2 X<format> X<report> X<chart>
4 perlform - Perl formats
8 Perl has a mechanism to help you generate simple reports and charts. To
9 facilitate this, Perl helps you code up your output page close to how it
10 will look when it's printed. It can keep track of things like how many
11 lines are on a page, what page you're on, when to print page headers,
12 etc. Keywords are borrowed from FORTRAN: format() to declare and write()
13 to execute; see their entries in L<perlfunc>. Fortunately, the layout is
14 much more legible, more like BASIC's PRINT USING statement. Think of it
15 as a poor man's nroff(1).
18 Formats, like packages and subroutines, are declared rather than
19 executed, so they may occur at any point in your program. (Usually it's
20 best to keep them all together though.) They have their own namespace
21 apart from all the other "types" in Perl. This means that if you have a
22 function named "Foo", it is not the same thing as having a format named
23 "Foo". However, the default name for the format associated with a given
24 filehandle is the same as the name of the filehandle. Thus, the default
25 format for STDOUT is named "STDOUT", and the default format for filehandle
26 TEMP is named "TEMP". They just look the same. They aren't.
28 Output record formats are declared as follows:
34 If the name is omitted, format "STDOUT" is defined. A single "." in
35 column 1 is used to terminate a format. FORMLIST consists of a sequence
36 of lines, each of which may be one of three types:
42 A comment, indicated by putting a '#' in the first column.
46 A "picture" line giving the format for one output line.
50 An argument line supplying values to plug into the previous picture line.
54 Picture lines contain output field definitions, intermingled with
55 literal text. These lines do not undergo any kind of variable interpolation.
56 Field definitions are made up from a set of characters, for starting and
57 extending a field to its desired width. This is the complete set of
58 characters for field definitions:
59 X<format, picture line>
60 X<@> X<^> X<< < >> X<< | >> X<< > >> X<#> X<0> X<.> X<...>
61 X<@*> X<^*> X<~> X<~~>
63 @ start of regular field
64 ^ start of special field
65 < pad character for left justification
66 | pad character for centering
67 > pad character for right justification
68 # pad character for a right justified numeric field
69 0 instead of first #: pad number with leading zeroes
70 . decimal point within a numeric field
71 ... terminate a text field, show "..." as truncation evidence
72 @* variable width field for a multi-line value
73 ^* variable width field for next line of a multi-line value
74 ~ suppress line with all fields empty
75 ~~ repeat line until all fields are exhausted
77 Each field in a picture line starts with either "@" (at) or "^" (caret),
78 indicating what we'll call, respectively, a "regular" or "special" field.
79 The choice of pad characters determines whether a field is textual or
80 numeric. The tilde operators are not part of a field. Let's look at
81 the various possibilities in detail.
87 The length of the field is supplied by padding out the field with multiple
88 "E<lt>", "E<gt>", or "|" characters to specify a non-numeric field with,
89 respectively, left justification, right justification, or centering.
90 For a regular field, the value (up to the first newline) is taken and
91 printed according to the selected justification, truncating excess characters.
92 If you terminate a text field with "...", three dots will be shown if
93 the value is truncated. A special text field may be used to do rudimentary
94 multi-line text block filling; see L</Using Fill Mode> for details.
98 @<<<<<< @|||||| @>>>>>>
99 "left", "middle", "right"
105 =head2 Numeric Fields
106 X<#> X<format, numeric field>
108 Using "#" as a padding character specifies a numeric field, with
109 right justification. An optional "." defines the position of the
110 decimal point. With a "0" (zero) instead of the first "#", the
111 formatted number will be padded with leading zeroes if necessary.
112 A special numeric field is blanked out if the value is undefined.
113 If the resulting value would exceed the width specified the field is
114 filled with "#" as overflow evidence.
118 @### @.### @##.### @### @### ^####
119 42, 3.1415, undef, 0, 10000, undef
122 42 3.142 0.000 0 ####
125 =head2 The Field @* for Variable Width Multi-Line Text
128 The field "@*" can be used for printing multi-line, nontruncated
129 values; it should (but need not) appear by itself on a line. A final
130 line feed is chomped off, but all other characters are emitted verbatim.
133 =head2 The Field ^* for Variable Width One-line-at-a-time Text
136 Like "@*", this is a variable width field. The value supplied must be a
137 scalar variable. Perl puts the first line (up to the first "\n") of the
138 text into the field, and then chops off the front of the string so that
139 the next time the variable is referenced, more of the text can be printed.
140 The variable will I<not> be restored.
143 $text = "line 1\nline 2\nline 3";
156 =head2 Specifying Values
157 X<format, specifying values>
159 The values are specified on the following format line in the same order as
160 the picture fields. The expressions providing the values must be
161 separated by commas. They are all evaluated in a list context
162 before the line is processed, so a single list expression could produce
163 multiple list elements. The expressions may be spread out to more than
164 one line if enclosed in braces. If so, the opening brace must be the first
165 token on the first line. If an expression evaluates to a number with a
166 decimal part, and if the corresponding picture specifies that the decimal
167 part should appear in the output (that is, any picture except multiple "#"
168 characters B<without> an embedded "."), the character used for the decimal
169 point is B<always> determined by the current LC_NUMERIC locale. This
170 means that, if, for example, the run-time environment happens to specify a
171 German locale, "," will be used instead of the default ".". See
172 L<perllocale> and L<"WARNINGS"> for more information.
175 =head2 Using Fill Mode
178 On text fields the caret enables a kind of fill mode. Instead of an
179 arbitrary expression, the value supplied must be a scalar variable
180 that contains a text string. Perl puts the next portion of the text into
181 the field, and then chops off the front of the string so that the next time
182 the variable is referenced, more of the text can be printed. (Yes, this
183 means that the variable itself is altered during execution of the write()
184 call, and is not restored.) The next portion of text is determined by
185 a crude line breaking algorithm. You may use the carriage return character
186 (C<\r>) to force a line break. You can change which characters are legal
187 to break on by changing the variable C<$:> (that's
188 $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS if you're using the English module) to a
189 list of the desired characters.
191 Normally you would use a sequence of fields in a vertical stack associated
192 with the same scalar variable to print out a block of text. You might wish
193 to end the final field with the text "...", which will appear in the output
194 if the text was too long to appear in its entirety.
197 =head2 Suppressing Lines Where All Fields Are Void
198 X<format, suppressing lines>
200 Using caret fields can produce lines where all fields are blank. You can
201 suppress such lines by putting a "~" (tilde) character anywhere in the
202 line. The tilde will be translated to a space upon output.
205 =head2 Repeating Format Lines
206 X<format, repeating lines>
208 If you put two contiguous tilde characters "~~" anywhere into a line,
209 the line will be repeated until all the fields on the line are exhausted,
210 i.e. undefined. For special (caret) text fields this will occur sooner or
211 later, but if you use a text field of the at variety, the expression you
212 supply had better not give the same value every time forever! (C<shift(@f)>
213 is a simple example that would work.) Don't use a regular (at) numeric
214 field in such lines, because it will never go blank.
217 =head2 Top of Form Processing
218 X<format, top of form> X<top> X<header>
220 Top-of-form processing is by default handled by a format with the
221 same name as the current filehandle with "_TOP" concatenated to it.
222 It's triggered at the top of each page. See L<perlfunc/write>.
226 # a report on the /etc/passwd file
229 Name Login Office Uid Gid Home
230 ------------------------------------------------------------------
233 @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||||||| @<<<<<<@>>>> @>>>> @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
234 $name, $login, $office,$uid,$gid, $home
238 # a report from a bug report form
241 @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||| @>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
243 ------------------------------------------------------------------
246 Subject: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
248 Index: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
250 Priority: @<<<<<<<<<< Date: @<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
251 $priority, $date, $description
252 From: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
254 Assigned to: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
255 $programmer, $description
256 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
258 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
260 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
262 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
264 ~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<...
268 It is possible to intermix print()s with write()s on the same output
269 channel, but you'll have to handle C<$-> (C<$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT>)
272 =head2 Format Variables
276 The current format name is stored in the variable C<$~> (C<$FORMAT_NAME>),
277 and the current top of form format name is in C<$^> (C<$FORMAT_TOP_NAME>).
278 The current output page number is stored in C<$%> (C<$FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER>),
279 and the number of lines on the page is in C<$=> (C<$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE>).
280 Whether to autoflush output on this handle is stored in C<$|>
281 (C<$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH>). The string output before each top of page (except
282 the first) is stored in C<$^L> (C<$FORMAT_FORMFEED>). These variables are
283 set on a per-filehandle basis, so you'll need to select() into a different
286 select((select(OUTF),
287 $~ = "My_Other_Format",
291 Pretty ugly, eh? It's a common idiom though, so don't be too surprised
292 when you see it. You can at least use a temporary variable to hold
293 the previous filehandle: (this is a much better approach in general,
294 because not only does legibility improve, you now have intermediary
295 stage in the expression to single-step the debugger through):
298 $~ = "My_Other_Format";
299 $^ = "My_Top_Format";
302 If you use the English module, you can even read the variable names:
304 use English '-no_match_vars';
306 $FORMAT_NAME = "My_Other_Format";
307 $FORMAT_TOP_NAME = "My_Top_Format";
310 But you still have those funny select()s. So just use the FileHandle
311 module. Now, you can access these special variables using lowercase
312 method names instead:
315 format_name OUTF "My_Other_Format";
316 format_top_name OUTF "My_Top_Format";
322 Because the values line may contain arbitrary expressions (for at fields,
323 not caret fields), you can farm out more sophisticated processing
324 to other functions, like sprintf() or one of your own. For example:
331 To get a real at or caret into the field, do this:
338 To center a whole line of text, do something like this:
341 @|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
345 There is no builtin way to say "float this to the right hand side
346 of the page, however wide it is." You have to specify where it goes.
347 The truly desperate can generate their own format on the fly, based
348 on the current number of columns, and then eval() it:
350 $format = "format STDOUT = \n"
351 . '^' . '<' x $cols . "\n"
353 . "\t^" . "<" x ($cols-8) . "~~\n"
356 print $format if $Debugging;
360 Which would generate a format looking something like this:
363 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
365 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~
369 Here's a little program that's somewhat like fmt(1):
372 ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ~~
384 X<format, footer> X<footer>
386 While $FORMAT_TOP_NAME contains the name of the current header format,
387 there is no corresponding mechanism to automatically do the same thing
388 for a footer. Not knowing how big a format is going to be until you
389 evaluate it is one of the major problems. It's on the TODO list.
391 Here's one strategy: If you have a fixed-size footer, you can get footers
392 by checking $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT before each write() and print the footer
393 yourself if necessary.
395 Here's another strategy: Open a pipe to yourself, using C<open(MYSELF, "|-")>
396 (see L<perlfunc/open()>) and always write() to MYSELF instead of STDOUT.
397 Have your child process massage its STDIN to rearrange headers and footers
398 however you like. Not very convenient, but doable.
400 =head2 Accessing Formatting Internals
403 For low-level access to the formatting mechanism. you may use formline()
404 and access C<$^A> (the $ACCUMULATOR variable) directly.
408 $str = formline <<'END', 1,2,3;
412 print "Wow, I just stored `$^A' in the accumulator!\n";
414 Or to make an swrite() subroutine, which is to write() what sprintf()
415 is to printf(), do this:
419 croak "usage: swrite PICTURE ARGS" unless @_;
422 formline($format,@_);
426 $string = swrite(<<'END', 1, 2, 3);
434 The lone dot that ends a format can also prematurely end a mail
435 message passing through a misconfigured Internet mailer (and based on
436 experience, such misconfiguration is the rule, not the exception). So
437 when sending format code through mail, you should indent it so that
438 the format-ending dot is not on the left margin; this will prevent
441 Lexical variables (declared with "my") are not visible within a
442 format unless the format is declared within the scope of the lexical
443 variable. (They weren't visible at all before version 5.001.)
445 Formats are the only part of Perl that unconditionally use information
446 from a program's locale; if a program's environment specifies an
447 LC_NUMERIC locale, it is always used to specify the decimal point
448 character in formatted output. Perl ignores all other aspects of locale
449 handling unless the C<use locale> pragma is in effect. Formatted output
450 cannot be controlled by C<use locale> because the pragma is tied to the
451 block structure of the program, and, for historical reasons, formats
452 exist outside that block structure. See L<perllocale> for further
453 discussion of locale handling.
455 Within strings that are to be displayed in a fixed length text field,
456 each control character is substituted by a space. (But remember the
457 special meaning of C<\r> when using fill mode.) This is done to avoid
458 misalignment when control characters "disappear" on some output media.