2 Generated by perlmodlib.PL -- DO NOT EDIT!
6 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
10 =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
12 Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described
13 below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library
14 file (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be
15 autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated
16 by the installation process. You may also discover files in the
17 library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are
18 old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still
19 run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard
20 modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up
21 as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may
22 already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.)
23 The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion,
24 but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.
26 =head2 Pragmatic Modules
28 They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they
29 tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually
30 work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these
31 are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them
38 which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
40 Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the
41 C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead,
42 like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a
43 variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than
44 just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file
45 for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no
48 The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation).
54 Get/set subroutine or variable attributes
58 Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
62 Postpone load of modules until a function is used
66 Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
70 Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
74 Force byte semantics rather than character semantics
78 Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes.
86 Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics
90 Pragma to control the conversion of legacy data into Unicode
94 Compile-time class fields
98 Control the filetest permission operators
102 Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point
106 Request less of something from the compiler
110 Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations
114 Set default disciplines for input and output
118 Restrict unsafe operations when compiling
122 Package for overloading perl operations
126 Alter regular expression behaviour
130 Enable simple signal handling
134 Control sort() behaviour
138 Restrict unsafe constructs
146 Enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
150 Predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
154 Control VMS-specific language features
158 Control optional warnings
160 =item warnings::register
162 Warnings import function
166 =head2 Standard Modules
168 Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined
169 manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the
170 Exporter module. See their own documentation for details.
176 Provide framework for multiple DBMs
180 Load subroutines only on demand
184 Split a package for autoloading
192 Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode
196 Assemble Perl bytecode
204 Perl compiler's bytecode backend
208 Perl compiler's C backend
212 Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend
216 Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
220 Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
224 Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
226 =item B::Disassembler
228 Disassemble Perl bytecode
236 Show lexical variables used in functions or files
240 Helper module for CC backend
244 Show what stashes are loaded
248 Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
252 Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
256 Benchmark running times of Perl code
260 Load byte compiled perl code
264 Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
268 Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
272 CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log
276 Interface to Netscape Cookies
280 CGI Interface for Fast CGI
284 Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
288 Simple Interface to Server Push
292 Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
296 Internal utilities used by CGI module
300 Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
302 =item CPAN::FirstTime
304 Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
308 Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module
312 Warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
316 No user serviceable parts inside
320 Report the search path for a class's ISA tree
324 Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
328 Get pathname of current working directory
332 Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to
336 Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
338 =item Devel::SelfStubber
340 Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
344 Modules that calculate message digests
348 Supply object methods for directory handles
352 Provides screen dump of Perl data.
358 =item Encode::EncodeFormat
360 The format of encoding tables of the Encode extension
368 Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
372 Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays
376 Implements default import method for modules
378 =item Exporter::Heavy
382 =item ExtUtils::Command
384 Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc.
386 =item ExtUtils::Constant
388 Generate XS code to import C header constants
390 =item ExtUtils::Embed
392 Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
394 =item ExtUtils::Install
396 Install files from here to there
398 =item ExtUtils::Installed
400 Inventory management of installed modules
402 =item ExtUtils::Liblist
404 Determine libraries to use and how to use them
406 =item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin
408 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
410 =item ExtUtils::MM_NW5
412 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
414 =item ExtUtils::MM_OS2
416 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
418 =item ExtUtils::MM_Unix
420 Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
422 =item ExtUtils::MM_VMS
424 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
426 =item ExtUtils::MM_Win32
428 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
430 =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker
432 Create an extension Makefile
434 =item ExtUtils::Manifest
436 Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
438 =item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
440 Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
442 =item ExtUtils::Mksymlists
444 Write linker options files for dynamic extension
446 =item ExtUtils::Packlist
448 Manage .packlist files
450 =item ExtUtils::testlib
452 Add blib/* directories to @INC
456 Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
460 Load the C Fcntl.h defines
464 Split a pathname into pieces
466 =item File::CheckTree
468 Run many filetest checks on a tree
472 Compare files or filehandles
476 Copy files or filehandles
480 DOS like globbing and then some
488 Create or remove directory trees
492 Portably perform operations on file names
494 =item File::Spec::Epoc
496 Methods for Epoc file specs
498 =item File::Spec::Functions
500 Portably perform operations on file names
502 =item File::Spec::Mac
504 File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic)
506 =item File::Spec::OS2
508 Methods for OS/2 file specs
510 =item File::Spec::Unix
512 File::Spec for Unix, base for other File::Spec modules
514 =item File::Spec::VMS
516 Methods for VMS file specs
518 =item File::Spec::Win32
520 Methods for Win32 file specs
524 Return name and handle of a temporary file safely
528 By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
532 Keep more files open than the system permits
536 Supply object methods for filehandles
540 Simplified source filtering
544 Locate directory of original perl script
548 Extended processing of command line options
552 Process single-character switches with switch clustering
556 Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale
560 Functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags
562 =item I18N::LangTags::List
564 Tags and names for human languages
568 Load various IO modules
572 Open a process for both reading and writing
576 Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
578 =item Locale::Constants
580 Constants for Locale codes
582 =item Locale::Country
584 ISO codes for country identification (ISO 3166)
586 =item Locale::Currency
588 ISO three letter codes for currency identification (ISO 4217)
590 =item Locale::Language
592 ISO two letter codes for language identification (ISO 639)
594 =item Locale::Maketext
596 Framework for localization
598 =item Locale::Maketext::TPJ13
600 Article about software localization
604 Arbitrary size floating point math package
608 Arbitrary size integer math package
610 =item Math::BigInt::Calc
612 Pure Perl module to support Math::BigInt
616 Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
620 Trigonometric functions
624 Make your functions faster by trading space for time
626 =item Memoize::AnyDBM_File
628 Glue to provide EXISTS for AnyDBM_File for Storable use
630 =item Memoize::Expire
632 Plug-in module for automatic expiration of memoized values
634 =item Memoize::ExpireFile
636 Test for Memoize expiration semantics
638 =item Memoize::ExpireTest
640 Test for Memoize expiration semantics
642 =item Memoize::NDBM_File
644 Glue to provide EXISTS for NDBM_File for Storable use
646 =item Memoize::SDBM_File
648 Glue to provide EXISTS for SDBM_File for Storable use
650 =item Memoize::Storable
652 Store Memoized data in Storable database
656 Tied access to ndbm files
660 Provide a pseudo-class NEXT that allows method redispatch
664 Network Command class (as used by FTP, SMTP etc)
668 Local configuration data for libnet
672 Attempt to evaluate the current host's internet name and domain
684 OO interface to users netrc file
688 Post Office Protocol 3 Client class (RFC1081)
692 Check a remote host for reachability
696 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client
700 Time and daytime network client interface
704 By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions
708 Libnet Frequently Asked Questions
712 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions
716 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions
720 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions
724 Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
728 Tied access to odbm files
732 Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
736 Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
740 On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space
744 Check pod documents for syntax errors
748 Find POD documents in directory trees
752 Module to convert pod files to HTML
754 =item Pod::InputObjects
756 Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc.
760 Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
764 Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
768 Parse an LE<lt>E<gt> formatting code in POD text
770 =item Pod::ParseUtils
772 Helpers for POD parsing and conversion
776 Base class for creating POD filters and translators
780 Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
784 Extract selected sections of POD from input
788 Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
790 =item Pod::Text::Color
792 Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
794 =item Pod::Text::Overstrike
796 Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text
798 =item Pod::Text::Termcap
800 Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes
804 Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation
808 Test of various basic POD features in translators.
812 Tied access to sdbm files
816 Compile and execute code in restricted compartments
820 Search for key in dictionary file
824 Save and restore selected file handle
828 Load functions only on demand
832 Run shell commands transparently within perl
836 Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators
840 Persistency for perl data structures
844 A switch statement for Perl
848 Manipulate Perl symbols and their names
850 =item Term::ANSIColor
852 Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
856 Perl termcap interface
860 Perl word completion module
864 Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
868 Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
872 Backend for building test libraries
876 Run perl standard test scripts with statistics
880 Yet another framework for writing test scripts
884 Basic utilities for writing tests.
888 A tutorial about writing really basic tests
892 Create an abbreviation table from a list
896 Extract delimited text sequences from strings.
898 =item Text::ParseWords
900 Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays
904 Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth
908 Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1)
912 Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
916 Manipulate threads in Perl
920 Base class for tied arrays
924 Base class definitions for tied handles
928 Base class definitions for tied hashes
932 Use references as hash keys
936 Base class definitions for tied scalars
938 =item Tie::SubstrHash
940 Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
944 Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
948 By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function
950 =item Time::localtime
952 By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function
956 Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
960 Base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
962 =item Unicode::Collate
964 Use UCA (Unicode Collation Algorithm)
968 Unicode character database
972 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions
976 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions
980 Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
984 To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including
985 those without documentation or outside the standard release,
988 % find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print
990 They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible
991 via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find>
992 program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which
993 generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you
994 have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have
995 to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no
996 system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program.
998 =head2 Extension Modules
1000 Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They
1001 are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them,
1002 but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules
1003 include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX.
1005 Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not
1006 completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time
1007 for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of
1008 platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to
1009 look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines
1010 like Alta Vista or Deja News.
1014 CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally
1015 replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style
1016 guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and
1017 occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for
1018 CPAN can be found at http://cpan.perl.com/ and at
1019 http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_perl/cpan-search.pl .
1021 Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules,
1022 some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of
1029 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools
1037 Operating System Interfaces
1041 Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication
1045 Data Types and Data Type Utilities
1057 Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages
1061 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles)
1065 String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching
1069 Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing
1073 Internationalization and Locale
1077 Authentication, Security, and Encryption
1081 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME
1085 Server and Daemon Utilities
1089 Archiving and Compression
1093 Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing
1097 Mail and Usenet News
1101 Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc)
1105 File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities
1109 Miscellaneous Modules
1113 Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following.
1114 You should try to choose one close to you:
1124 ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
1125 ftp://ftp.mweb.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/
1126 ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/
1127 ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/
1139 ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1140 http://www2.linuxforum.net/mirror/CPAN/
1141 http://CPAN.pacific.net.hk/
1142 ftp://ftp.pacific.net.hk/pub/mirror/CPAN/
1143 http://cpan.shellhung.org/
1144 ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN
1150 http://cpan.in.freeos.com
1151 ftp://cpan.in.freeos.com/pub/CPAN/
1157 http://cpan.itb.web.id/
1158 ftp://mirrors.piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/
1159 http://CPAN.mweb.co.id/
1160 ftp://ftp.mweb.co.id/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1166 http://www.iglu.org.il:/pub/CPAN/
1167 ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/
1168 http://cpan.lerner.co.il/
1169 http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
1170 ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
1176 ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN
1177 ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/
1178 http://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/
1179 ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/
1180 ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
1181 ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1182 ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/
1183 ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1189 http://mirror.Mazic.org/pub/CPAN
1190 ftp://mirror.Mazic.org/pub/CPAN
1196 http://www.adzu.edu.ph/CPAN
1202 http://cpan.tomsk.ru
1203 ftp://cpan.tomsk.ru/pub/CPAN
1209 ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/
1215 http://cpan.hjc.edu.sg
1221 http://CPAN.bora.net/
1222 ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/
1223 http://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/
1224 ftp://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/
1225 ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/
1231 ftp://coda.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN
1232 ftp://ftp.ee.ncku.edu.tw/pub/perl/CPAN/
1233 ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/
1234 http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
1235 ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
1241 http://download.nectec.or.th/CPAN/
1242 ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/languages/CPAN/
1243 ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1247 =head2 Central America
1255 ftp://ftp.linux.co.cr/mirrors/CPAN/
1256 http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/
1257 ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/
1269 ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/
1275 http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/
1276 ftp://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/
1277 http://cpan.skynet.be
1278 ftp://ftp.skynet.be/pub/CPAN
1279 ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
1285 ftp://ftp.ntrl.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1291 ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/
1297 http://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/
1298 ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/
1299 ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1305 http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/cpan/
1306 ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/cpan/
1307 http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/
1308 ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/
1314 http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
1315 ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1316 http://cpan.crazygreek.co.uk
1317 ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/
1318 ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1319 ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/
1320 ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/
1321 http://mirror.uklinux.net/CPAN/
1322 ftp://mirror.uklinux.net/pub/CPAN/
1323 ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/
1329 ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1335 ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1336 http://cpan.kpnqwest.fi/
1342 ftp://cpan.ftp.worldonline.fr/pub/CPAN/
1343 http://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/
1344 ftp://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/pub/ftp.cpan.org/
1345 ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
1347 ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
1348 ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1349 ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/
1350 http://cpan.cict.fr/
1351 ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/
1352 ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
1358 ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
1359 ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/
1360 ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/
1361 ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN
1362 ftp://ftp.gigabell.net/pub/CPAN/
1363 http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1364 ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1365 ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
1366 ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/CPAN/
1367 http://cpan.noris.de/
1368 ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/
1369 ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
1370 ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/
1376 ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
1377 ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
1383 http://cpan.artifact.hu/
1384 ftp://cpan.artifact.hu/CPAN/
1385 http://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/CPAN/
1386 ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/CPAN/
1392 http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
1393 ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
1399 http://cpan.indigo.ie/
1400 ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/
1401 http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
1402 ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
1408 http://cpan.nettuno.it/
1409 http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/
1410 ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN
1411 http://softcity.iol.it/cpan
1412 ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan
1413 ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/
1414 ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/
1415 ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/
1416 ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/
1417 ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/
1423 http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/
1429 ftp://ftp.unix.lt/pub/CPAN/
1435 ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/
1436 ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/
1437 ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1438 http://cpan.cybercomm.nl/
1439 ftp://mirror.cybercomm.nl/pub/cpan/
1440 ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/
1441 http://www.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
1442 ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
1448 ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
1449 ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
1455 ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1456 http://www.fic.uni.lodz.pl/pub/CPAN
1457 ftp://ftp.fic.uni.lodz.pl/pub/CPAN
1458 ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.com/
1459 ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/
1460 ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
1466 ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/
1467 ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/
1469 ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/perl/
1470 ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/
1472 ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/
1473 ftp://ftp.netc.pt/pub/CPAN/
1474 ftp://ftp.up.pt/pub/CPAN
1480 ftp://archive.logicnet.ro/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/
1481 ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/
1482 ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/
1483 ftp://ftp.opsynet.com/cpan/
1484 ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/
1485 ftp://ftp.lasting.ro/pub/CPAN
1486 ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/
1492 ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1493 http://cpan.rinet.ru/
1494 ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/
1495 ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/
1496 http://cpan.sai.msu.ru/
1497 ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1503 ftp://ftp.entry.sk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1509 ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
1515 ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
1516 ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/
1522 http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/
1523 ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/
1524 ftp://mirror.dataphone.se/pub/CPAN
1525 ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1531 ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/
1532 ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/
1538 ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/
1546 ftp://ftp.perl.org.ua/pub/CPAN/
1550 =head2 North America
1564 http://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/
1565 ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/
1571 http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
1572 ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
1578 ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/
1584 ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/CPAN/
1590 http://cpan.mirror.smartworker.org/
1591 ftp://cpan.mirror.smartworker.org/pub/CPAN
1599 http://cpan.azc.uam.mx
1600 ftp://cpan.azc.uam.mx/mirrors/CPAN
1601 http://cpan.unam.mx/
1602 ftp://cpan.unam.mx/pub/CPAN
1603 http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/
1604 ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/
1616 http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
1617 ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
1623 http://www.cpan.org/
1624 ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/
1625 http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN
1626 ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/
1627 ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/
1628 http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/
1629 ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN
1630 http://cpan.digisle.net/
1631 ftp://cpan.digisle.net/pub/CPAN
1632 http://www.linuxjar.com/CPAN
1633 ftp://linuxjar.com/pub/CPAN
1634 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/
1635 http://download.sourceforge.net/mirrors/CPAN/
1641 ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
1645 District of Columbia
1647 ftp://ftp.dc.us.telia.net/pub/cpan/
1653 ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1654 http://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1655 ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1661 http://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/
1662 ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/
1668 ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
1669 http://cpan.nitco.com/
1670 ftp://cpan.nitco.com/pub/CPAN/
1671 http://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/
1672 ftp://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/
1673 ftp://cpan.in-span.net/
1674 http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN
1675 ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN
1681 http://cpan.uky.edu/
1682 ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/
1688 ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1689 http://cpan.mirrors.netnumina.com/
1690 ftp://mirrors.netnumina.com/cpan/
1691 ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/
1697 ftp://cpan.cse.msu.edu/
1703 ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/
1709 ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/perl/CPAN/
1710 ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/CPAN/
1711 http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
1712 ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
1713 ftp://mirrors.cloud9.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1719 ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
1725 ftp://ftp.loaded.net/pub/CPAN/
1731 ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
1737 ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/CPAN
1743 http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/
1744 ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
1745 http://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/
1746 ftp://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/
1747 ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1753 ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/
1759 http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1765 ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/
1771 http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/
1772 ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/
1773 ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1774 http://perl.Liquidation.com/CPAN/
1780 http://cpan.llarian.net/
1781 ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/
1782 http://cpan.mirrorcentral.com/
1783 ftp://ftp.mirrorcentral.com/pub/CPAN/
1784 ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/
1798 http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/
1799 ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/
1800 ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
1801 ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/
1806 ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
1810 =head2 South America
1818 ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/
1824 ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/
1825 ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/CPAN/
1831 ftp://ftp.psinet.cl/pub/programming/perl/CPAN/
1832 ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/lang/perl/
1837 For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites,
1838 see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES .
1840 =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
1842 (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules
1843 file, available at your nearest CPAN site.)
1845 Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a
1846 package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a
1847 namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be
1848 used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its
1849 first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods),
1850 or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods).
1852 A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same
1853 name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be
1854 called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of
1855 its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be
1856 totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module
1857 might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on
1858 demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to
1859 exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about
1860 the AUTOLOAD mechanism.
1862 =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation
1868 Do similar modules already exist in some form?
1870 If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or
1871 by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not
1872 practical try to get together with the module authors to work on
1873 extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules.
1874 A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing
1875 with command line options.
1877 If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of
1878 modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It
1879 helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction
1880 scheme as the original author.
1884 Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse.
1886 Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>).
1887 Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks
1888 of code that need less warnings.
1890 Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless
1891 into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor,
1896 return bless {}, $class;
1899 or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static
1900 or a virtual method.
1904 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
1905 return bless {}, $class;
1908 Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later
1909 (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where
1910 appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones.
1911 Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate.
1913 Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>.
1914 Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all.
1915 Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired
1916 class names as far as possible.
1918 Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and
1919 C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details).
1921 Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a
1922 burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to
1923 the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying:
1925 eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller();
1927 Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say
1928 C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able
1929 to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example,
1930 does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;>
1931 into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ?
1933 Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it
1934 difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state
1935 information in objects.
1939 Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
1940 Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks
1941 of code that need less strictness.
1945 Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual.
1951 Some simple style guidelines
1953 The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points.
1955 Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their
1956 style over several years as they learn what helps them write and
1957 maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that
1958 seem to be widely used by experienced developers:
1960 Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read
1961 $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for
1962 non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works
1963 consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS.
1965 Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally
1966 reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer
1967 and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and
1968 use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable).
1970 You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope
1971 or nature of a variable. For example:
1973 $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars)
1974 $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static
1975 $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables
1977 Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase.
1978 e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>.
1980 You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or
1981 function should not be used outside the package that defined it.
1985 Select what to export.
1987 Do NOT export method names!
1989 Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason!
1991 Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must
1992 export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid
1993 short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
1995 Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
1996 module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>)
1997 syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
1998 indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
2000 (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
2001 C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that
2002 directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol
2005 As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
2006 then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
2007 @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution.
2011 Select a name for the module.
2013 This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as
2014 possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or
2015 more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special
2016 about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use
2017 nested module names to group informally or categorize a module.
2018 There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name.
2019 Module names should begin with a capital letter.
2021 Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone
2022 (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-).
2023 Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others.
2024 If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc.
2026 If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good
2027 practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will
2028 avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View,
2029 Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide.
2031 If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's
2032 standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in
2035 If developing modules for private internal or project specific use,
2036 that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure
2037 that their names will not clash with any future public module. You
2038 can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by
2039 using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*.
2041 To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to
2042 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is
2043 unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier.
2047 Have you got it right?
2049 How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you
2050 picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have
2051 you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions?
2053 The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions,
2054 is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about
2055 all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask.
2057 All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its
2058 purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is
2059 probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored
2060 by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!)
2062 Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be
2063 ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting
2064 others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you!
2068 README and other Additional Files.
2070 It's well known that software developers usually fully document the
2071 software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of
2072 your software and there is not enough time to write the full
2073 documentation please at least provide a README file containing:
2079 A description of the module/package/extension etc.
2083 A copyright notice - see below.
2087 Prerequisites - what else you may need to have.
2091 How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc.
2099 Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities
2103 Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future.
2107 If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to
2108 split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL,
2115 Adding a Copyright Notice.
2117 How you choose to license your work is a personal decision.
2118 The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make
2119 a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work.
2121 Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU
2122 GPL and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and
2123 Artistic). Larry has good reasons for NOT just using the GNU GPL.
2125 My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the
2126 Perl community at large is to state something simply like:
2128 Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved.
2129 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
2130 modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
2132 This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may
2133 also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files.
2134 Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright.
2138 Give the module a version/issue/release number.
2140 To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you
2141 should store your module's version number in a non-my package
2142 variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point
2143 number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths,
2144 e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version.
2145 See L<Exporter> for details.
2147 It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number.
2148 Use the number in announcements and archive file names when
2149 releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z).
2150 See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details.
2154 How to release and distribute a module.
2156 It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your
2157 module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce
2158 Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off
2161 If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should
2162 include details of its location in your announcement.
2164 Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file
2165 name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories
2166 will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your
2167 file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification
2168 message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get
2169 deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed
2170 and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its
2173 FTP Archives for Perl Modules:
2175 Follow the instructions and links on:
2177 http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html
2178 http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html
2180 or upload to one of these sites:
2182 https://pause.kbx.de/pause/
2183 http://pause.perl.org/pause/
2185 and notify <modules@perl.org>.
2187 By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror
2188 your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on
2191 Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list!
2195 Take care when changing a released module.
2197 Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions.
2198 Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the
2199 old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
2205 =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2211 There is no requirement to convert anything.
2213 If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should
2214 continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor
2215 changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but
2216 there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that.
2220 Consider the implications.
2222 All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to
2223 be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is
2224 it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time?
2228 Make the most of the opportunity.
2230 If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the
2231 opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module
2232 creation above include many of the issues you should consider.
2236 The pl2pm utility will get you started.
2238 This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write
2239 corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following:
2245 Adds the standard Module prologue lines
2249 Converts package specifiers from ' to ::
2253 Converts die(...) to croak(...)
2257 Several other minor changes
2261 Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted
2262 code will need careful checking, especially any package statements.
2263 Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works!
2267 =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2273 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library.
2277 Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused.
2279 Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy
2284 Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files.
2288 Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces.
2292 In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small
2294 fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases
2295 the application could invoked as:
2297 % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ...
2299 % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher)
2305 Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may
2306 have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl
2307 doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer
2308 that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not
2309 because it has a shotgun.
2311 The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law,
2312 and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is
2313 that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The
2314 written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other
2315 provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that
2316 you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences.