3 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
7 The C<use warnings> pragma is a replacement for both the command line
8 flag B<-w> and the equivalent Perl variable, C<$^W>.
10 The pragma works just like the existing "strict" pragma.
11 This means that the scope of the warning pragma is limited to the
12 enclosing block. It also means that the pragma setting will not
13 leak across files (via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>). This allows
14 authors to independently define the degree of warning checks that will
15 be applied to their module.
17 By default, optional warnings are disabled, so any legacy code that
18 doesn't attempt to control the warnings will work unchanged.
20 All warnings are enabled in a block by either of these:
25 Similarly all warnings are disabled in a block by either of these:
30 For example, consider the code below:
40 The code in the enclosing block has warnings enabled, but the inner
41 block has them disabled. In this case that means the assignment to the
42 scalar C<$c> will trip the C<"Scalar value @a[0] better written as $a[0]">
43 warning, but the assignment to the scalar C<$b> will not.
45 =head2 Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
47 Before the introduction of lexical warnings, Perl had two classes of
48 warnings: mandatory and optional.
50 As its name suggests, if your code tripped a mandatory warning, you
51 would get a warning whether you wanted it or not.
52 For example, the code below would always produce an C<"isn't numeric">
53 warning about the "2:".
57 With the introduction of lexical warnings, mandatory warnings now become
58 I<default> warnings. The difference is that although the previously
59 mandatory warnings are still enabled by default, they can then be
60 subsequently enabled or disabled with the lexical warning pragma. For
61 example, in the code below, an C<"isn't numeric"> warning will only
62 be reported for the C<$a> variable.
68 Note that neither the B<-w> flag or the C<$^W> can be used to
69 disable/enable default warnings. They are still mandatory in this case.
71 =head2 What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
73 Although very useful, the big problem with using B<-w> on the command
74 line to enable warnings is that it is all or nothing. Take the typical
75 scenario when you are writing a Perl program. Parts of the code you
76 will write yourself, but it's very likely that you will make use of
77 pre-written Perl modules. If you use the B<-w> flag in this case, you
78 end up enabling warnings in pieces of code that you haven't written.
80 Similarly, using C<$^W> to either disable or enable blocks of code is
81 fundamentally flawed. For a start, say you want to disable warnings in
82 a block of code. You might expect this to be enough to do the trick:
90 When this code is run with the B<-w> flag, a warning will be produced
91 for the C<$a> line -- C<"Reversed += operator">.
93 The problem is that Perl has both compile-time and run-time warnings. To
94 disable compile-time warnings you need to rewrite the code like this:
102 The other big problem with C<$^W> is the way you can inadvertently
103 change the warning setting in unexpected places in your code. For example,
104 when the code below is run (without the B<-w> flag), the second call
105 to C<doit> will trip a C<"Use of uninitialized value"> warning, whereas
120 This is a side-effect of C<$^W> being dynamically scoped.
122 Lexical warnings get around these limitations by allowing finer control
123 over where warnings can or can't be tripped.
125 =head2 Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
127 There are three Command Line flags that can be used to control when
128 warnings are (or aren't) produced:
134 This is the existing flag. If the lexical warnings pragma is B<not>
135 used in any of you code, or any of the modules that you use, this flag
136 will enable warnings everywhere. See L<Backward Compatibility> for
137 details of how this flag interacts with lexical warnings.
141 If the B<-W> flag is used on the command line, it will enable all warnings
142 throughout the program regardless of whether warnings were disabled
143 locally using C<no warnings> or C<$^W =0>. This includes all files that get
144 included via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>.
145 Think of it as the Perl equivalent of the "lint" command.
149 Does the exact opposite to the B<-W> flag, i.e. it disables all warnings.
153 =head2 Backward Compatibility
155 If you are used with working with a version of Perl prior to the
156 introduction of lexically scoped warnings, or have code that uses both
157 lexical warnings and C<$^W>, this section will describe how they interact.
159 How Lexical Warnings interact with B<-w>/C<$^W>:
165 If none of the three command line flags (B<-w>, B<-W> or B<-X>) that
166 control warnings is used and neither C<$^W> or the C<warnings> pragma
167 are used, then default warnings will be enabled and optional warnings
169 This means that legacy code that doesn't attempt to control the warnings
174 The B<-w> flag just sets the global C<$^W> variable as in 5.005 -- this
175 means that any legacy code that currently relies on manipulating C<$^W>
176 to control warning behavior will still work as is.
180 Apart from now being a boolean, the C<$^W> variable operates in exactly
181 the same horrible uncontrolled global way, except that it cannot
182 disable/enable default warnings.
186 If a piece of code is under the control of the C<warnings> pragma,
187 both the C<$^W> variable and the B<-w> flag will be ignored for the
188 scope of the lexical warning.
192 The only way to override a lexical warnings setting is with the B<-W>
193 or B<-X> command line flags.
197 The combined effect of 3 & 4 is that it will allow code which uses
198 the C<warnings> pragma to control the warning behavior of $^W-type
199 code (using a C<local $^W=0>) if it really wants to, but not vice-versa.
201 =head2 Category Hierarchy
203 A hierarchy of "categories" have been defined to allow groups of warnings
204 to be enabled/disabled in isolation.
206 The current hierarchy is:
302 Just like the "strict" pragma any of these categories can be combined
304 use warnings qw(void redefine) ;
305 no warnings qw(io syntax untie) ;
307 Also like the "strict" pragma, if there is more than one instance of the
308 C<warnings> pragma in a given scope the cumulative effect is additive.
310 use warnings qw(void) ; # only "void" warnings enabled
312 use warnings qw(io) ; # only "void" & "io" warnings enabled
314 no warnings qw(void) ; # only "io" warnings enabled
316 To determine which category a specific warning has been assigned to see
319 Note: In Perl 5.6.1, the lexical warnings category "deprecated" was a
320 sub-category of the "syntax" category. It is now a top-level category
324 =head2 Fatal Warnings
326 The presence of the word "FATAL" in the category list will escalate any
327 warnings detected from the categories specified in the lexical scope
328 into fatal errors. In the code below, the use of C<time>, C<length>
329 and C<join> can all produce a C<"Useless use of xxx in void context">
337 use warnings FATAL => qw(void) ;
345 When run it produces this output
347 Useless use of time in void context at fatal line 3.
348 Useless use of length in void context at fatal line 7.
350 The scope where C<length> is used has escalated the C<void> warnings
351 category into a fatal error, so the program terminates immediately it
352 encounters the warning.
354 To explicitly turn off a "FATAL" warning you just disable the warning
355 it is associated with. So, for example, to disable the "void" warning
356 in the example above, either of these will do the trick:
358 no warnings qw(void);
359 no warnings FATAL => qw(void);
361 If you want to downgrade a warning that has been escalated into a fatal
362 error back to a normal warning, you can use the "NONFATAL" keyword. For
363 example, the code below will promote all warnings into fatal errors,
364 except for those in the "syntax" category.
366 use warnings FATAL => 'all', NONFATAL => 'syntax';
368 =head2 Reporting Warnings from a Module
370 The C<warnings> pragma provides a number of functions that are useful for
371 module authors. These are used when you want to report a module-specific
372 warning to a calling module has enabled warnings via the C<warnings>
375 Consider the module C<MyMod::Abc> below.
379 use warnings::register;
383 if ($path !~ m#^/#) {
384 warnings::warn("changing relative path to /var/abc")
385 if warnings::enabled();
386 $path = "/var/abc/$path";
392 The call to C<warnings::register> will create a new warnings category
393 called "MyMod::abc", i.e. the new category name matches the current
394 package name. The C<open> function in the module will display a warning
395 message if it gets given a relative path as a parameter. This warnings
396 will only be displayed if the code that uses C<MyMod::Abc> has actually
397 enabled them with the C<warnings> pragma like below.
400 use warnings 'MyMod::Abc';
402 abc::open("../fred.txt");
404 It is also possible to test whether the pre-defined warnings categories are
405 set in the calling module with the C<warnings::enabled> function. Consider
406 this snippet of code:
411 warnings::warnif("deprecated",
412 "open is deprecated, use new instead") ;
420 The function C<open> has been deprecated, so code has been included to
421 display a warning message whenever the calling module has (at least) the
422 "deprecated" warnings category enabled. Something like this, say.
424 use warnings 'deprecated';
427 MyMod::Abc::open($filename) ;
429 Either the C<warnings::warn> or C<warnings::warnif> function should be
430 used to actually display the warnings message. This is because they can
431 make use of the feature that allows warnings to be escalated into fatal
432 errors. So in this case
435 use warnings FATAL => 'MyMod::Abc';
437 MyMod::Abc::open('../fred.txt');
439 the C<warnings::warnif> function will detect this and die after
440 displaying the warning message.
442 The three warnings functions, C<warnings::warn>, C<warnings::warnif>
443 and C<warnings::enabled> can optionally take an object reference in place
444 of a category name. In this case the functions will use the class name
445 of the object as the warnings category.
447 Consider this example:
452 use warnings::register ;
465 if ($value % 2 && warnings::enabled($self))
466 { warnings::warn($self, "Odd numbers are unsafe") }
473 $self->check($value) ;
481 use warnings::register ;
483 our @ISA = qw( Original ) ;
493 The code below makes use of both modules, but it only enables warnings from
498 use warnings 'Derived';
499 my $a = new Original ;
501 my $b = new Derived ;
504 When this code is run only the C<Derived> object, C<$b>, will generate
507 Odd numbers are unsafe at main.pl line 7
509 Notice also that the warning is reported at the line where the object is first
515 The debugger saves and restores C<$^W> at runtime. I haven't checked
516 whether the debugger will still work with the lexical warnings
520 I *think* I've got diagnostics to work with the lexical warnings
521 patch, but there were design decisions made in diagnostics to work
522 around the limitations of C<$^W>. Now that those limitations are gone,
523 the module should be revisited.
525 document calling the warnings::* functions from XS
529 L<warnings>, L<perldiag>.