2 Generated by perlmodlib.PL -- DO NOT EDIT!
6 perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
10 =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY
12 Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described
13 below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library
14 file (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be
15 autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated
16 by the installation process. You may also discover files in the
17 library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are
18 old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still
19 run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard
20 modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up
21 as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may
22 already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.)
23 The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion,
24 but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof.
26 =head2 Pragmatic Modules
28 They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they
29 tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually
30 work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these
31 are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them
38 which lasts until the end of that BLOCK.
40 Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the
41 C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead,
42 like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a
43 variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than
44 just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file
45 for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no
48 The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation).
54 Get/set subroutine or variable attributes
58 Postpone load of modules until a function is used
62 Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
66 Transparent big integer support for Perl
70 Transparent BigNumber support for Perl
74 Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl
78 Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package
82 Force byte semantics rather than character semantics
86 Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes.
94 Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics
98 Pragma to control the conversion of legacy data into Unicode
102 Compile-time class fields
106 Control the filetest permission operators
110 C<use> a Perl module if a condition holds
114 Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point
118 Request less of something from the compiler
122 Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations
126 Set default disciplines for input and output
130 Package for overloading perl operations
134 Alter regular expression behaviour
138 Enable simple signal handling
142 Control sort() behaviour
146 Restrict unsafe constructs
154 Enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
158 Predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
162 Control VMS-specific language features
166 Control optional warnings
168 =item warnings::register
170 Warnings import function
174 =head2 Standard Modules
176 Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined
177 manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the
178 Exporter module. See their own documentation for details.
184 Provide framework for multiple DBMs
186 =item Attribute::Handlers
188 Simpler definition of attribute handlers
192 Load subroutines only on demand
196 Split a package for autoloading
200 Benchmark running times of Perl code
204 Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
208 Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm
212 CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log
216 Interface to Netscape Cookies
220 CGI Interface for Fast CGI
224 Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
228 Simple Interface to Server Push
232 Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch
236 Internal utilities used by CGI module
240 Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
242 =item CPAN::FirstTime
244 Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization
248 Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module
252 Warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
256 No user serviceable parts inside
260 Report the search path for a class's ISA tree
264 Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
268 Get pathname of current working directory
272 Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to
274 =item Devel::SelfStubber
276 Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
280 Modules that calculate message digests
284 Supply object methods for directory handles
288 Provides screen dump of Perl data.
292 Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
296 Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays
300 Implements default import method for modules
302 =item Exporter::Heavy
306 =item ExtUtils::Command
308 Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc.
310 =item ExtUtils::Constant
312 Generate XS code to import C header constants
314 =item ExtUtils::Embed
316 Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications
318 =item ExtUtils::Install
320 Install files from here to there
322 =item ExtUtils::Installed
324 Inventory management of installed modules
326 =item ExtUtils::Liblist
328 Determine libraries to use and how to use them
330 =item ExtUtils::MM_BeOS
332 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
334 =item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin
336 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
338 =item ExtUtils::MM_NW5
340 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
342 =item ExtUtils::MM_OS2
344 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
346 =item ExtUtils::MM_Unix
348 Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
350 =item ExtUtils::MM_VMS
352 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
354 =item ExtUtils::MM_Win32
356 Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
358 =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker
360 Create an extension Makefile
362 =item ExtUtils::Manifest
364 Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file
366 =item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap
368 Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
370 =item ExtUtils::Mksymlists
372 Write linker options files for dynamic extension
374 =item ExtUtils::Packlist
376 Manage .packlist files
378 =item ExtUtils::testlib
380 Add blib/* directories to @INC
384 Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
388 Split a pathname into pieces
390 =item File::CheckTree
392 Run many filetest checks on a tree
396 Compare files or filehandles
400 Copy files or filehandles
404 DOS like globbing and then some
408 Traverse a directory tree.
412 Create or remove directory trees
416 Portably perform operations on file names
418 =item File::Spec::Cygwin
420 Methods for Cygwin file specs
422 =item File::Spec::Epoc
424 Methods for Epoc file specs
426 =item File::Spec::Functions
428 Portably perform operations on file names
430 =item File::Spec::Mac
432 File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic)
434 =item File::Spec::OS2
436 Methods for OS/2 file specs
438 =item File::Spec::Unix
440 File::Spec for Unix, base for other File::Spec modules
442 =item File::Spec::VMS
444 Methods for VMS file specs
446 =item File::Spec::Win32
448 Methods for Win32 file specs
452 Return name and handle of a temporary file safely
456 By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions
460 Keep more files open than the system permits
464 Supply object methods for filehandles
468 Simplified source filtering
472 Locate directory of original perl script
476 Extended processing of command line options
480 Process single-character switches with switch clustering
484 A selection of general-utility hash subroutines
488 Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale
492 Functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags
494 =item I18N::LangTags::List
496 Tags and names for human languages
500 Open a process for both reading and writing
504 Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
506 =item Locale::Constants
508 Constants for Locale codes
510 =item Locale::Country
512 ISO codes for country identification (ISO 3166)
514 =item Locale::Currency
516 ISO three letter codes for currency identification (ISO 4217)
518 =item Locale::Language
520 ISO two letter codes for language identification (ISO 639)
522 =item Locale::Maketext
524 Framework for localization
526 =item Locale::Maketext::TPJ13
528 Article about software localization
532 ISO codes for script identification (ISO 15924)
536 Arbitrary size floating point math package
540 Arbitrary size integer math package
542 =item Math::BigInt::Calc
544 Pure Perl module to support Math::BigInt
548 Arbitrarily big rationals
552 Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
556 Trigonometric functions
560 Make your functions faster by trading space for time
562 =item Memoize::AnyDBM_File
564 Glue to provide EXISTS for AnyDBM_File for Storable use
566 =item Memoize::Expire
568 Plug-in module for automatic expiration of memoized values
570 =item Memoize::ExpireFile
572 Test for Memoize expiration semantics
574 =item Memoize::ExpireTest
576 Test for Memoize expiration semantics
578 =item Memoize::NDBM_File
580 Glue to provide EXISTS for NDBM_File for Storable use
582 =item Memoize::SDBM_File
584 Glue to provide EXISTS for SDBM_File for Storable use
586 =item Memoize::Storable
588 Store Memoized data in Storable database
592 Provide a pseudo-class NEXT that allows method redispatch
596 Network Command class (as used by FTP, SMTP etc)
600 Local configuration data for libnet
604 Attempt to evaluate the current host's internet name and domain
616 OO interface to users netrc file
620 Post Office Protocol 3 Client class (RFC1939)
624 Check a remote host for reachability
628 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client
632 Time and daytime network client interface
636 By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions
640 Libnet Frequently Asked Questions
644 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions
648 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions
652 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions
656 On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space
660 Check pod documents for syntax errors
664 Find POD documents in directory trees
668 Group Perl's functions a la perlfunc.pod
672 Module to convert pod files to HTML
674 =item Pod::InputObjects
676 Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc.
680 Convert Pod data to formatted Latex
684 Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
688 Parse an LE<lt>E<gt> formatting code in POD text
690 =item Pod::ParseUtils
692 Helpers for POD parsing and conversion
696 Base class for creating POD filters and translators
700 Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod.
704 Extract selected sections of POD from input
708 Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
710 =item Pod::Text::Color
712 Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text
714 =item Pod::Text::Overstrike
716 Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text
718 =item Pod::Text::Termcap
720 Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes
724 Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation
728 Test of various basic POD features in translators.
732 Search for key in dictionary file
736 Save and restore selected file handle
740 Load functions only on demand
744 Run shell commands transparently within perl
748 A switch statement for Perl
752 Manipulate Perl symbols and their names
754 =item Term::ANSIColor
756 Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences
760 Perl termcap interface
764 Perl word completion module
768 Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If
772 Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts
776 Backend for building test libraries
780 Run perl standard test scripts with statistics
782 =item Test::Harness::Assert
786 =item Test::Harness::Iterator
788 Internal Test::Harness Iterator
790 =item Test::Harness::Straps
792 Detailed analysis of test results
796 Yet another framework for writing test scripts
800 Basic utilities for writing tests.
804 A tutorial about writing really basic tests
808 Create an abbreviation table from a list
812 Extract delimited text sequences from strings.
814 =item Text::ParseWords
816 Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays
820 Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth
824 Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1)
828 Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs
832 Manipulate threads in Perl
836 Base class for tied arrays
840 Access the lines of a disk file via a Perl array
844 Base class definitions for tied handles
848 Base class definitions for tied hashes
852 Add data to hash when needed
856 Use references as hash keys
860 Base class definitions for tied scalars
862 =item Tie::SubstrHash
864 Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
868 Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
872 By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function
874 =item Time::localtime
876 By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function
880 Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
884 Base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
886 =item Unicode::Collate
888 Use UCA (Unicode Collation Algorithm)
892 Unicode character database
896 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions
900 By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions
904 Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
908 To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including
909 those without documentation or outside the standard release,
912 % find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print
914 They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible
915 via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find>
916 program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which
917 generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you
918 have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have
919 to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no
920 system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program.
922 =head2 Extension Modules
924 Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They
925 are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them,
926 but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules
927 include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX.
929 Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not
930 completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time
931 for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of
932 platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to
933 look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines
934 like Alta Vista or Deja News.
938 CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally
939 replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style
940 guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and
941 occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for
942 CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/
944 Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules,
945 some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of
952 Language Extensions and Documentation Tools
960 Operating System Interfaces
964 Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication
968 Data Types and Data Type Utilities
980 Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages
984 File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles)
988 String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching
992 Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing
996 Internationalization and Locale
1000 Authentication, Security, and Encryption
1004 World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME
1008 Server and Daemon Utilities
1012 Archiving and Compression
1016 Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing
1020 Mail and Usenet News
1024 Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc)
1028 File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities
1032 Miscellaneous Modules
1036 Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following.
1037 You should try to choose one close to you:
1047 ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/
1048 ftp://ftp.mweb.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/
1049 ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/
1050 ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/CPAN/
1062 ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1063 http://www2.linuxforum.net/mirror/CPAN/
1064 http://cpan.shellhung.org/
1065 ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN
1071 http://cpan.in.freeos.com
1072 ftp://cpan.in.freeos.com/pub/CPAN/
1078 http://cpan.itb.web.id/
1079 ftp://mirrors.piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/
1080 http://CPAN.mweb.co.id/
1081 ftp://ftp.mweb.co.id/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1087 http://www.iglu.org.il:/pub/CPAN/
1088 ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/
1089 http://cpan.lerner.co.il/
1090 http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
1091 ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/
1097 ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN
1098 ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/
1099 http://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/
1100 ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/
1101 ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/
1102 ftp://ftp.ayamura.org/pub/CPAN/
1103 ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1104 ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/
1105 ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1111 http://mirror.Mazic.org/pub/CPAN
1112 ftp://mirror.Mazic.org/pub/CPAN
1118 http://www.adzu.edu.ph/CPAN
1124 http://cpan.tomsk.ru
1125 ftp://cpan.tomsk.ru/pub/CPAN
1131 ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/
1137 http://cpan.hjc.edu.sg
1143 http://CPAN.bora.net/
1144 ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/
1145 http://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/
1146 ftp://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/
1147 ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/
1148 http://ftp.xgate.co.kr/cpan/
1149 ftp://ftp.xgate.co.kr/pub/mirror/CPAN
1155 ftp://ftp.ee.ncku.edu.tw/pub/perl/CPAN/
1156 ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/
1157 http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
1158 ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/
1164 ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1168 =head2 Central America
1176 ftp://ftp.linux.co.cr/mirrors/CPAN/
1177 http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/
1178 ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/
1190 ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/
1196 http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/
1197 ftp://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/
1198 http://cpan.skynet.be
1199 ftp://ftp.skynet.be/pub/CPAN
1200 ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/
1206 http://cpan.lirex.net/
1207 ftp://ftp.lirex.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN
1213 ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/
1219 http://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/
1220 ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/
1221 ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1227 http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/cpan/
1228 ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/cpan/
1229 http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/
1230 ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/
1236 ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1242 ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1243 http://cpan.kpnqwest.fi/
1249 http://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/
1250 ftp://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/pub/ftp.cpan.org/
1251 ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
1253 ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
1254 ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1255 ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/
1256 http://cpan.cict.fr/
1257 ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/
1258 ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/
1264 ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/
1265 ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/
1266 ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/
1267 ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN
1268 ftp://ftp.gigabell.net/pub/CPAN/
1269 http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/
1270 ftp://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/
1271 http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1272 ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1273 ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/
1274 ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/CPAN/
1275 http://cpan.noris.de/
1276 ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/
1277 ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/
1278 ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/
1284 ftp://ftp.acn.gr/pub/lang/perl/CPAN
1285 ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
1286 ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/
1292 http://cpan.artifact.hu/
1293 ftp://cpan.artifact.hu/CPAN/
1294 http://ftp.kfki.hu/packages/perl/CPAN/
1295 ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/
1301 http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
1302 ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/
1308 http://cpan.indigo.ie/
1309 ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/
1310 http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
1311 ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/
1317 http://cpan.nettuno.it/
1318 http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/
1319 ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN
1320 http://softcity.iol.it/cpan
1321 ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan
1322 ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/CPAN/
1323 ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/
1324 ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/
1325 ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/
1326 ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/
1332 http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/
1338 ftp://ftp.unix.lt/pub/CPAN/
1344 ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/
1345 ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/
1346 ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1347 ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/
1348 http://www.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
1349 ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/
1355 ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
1356 ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/
1362 ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1363 ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.com/
1364 ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/
1365 ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/
1371 ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/
1372 ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/
1373 http://cpan.dei.uc.pt/
1374 ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN
1375 ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/
1377 ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/
1378 ftp://ftp.netc.pt/pub/CPAN/
1379 ftp://ftp.up.pt/pub/CPAN
1385 ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/
1386 ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/
1387 ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/
1388 ftp://ftp.lasting.ro/pub/CPAN
1389 ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/
1395 ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1396 http://cpan.rinet.ru/
1397 ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/
1398 ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/
1399 http://cpan.sai.msu.ru/
1400 ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1406 http://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/
1407 ftp://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/
1413 ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/
1419 http://cpan.imasd.elmundo.es/
1420 ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/
1421 ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/
1427 http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/
1428 ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/
1429 ftp://mirror.dataphone.se/pub/CPAN
1430 ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/
1436 ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/
1437 ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/
1443 ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/
1451 ftp://ftp.perl.org.ua/pub/CPAN/
1457 http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
1458 ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1459 http://cpan.teleglobe.net/
1460 ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN
1461 http://cpan.crazygreek.co.uk
1462 ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/
1463 ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1464 ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/
1465 http://mirror.uklinux.net/CPAN/
1466 ftp://mirror.uklinux.net/pub/CPAN/
1467 http://cpan.mirrors.clockerz.net/
1468 ftp://ftp.clockerz.net/pub/CPAN/
1469 ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/
1473 =head2 North America
1487 http://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/
1488 ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/
1494 http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
1495 ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/
1501 ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/
1507 ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/CPAN/
1513 http://cpan.mirror.smartworker.org/
1521 http://cpan.azc.uam.mx
1522 ftp://cpan.azc.uam.mx/mirrors/CPAN
1523 http://cpan.unam.mx/
1524 ftp://cpan.unam.mx/pub/CPAN
1525 http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/
1526 ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/
1538 http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
1539 ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/
1545 http://www.cpan.org/
1546 ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/
1547 http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN
1548 ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/
1549 http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/
1550 ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN
1551 http://cpan.digisle.net/
1552 ftp://cpan.digisle.net/pub/CPAN
1553 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/
1554 http://download.sourceforge.net/mirrors/CPAN/
1560 ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
1566 http://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN
1567 ftp://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN
1571 District of Columbia
1573 ftp://ftp.dc.aleron.net/pub/CPAN/
1579 ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1580 http://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1581 ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1587 http://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/
1588 ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/
1594 ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
1595 http://cpan.netnitco.net/
1596 ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1597 http://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/
1598 ftp://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/
1599 ftp://cpan.in-span.net/
1600 http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN
1601 ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN
1607 http://cpan.uky.edu/
1608 ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/
1614 ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
1615 http://cpan.mirrors.netnumina.com/
1616 ftp://mirrors.netnumina.com/cpan/
1622 ftp://cpan.cse.msu.edu/
1628 ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/
1629 http://cpan.teleglobe.net/
1630 ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN
1636 ftp://ftp.exobit.org/pub/perl/CPAN
1637 http://cpan.belfry.net/
1638 http://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/
1639 ftp://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/
1640 ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/CPAN/
1641 http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
1642 ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/
1643 ftp://mirrors.cloud9.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1649 ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/
1655 ftp://ftp.loaded.net/pub/CPAN/
1661 ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/
1667 ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/CPAN
1673 http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/
1674 ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/
1675 http://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/
1676 ftp://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/
1677 http://cpan.pair.com/
1678 ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/
1679 ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1685 ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/
1691 http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/
1692 ftp://mirror.telentente.com/pub/CPAN
1698 ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/
1704 http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/
1705 ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/
1706 http://perl.secsup.org/
1707 ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/
1708 http://mirrors.phihost.com/CPAN/
1709 ftp://mirrors.phihost.com/CPAN/
1710 ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/
1711 http://perl.Liquidation.com/CPAN/
1717 http://cpan.llarian.net/
1718 ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/
1719 http://cpan.mirrorcentral.com/
1720 ftp://ftp.mirrorcentral.com/pub/CPAN/
1721 ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/
1727 http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/
1728 ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/
1740 http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/
1741 ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/
1742 ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/
1743 ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/
1749 ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/
1753 =head2 South America
1761 ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/
1767 ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/
1768 ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/CPAN/
1774 ftp://ftp.psinet.cl/pub/programming/perl/CPAN/
1778 For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites,
1779 see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES .
1781 =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse
1783 (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules
1784 file, available at your nearest CPAN site.)
1786 Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a
1787 package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a
1788 namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be
1789 used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its
1790 first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods),
1791 or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods).
1793 A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same
1794 name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be
1795 called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of
1796 its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be
1797 totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module
1798 might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on
1799 demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to
1800 exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about
1801 the AUTOLOAD mechanism.
1803 =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation
1809 Do similar modules already exist in some form?
1811 If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or
1812 by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not
1813 practical try to get together with the module authors to work on
1814 extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules.
1815 A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing
1816 with command line options.
1818 If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of
1819 modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It
1820 helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction
1821 scheme as the original author.
1825 Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse.
1827 Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>).
1828 Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks
1829 of code that need less warnings.
1831 Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless
1832 into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor,
1837 return bless {}, $class;
1840 or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static
1841 or a virtual method.
1845 my $class = ref($self) || $self;
1846 return bless {}, $class;
1849 Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later
1850 (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where
1851 appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones.
1852 Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate.
1854 Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>.
1855 Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all.
1856 Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired
1857 class names as far as possible.
1859 Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and
1860 C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details).
1862 Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a
1863 burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to
1864 the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying:
1866 eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller();
1868 Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say
1869 C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able
1870 to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example,
1871 does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;>
1872 into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ?
1874 Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it
1875 difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state
1876 information in objects.
1880 Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>).
1881 Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks
1882 of code that need less strictness.
1886 Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual.
1892 Some simple style guidelines
1894 The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points.
1896 Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their
1897 style over several years as they learn what helps them write and
1898 maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that
1899 seem to be widely used by experienced developers:
1901 Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read
1902 $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for
1903 non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works
1904 consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS.
1906 Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally
1907 reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer
1908 and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and
1909 use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable).
1911 You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope
1912 or nature of a variable. For example:
1914 $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars)
1915 $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static
1916 $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables
1918 Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase.
1919 e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>.
1921 You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or
1922 function should not be used outside the package that defined it.
1926 Select what to export.
1928 Do NOT export method names!
1930 Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason!
1932 Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must
1933 export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid
1934 short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes.
1936 Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the
1937 module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>)
1938 syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to
1939 indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use.
1941 (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying:
1942 C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that
1943 directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol
1946 As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented
1947 then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then
1948 @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution.
1952 Select a name for the module.
1954 This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as
1955 possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or
1956 more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special
1957 about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use
1958 nested module names to group informally or categorize a module.
1959 There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name.
1960 Module names should begin with a capital letter.
1962 Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone
1963 (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-).
1964 Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others.
1965 If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc.
1967 If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good
1968 practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will
1969 avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View,
1970 Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide.
1972 If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's
1973 standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in
1976 If developing modules for private internal or project specific use,
1977 that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure
1978 that their names will not clash with any future public module. You
1979 can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by
1980 using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*.
1982 To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to
1983 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is
1984 unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier.
1988 Have you got it right?
1990 How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you
1991 picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have
1992 you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions?
1994 The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions,
1995 is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about
1996 all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask.
1998 All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its
1999 purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is
2000 probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored
2001 by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!)
2003 Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be
2004 ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting
2005 others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you!
2009 README and other Additional Files.
2011 It's well known that software developers usually fully document the
2012 software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of
2013 your software and there is not enough time to write the full
2014 documentation please at least provide a README file containing:
2020 A description of the module/package/extension etc.
2024 A copyright notice - see below.
2028 Prerequisites - what else you may need to have.
2032 How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc.
2040 Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities
2044 Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future.
2048 If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to
2049 split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL,
2056 Adding a Copyright Notice.
2058 How you choose to license your work is a personal decision.
2059 The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make
2060 a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work.
2062 Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU
2063 GPL and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and
2064 Artistic). Larry has good reasons for NOT just using the GNU GPL.
2066 My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the
2067 Perl community at large is to state something simply like:
2069 Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved.
2070 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
2071 modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
2073 This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may
2074 also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files.
2075 Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright.
2079 Give the module a version/issue/release number.
2081 To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you
2082 should store your module's version number in a non-my package
2083 variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point
2084 number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths,
2085 e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version.
2086 See L<Exporter> for details.
2088 It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number.
2089 Use the number in announcements and archive file names when
2090 releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z).
2091 See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details.
2095 How to release and distribute a module.
2097 It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your
2098 module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce
2099 Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off
2102 If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should
2103 include details of its location in your announcement.
2105 Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file
2106 name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories
2107 will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your
2108 file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification
2109 message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get
2110 deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed
2111 and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its
2114 FTP Archives for Perl Modules:
2116 Follow the instructions and links on:
2118 http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html
2119 http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html
2121 or upload to one of these sites:
2123 https://pause.kbx.de/pause/
2124 http://pause.perl.org/pause/
2126 and notify <modules@perl.org>.
2128 By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror
2129 your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on
2132 Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list!
2136 Take care when changing a released module.
2138 Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions.
2139 Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the
2140 old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes.
2146 =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
2152 There is no requirement to convert anything.
2154 If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should
2155 continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor
2156 changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but
2157 there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that.
2161 Consider the implications.
2163 All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to
2164 be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is
2165 it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time?
2169 Make the most of the opportunity.
2171 If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the
2172 opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module
2173 creation above include many of the issues you should consider.
2177 The pl2pm utility will get you started.
2179 This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write
2180 corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following:
2186 Adds the standard Module prologue lines
2190 Converts package specifiers from ' to ::
2194 Converts die(...) to croak(...)
2198 Several other minor changes
2202 Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted
2203 code will need careful checking, especially any package statements.
2204 Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works!
2208 =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code
2214 Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library.
2218 Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused.
2220 Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy
2225 Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files.
2229 Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces.
2233 In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small
2235 fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases
2236 the application could invoked as:
2238 % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ...
2240 % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher)
2246 Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may
2247 have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl
2248 doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer
2249 that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not
2250 because it has a shotgun.
2252 The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law,
2253 and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is
2254 that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The
2255 written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other
2256 provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that
2257 you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences.