3 perlform - Perl formats
7 Perl has a mechanism to help you generate simple reports and charts. To
8 facilitate this, Perl helps you code up your output page close to how it
9 will look when it's printed. It can keep track of things like how many
10 lines are on a page, what page you're on, when to print page headers,
11 etc. Keywords are borrowed from FORTRAN: format() to declare and write()
12 to execute; see their entries in L<perlfunc>. Fortunately, the layout is
13 much more legible, more like BASIC's PRINT USING statement. Think of it
14 as a poor man's nroff(1).
16 Formats, like packages and subroutines, are declared rather than
17 executed, so they may occur at any point in your program. (Usually it's
18 best to keep them all together though.) They have their own namespace
19 apart from all the other "types" in Perl. This means that if you have a
20 function named "Foo", it is not the same thing as having a format named
21 "Foo". However, the default name for the format associated with a given
22 filehandle is the same as the name of the filehandle. Thus, the default
23 format for STDOUT is named "STDOUT", and the default format for filehandle
24 TEMP is named "TEMP". They just look the same. They aren't.
26 Output record formats are declared as follows:
32 If the name is omitted, format "STDOUT" is defined. A single "." in
33 column 1 is used to terminate a format. FORMLIST consists of a sequence
34 of lines, each of which may be one of three types:
40 A comment, indicated by putting a '#' in the first column.
44 A "picture" line giving the format for one output line.
48 An argument line supplying values to plug into the previous picture line.
52 Picture lines contain output field definitions, intermingled with
53 literal text. These lines do not undergo any kind of variable interpolation.
54 Field definitions are made up from a set of characters, for starting and
55 extending a field to its desired width. This is the complete set of
56 characters for field definitions:
58 @ start of regular field
59 ^ start of special field
60 < pad character for left adjustification
61 | pad character for centering
62 > pad character for right adjustificat
63 # pad character for a right justified numeric field
64 0 instead of first #: pad number with leading zeroes
65 . decimal point within a numeric field
66 ... terminate a text field, show "..." as truncation evidence
67 @* variable width field for a multi-line value
68 ^* variable width field for next line of a multi-line value
69 ~ suppress line with all fields empty
70 ~~ repeat line until all fields are exhausted
72 Each field in a picture line starts with either "@" (at) or "^" (caret),
73 indicating what we'll call, respectively, a "regular" or "special" field.
74 The choice of pad characters determines whether a field is textual or
75 numeric. The tilde operators are not part of a field. Let's look at
76 the various possibilities in detail.
81 The length of the field is supplied by padding out the field with multiple
82 "E<lt>", "E<gt>", or "|" characters to specify a non-numeric field with,
83 respectively, left justification, right justification, or centering.
84 For a regular field, the value (up to the first newline) is taken and
85 printed according to the selected justification, truncating excess characters.
86 If you terminate a text field with "...", three dots will be shown if
87 the value is truncated. A special text field may be used to do rudimentary
88 multi-line text block filling; see L</Using Fill Mode> for details.
92 @<<<<<< @|||||| @>>>>>>
93 "left", "middle", "right"
101 Using "#" as a padding character specifies a numeric field, with
102 right justification. An optional "." defines the position of the
103 decimal point. With a "0" (zero) instead of the first "#", the
104 formatted number will be padded with leading zeroes if necessary.
105 A special numeric field is blanked out if the value is undefined.
106 If the resulting value would exceed the width specified the field is
107 filled with "#" as overflow evidence.
111 @### @.### @##.### @### @### ^####
112 42, 3.1415, undef, 0, 10000, undef
115 42 3.142 0.000 0 ####
118 =head2 The Field @* for Variable Width Multi-Line Text
120 The field "@*" can be used for printing multi-line, nontruncated
121 values; it should (but need not) appear by itself on a line. A final
122 line feed is chomped off, but all other characters are emitted verbatim.
125 =head2 The Field ^* for Variable Width One-line-at-a-time Text
127 Like "@*", this is a variable width field. The value supplied must be a
128 scalar variable. Perl puts the first line (up to the first "\n") of the
129 text into the field, and then chops off the front of the string so that
130 the next time the variable is referenced, more of the text can be printed.
131 The variable will I<not> be restored.
134 $text = "line 1\nline 2\nline 3";
147 =head2 Specifying Values
149 The values are specified on the following format line in the same order as
150 the picture fields. The expressions providing the values must be
151 separated by commas. They are all evaluated in a list context
152 before the line is processed, so a single list expression could produce
153 multiple list elements. The expressions may be spread out to more than
154 one line if enclosed in braces. If so, the opening brace must be the first
155 token on the first line. If an expression evaluates to a number with a
156 decimal part, and if the corresponding picture specifies that the decimal
157 part should appear in the output (that is, any picture except multiple "#"
158 characters B<without> an embedded "."), the character used for the decimal
159 point is B<always> determined by the current LC_NUMERIC locale. This
160 means that, if, for example, the run-time environment happens to specify a
161 German locale, "," will be used instead of the default ".". See
162 L<perllocale> and L<"WARNINGS"> for more information.
165 =head2 Using Fill Mode
167 On text fields the caret enables a kind of fill mode. Instead of an
168 arbitrary expression, the value supplied must be a scalar variable
169 that contains a text string. Perl puts the next portion of the text into
170 the field, and then chops off the front of the string so that the next time
171 the variable is referenced, more of the text can be printed. (Yes, this
172 means that the variable itself is altered during execution of the write()
173 call, and is not restored.) The next portion of text is determined by
174 a crude line breaking algorithm. You may use the carriage return character
175 (C<\r>) to force a line break. You can change which characters are legal
176 to break on by changing the variable C<$:> (that's
177 $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS if you're using the English module) to a
178 list of the desired characters.
180 Normally you would use a sequence of fields in a vertical stack associated
181 with the same scalar variable to print out a block of text. You might wish
182 to end the final field with the text "...", which will appear in the output
183 if the text was too long to appear in its entirety.
186 =head2 Suppressing Lines Where All Fields Are Void
188 Using caret fields can produce lines where all fields are blank. You can
189 suppress such lines by putting a "~" (tilde) character anywhere in the
190 line. The tilde will be translated to a space upon output.
193 =head2 Repeating Format Lines
195 If you put two contiguous tilde characters "~~" anywhere into a line,
196 the line will be repeated until all the fields on the line are exhausted,
197 i.e. undefined. For special (caret) text fields this will occur sooner or
198 later, but if you use a text field of the at variety, the expression you
199 supply had better not give the same value every time forever! (C<shift(@f)>
200 is a simple example that would work.) Don't use a regular (at) numeric
201 field in such lines, because it will never go blank.
204 =head2 Top of Form Processing
206 Top-of-form processing is by default handled by a format with the
207 same name as the current filehandle with "_TOP" concatenated to it.
208 It's triggered at the top of each page. See L<perlfunc/write>.
212 # a report on the /etc/passwd file
215 Name Login Office Uid Gid Home
216 ------------------------------------------------------------------
219 @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||||||| @<<<<<<@>>>> @>>>> @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
220 $name, $login, $office,$uid,$gid, $home
224 # a report from a bug report form
227 @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||| @>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
229 ------------------------------------------------------------------
232 Subject: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
234 Index: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
236 Priority: @<<<<<<<<<< Date: @<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
237 $priority, $date, $description
238 From: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
240 Assigned to: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
241 $programmer, $description
242 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
244 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
246 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
248 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
250 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<...
254 It is possible to intermix print()s with write()s on the same output
255 channel, but you'll have to handle C<$-> (C<$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT>)
258 =head2 Format Variables
260 The current format name is stored in the variable C<$~> (C<$FORMAT_NAME>),
261 and the current top of form format name is in C<$^> (C<$FORMAT_TOP_NAME>).
262 The current output page number is stored in C<$%> (C<$FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER>),
263 and the number of lines on the page is in C<$=> (C<$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE>).
264 Whether to autoflush output on this handle is stored in C<$|>
265 (C<$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH>). The string output before each top of page (except
266 the first) is stored in C<$^L> (C<$FORMAT_FORMFEED>). These variables are
267 set on a per-filehandle basis, so you'll need to select() into a different
270 select((select(OUTF),
271 $~ = "My_Other_Format",
275 Pretty ugly, eh? It's a common idiom though, so don't be too surprised
276 when you see it. You can at least use a temporary variable to hold
277 the previous filehandle: (this is a much better approach in general,
278 because not only does legibility improve, you now have intermediary
279 stage in the expression to single-step the debugger through):
282 $~ = "My_Other_Format";
283 $^ = "My_Top_Format";
286 If you use the English module, you can even read the variable names:
288 use English '-no_match_vars';
290 $FORMAT_NAME = "My_Other_Format";
291 $FORMAT_TOP_NAME = "My_Top_Format";
294 But you still have those funny select()s. So just use the FileHandle
295 module. Now, you can access these special variables using lowercase
296 method names instead:
299 format_name OUTF "My_Other_Format";
300 format_top_name OUTF "My_Top_Format";
306 Because the values line may contain arbitrary expressions (for at fields,
307 not caret fields), you can farm out more sophisticated processing
308 to other functions, like sprintf() or one of your own. For example:
315 To get a real at or caret into the field, do this:
322 To center a whole line of text, do something like this:
325 @|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
329 There is no builtin way to say "float this to the right hand side
330 of the page, however wide it is." You have to specify where it goes.
331 The truly desperate can generate their own format on the fly, based
332 on the current number of columns, and then eval() it:
334 $format = "format STDOUT = \n"
335 . '^' . '<' x $cols . "\n"
337 . "\t^" . "<" x ($cols-8) . "~~\n"
340 print $format if $Debugging;
344 Which would generate a format looking something like this:
347 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
349 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~
353 Here's a little program that's somewhat like fmt(1):
356 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ~~
369 While $FORMAT_TOP_NAME contains the name of the current header format,
370 there is no corresponding mechanism to automatically do the same thing
371 for a footer. Not knowing how big a format is going to be until you
372 evaluate it is one of the major problems. It's on the TODO list.
374 Here's one strategy: If you have a fixed-size footer, you can get footers
375 by checking $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT before each write() and print the footer
376 yourself if necessary.
378 Here's another strategy: Open a pipe to yourself, using C<open(MYSELF, "|-")>
379 (see L<perlfunc/open()>) and always write() to MYSELF instead of STDOUT.
380 Have your child process massage its STDIN to rearrange headers and footers
381 however you like. Not very convenient, but doable.
383 =head2 Accessing Formatting Internals
385 For low-level access to the formatting mechanism. you may use formline()
386 and access C<$^A> (the $ACCUMULATOR variable) directly.
390 $str = formline <<'END', 1,2,3;
394 print "Wow, I just stored `$^A' in the accumulator!\n";
396 Or to make an swrite() subroutine, which is to write() what sprintf()
397 is to printf(), do this:
401 croak "usage: swrite PICTURE ARGS" unless @_;
404 formline($format,@_);
408 $string = swrite(<<'END', 1, 2, 3);
416 The lone dot that ends a format can also prematurely end a mail
417 message passing through a misconfigured Internet mailer (and based on
418 experience, such misconfiguration is the rule, not the exception). So
419 when sending format code through mail, you should indent it so that
420 the format-ending dot is not on the left margin; this will prevent
423 Lexical variables (declared with "my") are not visible within a
424 format unless the format is declared within the scope of the lexical
425 variable. (They weren't visible at all before version 5.001.)
427 Formats are the only part of Perl that unconditionally use information
428 from a program's locale; if a program's environment specifies an
429 LC_NUMERIC locale, it is always used to specify the decimal point
430 character in formatted output. Perl ignores all other aspects of locale
431 handling unless the C<use locale> pragma is in effect. Formatted output
432 cannot be controlled by C<use locale> because the pragma is tied to the
433 block structure of the program, and, for historical reasons, formats
434 exist outside that block structure. See L<perllocale> for further
435 discussion of locale handling.
437 Within strings that are to be displayed in a fixed length text field,
438 each control character is substituted by a space. (But remember the
439 special meaning of C<\r> when using fill mode.) This is done to avoid
440 misalignment when control characters "disappear" on some output media.