3 perlfaq9 - Networking ($Revision: 1.16 $, $Date: 1997/04/23 18:12:06 $)
7 This section deals with questions related to networking, the internet,
10 =head2 My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. Can you help me fix it?
12 Sure, but you probably can't afford our contracting rates :-)
14 Seriously, if you can demonstrate that you've read the following FAQs
15 and that your problem isn't something simple that can be easily
16 answered, you'll probably receive a courteous and useful reply to your
17 question if you post it on comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi (if it's
18 something to do with HTTP, HTML, or the CGI protocols). Questions that
19 appear to be Perl questions but are really CGI ones that are posted to
20 comp.lang.perl.misc may not be so well received.
24 http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/idiots-guide.html
25 http://www3.pair.com/webthing/docs/cgi/faqs/cgifaq.shtml
26 http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/perl-cgi-faq.html
27 http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/WWW/faqs/www-security-faq.html
28 http://www.boutell.com/faq/
30 =head2 How do I remove HTML from a string?
32 The most correct way (albeit not the fastest) is to use HTML::Parse
33 from CPAN (part of the libwww-perl distribution, which is a must-have
34 module for all web hackers).
36 Many folks attempt a simple-minded regular expression approach, like
37 C<s/E<lt>.*?E<gt>//g>, but that fails in many cases because the tags
38 may continue over line breaks, they may contain quoted angle-brackets,
39 or HTML comment may be present. Plus folks forget to convert
40 entities, like C<<> for example.
42 Here's one "simple-minded" approach, that works for most files:
44 #!/usr/bin/perl -p0777
45 s/<(?:[^>'"]*|(['"]).*?\1)*>//gs
47 If you want a more complete solution, see the 3-stage striphtml
49 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/Tom_Christiansen/scripts/striphtml.gz
52 =head2 How do I extract URLs?
54 A quick but imperfect approach is
57 # qxurl - tchrist@perl.com
60 A \s+ HREF \s* = \s* (["']) (.*?) \1
64 This version does not adjust relative URLs, understand alternate
65 bases, deal with HTML comments, deal with HREF and NAME attributes in
66 the same tag, or accept URLs themselves as arguments. It also runs
67 about 100x faster than a more "complete" solution using the LWP suite
68 of modules, such as the
69 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/Tom_Christiansen/scripts/xurl.gz
72 =head2 How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on another machine?
74 In the context of an HTML form, you can use what's known as
75 B<multipart/form-data> encoding. The CGI.pm module (available from
76 CPAN) supports this in the start_multipart_form() method, which isn't
77 the same as the startform() method.
79 =head2 How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML?
81 Use the B<E<lt>SELECTE<gt>> and B<E<lt>OPTIONE<gt>> tags. The CGI.pm
82 module (available from CPAN) supports this widget, as well as many
83 others, including some that it cleverly synthesizes on its own.
85 =head2 How do I fetch an HTML file?
87 One approach, if you have the lynx text-based HTML browser installed
88 on your system, is this:
90 $html_code = `lynx -source $url`;
91 $text_data = `lynx -dump $url`;
93 The libwww-perl (LWP) modules from CPAN provide a more powerful way to
94 do this. They work through proxies, and don't require lynx:
96 # print HTML from a URL
98 getprint "http://www.sn.no/libwww-perl/";
100 # print ASCII from HTML from a URL
103 use HTML::FormatText;
105 $html = get("http://www.perl.com/");
107 or die "Can't fetch HTML from http://www.perl.com/";
108 $ascii = HTML::FormatText->new->format(parse_html($html));
111 =head2 how do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
113 Here's an example of decoding:
115 $string = "http://altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=q&what=news&fmt=.&q=%2Bcgi-bin+%2Bperl.exe";
116 $string =~ s/%([a-fA-F0-9]{2})/chr(hex($1))/ge;
118 Encoding is a bit harder, because you can't just blindly change
119 all the non-alphanumunder character (C<\W>) into their hex escapes.
120 It's important that characters with special meaning like C</> and C<?>
121 I<not> be translated. Probably the easiest way to get this right is
122 to avoid reinventing the wheel and just use the URI::Escape module,
123 which is part of the libwww-perl package (LWP) available from CPAN.
125 =head2 How do I redirect to another page?
127 Instead of sending back a C<Content-Type> as the headers of your
128 reply, send back a C<Location:> header. Officially this should be a
129 C<URI:> header, so the CGI.pm module (available from CPAN) sends back
132 Location: http://www.domain.com/newpage
133 URI: http://www.domain.com/newpage
135 Note that relative URLs in these headers can cause strange effects
136 because of "optimizations" that servers do.
138 =head2 How do I put a password on my web pages?
140 That depends. You'll need to read the documentation for your web
141 server, or perhaps check some of the other FAQs referenced above.
143 =head2 How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
145 The HTTPD::UserAdmin and HTTPD::GroupAdmin modules provide a
146 consistent OO interface to these files, regardless of how they're
147 stored. Databases may be text, dbm, Berkley DB or any database with a
148 DBI compatible driver. HTTPD::UserAdmin supports files used by the
149 `Basic' and `Digest' authentication schemes. Here's an example:
151 use HTTPD::UserAdmin ();
153 ->new(DB => "/foo/.htpasswd")
154 ->add($username => $password);
156 =head2 How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things?
158 Read the CGI security FAQ, at
159 http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/WWW/faqs/www-security-faq.html, and the
161 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/doc/FAQs/cgi/perl-cgi-faq.html.
163 In brief: use tainting (see L<perlsec>), which makes sure that data
164 from outside your script (eg, CGI parameters) are never used in
165 C<eval> or C<system> calls. In addition to tainting, never use the
166 single-argument form of system() or exec(). Instead, supply the
167 command and arguments as a list, which prevents shell globbing.
169 =head2 How do I parse an email header?
171 For a quick-and-dirty solution, try this solution derived
172 from page 222 of the 2nd edition of "Programming Perl":
176 $header =~ s/\n\s+/ /g; # merge continuation lines
177 %head = ( UNIX_FROM_LINE, split /^([-\w]+):\s*/m, $header );
179 That solution doesn't do well if, for example, you're trying to
180 maintain all the Received lines. A more complete approach is to use
181 the Mail::Header module from CPAN (part of the MailTools package).
183 =head2 How do I decode a CGI form?
185 A lot of people are tempted to code this up themselves, so you've
186 probably all seen a lot of code involving C<$ENV{CONTENT_LENGTH}> and
187 C<$ENV{QUERY_STRING}>. It's true that this can work, but there are
188 also a lot of versions of this floating around that are quite simply
191 Please do not be tempted to reinvent the wheel. Instead, use the
192 CGI.pm or CGI_Lite.pm (available from CPAN), or if you're trapped in
193 the module-free land of perl1 .. perl4, you might look into cgi-lib.pl
194 (available from http://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/web/form.html).
196 =head2 How do I check a valid email address?
200 Without sending mail to the address and seeing whether it bounces (and
201 even then you face the halting problem), you cannot determine whether
202 an email address is valid. Even if you apply the email header
203 standard, you can have problems, because there are deliverable
204 addresses that aren't RFC-822 (the mail header standard) compliant,
205 and addresses that aren't deliverable which are compliant.
207 Many are tempted to try to eliminate many frequently-invalid email
208 addresses with a simple regexp, such as
209 C</^[\w.-]+\@([\w.-]\.)+\w+$/>. However, this also throws out many
210 valid ones, and says nothing about potential deliverability, so is not
211 suggested. Instead, see
212 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/authors/Tom_Christiansen/scripts/ckaddr.gz ,
213 which actually checks against the full RFC spec (except for nested
214 comments), looks for addresses you may not wish to accept email to
215 (say, Bill Clinton or your postmaster), and then makes sure that the
216 hostname given can be looked up in DNS. It's not fast, but it works.
218 Here's an alternative strategy used by many CGI script authors: Check
219 the email address with a simple regexp (such as the one above). If
220 the regexp matched the address, accept the address. If the regexp
221 didn't match the address, request confirmation from the user that the
222 email address they entered was correct.
224 =head2 How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
226 The MIME-tools package (available from CPAN) handles this and a lot
227 more. Decoding BASE64 becomes as simple as:
230 $decoded = decode_base64($encoded);
232 A more direct approach is to use the unpack() function's "u"
233 format after minor transliterations:
235 tr#A-Za-z0-9+/##cd; # remove non-base64 chars
236 tr#A-Za-z0-9+/# -_#; # convert to uuencoded format
237 $len = pack("c", 32 + 0.75*length); # compute length byte
238 print unpack("u", $len . $_); # uudecode and print
240 =head2 How do I return the user's email address?
242 On systems that support getpwuid, the $E<lt> variable and the
243 Sys::Hostname module (which is part of the standard perl distribution),
244 you can probably try using something like this:
247 $address = sprintf('%s@%s', getpwuid($<), hostname);
249 Company policies on email address can mean that this generates addresses
250 that the company's email system will not accept, so you should ask for
251 users' email addresses when this matters. Furthermore, not all systems
252 on which Perl runs are so forthcoming with this information as is Unix.
254 The Mail::Util module from CPAN (part of the MailTools package) provides a
255 mailaddress() function that tries to guess the mail address of the user.
256 It makes a more intelligent guess than the code above, using information
257 given when the module was installed, but it could still be incorrect.
258 Again, the best way is often just to ask the user.
260 =head2 How do I send/read mail?
262 Sending mail: the Mail::Mailer module from CPAN (part of the MailTools
263 package) is UNIX-centric, while Mail::Internet uses Net::SMTP which is
264 not UNIX-centric. Reading mail: use the Mail::Folder module from CPAN
265 (part of the MailFolder package) or the Mail::Internet module from
266 CPAN (also part of the MailTools package).
271 # say which mail host to use
272 $ENV{SMTPHOSTS} = 'mail.frii.com';
274 $header = new Mail::Header;
275 $header->add('From', 'gnat@frii.com');
276 $header->add('Subject', 'Testing');
277 $header->add('To', 'gnat@frii.com');
279 $body = 'This is a test, ignore';
281 $mail = new Mail::Internet(undef, Header => $header, Body => \[$body]);
283 $mail->smtpsend or die;
285 =head2 How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
287 A lot of code has historically cavalierly called the C<`hostname`>
288 program. While sometimes expedient, this isn't very portable. It's
289 one of those tradeoffs of convenience versus portability.
291 The Sys::Hostname module (part of the standard perl distribution) will
292 give you the hostname after which you can find out the IP address
293 (assuming you have working DNS) with a gethostbyname() call.
297 my $host = hostname();
298 my $addr = inet_ntoa(scalar(gethostbyname($host || 'localhost')));
300 Probably the simplest way to learn your DNS domain name is to grok
301 it out of /etc/resolv.conf, at least under Unix. Of course, this
302 assumes several things about your resolv.conf configuration, including
305 (We still need a good DNS domain name-learning method for non-Unix
308 =head2 How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
310 Use the Net::NNTP or News::NNTPClient modules, both available from CPAN.
311 This can make tasks like fetching the newsgroup list as simple as:
313 perl -MNews::NNTPClient
314 -e 'print News::NNTPClient->new->list("newsgroups")'
316 =head2 How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
318 LWP::Simple (available from CPAN) can fetch but not put. Net::FTP (also
319 available from CPAN) is more complex but can put as well as fetch.
321 =head2 How can I do RPC in Perl?
323 A DCE::RPC module is being developed (but is not yet available), and
324 will be released as part of the DCE-Perl package (available from
325 CPAN). No ONC::RPC module is known.
327 =head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
329 Copyright (c) 1997 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington.
330 All rights reserved. See L<perlfaq> for distribution information.