3 perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
7 This document gives you some suggestions about how to go about writing
8 Perl modules, preparing them for distribution, and making them available
11 One of the things that makes Perl really powerful is the fact that Perl
12 hackers tend to want to share the solutions to problems they've faced,
13 so you and I don't have to battle with the same problem again.
15 The main way they do this is by abstracting the solution into a Perl
16 module. If you don't know what one of these is, the rest of this
17 document isn't going to be much use to you. You're also missing out on
18 an awful lot of useful code; consider having a look at L<perlmod>,
19 L<perlmodlib> and L<perlmodinstall> before coming back here.
21 When you've found that there isn't a module available for what you're
22 trying to do, and you've had to write the code yourself, consider
23 packaging up the solution into a module and uploading it to CPAN so that
28 We're going to primarily concentrate on Perl-only modules here, rather
29 than XS modules. XS modules serve a rather different purpose, and
30 you should consider different things before distributing them - the
31 popularity of the library you are gluing, the portability to other
32 operating systems, and so on. However, the notes on preparing the Perl
33 side of the module and packaging and distributing it will apply equally
34 well to an XS module as a pure-Perl one.
36 =head2 What should I make into a module?
38 You should make a module out of any code that you think is going to be
39 useful to others. Anything that's likely to fill a hole in the communal
40 library and which someone else can slot directly into their program. Any
41 part of your code which you can isolate and extract and plug into
42 something else is a likely candidate.
44 Let's take an example. Suppose you're reading in data from a local
45 format into a hash-of-hashes in Perl, turning that into a tree, walking
46 the tree and then piping each node to an Acme Transmogrifier Server.
48 Now, quite a few people have the Acme Transmogrifier, and you've had to
49 write something to talk the protocol from scratch - you'd almost
50 certainly want to make that into a module. The level at which you pitch
51 it is up to you: you might want protocol-level modules analogous to
52 L<Net::SMTP|Net::SMTP> which then talk to higher level modules analogous
53 to L<Mail::Send|Mail::Send>. The choice is yours, but you do want to get
54 a module out for that server protocol.
56 Nobody else on the planet is going to talk your local data format, so we
57 can ignore that. But what about the thing in the middle? Building tree
58 structures from Perl variables and then traversing them is a nice,
59 general problem, and if nobody's already written a module that does
60 that, you might want to modularise that code too.
62 So hopefully you've now got a few ideas about what's good to modularise.
63 Let's now see how it's done.
65 =head2 Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
67 Before we even start scraping out the code, there are a few things we'll
68 want to do in advance.
74 Dig into a bunch of modules to see how they're written. I'd suggest
75 starting with L<Text::Tabs|Text::Tabs>, since it's in the standard
76 library and is nice and simple, and then looking at something a little
77 more complex like L<File::Copy|File::Copy>. For object oriented
78 code, C<WWW::Mechanize> or the C<Email::*> modules provide some good
81 These should give you an overall feel for how modules are laid out and
86 There are a lot of modules on CPAN, and it's easy to miss one that's
87 similar to what you're planning on contributing. Have a good plough
88 through the L<http://search.cpan.org> and make sure you're not the one
89 reinventing the wheel!
91 =item Discuss the need
93 You might love it. You might feel that everyone else needs it. But there
94 might not actually be any real demand for it out there. If you're unsure
95 about the demand your module will have, consider sending out feelers
96 on the C<comp.lang.perl.modules> newsgroup, or as a last resort, ask the
97 modules list at C<modules@perl.org>. Remember that this is a closed list
98 with a very long turn-around time - be prepared to wait a good while for
103 Perl modules included on CPAN have a naming hierarchy you should try to
104 fit in with. See L<perlmodlib> for more details on how this works, and
105 browse around CPAN and the modules list to get a feel of it. At the very
106 least, remember this: modules should be title capitalised, (This::Thing)
107 fit in with a category, and explain their purpose succinctly.
111 While you're doing that, make really sure you haven't missed a module
112 similar to the one you're about to write.
114 When you've got your name sorted out and you're sure that your module is
115 wanted and not currently available, it's time to start coding.
119 =head2 Step-by-step: Making the module
123 =item Start with F<module-starter> or F<h2xs>
125 The F<module-starter> utility is distributed as part of the
126 L<Module::Starter|Module::Starter> CPAN package. It creates a directory
127 with stubs of all the necessary files to start a new module, according
128 to recent "best practice" for module development, and is invoked from
129 the command line, thus:
131 module-starter --module=Foo::Bar \
132 --author="Your Name" --email=yourname@cpan.org
134 If you do not wish to install the L<Module::Starter|Module::Starter>
135 package from CPAN, F<h2xs> is an older tool, originally intended for the
136 development of XS modules, which comes packaged with the Perl
139 A typical invocation of L<h2xs|h2xs> for a pure Perl module is:
141 h2xs -AX --skip-exporter --use-new-tests -n Foo::Bar
143 The C<-A> omits the Autoloader code, C<-X> omits XS elements,
144 C<--skip-exporter> omits the Exporter code, C<--use-new-tests> sets up a
145 modern testing environment, and C<-n> specifies the name of the module.
147 =item Use L<strict|strict> and L<warnings|warnings>
149 A module's code has to be warning and strict-clean, since you can't
150 guarantee the conditions that it'll be used under. Besides, you wouldn't
151 want to distribute code that wasn't warning or strict-clean anyway,
154 =item Use L<Carp|Carp>
156 The L<Carp|Carp> module allows you to present your error messages from
157 the caller's perspective; this gives you a way to signal a problem with
158 the caller and not your module. For instance, if you say this:
160 warn "No hostname given";
162 the user will see something like this:
164 No hostname given at /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/Net/Acme.pm
167 which looks like your module is doing something wrong. Instead, you want
168 to put the blame on the user, and say this:
170 No hostname given at bad_code, line 10.
172 You do this by using L<Carp|Carp> and replacing your C<warn>s with
173 C<carp>s. If you need to C<die>, say C<croak> instead. However, keep
174 C<warn> and C<die> in place for your sanity checks - where it really is
175 your module at fault.
177 =item Use L<Exporter|Exporter> - wisely!
179 L<Exporter|Exporter> gives you a standard way of exporting symbols and
180 subroutines from your module into the caller's namespace. For instance,
181 saying C<use Net::Acme qw(&frob)> would import the C<frob> subroutine.
183 The package variable C<@EXPORT> will determine which symbols will get
184 exported when the caller simply says C<use Net::Acme> - you will hardly
185 ever want to put anything in there. C<@EXPORT_OK>, on the other hand,
186 specifies which symbols you're willing to export. If you do want to
187 export a bunch of symbols, use the C<%EXPORT_TAGS> and define a standard
188 export set - look at L<Exporter> for more details.
190 =item Use L<plain old documentation|perlpod>
192 The work isn't over until the paperwork is done, and you're going to
193 need to put in some time writing some documentation for your module.
194 C<module-starter> or C<h2xs> will provide a stub for you to fill in; if
195 you're not sure about the format, look at L<perlpod> for an
196 introduction. Provide a good synopsis of how your module is used in
197 code, a description, and then notes on the syntax and function of the
198 individual subroutines or methods. Use Perl comments for developer notes
199 and POD for end-user notes.
203 You're encouraged to create self-tests for your module to ensure it's
204 working as intended on the myriad platforms Perl supports; if you upload
205 your module to CPAN, a host of testers will build your module and send
206 you the results of the tests. Again, C<module-starter> and C<h2xs>
207 provide a test framework which you can extend - you should do something
208 more than just checking your module will compile.
209 L<Test::Simple|Test::Simple> and L<Test::More|Test::More> are good
210 places to start when writing a test suite.
212 =item Write the README
214 If you're uploading to CPAN, the automated gremlins will extract the
215 README file and place that in your CPAN directory. It'll also appear in
216 the main F<by-module> and F<by-category> directories if you make it onto
217 the modules list. It's a good idea to put here what the module actually
218 does in detail, and the user-visible changes since the last release.
222 =head2 Step-by-step: Distributing your module
226 =item Get a CPAN user ID
228 Every developer publishing modules on CPAN needs a CPAN ID. Visit
229 C<http://pause.perl.org/>, select "Request PAUSE Account", and wait for
230 your request to be approved by the PAUSE administrators.
232 =item C<perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist>
234 Once again, C<module-starter> or C<h2xs> has done all the work for you.
235 They produce the standard C<Makefile.PL> you see when you download and
236 install modules, and this produces a Makefile with a C<dist> target.
238 Once you've ensured that your module passes its own tests - always a
239 good thing to make sure - you can C<make dist>, and the Makefile will
240 hopefully produce you a nice tarball of your module, ready for upload.
242 =item Upload the tarball
244 The email you got when you received your CPAN ID will tell you how to
245 log in to PAUSE, the Perl Authors Upload SErver. From the menus there,
246 you can upload your module to CPAN.
248 =item Announce to the modules list
250 Once uploaded, it'll sit unnoticed in your author directory. If you want
251 it connected to the rest of the CPAN, you'll need to go to "Register
252 Namespace" on PAUSE. Once registered, your module will appear in the
253 by-module and by-category listings on CPAN.
255 =item Announce to clpa
257 If you have a burning desire to tell the world about your release, post
258 an announcement to the moderated C<comp.lang.perl.announce> newsgroup.
262 Once you start accumulating users, they'll send you bug reports. If
263 you're lucky, they'll even send you patches. Welcome to the joys of
264 maintaining a software project...
270 Simon Cozens, C<simon@cpan.org>
272 Updated by Kirrily "Skud" Robert, C<skud@cpan.org>
276 L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, L<perlmodinstall>, L<h2xs>, L<strict>,
277 L<Carp>, L<Exporter>, L<perlpod>, L<Test::Simple>, L<Test::More>
278 L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>, L<Module::Build>, L<Module::Starter>
279 http://www.cpan.org/ , Ken Williams' tutorial on building your own
280 module at http://mathforum.org/~ken/perl_modules.html