods at the end of the file, and you're using an __END__ or __DATA__
227 cut mark, make sure to put an empty line there before the first pod
234 modern - I am a modern module
236 If you had not had that empty line there, then the translators wouldn't
239 =head2 Common Pod Pitfalls
245 Pod translators usually will require paragraphs to be separated by
246 completely empty lines. If you have an apparently empty line with
247 some spaces on it, this can cause odd formatting.
251 Translators will mostly add wording around a LE<lt>E<gt> link, so that
252 C<LE<lt>foo(1)E<gt>> becomes "the I<foo>(1) manpage", for example (see
253 B<pod2man> for details). Thus, you shouldn't write things like C<the
254 LE<lt>fooE<gt> manpage>, if you want the translated document to read
257 If you don need or want total control of the text used for a
258 link in the output use the form LE<lt>show this text|fooE<gt>
263 The script F<pod/checkpods.PL> in the Perl source distribution
264 provides skeletal checking for lines that look empty but aren't
265 B<only>, but is there as a placeholder until someone writes
266 Pod::Checker. The best way to check your pod is to pass it through
267 one or more translators and proofread the result, or print out the
268 result and proofread that. Some of the problems found may be bugs in
269 the translators, which you may or may not wish to work around.
275 L<pod2man> and L<perlsyn/"PODs: Embedded Documentation">