3 perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $, $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
7 This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find
8 source and documentation for Perl, support, and
11 =head2 What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
13 The standard release of Perl (the one maintained by the perl
14 development team) is distributed only in source code form. You
15 can find this at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/latest.tar.gz , which
16 in standard Internet format (a gzipped archive in POSIX tar format).
18 Perl builds and runs on a bewildering number of platforms. Virtually
19 all known and current Unix derivatives are supported (Perl's native
20 platform), as are other systems like VMS, DOS, OS/2, Windows,
21 QNX, BeOS, and the Amiga. There are also the beginnings of support
24 Binary distributions for some proprietary platforms, including
25 Apple systems, can be found http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ directory.
26 Because these are not part of the standard distribution, they may
27 and in fact do differ from the base Perl port in a variety of ways.
28 You'll have to check their respective release notes to see just
29 what the differences are. These differences can be either positive
30 (e.g. extensions for the features of the particular platform that
31 are not supported in the source release of perl) or negative (e.g.
32 might be based upon a less current source release of perl).
34 =head2 How can I get a binary version of Perl?
36 If you don't have a C compiler because your vendor for whatever
37 reasons did not include one with your system, the best thing to do is
38 grab a binary version of gcc from the net and use that to compile perl
39 with. CPAN only has binaries for systems that are terribly hard to
40 get free compilers for, not for Unix systems.
42 Some URLs that might help you are:
44 http://language.perl.com/info/software.html
45 http://www.perl.com/pub/language/info/software.html#binary
46 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/
48 Someone looking for a Perl for Win16 might look to Laszlo Molnar's djgpp
49 port in http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/msdos/ , which comes with clear
50 installation instructions. A simple installation guide for MS-DOS using
51 Ilya Zakharevich's OS/2 port is available at
52 http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perl5dos.html
53 and similarly for Windows 3.1 at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/%7Epiet/perlwin3.html .
55 =head2 I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
57 Since you don't have a C compiler, you're doomed and your vendor
58 should be sacrificed to the Sun gods. But that doesn't help you.
60 What you need to do is get a binary version of gcc for your system
61 first. Consult the Usenet FAQs for your operating system for
62 information on where to get such a binary version.
64 =head2 I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work.
66 That's probably because you forgot libraries, or library paths differ.
67 You really should build the whole distribution on the machine it will
68 eventually live on, and then type C<make install>. Most other
69 approaches are doomed to failure.
71 One simple way to check that things are in the right place is to print out
72 the hard-coded @INC which perl is looking for.
74 % perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC)'
76 If this command lists any paths which don't exist on your system, then you
77 may need to move the appropriate libraries to these locations, or create
78 symbolic links, aliases, or shortcuts appropriately. @INC is also printed as
83 You might also want to check out L<perlfaq8/"How do I keep my own
84 module/library directory?">.
86 =head2 I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
88 Read the F<INSTALL> file, which is part of the source distribution.
89 It describes in detail how to cope with most idiosyncrasies that the
90 Configure script can't work around for any given system or
93 =head2 What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean?
95 CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a huge archive
96 replicated on dozens of machines all over the world. CPAN contains
97 source code, non-native ports, documentation, scripts, and many
98 third-party modules and extensions, designed for everything from
99 commercial database interfaces to keyboard/screen control to web
100 walking and CGI scripts. The master machine for CPAN is
101 ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/, but you can use the
102 address http://www.perl.com/CPAN/CPAN.html to fetch a copy from a
103 "site near you". See http://www.perl.com/CPAN (without a slash at the
104 end) for how this process works.
106 CPAN/path/... is a naming convention for files available on CPAN
107 sites. CPAN indicates the base directory of a CPAN mirror, and the
108 rest of the path is the path from that directory to the file. For
109 instance, if you're using ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN
110 as your CPAN site, the file CPAN/misc/japh file is downloadable as
111 ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/misc/japh .
113 Considering that there are hundreds of existing modules in the
114 archive, one probably exists to do nearly anything you can think of.
115 Current categories under CPAN/modules/by-category/ include Perl core
116 modules; development support; operating system interfaces; networking,
117 devices, and interprocess communication; data type utilities; database
118 interfaces; user interfaces; interfaces to other languages; filenames,
119 file systems, and file locking; internationalization and locale; world
120 wide web support; server and daemon utilities; archiving and
121 compression; image manipulation; mail and news; control flow
122 utilities; filehandle and I/O; Microsoft Windows modules; and
123 miscellaneous modules.
125 =head2 Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
127 Certainly not. Larry expects that he'll be certified before Perl is.
129 =head2 Where can I get information on Perl?
131 The complete Perl documentation is available with the Perl distribution.
132 If you have Perl installed locally, you probably have the documentation
133 installed as well: type C<man perl> if you're on a system resembling Unix.
134 This will lead you to other important man pages, including how to set your
135 $MANPATH. If you're not on a Unix system, access to the documentation
136 will be different; for example, it might be only in HTML format. But all
137 proper Perl installations have fully-accessible documentation.
139 You might also try C<perldoc perl> in case your system doesn't
140 have a proper man command, or it's been misinstalled. If that doesn't
141 work, try looking in /usr/local/lib/perl5/pod for documentation.
143 If all else fails, consult the CPAN/doc directory, which contains the
144 complete documentation in various formats, including native pod,
145 troff, html, and plain text. There's also a web page at
146 http://www.perl.com/perl/info/documentation.html that might help.
148 Many good books have been written about Perl -- see the section below
151 Tutorial documents are included in current or upcoming Perl releases
152 include L<perltoot> for objects, L<perlopentut> for file opening
153 semantics, L<perlreftut> for managing references, and L<perlxstut>
154 for linking C and Perl together. There may be more by the
155 time you read this. The following URLs might also be of
158 http://language.perl.com/info/documentation.html
159 http://reference.perl.com/query.cgi?tutorials
161 =head2 What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
163 The now defunct comp.lang.perl newsgroup has been superseded by the
166 comp.lang.perl.announce Moderated announcement group
167 comp.lang.perl.misc Very busy group about Perl in general
168 comp.lang.perl.moderated Moderated discussion group
169 comp.lang.perl.modules Use and development of Perl modules
170 comp.lang.perl.tk Using Tk (and X) from Perl
172 comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Writing CGI scripts for the Web.
174 There is also Usenet gateway to the mailing list used by the crack
175 Perl development team (perl5-porters) at
176 news://news.perl.com/perl.porters-gw/ .
178 =head2 Where should I post source code?
180 You should post source code to whichever group is most appropriate, but
181 feel free to cross-post to comp.lang.perl.misc. If you want to cross-post
182 to alt.sources, please make sure it follows their posting standards,
183 including setting the Followup-To header line to NOT include alt.sources;
184 see their FAQ (http://www.faqs.org/faqs/alt-sources-intro/) for details.
186 If you're just looking for software, first use AltaVista
187 (http://www.altavista.com), Deja (http://www.deja.com), and
188 search CPAN. This is faster and more productive than just posting
193 A number of books on Perl and/or CGI programming are available. A few of
194 these are good, some are OK, but many aren't worth your money. Tom
195 Christiansen maintains a list of these books, some with extensive
196 reviews, at http://www.perl.com/perl/critiques/index.html.
198 The incontestably definitive reference book on Perl, written by
199 the creator of Perl, is now in its second edition:
201 Programming Perl (the "Camel Book"):
202 by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal Schwartz
203 ISBN 1-56592-149-6 (English)
204 ISBN 4-89052-384-7 (Japanese)
205 URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pperl2/
206 (French, German, Italian, and Hungarian translations also
209 The companion volume to the Camel containing thousands
210 of real-world examples, mini-tutorials, and complete programs
211 (first premiering at the 1998 Perl Conference), is:
213 The Perl Cookbook (the "Ram Book"):
214 by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington,
215 with Foreword by Larry Wall
217 URL: http://perl.oreilly.com/cookbook/
219 If you're already a hard-core systems programmer, then the Camel Book
220 might suffice for you to learn Perl from. But if you're not, check
223 Learning Perl (the "Llama Book"):
224 by Randal Schwartz and Tom Christiansen
225 with Foreword by Larry Wall
227 URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lperl2/
229 Despite the picture at the URL above, the second edition of "Llama
230 Book" really has a blue cover, and is updated for the 5.004 release
231 of Perl. Various foreign language editions are available, including
232 I<Learning Perl on Win32 Systems> (the Gecko Book).
234 If you're not an accidental programmer, but a more serious and possibly
235 even degreed computer scientist who doesn't need as much hand-holding as
236 we try to provide in the Llama or its defurred cousin the Gecko, please
237 check out the delightful book, I<Perl: The Programmer's Companion>,
238 written by Nigel Chapman.
240 You can order O'Reilly books directly from O'Reilly & Associates,
241 1-800-998-9938. Local/overseas is 1-707-829-0515. If you can
242 locate an O'Reilly order form, you can also fax to 1-707-829-0104.
243 See http://www.ora.com/ on the Web.
245 What follows is a list of the books that the FAQ authors found personally
246 useful. Your mileage may (but, we hope, probably won't) vary.
248 Recommended books on (or mostly on) Perl follow; those marked with
249 a star may be ordered from O'Reilly.
256 by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal L. Schwartz
258 *Perl 5 Desktop Reference
262 by Ellen Siever, Stephan Spainhour, and Nathan Patwardhan
266 *Learning Perl [2nd edition]
267 by Randal L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen
268 with foreword by Larry Wall
270 *Learning Perl on Win32 Systems
271 by Randal L. Schwartz, Erik Olson, and Tom Christiansen,
272 with foreword by Larry Wall
274 Perl: The Programmer's Companion
280 MacPerl: Power and Ease
281 by Vicki Brown and Chris Nandor, foreword by Matthias Neeracher
286 by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington
287 with foreword by Larry Wall
289 Perl5 Interactive Course [2nd edition]
292 *Advanced Perl Programming
295 Effective Perl Programming
300 *Mastering Regular Expressions
303 How to Set up and Maintain a World Wide Web Site [2nd edition]
311 =head2 Perl in Magazines
313 The first and only periodical devoted to All Things Perl, I<The
314 Perl Journal> contains tutorials, demonstrations, case studies,
315 announcements, contests, and much more. TPJ has columns on web
316 development, databases, Win32 Perl, graphical programming, regular
317 expressions, and networking, and sponsors the Obfuscated Perl
318 Contest. It is published quarterly under the gentle hand of its
319 editor, Jon Orwant. See http://www.tpj.com/ or send mail to
320 subscriptions@tpj.com .
322 Beyond this, magazines that frequently carry high-quality articles
323 on Perl are I<Web Techniques> (see http://www.webtechniques.com/),
324 I<Performance Computing> (http://www.performance-computing.com/), and Usenix's
325 newsletter/magazine to its members, I<login:>, at http://www.usenix.org/.
326 Randal's Web Technique's columns are available on the web at
327 http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/WebTechniques/.
329 =head2 Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
331 To get the best (and possibly cheapest) performance, pick a site from
332 the list below and use it to grab the complete list of mirror sites.
333 From there you can find the quickest site for you. Remember, the
334 following list is I<not> the complete list of CPAN mirrors.
336 http://www.perl.com/CPAN-local
337 http://www.perl.com/CPAN (redirects to an ftp mirror)
338 ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/
339 ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/
340 http://www.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/
341 ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/
343 =head2 What mailing lists are there for Perl?
345 Most of the major modules (Tk, CGI, libwww-perl) have their own
346 mailing lists. Consult the documentation that came with the module for
347 subscription information. The Perl Mongers attempt to maintain a
348 list of mailing lists at:
350 http://www.perl.org/support/online_support.html#mail
352 =head2 Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
354 Have you tried Deja or AltaVista? Those are the
355 best archives. Just look up "*perl*" as a newsgroup.
357 http://www.deja.com/dnquery.xp?QRY=&DBS=2&ST=PS&defaultOp=AND&LNG=ALL&format=terse&showsort=date&maxhits=25&subjects=&groups=*perl*&authors=&fromdate=&todate=
359 You'll probably want to trim that down a bit, though.
361 ftp.cis.ufl.edu:/pub/perl/comp.lang.perl.*/monthly has an almost
362 complete collection dating back to 12/89 (missing 08/91 through
363 12/93). They are kept as one large file for each month.
365 You'll probably want more a sophisticated query and retrieval mechanism
366 than a file listing, preferably one that allows you to retrieve
367 articles using a fast-access indices, keyed on at least author, date,
368 subject, thread (as in "trn") and probably keywords. The best
369 solution the FAQ authors know of is the MH pick command, but it is
370 very slow to select on 18000 articles.
372 If you have, or know where can be found, the missing sections, please
373 let perlfaq-suggestions@perl.com know.
375 =head2 Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
377 In a real sense, Perl already I<is> commercial software: It has a license
378 that you can grab and carefully read to your manager. It is distributed
379 in releases and comes in well-defined packages. There is a very large
380 user community and an extensive literature. The comp.lang.perl.*
381 newsgroups and several of the mailing lists provide free answers to your
382 questions in near real-time. Perl has traditionally been supported by
383 Larry, scores of software designers and developers, and myriads of
384 programmers, all working for free to create a useful thing to make life
387 However, these answers may not suffice for managers who require a
388 purchase order from a company whom they can sue should anything go awry.
389 Or maybe they need very serious hand-holding and contractual obligations.
390 Shrink-wrapped CDs with Perl on them are available from several sources if
391 that will help. For example, many Perl books carry a Perl distribution
392 on them, as do the O'Reilly Perl Resource Kits (in both the Unix flavor
393 and in the proprietary Microsoft flavor); the free Unix distributions
394 also all come with Perl.
396 Or you can purchase commercial incidence based support through the Perl
397 Clinic. The following is a commercial from them:
399 "The Perl Clinic is a commercial Perl support service operated by
400 ActiveState Tool Corp. and The Ingram Group. The operators have many
401 years of in-depth experience with Perl applications and Perl internals
402 on a wide range of platforms.
404 "Through our group of highly experienced and well-trained support engineers,
405 we will put our best effort into understanding your problem, providing an
406 explanation of the situation, and a recommendation on how to proceed."
408 Contact The Perl Clinic at:
412 North America Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
413 Tel: 1 604 606-4611 hours 8am-6pm
417 Tel: 00 44 1483 862814
418 Fax: 00 44 1483 862801
420 See also www.perl.com for updates on tutorials, training, and support.
422 =head2 Where do I send bug reports?
424 If you are reporting a bug in the perl interpreter or the modules
425 shipped with Perl, use the I<perlbug> program in the Perl distribution or
426 mail your report to perlbug@perl.com .
428 If you are posting a bug with a non-standard port (see the answer to
429 "What platforms is Perl available for?"), a binary distribution, or a
430 non-standard module (such as Tk, CGI, etc), then please see the
431 documentation that came with it to determine the correct place to post
434 Read the perlbug(1) man page (perl5.004 or later) for more information.
436 =head2 What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?
438 The perl.com domain is owned by Tom Christiansen, who created it as a
439 public service long before perl.org came about. Despite the name, it's a
440 pretty non-commercial site meant to be a clearinghouse for information
441 about all things Perlian, accepting no paid advertisements, bouncy
442 happy GIFs, or silly Java applets on its pages. The Perl Home Page at
443 http://www.perl.com/ is currently hosted on a T3 line courtesy of Songline
444 Systems, a software-oriented subsidiary of O'Reilly and Associates.
445 Other starting points include
447 http://language.perl.com/
448 http://conference.perl.com/
449 http://reference.perl.com/
451 Perl Mongers is an advocacy organization for the Perl language. For
452 details, see the Perl Mongers web site at http://www.perlmongers.org/.
454 Perl Mongers uses the pm.org domain for services related to Perl user
455 groups. See the Perl user group web site at http://www.pm.org/ for more
456 information about joining, starting, or requesting services for a Perl
459 Perl Mongers also maintains the perl.org domain to provide general
460 support services to the Perl community, including the hosting of mailing
461 lists, web sites, and other services. The web site
462 http://www.perl.org/ is a general advocacy site for the Perl language,
463 and there are many other sub-domains for special topics, such as
465 http://history.perl.org/
466 http://bugs.perl.org/
467 http://www.news.perl.org/
469 =head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
471 Copyright (c) 1997-1999 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington.
474 When included as an integrated part of the Standard Distribution
475 of Perl or of its documentation (printed or otherwise), this works is
476 covered under Perl's Artistic License. For separate distributions of
477 all or part of this FAQ outside of that, see L<perlfaq>.
479 Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public
480 domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any
481 derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you
482 see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would
483 be courteous but is not required.