3 perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings
7 The C<use warnings> pragma is a replacement for both the command line
8 flag B<-w> and the equivalent Perl variable, C<$^W>.
10 The pragma works just like the existing "strict" pragma.
11 This means that the scope of the warning pragma is limited to the
12 enclosing block. It also means that that the pragma setting will not
13 leak across files (via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>). This allows
14 authors to independently define the degree of warning checks that will
15 be applied to their module.
17 By default, optional warnings are disabled, so any legacy code that
18 doesn't attempt to control the warnings will work unchanged.
20 All warnings are enabled in a block by either of these:
25 Similarly all warnings are disabled in a block by either of these:
30 For example, consider the code below:
41 The code in the enclosing block has warnings enabled, but the inner
42 block has them disabled. In this case that means that the use of the C<EQ>
43 operator won't trip a C<"Use of EQ is deprecated"> warning, but the use of
44 C<NE> will produce a C<"Use of NE is deprecated"> warning.
46 =head2 Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
48 Before the introduction of lexical warnings, Perl had two classes of
49 warnings: mandatory and optional.
51 As its name suggests, if your code tripped a mandatory warning, you
52 would get a warning whether you wanted it or not.
53 For example, the code below would always produce an C<"isn't numeric">
54 warning about the "2:".
58 though the result will be 5.
60 With the introduction of lexical warnings, mandatory warnings now become
61 I<default> warnings. The difference is that although the previously
62 mandatory warnings are still enabled by default, they can then be
63 subsequently enabled or disabled with the lexical warning pragma. For
64 example, in the code below, an C<"integer overflow"> warning will only
65 be reported for the C<$a> variable.
71 Note that neither the B<-w> flag or the C<$^W> can be used to
72 disable/enable default warnings. They are still mandatory in this case.
74 =head2 What's wrong with B<-w> and C<$^W>
76 Although very useful, the big problem with using B<-w> on the command
77 line to enable warnings is that it is all or nothing. Take the typical
78 scenario when you are writing a Perl program. Parts of the code you
79 will write yourself, but it's very likely that you will make use of
80 pre-written Perl modules. If you use the B<-w> flag in this case, you
81 end up enabling warnings in pieces of code that you haven't written.
83 Similarly, using C<$^W> to either disable or enable blocks of code is
84 fundamentally flawed. For a start, say you want to disable warnings in
85 a block of code. You might expect this to be enough to do the trick:
93 When this code is run with the B<-w> flag, a warning will be produced
94 for the C<$a> line -- C<"Reversed += operator">.
96 The problem is that Perl has both compile-time and run-time warnings. To
97 disable compile-time warnings you need to rewrite the code like this:
105 The other big problem with C<$^W> is that way you can inadvertently
106 change the warning setting in unexpected places in your code. For example,
107 when the code below is run (without the B<-w> flag), the second call
108 to C<doit> will trip a C<"Use of uninitialized value"> warning, whereas
123 This is a side-effect of C<$^W> being dynamically scoped.
125 Lexical warnings get around these limitations by allowing finer control
126 over where warnings can or can't be tripped.
128 =head2 Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
130 There are three Command Line flags that can be used to control when
131 warnings are (or aren't) produced:
137 This is the existing flag. If the lexical warnings pragma is B<not>
138 used in any of you code, or any of the modules that you use, this flag
139 will enable warnings everywhere. See L<Backward Compatibility> for
140 details of how this flag interacts with lexical warnings.
144 If the B<-W> flag is used on the command line, it will enable all warnings
145 throughout the program regardless of whether warnings were disabled
146 locally using C<no warnings> or C<$^W =0>. This includes all files that get
147 included via C<use>, C<require> or C<do>.
148 Think of it as the Perl equivalent of the "lint" command.
152 Does the exact opposite to the B<-W> flag, i.e. it disables all warnings.
156 =head2 Backward Compatibility
158 If you are used with working with a version of Perl prior to the
159 introduction of lexically scoped warnings, or have code that uses both
160 lexical warnings and C<$^W>, this section will describe how they interact.
162 How Lexical Warnings interact with B<-w>/C<$^W>:
168 If none of the three command line flags (B<-w>, B<-W> or B<-X>) that
169 control warnings is used and neither C<$^W> or lexical warnings are used,
170 then default warnings will be enabled and optional warnings disabled.
171 This means that legacy code that doesn't attempt to control the warnings
176 The B<-w> flag just sets the global C<$^W> variable as in 5.005 -- this
177 means that any legacy code that currently relies on manipulating C<$^W>
178 to control warning behavior will still work as is.
182 Apart from now being a boolean, the C<$^W> variable operates in exactly
183 the same horrible uncontrolled global way, except that it cannot
184 disable/enable default warnings.
188 If a piece of code is under the control of the lexical warning pragma,
189 both the C<$^W> variable and the B<-w> flag will be ignored for the
190 scope of the lexical warning.
194 The only way to override a lexical warnings setting is with the B<-W>
195 or B<-X> command line flags.
199 The combined effect of 3 & 4 is that it will will allow code which uses
200 the lexical warnings pragma to control the warning behavior of $^W-type
201 code (using a C<local $^W=0>) if it really wants to, but not vice-versa.
203 =head1 EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES
205 The features described in this section are experimental, and so subject
208 =head2 Category Hierarchy
210 A B<tentative> hierarchy of "categories" have been defined to allow groups
211 of warnings to be enabled/disabled in isolation. The current
214 all - +--- unsafe -------+--- taint
230 +--- io ---------+--- pipe
240 +--- syntax ----+--- ambiguous
256 +--- severe ----+--- inplace
277 Just like the "strict" pragma any of these categories can be combined
279 use warnings qw(void redefine) ;
280 no warnings qw(io syntax untie) ;
282 Also like the "strict" pragma, if there is more than one instance of the
283 warnings pragma in a given scope the cumulative effect is additive.
285 use warnings qw(void) ; # only "void" warnings enabled
287 use warnings qw(io) ; # only "void" & "io" warnings enabled
289 no warnings qw(void) ; # only "io" warnings enabled
292 =head2 Fatal Warnings
294 The presence of the word "FATAL" in the category list will escalate any
295 warnings from the category/categories specified that are detected in
296 the lexical scope into fatal errors. In the code below, there are 3
297 places where a deprecated warning will be detected, the middle one will
298 produce a fatal error.
306 use warnings FATAL => qw(deprecated) ;
314 The experimental features need bottomed out.
317 Need to add warning class information and notes on
318 how to use the class info with the warnings pragma.
321 The debugger saves and restores C<$^W> at runtime. I haven't checked
322 whether the debugger will still work with the lexical warnings
326 I *think* I've got diagnostics to work with the lexical warnings
327 patch, but there were design decisions made in diagnostics to work
328 around the limitations of C<$^W>. Now that those limitations are gone,
329 the module should be revisited.