3 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
7 The C<use warnings> pragma is a replacement for both the command line
8 flag B<-w> and the equivalent Perl variable, C<$^W>.
10 The pragma works just like the existing "strict" pragma.
11 This means that the scope of the warning pragma is limited to the
12 enclosing block. It also means that that the pragma setting will not
13 leak across files (via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>). This allows
14 authors to independently define the degree of warning checks that will
15 be applied to their module.
17 By default, optional warnings are disabled, so any legacy code that
18 doesn't attempt to control the warnings will work unchanged.
20 All warnings are enabled in a block by either of these:
25 Similarly all warnings are disabled in a block by either of these:
30 For example, consider the code below:
41 The code in the enclosing block has warnings enabled, but the inner
42 block has them disabled. In this case that means that the use of the C<EQ>
43 operator won't trip a C<"Use of EQ is deprecated"> warning, but the use of
44 C<NE> will produce a C<"Use of NE is deprecated"> warning.
46 =head2 Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
48 Before the introduction of lexical warnings, Perl had two classes of
49 warnings: mandatory and optional.
51 As its name suggests, if your code tripped a mandatory warning, you
52 would get a warning whether you wanted it or not.
53 For example, the code below would always produce an C<"isn't numeric">
54 warning about the "2:".
58 With the introduction of lexical warnings, mandatory warnings now become
59 I<default> warnings. The difference is that although the previously
60 mandatory warnings are still enabled by default, they can then be
61 subsequently enabled or disabled with the lexical warning pragma. For
62 example, in the code below, an C<"isn't numeric"> warning will only
63 be reported for the C<$a> variable.
69 Note that neither the B<-w> flag or the C<$^W> can be used to
70 disable/enable default warnings. They are still mandatory in this case.
72 =head2 What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
74 Although very useful, the big problem with using B<-w> on the command
75 line to enable warnings is that it is all or nothing. Take the typical
76 scenario when you are writing a Perl program. Parts of the code you
77 will write yourself, but it's very likely that you will make use of
78 pre-written Perl modules. If you use the B<-w> flag in this case, you
79 end up enabling warnings in pieces of code that you haven't written.
81 Similarly, using C<$^W> to either disable or enable blocks of code is
82 fundamentally flawed. For a start, say you want to disable warnings in
83 a block of code. You might expect this to be enough to do the trick:
91 When this code is run with the B<-w> flag, a warning will be produced
92 for the C<$a> line -- C<"Reversed += operator">.
94 The problem is that Perl has both compile-time and run-time warnings. To
95 disable compile-time warnings you need to rewrite the code like this:
103 The other big problem with C<$^W> is that way you can inadvertently
104 change the warning setting in unexpected places in your code. For example,
105 when the code below is run (without the B<-w> flag), the second call
106 to C<doit> will trip a C<"Use of uninitialized value"> warning, whereas
121 This is a side-effect of C<$^W> being dynamically scoped.
123 Lexical warnings get around these limitations by allowing finer control
124 over where warnings can or can't be tripped.
126 =head2 Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
128 There are three Command Line flags that can be used to control when
129 warnings are (or aren't) produced:
135 This is the existing flag. If the lexical warnings pragma is B<not>
136 used in any of you code, or any of the modules that you use, this flag
137 will enable warnings everywhere. See L<Backward Compatibility> for
138 details of how this flag interacts with lexical warnings.
142 If the B<-W> flag is used on the command line, it will enable all warnings
143 throughout the program regardless of whether warnings were disabled
144 locally using C<no warnings> or C<$^W =0>. This includes all files that get
145 included via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>.
146 Think of it as the Perl equivalent of the "lint" command.
150 Does the exact opposite to the B<-W> flag, i.e. it disables all warnings.
154 =head2 Backward Compatibility
156 If you are used with working with a version of Perl prior to the
157 introduction of lexically scoped warnings, or have code that uses both
158 lexical warnings and C<$^W>, this section will describe how they interact.
160 How Lexical Warnings interact with B<-w>/C<$^W>:
166 If none of the three command line flags (B<-w>, B<-W> or B<-X>) that
167 control warnings is used and neither C<$^W> or the C<warnings> pragma
168 are used, then default warnings will be enabled and optional warnings
170 This means that legacy code that doesn't attempt to control the warnings
175 The B<-w> flag just sets the global C<$^W> variable as in 5.005 -- this
176 means that any legacy code that currently relies on manipulating C<$^W>
177 to control warning behavior will still work as is.
181 Apart from now being a boolean, the C<$^W> variable operates in exactly
182 the same horrible uncontrolled global way, except that it cannot
183 disable/enable default warnings.
187 If a piece of code is under the control of the C<warnings> pragma,
188 both the C<$^W> variable and the B<-w> flag will be ignored for the
189 scope of the lexical warning.
193 The only way to override a lexical warnings setting is with the B<-W>
194 or B<-X> command line flags.
198 The combined effect of 3 & 4 is that it will will allow code which uses
199 the C<warnings> pragma to control the warning behavior of $^W-type
200 code (using a C<local $^W=0>) if it really wants to, but not vice-versa.
202 =head2 Category Hierarchy
204 A hierarchy of "categories" have been defined to allow groups of warnings
205 to be enabled/disabled in isolation.
207 The current hierarchy is:
303 Just like the "strict" pragma any of these categories can be combined
305 use warnings qw(void redefine) ;
306 no warnings qw(io syntax untie) ;
308 Also like the "strict" pragma, if there is more than one instance of the
309 C<warnings> pragma in a given scope the cumulative effect is additive.
311 use warnings qw(void) ; # only "void" warnings enabled
313 use warnings qw(io) ; # only "void" & "io" warnings enabled
315 no warnings qw(void) ; # only "io" warnings enabled
317 To determine which category a specific warning has been assigned to see
320 =head2 Fatal Warnings
322 The presence of the word "FATAL" in the category list will escalate any
323 warnings detected from the categories specified in the lexical scope
324 into fatal errors. In the code below, there are 3 places where a
325 deprecated warning will be detected, the middle one will produce a
334 use warnings FATAL => qw(deprecated) ;
340 =head2 Reporting Warnings from a Module
342 The C<warnings> pragma provides two functions, namely C<warnings::enabled>
343 and C<warnings::warn>, that are useful for module authors. They are
344 used when you want to report a module-specific warning, but only when
345 the calling module has enabled warnings via the C<warnings> pragma.
347 Consider the module C<abc> below.
353 if (warnings::enabled("deprecated")) {
354 warnings::warn("deprecated",
355 "abc::open is deprecated. Use abc:new") ;
364 The function C<open> has been deprecated, so code has been included to
365 display a warning message whenever the calling module has (at least) the
366 "deprecated" warnings category enabled. Something like this, say.
368 use warnings 'deprecated';
371 abc::open($filename) ;
374 If the calling module has escalated the "deprecated" warnings category
375 into a fatal error like this:
377 use warnings 'FATAL deprecated';
380 abc::open($filename) ;
382 then C<warnings::warn> will detect this and die after displaying the
388 The debugger saves and restores C<$^W> at runtime. I haven't checked
389 whether the debugger will still work with the lexical warnings
393 I *think* I've got diagnostics to work with the lexical warnings
394 patch, but there were design decisions made in diagnostics to work
395 around the limitations of C<$^W>. Now that those limitations are gone,
396 the module should be revisited.
400 L<warnings>, L<perldiag>.