3 perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation
7 Perl provides a fork() keyword that corresponds to the Unix system call
8 of the same name. On most Unix-like platforms where the fork() system
9 call is available, Perl's fork() simply calls it.
11 On some platforms such as Windows where the fork() system call is not
12 available, Perl can be built to emulate fork() at the interpreter level.
13 While the emulation is designed to be as compatible as possible with the
14 real fork() at the the level of the Perl program, there are certain
15 important differences that stem from the fact that all the pseudo child
16 "processes" created this way live in the same real process as far as the
17 operating system is concerned.
19 This document provides a general overview of the capabilities and
20 limitations of the fork() emulation. Note that the issues discussed here
21 are not applicable to platforms where a real fork() is available and Perl
22 has been configured to use it.
26 The fork() emulation is implemented at the level of the Perl interpreter.
27 What this means in general is that running fork() will actually clone the
28 running interpreter and all its state, and run the cloned interpreter in
29 a separate thread, beginning execution in the new thread just after the
30 point where the fork() was called in the parent. We will refer to the
31 thread that implements this child "process" as the pseudo-process.
33 To the Perl program that called fork(), all this is designed to be
34 transparent. The parent returns from the fork() with a pseudo-process
35 ID that can be subsequently used in any process manipulation functions;
36 the child returns from the fork() with a value of C<0> to signify that
37 it is the child pseudo-process.
39 =head2 Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
41 Most Perl features behave in a natural way within pseudo-processes.
45 =item $$ or $PROCESS_ID
47 This special variable is correctly set to the pseudo-process ID.
48 It can be used to identify pseudo-processes within a particular
49 session. Note that this value is subject to recycling if any
50 pseudo-processes are launched after others have been wait()-ed on.
54 Each pseudo-process maintains its own virtual enviroment. Modifications
55 to %ENV affect the virtual environment, and are only visible within that
56 pseudo-process, and in any processes (or pseudo-processes) launched from
59 =item chdir() and all other builtins that accept filenames
61 Each pseudo-process maintains its own virtual idea of the current directory.
62 Modifications to the current directory using chdir() are only visible within
63 that pseudo-process, and in any processes (or pseudo-processes) launched from
64 it. All file and directory accesses from the pseudo-process will correctly
65 map the virtual working directory to the real working directory appropriately.
67 =item wait() and waitpid()
69 wait() and waitpid() can be passed a pseudo-process ID returned by fork().
70 These calls will properly wait for the termination of the pseudo-process
71 and return its status.
75 kill() can be used to terminate a pseudo-process by passing it the ID returned
76 by fork(). This should not be used except under dire circumstances, because
77 the operating system may not guarantee integrity of the process resources
78 when a running thread is terminated. Note that using kill() on a
79 pseudo-process() may typically cause memory leaks, because the thread that
80 implements the pseudo-process does not get a chance to clean up its resources.
84 Calling exec() within a pseudo-process actually spawns the requested
85 executable in a separate process and waits for it to complete before
86 exiting with the same exit status as that process. This means that the
87 process ID reported within the running executable will be different from
88 what the earlier Perl fork() might have returned. Similarly, any process
89 manipulation functions applied to the ID returned by fork() will affect the
90 waiting pseudo-process that called exec(), not the real process it is
91 waiting for after the exec().
95 exit() always exits just the executing pseudo-process, after automatically
96 wait()-ing for any outstanding child pseudo-processes. Note that this means
97 that the process as a whole will not exit unless all running pseudo-processes
100 =item Open handles to files, directories and network sockets
102 All open handles are dup()-ed in pseudo-processes, so that closing
103 any handles in one process does not affect the others. See below for
108 =head2 Resource limits
110 In the eyes of the operating system, pseudo-processes created via the fork()
111 emulation are simply threads in the same process. This means that any
112 process-level limits imposed by the operating system apply to all
113 pseudo-processes taken together. This includes any limits imposed by the
114 operating system on the number of open file, directory and socket handles,
115 limits on disk space usage, limits on memory size, limits on CPU utilization
118 =head2 Killing the parent process
120 If the parent process is killed (either using Perl's kill() builtin, or
121 using some external means) all the pseudo-processes are killed as well,
122 and the whole process exits.
124 =head2 Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes
126 During the normal course of events, the parent process and every
127 pseudo-process started by it will wait for their respective pseudo-children
128 to complete before they exit. This means that the parent and every
129 pseudo-child created by it that is also a pseudo-parent will only exit
130 after their pseudo-children have exited.
132 A way to mark a pseudo-processes as running detached from their parent (so
133 that the parent would not have to wait() for them if it doesn't want to)
134 will be provided in future.
136 =head2 CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
142 The fork() emulation will not work entirely correctly when called from
143 within a BEGIN block. The forked copy will run the contents of the
144 BEGIN block, but will not continue parsing the source stream after the
145 BEGIN block. For example, consider the following code:
148 fork and exit; # fork child and exit the parent
157 rather than the expected:
162 This limitation arises from fundamental technical difficulties in
163 cloning and restarting the stacks used by the Perl parser in the
166 =item Open filehandles
168 Any filehandles open at the time of the fork() will be dup()-ed. Thus,
169 the files can be closed independently in the parent and child, but beware
170 that the dup()-ed handles will still share the same seek pointer. Changing
171 the seek position in the parent will change it in the child and vice-versa.
172 One can avoid this by opening files that need distinct seek pointers
173 separately in the child.
175 =item Forking pipe open() not yet implemented
177 The C<open(FOO, "|-")> and C<open(BAR, "-|")> constructs are not yet
178 implemented. This limitation can be easily worked around in new code
179 by creating a pipe explicitly. The following example shows how to
180 write to a forked child:
182 # simulate open(FOO, "|-")
183 sub pipe_to_fork ($) {
185 pipe my $child, $parent or die;
187 die "fork() failed: $!" unless defined $pid;
193 open(STDIN, "<&=" . fileno($child)) or die;
198 if (pipe_to_fork('FOO')) {
200 print FOO "pipe_to_fork\n";
205 while (<STDIN>) { print; }
210 And this one reads from the child:
212 # simulate open(FOO, "-|")
213 sub pipe_from_fork ($) {
215 pipe $parent, my $child or die;
217 die "fork() failed: $!" unless defined $pid;
223 open(STDOUT, ">&=" . fileno($child)) or die;
228 if (pipe_from_fork('BAR')) {
230 while (<BAR>) { print; }
235 print "pipe_from_fork\n";
240 Forking pipe open() constructs will be supported in future.
242 =item Global state maintained by XSUBs
244 External subroutines (XSUBs) that maintain their own global state may
245 not work correctly. Such XSUBs will either need to maintain locks to
246 protect simultaneous access to global data from different pseudo-processes,
247 or maintain all their state on the Perl symbol table, which is copied
248 naturally when fork() is called. A callback mechanism that provides
249 extensions an opportunity to clone their state will be provided in the
252 =item Interpreter embedded in larger application
254 The fork() emulation may not behave as expected when it is executed in an
255 application which embeds a Perl interpreter and calls Perl APIs that can
256 evaluate bits of Perl code. This stems from the fact that the emulation
257 only has knowledge about the Perl interpreter's own data structures and
258 knows nothing about the containing application's state. For example, any
259 state carried on the application's own call stack is out of reach.
261 =item Thread-safety of extensions
263 Since the fork() emulation runs code in multiple threads, extensions
264 calling into non-thread-safe libraries may not work reliably when
265 calling fork(). As Perl's threading support gradually becomes more
266 widely adopted even on platforms with a native fork(), such extensions
267 are expected to be fixed for thread-safety.
277 Having pseudo-process IDs be negative integers breaks down for the integer
278 C<-1> because the wait() and waitpid() functions treat this number as
279 being special. The tacit assumption in the current implementation is that
280 the system never allocates a thread ID of C<1> for user threads. A better
281 representation for pseudo-process IDs will be implemented in future.
285 This document may be incomplete in some respects.
291 Support for concurrent interpreters and the fork() emulation was implemented
292 by ActiveState, with funding from Microsoft Corporation.
294 This document is authored and maintained by Gurusamy Sarathy
295 E<lt>gsar@activestate.comE<gt>.
299 L<perlfunc/"fork">, L<perlipc>