4 perliol - C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers.
8 /* Defining a layer ... */
14 This document describes the behavior and implementation of the PerlIO
15 abstraction described in L<perlapio> when C<USE_PERLIO> is defined (and
18 =head2 History and Background
20 The PerlIO abstraction was introduced in perl5.003_02 but languished as
21 just an abstraction until perl5.7.0. However during that time a number
22 of perl extentions switched to using it, so the API is mostly fixed to
23 maintain (source) compatibility.
25 The aim of the implementation is to provide the PerlIO API in a flexible
26 and platform neutral manner. It is also a trial of an "Object Oriented
27 C, with vtables" approach which may be applied to perl6.
29 =head2 Layers vs Disciplines
31 Initial discussion of the ability to modify IO streams behaviour used
32 the term "discipline" for the entities which were added. This came (I
33 believe) from the use of the term in "sfio", which in turn borrowed it
34 from "line disciplines" on Unix terminals. However, this document (and
35 the C code) uses the term "layer".
37 This is, I hope, a natural term given the implementation, and should avoid
38 connotations that are inherent in earlier uses of "discipline" for things
39 which are rather different.
41 =head2 Data Structures
43 The basic data structure is a PerlIOl:
45 typedef struct _PerlIO PerlIOl;
46 typedef struct _PerlIO_funcs PerlIO_funcs;
47 typedef PerlIOl *PerlIO;
51 PerlIOl * next; /* Lower layer */
52 PerlIO_funcs * tab; /* Functions for this layer */
53 IV flags; /* Various flags for state */
56 A C<PerlIOl *> is a pointer to to the struct, and the I<application> level
57 C<PerlIO *> is a pointer to a C<PerlIOl *> - i.e. a pointer to a pointer to
58 the struct. This allows the application level C<PerlIO *> to remain
59 constant while the actual C<PerlIOl *> underneath changes. (Compare perl's
60 C<SV *> which remains constant while its C<sv_any> field changes as the
61 scalar's type changes.) An IO stream is then in general represented as a
62 pointer to this linked-list of "layers".
64 It should be noted that because of the double indirection in a C<PerlIO *>,
65 a C<< &(perlio-E<gt>next) >> "is" a C<PerlIO *>, and so to some degree
66 at least one layer can use the "standard" API on the next layer down.
68 A "layer" is composed of two parts:
72 =item 1. The functions and attributes of the "layer class".
74 =item 2. The per-instance data for a particular handle.
78 =head2 Functions and Attributes
80 The functions and attributes are accessed via the "tab" (for table)
81 member of C<PerlIOl>. The functions (methods of the layer "class") are
82 fixed, and are defined by the C<PerlIO_funcs> type. They are broadly the
83 same as the public C<PerlIO_xxxxx> functions:
90 IV (*Fileno)(PerlIO *f);
91 PerlIO * (*Fdopen)(PerlIO_funcs *tab, int fd, const char *mode);
92 PerlIO * (*Open)(PerlIO_funcs *tab, const char *path, const char *mode);
93 int (*Reopen)(const char *path, const char *mode, PerlIO *f);
94 IV (*Pushed)(PerlIO *f,const char *mode,const char *arg,STRLEN len);
95 IV (*Popped)(PerlIO *f);
96 /* Unix-like functions - cf sfio line disciplines */
97 SSize_t (*Read)(PerlIO *f, void *vbuf, Size_t count);
98 SSize_t (*Unread)(PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count);
99 SSize_t (*Write)(PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count);
100 IV (*Seek)(PerlIO *f, Off_t offset, int whence);
101 Off_t (*Tell)(PerlIO *f);
102 IV (*Close)(PerlIO *f);
103 /* Stdio-like buffered IO functions */
104 IV (*Flush)(PerlIO *f);
105 IV (*Fill)(PerlIO *f);
106 IV (*Eof)(PerlIO *f);
107 IV (*Error)(PerlIO *f);
108 void (*Clearerr)(PerlIO *f);
109 void (*Setlinebuf)(PerlIO *f);
110 /* Perl's snooping functions */
111 STDCHAR * (*Get_base)(PerlIO *f);
112 Size_t (*Get_bufsiz)(PerlIO *f);
113 STDCHAR * (*Get_ptr)(PerlIO *f);
114 SSize_t (*Get_cnt)(PerlIO *f);
115 void (*Set_ptrcnt)(PerlIO *f,STDCHAR *ptr,SSize_t cnt);
118 The first few members of the struct give a "name" for the layer, the
119 size to C<malloc> for the per-instance data, and some flags which are
120 attributes of the class as whole (such as whether it is a buffering
121 layer), then follow the functions which fall into four basic groups:
125 =item 1. Opening and setup functions
127 =item 2. Basic IO operations
129 =item 3. Stdio class buffering options.
131 =item 4. Functions to support Perl's traditional "fast" access to the buffer.
135 A layer does not have to implement all the functions, but the whole table has
136 to be present. Unimplemented slots can be NULL (which will will result in an error
137 when called) or can be filled in with stubs to "inherit" behaviour from
138 a "base class". This "inheritance" is fixed for all instances of the layer,
139 but as the layer chooses which stubs to populate the table, limited
140 "multiple inheritance" is possible.
142 =head2 Per-instance Data
144 The per-instance data are held in memory beyond the basic PerlIOl struct,
145 by making a PerlIOl the first member of the layer's struct thus:
149 struct _PerlIO base; /* Base "class" info */
150 STDCHAR * buf; /* Start of buffer */
151 STDCHAR * end; /* End of valid part of buffer */
152 STDCHAR * ptr; /* Current position in buffer */
153 Off_t posn; /* Offset of buf into the file */
154 Size_t bufsiz; /* Real size of buffer */
155 IV oneword; /* Emergency buffer */
158 In this way (as for perl's scalars) a pointer to a PerlIOBuf can be treated
159 as a pointer to a PerlIOl.
161 =head2 Layers in action.
165 +-----------+ +----------+ +--------+
166 PerlIO ->| |--->| next |--->| NULL |
167 +-----------+ +----------+ +--------+
168 | | | buffer | | fd |
169 +-----------+ | | +--------+
173 The above attempts to show how the layer scheme works in a simple case.
174 The application's C<PerlIO *> points to an entry in the table(s)
175 representing open (allocated) handles. For example the first three slots
176 in the table correspond to C<stdin>,C<stdout> and C<stderr>. The table
177 in turn points to the current "top" layer for the handle - in this case
178 an instance of the generic buffering layer "perlio". That layer in turn
179 points to the next layer down - in this case the lowlevel "unix" layer.
181 The above is roughly equivalent to a "stdio" buffered stream, but with
182 much more flexibility:
188 If Unix level C<read>/C<write>/C<lseek> is not appropriate for (say)
189 sockets then the "unix" layer can be replaced (at open time or even
190 dynamically) with a "socket" layer.
194 Different handles can have different buffering schemes. The "top" layer
195 could be the "mmap" layer if reading disk files was quicker using C<mmap>
196 than C<read>. An "unbuffered" stream can be implemented simply by
197 not having a buffer layer.
201 Extra layers can be inserted to process the data as it flows through.
202 This was the driving need for including the scheme in perl 5.7.0+ - we
203 needed a mechanism to allow data to be translated bewteen perl's
204 internal encoding (conceptually at least Unicode as UTF-8), and the
205 "native" format used by the system. This is provided by the
206 ":encoding(xxxx)" layer which typically sits above the buffering layer.
210 A layer can be added that does "\n" to CRLF translation. This layer can be used
211 on any platform, not just those that normally do such things.
215 =head2 Per-instance flag bits
217 The generic flag bits are a hybrid of C<O_XXXXX> style flags deduced from
218 the mode string passed to C<PerlIO_open()>, and state bits for typical buffer
227 =item PERLIO_F_CANWRITE
229 Writes are permitted, i.e. opened as "w" or "r+" or "a", etc.
231 =item PERLIO_F_CANREAD
233 Reads are permitted i.e. opened "r" or "w+" (or even "a+" - ick).
237 An error has occured (for C<PerlIO_error()>)
239 =item PERLIO_F_TRUNCATE
241 Truncate file suggested by open mode.
243 =item PERLIO_F_APPEND
245 All writes should be appends.
249 Layer is performing Win32-like "\n" mapped to CR,LF for output and CR,LF
250 mapped to "\n" for input. Normally the provided "crlf" layer is the only
251 layer that need bother about this. C<PerlIO_binmode()> will mess with this
252 flag rather than add/remove layers if the C<PERLIO_K_CANCRLF> bit is set
253 for the layers class.
257 Data written to this layer should be UTF-8 encoded; data provided
258 by this layer should be considered UTF-8 encoded. Can be set on any layer
259 by ":utf8" dummy layer. Also set on ":encoding" layer.
263 Layer is unbuffered - i.e. write to next layer down should occur for
264 each write to this layer.
268 The buffer for this layer currently holds data written to it but not sent
273 The buffer for this layer currently holds unconsumed data read from
276 =item PERLIO_F_LINEBUF
278 Layer is line buffered. Write data should be passed to next layer down
279 whenever a "\n" is seen. Any data beyond the "\n" should then be
284 File has been C<unlink()>ed, or should be deleted on C<close()>.
290 =item PERLIO_F_FASTGETS
292 This instance of this layer supports the "fast C<gets>" interface.
293 Normally set based on C<PERLIO_K_FASTGETS> for the class and by the
294 existance of the function(s) in the table. However a class that
295 normally provides that interface may need to avoid it on a
296 particular instance. The "pending" layer needs to do this when
297 it is pushed above an layer which does not support the interface.
298 (Perl's C<sv_gets()> does not expect the streams fast C<gets> behaviour
299 to change during one "get".)
303 =head2 Methods in Detail
307 =item IV (*Fileno)(PerlIO *f);
309 Returns the Unix/Posix numeric file decriptor for the handle. Normally
310 C<PerlIOBase_fileno()> (which just asks next layer down) will suffice
313 =item PerlIO * (*Fdopen)(PerlIO_funcs *tab, int fd, const char *mode);
315 Should (perhaps indirectly) call C<PerlIO_allocate()> to allocate a slot
316 in the table and associate it with the given numeric file descriptor,
317 which will be open in an manner compatible with the supplied mode string.
319 =item PerlIO * (*Open)(PerlIO_funcs *tab, const char *path, const char *mode);
321 Should attempt to open the given path and if that succeeds then (perhaps
322 indirectly) call C<PerlIO_allocate()> to allocate a slot in the table and
323 associate it with the layers information for the opened file.
325 =item int (*Reopen)(const char *path, const char *mode, PerlIO *f);
327 Re-open the supplied C<PerlIO *> to connect it to C<path> in C<mode>.
328 Returns as success flag. Perl does not use this and L<perlapio> marks it
329 as subject to change.
331 =item IV (*Pushed)(PerlIO *f,const char *mode,const char *arg,STRLEN len);
333 Called when the layer is pushed onto the stack. The C<mode> argument may
334 be NULL if this occurs post-open. The C<arg> and C<len> will be present
335 if an argument string was passed. In most cases this should call
336 C<PerlIOBase_pushed()> to convert C<mode> into the appropriate
337 C<PERLIO_F_XXXXX> flags in addition to any actions the layer itself takes.
339 =item IV (*Popped)(PerlIO *f);
341 Called when the layer is popped from the stack. A layer will normally be
342 popped after C<Close()> is called. But a layer can be popped without being
343 closed if the program is dynamically managing layers on the stream. In
344 such cases C<Popped()> should free any resources (buffers, translation
345 tables, ...) not held directly in the layer's struct.
347 =item SSize_t (*Read)(PerlIO *f, void *vbuf, Size_t count);
349 Basic read operation. Returns actual bytes read, or -1 on an error.
350 Typically will call Fill and manipulate pointers (possibly via the API).
351 C<PerlIOBuf_read()> may be suitable for derived classes which provide
354 =item SSize_t (*Unread)(PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count);
356 A superset of stdio's C<ungetc()>. Should arrange for future reads to
357 see the bytes in C<vbuf>. If there is no obviously better implementation
358 then C<PerlIOBase_unread()> provides the function by pushing a "fake"
359 "pending" layer above the calling layer.
361 =item SSize_t (*Write)(PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count);
363 Basic write operation. Returns bytes written or -1 on an error.
365 =item IV (*Seek)(PerlIO *f, Off_t offset, int whence);
367 Position the file pointer. Should normally call its own C<Flush> method and
368 then the C<Seek> method of next layer down.
370 =item Off_t (*Tell)(PerlIO *f);
372 Return the file pointer. May be based on layers cached concept of
373 position to avoid overhead.
375 =item IV (*Close)(PerlIO *f);
377 Close the stream. Should normally call C<PerlIOBase_close()> to flush
378 itself and close layers below, and then deallocate any data structures
379 (buffers, translation tables, ...) not held directly in the data
382 =item IV (*Flush)(PerlIO *f);
384 Should make stream's state consistent with layers below. That is, any
385 buffered write data should be written, and file position of lower layers
386 adjusted for data read fron below but not actually consumed.
388 =item IV (*Fill)(PerlIO *f);
390 The buffer for this layer should be filled (for read) from layer below.
392 =item IV (*Eof)(PerlIO *f);
394 Return end-of-file indicator. C<PerlIOBase_eof()> is normally sufficient.
396 =item IV (*Error)(PerlIO *f);
398 Return error indicator. C<PerlIOBase_error()> is normally sufficient.
400 =item void (*Clearerr)(PerlIO *f);
402 Clear end-of-file and error indicators. Should call C<PerlIOBase_clearerr()>
403 to set the C<PERLIO_F_XXXXX> flags, which may suffice.
405 =item void (*Setlinebuf)(PerlIO *f);
407 Mark the stream as line buffered.
409 =item STDCHAR * (*Get_base)(PerlIO *f);
411 Allocate (if not already done so) the read buffer for this layer and
412 return pointer to it.
414 =item Size_t (*Get_bufsiz)(PerlIO *f);
416 Return the number of bytes that last C<Fill()> put in the buffer.
418 =item STDCHAR * (*Get_ptr)(PerlIO *f);
420 Return the current read pointer relative to this layer's buffer.
422 =item SSize_t (*Get_cnt)(PerlIO *f);
424 Return the number of bytes left to be read in the current buffer.
426 =item void (*Set_ptrcnt)(PerlIO *f,STDCHAR *ptr,SSize_t cnt);
428 Adjust the read pointer and count of bytes to match C<ptr> and/or C<cnt>.
429 The application (or layer above) must ensure they are consistent.
430 (Checking is allowed by the paranoid.)
437 The file C<perlio.c> provides the following layers:
443 A basic non-buffered layer which calls Unix/POSIX C<read()>, C<write()>,
444 C<lseek()>, C<close()>. No buffering. Even on platforms that distinguish
445 between O_TEXT and O_BINARY this layer is always O_BINARY.
449 A very complete generic buffering layer which provides the whole of
450 PerlIO API. It is also intended to be used as a "base class" for other
451 layers. (For example its C<Read()> method is implemented in terms of the
452 C<Get_cnt()>/C<Get_ptr()>/C<Set_ptrcnt()> methods).
454 "perlio" over "unix" provides a complete replacement for stdio as seen
455 via PerlIO API. This is the default for USE_PERLIO when system's stdio
456 does not permit perl's "fast gets" access, and which do not distinguish
457 between C<O_TEXT> and C<O_BINARY>.
461 A layer which provides the PerlIO API via the layer scheme, but
462 implements it by calling system's stdio. This is (currently) the default
463 if system's stdio provides sufficient access to allow perl's "fast gets"
464 access and which do not distinguish between C<O_TEXT> and C<O_BINARY>.
468 A layer derived using "perlio" as a base class. It provides Win32-like
469 "\n" to CR,LF translation. Can either be applied above "perlio" or serve
470 as the buffer layer itself. "crlf" over "unix" is the default if system
471 distinguishes between C<O_TEXT> and C<O_BINARY> opens. (At some point
472 "unix" will be replaced by a "native" Win32 IO layer on that platform,
473 as Win32's read/write layer has various drawbacks.) The "crlf" layer is
474 a reasonable model for a layer which transforms data in some way.
478 If Configure detects C<mmap()> functions this layer is provided (with
479 "perlio" as a "base") which does "read" operations by mmap()ing the
480 file. Performance improvement is marginal on modern systems, so it is
481 mainly there as a proof of concept. It is likely to be unbundled from
482 the core at some point. The "mmap" layer is a reasonable model for a
483 minimalist "derived" layer.
487 An "internal" derivative of "perlio" which can be used to provide
488 Unread() function for layers which have no buffer or cannot be bothered.
489 (Basically this layer's C<Fill()> pops itself off the stack and so resumes
490 reading from layer below.)
494 A dummy layer which never exists on the layer stack. Instead when
495 "pushed" it actually pops the stack(!), removing itself, and any other
496 layers until it reaches a layer with the class C<PERLIO_K_RAW> bit set.
500 Another dummy layer. When pushed it pops itself and sets the
501 C<PERLIO_F_UTF8> flag on the layer which was (and now is once more) the top
506 In addition F<perlio.c> also provides a number of C<PerlIOBase_xxxx()>
507 functions which are intended to be used in the table slots of classes
508 which do not need to do anything special for a particular method.
510 =head2 Extension Layers
512 Layers can made available by extension modules.
520 makes this layer available. It is an example of a layer which takes an argument.
523 open($fh,"<:encoding(iso-8859-7)",$pathname)