3 perlform - Perl formats
7 Perl has a mechanism to help you generate simple reports and charts. To
8 facilitate this, Perl helps you code up your output page close to how it
9 will look when it's printed. It can keep track of things like how many
10 lines are on a page, what page you're on, when to print page headers,
11 etc. Keywords are borrowed from FORTRAN: format() to declare and write()
12 to execute; see their entries in L<perlfunc>. Fortunately, the layout is
13 much more legible, more like BASIC's PRINT USING statement. Think of it
14 as a poor man's nroff(1).
16 Formats, like packages and subroutines, are declared rather than
17 executed, so they may occur at any point in your program. (Usually it's
18 best to keep them all together though.) They have their own namespace
19 apart from all the other "types" in Perl. This means that if you have a
20 function named "Foo", it is not the same thing as having a format named
21 "Foo". However, the default name for the format associated with a given
22 filehandle is the same as the name of the filehandle. Thus, the default
23 format for STDOUT is named "STDOUT", and the default format for filehandle
24 TEMP is named "TEMP". They just look the same. They aren't.
26 Output record formats are declared as follows:
32 If name is omitted, format "STDOUT" is defined. FORMLIST consists of
33 a sequence of lines, each of which may be one of three types:
39 A comment, indicated by putting a '#' in the first column.
43 A "picture" line giving the format for one output line.
47 An argument line supplying values to plug into the previous picture line.
51 Picture lines are printed exactly as they look, except for certain fields
52 that substitute values into the line. Each field in a picture line starts
53 with either "@" (at) or "^" (caret). These lines do not undergo any kind
54 of variable interpolation. The at field (not to be confused with the array
55 marker @) is the normal kind of field; the other kind, caret fields, are used
56 to do rudimentary multi-line text block filling. The length of the field
57 is supplied by padding out the field with multiple "E<lt>", "E<gt>", or "|"
58 characters to specify, respectively, left justification, right
59 justification, or centering. If the variable would exceed the width
60 specified, it is truncated.
62 As an alternate form of right justification, you may also use "#"
63 characters (with an optional ".") to specify a numeric field. This way
64 you can line up the decimal points. If any value supplied for these
65 fields contains a newline, only the text up to the newline is printed.
66 Finally, the special field "@*" can be used for printing multi-line,
67 nontruncated values; it should appear by itself on a line.
69 The values are specified on the following line in the same order as
70 the picture fields. The expressions providing the values should be
71 separated by commas. The expressions are all evaluated in a list context
72 before the line is processed, so a single list expression could produce
73 multiple list elements. The expressions may be spread out to more than
74 one line if enclosed in braces. If so, the opening brace must be the first
75 token on the first line. If an expression evaluates to a number with a
76 decimal part, and if the corresponding picture specifies that the decimal
77 part should appear in the output (that is, any picture except multiple "#"
78 characters B<without> an embedded "."), the character used for the decimal
79 point is B<always> determined by the current LC_NUMERIC locale. This
80 means that, if, for example, the run-time environment happens to specify a
81 German locale, "," will be used instead of the default ".". See
82 L<perllocale> and L<"WARNINGS"> for more information.
84 Picture fields that begin with ^ rather than @ are treated specially.
85 With a # field, the field is blanked out if the value is undefined. For
86 other field types, the caret enables a kind of fill mode. Instead of an
87 arbitrary expression, the value supplied must be a scalar variable name
88 that contains a text string. Perl puts as much text as it can into the
89 field, and then chops off the front of the string so that the next time
90 the variable is referenced, more of the text can be printed. (Yes, this
91 means that the variable itself is altered during execution of the write()
92 call, and is not returned.) Normally you would use a sequence of fields
93 in a vertical stack to print out a block of text. You might wish to end
94 the final field with the text "...", which will appear in the output if
95 the text was too long to appear in its entirety. You can change which
96 characters are legal to break on by changing the variable C<$:> (that's
97 $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS if you're using the English module) to a
98 list of the desired characters.
100 Using caret fields can produce variable length records. If the text
101 to be formatted is short, you can suppress blank lines by putting a
102 "~" (tilde) character anywhere in the line. The tilde will be translated
103 to a space upon output. If you put a second tilde contiguous to the
104 first, the line will be repeated until all the fields on the line are
105 exhausted. (If you use a field of the at variety, the expression you
106 supply had better not give the same value every time forever!)
108 Top-of-form processing is by default handled by a format with the
109 same name as the current filehandle with "_TOP" concatenated to it.
110 It's triggered at the top of each page. See L<perlfunc/write>.
114 # a report on the /etc/passwd file
117 Name Login Office Uid Gid Home
118 ------------------------------------------------------------------
121 @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||||||| @<<<<<<@>>>> @>>>> @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
122 $name, $login, $office,$uid,$gid, $home
126 # a report from a bug report form
129 @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||| @>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
131 ------------------------------------------------------------------
134 Subject: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
136 Index: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
138 Priority: @<<<<<<<<<< Date: @<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
139 $priority, $date, $description
140 From: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
142 Assigned to: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
143 $programmer, $description
144 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
146 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
148 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
150 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
152 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<...
156 It is possible to intermix print()s with write()s on the same output
157 channel, but you'll have to handle C<$-> (C<$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT>)
160 =head2 Format Variables
162 The current format name is stored in the variable C<$~> (C<$FORMAT_NAME>),
163 and the current top of form format name is in C<$^> (C<$FORMAT_TOP_NAME>).
164 The current output page number is stored in C<$%> (C<$FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER>),
165 and the number of lines on the page is in C<$=> (C<$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE>).
166 Whether to autoflush output on this handle is stored in C<$|>
167 (C<$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH>). The string output before each top of page (except
168 the first) is stored in C<$^L> (C<$FORMAT_FORMFEED>). These variables are
169 set on a per-filehandle basis, so you'll need to select() into a different
172 select((select(OUTF),
173 $~ = "My_Other_Format",
177 Pretty ugly, eh? It's a common idiom though, so don't be too surprised
178 when you see it. You can at least use a temporary variable to hold
179 the previous filehandle: (this is a much better approach in general,
180 because not only does legibility improve, you now have intermediary
181 stage in the expression to single-step the debugger through):
184 $~ = "My_Other_Format";
185 $^ = "My_Top_Format";
188 If you use the English module, you can even read the variable names:
192 $FORMAT_NAME = "My_Other_Format";
193 $FORMAT_TOP_NAME = "My_Top_Format";
196 But you still have those funny select()s. So just use the FileHandle
197 module. Now, you can access these special variables using lowercase
198 method names instead:
201 format_name OUTF "My_Other_Format";
202 format_top_name OUTF "My_Top_Format";
208 Because the values line may contain arbitrary expressions (for at fields,
209 not caret fields), you can farm out more sophisticated processing
210 to other functions, like sprintf() or one of your own. For example:
217 To get a real at or caret into the field, do this:
224 To center a whole line of text, do something like this:
227 @|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
231 There is no builtin way to say "float this to the right hand side
232 of the page, however wide it is." You have to specify where it goes.
233 The truly desperate can generate their own format on the fly, based
234 on the current number of columns, and then eval() it:
236 $format = "format STDOUT = \n"
237 . '^' . '<' x $cols . "\n"
239 . "\t^" . "<" x ($cols-8) . "~~\n"
242 print $format if $Debugging;
246 Which would generate a format looking something like this:
249 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
251 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~
255 Here's a little program that's somewhat like fmt(1):
258 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ~~
271 While $FORMAT_TOP_NAME contains the name of the current header format,
272 there is no corresponding mechanism to automatically do the same thing
273 for a footer. Not knowing how big a format is going to be until you
274 evaluate it is one of the major problems. It's on the TODO list.
276 Here's one strategy: If you have a fixed-size footer, you can get footers
277 by checking $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT before each write() and print the footer
278 yourself if necessary.
280 Here's another strategy: Open a pipe to yourself, using C<open(MYSELF, "|-")>
281 (see L<perlfunc/open()>) and always write() to MYSELF instead of STDOUT.
282 Have your child process massage its STDIN to rearrange headers and footers
283 however you like. Not very convenient, but doable.
285 =head2 Accessing Formatting Internals
287 For low-level access to the formatting mechanism. you may use formline()
288 and access C<$^A> (the $ACCUMULATOR variable) directly.
292 $str = formline <<'END', 1,2,3;
296 print "Wow, I just stored `$^A' in the accumulator!\n";
298 Or to make an swrite() subroutine, which is to write() what sprintf()
299 is to printf(), do this:
303 croak "usage: swrite PICTURE ARGS" unless @_;
306 formline($format,@_);
310 $string = swrite(<<'END', 1, 2, 3);
318 The lone dot that ends a format can also prematurely end a mail
319 message passing through a misconfigured Internet mailer (and based on
320 experience, such misconfiguration is the rule, not the exception). So
321 when sending format code through mail, you should indent it so that
322 the format-ending dot is not on the left margin; this will prevent
325 Lexical variables (declared with "my") are not visible within a
326 format unless the format is declared within the scope of the lexical
327 variable. (They weren't visible at all before version 5.001.)
329 Formats are the only part of Perl that unconditionally use information
330 from a program's locale; if a program's environment specifies an
331 LC_NUMERIC locale, it is always used to specify the decimal point
332 character in formatted output. Perl ignores all other aspects of locale
333 handling unless the C<use locale> pragma is in effect. Formatted output
334 cannot be controlled by C<use locale> because the pragma is tied to the
335 block structure of the program, and, for historical reasons, formats
336 exist outside that block structure. See L<perllocale> for further
337 discussion of locale handling.
339 Inside of an expression, the whitespace characters \n, \t and \f are
340 considered to be equivalent to a single space. Thus, you could think
341 of this filter being applied to each value in the format:
343 $value =~ tr/\n\t\f/ /;
345 The remaining whitespace character, \r, forces the printing of a new
346 line if allowed by the picture line.