3 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
13 =item B<Use C from Perl?>
15 Read L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<h2xs>, and L<perlguts>.
17 =item B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>
19 Read about back-quotes and about C<system> and C<exec> in L<perlfunc>.
21 =item B<Use Perl from Perl?>
23 Read about L<perlfunc/do> and L<perlfunc/eval> and L<perlfunc/require>
26 =item B<Use C from C?>
30 =item B<Use Perl from C?>
40 L<Compiling your C program>
42 L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>
44 L<Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program>
46 L<Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program>
48 L<Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program>
50 L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program>
52 L<Maintaining a persistent interpreter>
54 L<Maintaining multiple interpreter instances>
56 L<Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program>
58 L<Embedding Perl under Win32>
62 =head2 Compiling your C program
64 If you have trouble compiling the scripts in this documentation,
65 you're not alone. The cardinal rule: COMPILE THE PROGRAMS IN EXACTLY
66 THE SAME WAY THAT YOUR PERL WAS COMPILED. (Sorry for yelling.)
68 Also, every C program that uses Perl must link in the I<perl library>.
69 What's that, you ask? Perl is itself written in C; the perl library
70 is the collection of compiled C programs that were used to create your
71 perl executable (I</usr/bin/perl> or equivalent). (Corollary: you
72 can't use Perl from your C program unless Perl has been compiled on
73 your machine, or installed properly--that's why you shouldn't blithely
74 copy Perl executables from machine to machine without also copying the
77 When you use Perl from C, your C program will--usually--allocate,
78 "run", and deallocate a I<PerlInterpreter> object, which is defined by
81 If your copy of Perl is recent enough to contain this documentation
82 (version 5.002 or later), then the perl library (and I<EXTERN.h> and
83 I<perl.h>, which you'll also need) will reside in a directory
86 /usr/local/lib/perl5/your_architecture_here/CORE
90 /usr/local/lib/perl5/CORE
92 or maybe something like
96 Execute this statement for a hint about where to find CORE:
98 perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{archlib}'
100 Here's how you'd compile the example in the next section,
101 L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>, on my Linux box:
103 % gcc -O2 -Dbool=char -DHAS_BOOL -I/usr/local/include
104 -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
105 -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
106 -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
108 (That's all one line.) On my DEC Alpha running old 5.003_05, the
109 incantation is a bit different:
111 % cc -O2 -Olimit 2900 -DSTANDARD_C -I/usr/local/include
112 -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE
113 -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE -L/usr/local/lib
114 -D__LANGUAGE_C__ -D_NO_PROTO -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
116 How can you figure out what to add? Assuming your Perl is post-5.001,
117 execute a C<perl -V> command and pay special attention to the "cc" and
118 "ccflags" information.
120 You'll have to choose the appropriate compiler (I<cc>, I<gcc>, et al.) for
121 your machine: C<perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{cc}'> will tell you what
124 You'll also have to choose the appropriate library directory
125 (I</usr/local/lib/...>) for your machine. If your compiler complains
126 that certain functions are undefined, or that it can't locate
127 I<-lperl>, then you need to change the path following the C<-L>. If it
128 complains that it can't find I<EXTERN.h> and I<perl.h>, you need to
129 change the path following the C<-I>.
131 You may have to add extra libraries as well. Which ones?
132 Perhaps those printed by
134 perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{libs}'
136 Provided your perl binary was properly configured and installed the
137 B<ExtUtils::Embed> module will determine all of this information for
140 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
142 If the B<ExtUtils::Embed> module isn't part of your Perl distribution,
143 you can retrieve it from
144 http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN/modules/by-module/ExtUtils::Embed. (If
145 this documentation came from your Perl distribution, then you're
146 running 5.004 or better and you already have it.)
148 The B<ExtUtils::Embed> kit on CPAN also contains all source code for
149 the examples in this document, tests, additional examples and other
150 information you may find useful.
152 =head2 Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
154 In a sense, perl (the C program) is a good example of embedding Perl
155 (the language), so I'll demonstrate embedding with I<miniperlmain.c>,
156 included in the source distribution. Here's a bastardized, nonportable
157 version of I<miniperlmain.c> containing the essentials of embedding:
159 #include <EXTERN.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
160 #include <perl.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
162 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; /*** The Perl interpreter ***/
164 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
166 my_perl = perl_alloc();
167 perl_construct(my_perl);
168 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, (char **)NULL);
170 perl_destruct(my_perl);
174 Notice that we don't use the C<env> pointer. Normally handed to
175 C<perl_parse> as its final argument, C<env> here is replaced by
176 C<NULL>, which means that the current environment will be used.
178 Now compile this program (I'll call it I<interp.c>) into an executable:
180 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
182 After a successful compilation, you'll be able to use I<interp> just
186 print "Pretty Good Perl \n";
187 print "10890 - 9801 is ", 10890 - 9801;
194 % interp -e 'printf("%x", 3735928559)'
197 You can also read and execute Perl statements from a file while in the
198 midst of your C program, by placing the filename in I<argv[1]> before
201 =head2 Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
203 To call individual Perl subroutines, you can use any of the B<perl_call_*>
204 functions documented in L<perlcall>.
205 In this example we'll use C<perl_call_argv>.
207 That's shown below, in a program I'll call I<showtime.c>.
212 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
214 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
216 char *args[] = { NULL };
217 my_perl = perl_alloc();
218 perl_construct(my_perl);
220 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, NULL);
222 /*** skipping perl_run() ***/
224 perl_call_argv("showtime", G_DISCARD | G_NOARGS, args);
226 perl_destruct(my_perl);
230 where I<showtime> is a Perl subroutine that takes no arguments (that's the
231 I<G_NOARGS>) and for which I'll ignore the return value (that's the
232 I<G_DISCARD>). Those flags, and others, are discussed in L<perlcall>.
234 I'll define the I<showtime> subroutine in a file called I<showtime.pl>:
236 print "I shan't be printed.";
242 Simple enough. Now compile and run:
244 % cc -o showtime showtime.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
246 % showtime showtime.pl
249 yielding the number of seconds that elapsed between January 1, 1970
250 (the beginning of the Unix epoch), and the moment I began writing this
253 In this particular case we don't have to call I<perl_run>, but in
254 general it's considered good practice to ensure proper initialization
255 of library code, including execution of all object C<DESTROY> methods
256 and package C<END {}> blocks.
258 If you want to pass arguments to the Perl subroutine, you can add
259 strings to the C<NULL>-terminated C<args> list passed to
260 I<perl_call_argv>. For other data types, or to examine return values,
261 you'll need to manipulate the Perl stack. That's demonstrated in the
262 last section of this document: L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from
265 =head2 Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
267 Perl provides two API functions to evaluate pieces of Perl code.
268 These are L<perlguts/perl_eval_sv> and L<perlguts/perl_eval_pv>.
270 Arguably, these are the only routines you'll ever need to execute
271 snippets of Perl code from within your C program. Your code can be as
272 long as you wish; it can contain multiple statements; it can employ
273 L<perlfunc/use>, L<perlfunc/require>, and L<perlfunc/do> to
274 include external Perl files.
276 I<perl_eval_pv> lets us evaluate individual Perl strings, and then
277 extract variables for coercion into C types. The following program,
278 I<string.c>, executes three Perl strings, extracting an C<int> from
279 the first, a C<float> from the second, and a C<char *> from the third.
284 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
286 main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
288 char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
290 my_perl = perl_alloc();
291 perl_construct( my_perl );
293 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
296 /** Treat $a as an integer **/
297 perl_eval_pv("$a = 3; $a **= 2", TRUE);
298 printf("a = %d\n", SvIV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE)));
300 /** Treat $a as a float **/
301 perl_eval_pv("$a = 3.14; $a **= 2", TRUE);
302 printf("a = %f\n", SvNV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE)));
304 /** Treat $a as a string **/
305 perl_eval_pv("$a = 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'; $a = reverse($a);", TRUE);
306 printf("a = %s\n", SvPV(perl_get_sv("a", FALSE), PL_na));
308 perl_destruct(my_perl);
312 All of those strange functions with I<sv> in their names help convert Perl scalars to C types. They're described in L<perlguts>.
314 If you compile and run I<string.c>, you'll see the results of using
315 I<SvIV()> to create an C<int>, I<SvNV()> to create a C<float>, and
316 I<SvPV()> to create a string:
320 a = Just Another Perl Hacker
322 In the example above, we've created a global variable to temporarily
323 store the computed value of our eval'd expression. It is also
324 possible and in most cases a better strategy to fetch the return value
325 from I<perl_eval_pv()> instead. Example:
328 SV *val = perl_eval_pv("reverse 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'", TRUE);
329 printf("%s\n", SvPV(val,PL_na));
332 This way, we avoid namespace pollution by not creating global
333 variables and we've simplified our code as well.
335 =head2 Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
337 The I<perl_eval_sv()> function lets us evaluate strings of Perl code, so we can
338 define some functions that use it to "specialize" in matches and
339 substitutions: I<match()>, I<substitute()>, and I<matches()>.
341 I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern);
343 Given a string and a pattern (e.g., C<m/clasp/> or C</\b\w*\b/>, which
344 in your C program might appear as "/\\b\\w*\\b/"), match()
345 returns 1 if the string matches the pattern and 0 otherwise.
347 int substitute(SV **string, char *pattern);
349 Given a pointer to an C<SV> and an C<=~> operation (e.g.,
350 C<s/bob/robert/g> or C<tr[A-Z][a-z]>), substitute() modifies the string
351 within the C<AV> at according to the operation, returning the number of substitutions
354 int matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **matches);
356 Given an C<SV>, a pattern, and a pointer to an empty C<AV>,
357 matches() evaluates C<$string =~ $pattern> in an array context, and
358 fills in I<matches> with the array elements, returning the number of matches found.
360 Here's a sample program, I<match.c>, that uses all three (long lines have
366 /** my_perl_eval_sv(code, error_check)
367 ** kinda like perl_eval_sv(),
368 ** but we pop the return value off the stack
370 SV* my_perl_eval_sv(SV *sv, I32 croak_on_error)
376 perl_eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR);
382 if (croak_on_error && SvTRUE(ERRSV))
383 croak(SvPVx(ERRSV, PL_na));
388 /** match(string, pattern)
390 ** Used for matches in a scalar context.
392 ** Returns 1 if the match was successful; 0 otherwise.
395 I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern)
397 SV *command = NEWSV(1099, 0), *retval;
399 sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; $string =~ %s",
400 SvPV(string,PL_na), pattern);
402 retval = my_perl_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
403 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
408 /** substitute(string, pattern)
410 ** Used for =~ operations that modify their left-hand side (s/// and tr///)
412 ** Returns the number of successful matches, and
413 ** modifies the input string if there were any.
416 I32 substitute(SV **string, char *pattern)
418 SV *command = NEWSV(1099, 0), *retval;
420 sv_setpvf(command, "$string = '%s'; ($string =~ %s)",
421 SvPV(*string,PL_na), pattern);
423 retval = my_perl_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
424 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
426 *string = perl_get_sv("string", FALSE);
430 /** matches(string, pattern, matches)
432 ** Used for matches in an array context.
434 ** Returns the number of matches,
435 ** and fills in **matches with the matching substrings
438 I32 matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **match_list)
440 SV *command = NEWSV(1099, 0);
443 sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; @array = ($string =~ %s)",
444 SvPV(string,PL_na), pattern);
446 my_perl_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
447 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
449 *match_list = perl_get_av("array", FALSE);
450 num_matches = av_len(*match_list) + 1; /** assume $[ is 0 **/
455 main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
457 PerlInterpreter *my_perl = perl_alloc();
458 char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
461 SV *text = NEWSV(1099,0);
463 perl_construct(my_perl);
464 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
466 sv_setpv(text, "When he is at a convenience store and the bill comes to some amount like 76 cents, Maynard is aware that there is something he *should* do, something that will enable him to get back a quarter, but he has no idea *what*. He fumbles through his red squeezey changepurse and gives the boy three extra pennies with his dollar, hoping that he might luck into the correct amount. The boy gives him back two of his own pennies and then the big shiny quarter that is his prize. -RICHH");
468 if (match(text, "m/quarter/")) /** Does text contain 'quarter'? **/
469 printf("match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
471 printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
473 if (match(text, "m/eighth/")) /** Does text contain 'eighth'? **/
474 printf("match: Text contains the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
476 printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
478 /** Match all occurrences of /wi../ **/
479 num_matches = matches(text, "m/(wi..)/g", &match_list);
480 printf("matches: m/(wi..)/g found %d matches...\n", num_matches);
482 for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++)
483 printf("match: %s\n", SvPV(*av_fetch(match_list, i, FALSE),PL_na));
486 /** Remove all vowels from text **/
487 num_matches = substitute(&text, "s/[aeiou]//gi");
489 printf("substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...%d substitutions made.\n",
491 printf("Now text is: %s\n\n", SvPV(text,PL_na));
494 /** Attempt a substitution **/
495 if (!substitute(&text, "s/Perl/C/")) {
496 printf("substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.\n\n");
500 PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
501 perl_destruct(my_perl);
505 which produces the output (again, long lines have been wrapped here)
507 match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.
509 match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.
511 matches: m/(wi..)/g found 2 matches...
515 substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...139 substitutions made.
516 Now text is: Whn h s t cnvnnc str nd th bll cms t sm mnt lk 76 cnts,
517 Mynrd s wr tht thr s smthng h *shld* d, smthng tht wll nbl hm t gt bck
518 qrtr, bt h hs n d *wht*. H fmbls thrgh hs rd sqzy chngprs nd gvs th by
519 thr xtr pnns wth hs dllr, hpng tht h mght lck nt th crrct mnt. Th by gvs
520 hm bck tw f hs wn pnns nd thn th bg shny qrtr tht s hs prz. -RCHH
522 substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.
524 =head2 Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
526 When trying to explain stacks, most computer science textbooks mumble
527 something about spring-loaded columns of cafeteria plates: the last
528 thing you pushed on the stack is the first thing you pop off. That'll
529 do for our purposes: your C program will push some arguments onto "the Perl
530 stack", shut its eyes while some magic happens, and then pop the
531 results--the return value of your Perl subroutine--off the stack.
533 First you'll need to know how to convert between C types and Perl
534 types, with newSViv() and sv_setnv() and newAV() and all their
535 friends. They're described in L<perlguts>.
537 Then you'll need to know how to manipulate the Perl stack. That's
538 described in L<perlcall>.
540 Once you've understood those, embedding Perl in C is easy.
542 Because C has no builtin function for integer exponentiation, let's
543 make Perl's ** operator available to it (this is less useful than it
544 sounds, because Perl implements ** with C's I<pow()> function). First
545 I'll create a stub exponentiation function in I<power.pl>:
552 Now I'll create a C program, I<power.c>, with a function
553 I<PerlPower()> that contains all the perlguts necessary to push the
554 two arguments into I<expo()> and to pop the return value out. Take a
560 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
563 PerlPower(int a, int b)
565 dSP; /* initialize stack pointer */
566 ENTER; /* everything created after here */
567 SAVETMPS; /* ...is a temporary variable. */
568 PUSHMARK(SP); /* remember the stack pointer */
569 XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(a))); /* push the base onto the stack */
570 XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(b))); /* push the exponent onto stack */
571 PUTBACK; /* make local stack pointer global */
572 perl_call_pv("expo", G_SCALAR); /* call the function */
573 SPAGAIN; /* refresh stack pointer */
574 /* pop the return value from stack */
575 printf ("%d to the %dth power is %d.\n", a, b, POPi);
577 FREETMPS; /* free that return value */
578 LEAVE; /* ...and the XPUSHed "mortal" args.*/
581 int main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
583 char *my_argv[] = { "", "power.pl" };
585 my_perl = perl_alloc();
586 perl_construct( my_perl );
588 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, my_argv, (char **)NULL);
591 PerlPower(3, 4); /*** Compute 3 ** 4 ***/
593 perl_destruct(my_perl);
601 % cc -o power power.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
604 3 to the 4th power is 81.
606 =head2 Maintaining a persistent interpreter
608 When developing interactive and/or potentially long-running
609 applications, it's a good idea to maintain a persistent interpreter
610 rather than allocating and constructing a new interpreter multiple
611 times. The major reason is speed: since Perl will only be loaded into
614 However, you have to be more cautious with namespace and variable
615 scoping when using a persistent interpreter. In previous examples
616 we've been using global variables in the default package C<main>. We
617 knew exactly what code would be run, and assumed we could avoid
618 variable collisions and outrageous symbol table growth.
620 Let's say your application is a server that will occasionally run Perl
621 code from some arbitrary file. Your server has no way of knowing what
622 code it's going to run. Very dangerous.
624 If the file is pulled in by C<perl_parse()>, compiled into a newly
625 constructed interpreter, and subsequently cleaned out with
626 C<perl_destruct()> afterwards, you're shielded from most namespace
629 One way to avoid namespace collisions in this scenario is to translate
630 the filename into a guaranteed-unique package name, and then compile
631 the code into that package using L<perlfunc/eval>. In the example
632 below, each file will only be compiled once. Or, the application
633 might choose to clean out the symbol table associated with the file
634 after it's no longer needed. Using L<perlcall/perl_call_argv>, We'll
635 call the subroutine C<Embed::Persistent::eval_file> which lives in the
636 file C<persistent.pl> and pass the filename and boolean cleanup/cache
639 Note that the process will continue to grow for each file that it
640 uses. In addition, there might be C<AUTOLOAD>ed subroutines and other
641 conditions that cause Perl's symbol table to grow. You might want to
642 add some logic that keeps track of the process size, or restarts
643 itself after a certain number of requests, to ensure that memory
644 consumption is minimized. You'll also want to scope your variables
645 with L<perlfunc/my> whenever possible.
648 package Embed::Persistent;
653 use Symbol qw(delete_package);
655 sub valid_package_name {
657 $string =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\/])/sprintf("_%2x",unpack("C",$1))/eg;
658 # second pass only for words starting with a digit
659 $string =~ s|/(\d)|sprintf("/_%2x",unpack("C",$1))|eg;
661 # Dress it up as a real package name
663 return "Embed" . $string;
667 my($filename, $delete) = @_;
668 my $package = valid_package_name($filename);
669 my $mtime = -M $filename;
670 if(defined $Cache{$package}{mtime}
672 $Cache{$package}{mtime} <= $mtime)
674 # we have compiled this subroutine already,
675 # it has not been updated on disk, nothing left to do
676 print STDERR "already compiled $package->handler\n";
680 open FH, $filename or die "open '$filename' $!";
685 #wrap the code into a subroutine inside our unique package
686 my $eval = qq{package $package; sub handler { $sub; }};
688 # hide our variables within this block
689 my($filename,$mtime,$package,$sub);
694 #cache it unless we're cleaning out each time
695 $Cache{$package}{mtime} = $mtime unless $delete;
698 eval {$package->handler;};
701 delete_package($package) if $delete;
703 #take a look if you want
704 #print Devel::Symdump->rnew($package)->as_string, $/;
715 /* 1 = clean out filename's symbol table after each request, 0 = don't */
720 static PerlInterpreter *perl = NULL;
723 main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
725 char *embedding[] = { "", "persistent.pl" };
726 char *args[] = { "", DO_CLEAN, NULL };
727 char filename [1024];
730 if((perl = perl_alloc()) == NULL) {
731 fprintf(stderr, "no memory!");
734 perl_construct(perl);
736 exitstatus = perl_parse(perl, NULL, 2, embedding, NULL);
739 exitstatus = perl_run(perl);
741 while(printf("Enter file name: ") && gets(filename)) {
743 /* call the subroutine, passing it the filename as an argument */
745 perl_call_argv("Embed::Persistent::eval_file",
746 G_DISCARD | G_EVAL, args);
750 fprintf(stderr, "eval error: %s\n", SvPV(ERRSV,PL_na));
754 PL_perl_destruct_level = 0;
762 % cc -o persistent persistent.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
764 Here's a example script file:
767 my $string = "hello";
771 print "foo says: @_\n";
777 Enter file name: test.pl
779 Enter file name: test.pl
780 already compiled Embed::test_2epl->handler
784 =head2 Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
786 Some rare applications will need to create more than one interpreter
787 during a session. Such an application might sporadically decide to
788 release any resources associated with the interpreter.
790 The program must take care to ensure that this takes place I<before>
791 the next interpreter is constructed. By default, the global variable
792 C<PL_perl_destruct_level> is set to C<0>, since extra cleaning isn't
793 needed when a program has only one interpreter.
795 Setting C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to C<1> makes everything squeaky clean:
797 PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
801 /* reset global variables here with PL_perl_destruct_level = 1 */
802 perl_construct(my_perl);
804 /* clean and reset _everything_ during perl_destruct */
805 perl_destruct(my_perl);
808 /* let's go do it again! */
811 When I<perl_destruct()> is called, the interpreter's syntax parse tree
812 and symbol tables are cleaned up, and global variables are reset.
814 Now suppose we have more than one interpreter instance running at the
815 same time. This is feasible, but only if you used the
816 C<-DMULTIPLICITY> flag when building Perl. By default, that sets
817 C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to C<1>.
825 /* we're going to embed two interpreters */
826 /* we're going to embed two interpreters */
828 #define SAY_HELLO "-e", "print qq(Hi, I'm $^X\n)"
830 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
833 *one_perl = perl_alloc(),
834 *two_perl = perl_alloc();
835 char *one_args[] = { "one_perl", SAY_HELLO };
836 char *two_args[] = { "two_perl", SAY_HELLO };
838 perl_construct(one_perl);
839 perl_construct(two_perl);
841 perl_parse(one_perl, NULL, 3, one_args, (char **)NULL);
842 perl_parse(two_perl, NULL, 3, two_args, (char **)NULL);
847 perl_destruct(one_perl);
848 perl_destruct(two_perl);
857 % cc -o multiplicity multiplicity.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
865 =head2 Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
867 If you've played with the examples above and tried to embed a script
868 that I<use()>s a Perl module (such as I<Socket>) which itself uses a C or C++ library,
869 this probably happened:
872 Can't load module Socket, dynamic loading not available in this perl.
873 (You may need to build a new perl executable which either supports
874 dynamic loading or has the Socket module statically linked into it.)
879 Your interpreter doesn't know how to communicate with these extensions
880 on its own. A little glue will help. Up until now you've been
881 calling I<perl_parse()>, handing it NULL for the second argument:
883 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, my_argv, NULL);
885 That's where the glue code can be inserted to create the initial contact between
886 Perl and linked C/C++ routines. Let's take a look some pieces of I<perlmain.c>
887 to see how Perl does this:
891 # define EXTERN_C extern "C"
893 # define EXTERN_C extern
896 static void xs_init _((void));
898 EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader _((CV* cv));
899 EXTERN_C void boot_Socket _((CV* cv));
905 char *file = __FILE__;
906 /* DynaLoader is a special case */
907 newXS("DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader", boot_DynaLoader, file);
908 newXS("Socket::bootstrap", boot_Socket, file);
911 Simply put: for each extension linked with your Perl executable
912 (determined during its initial configuration on your
913 computer or when adding a new extension),
914 a Perl subroutine is created to incorporate the extension's
915 routines. Normally, that subroutine is named
916 I<Module::bootstrap()> and is invoked when you say I<use Module>. In
917 turn, this hooks into an XSUB, I<boot_Module>, which creates a Perl
918 counterpart for each of the extension's XSUBs. Don't worry about this
919 part; leave that to the I<xsubpp> and extension authors. If your
920 extension is dynamically loaded, DynaLoader creates I<Module::bootstrap()>
921 for you on the fly. In fact, if you have a working DynaLoader then there
922 is rarely any need to link in any other extensions statically.
925 Once you have this code, slap it into the second argument of I<perl_parse()>:
928 perl_parse(my_perl, xs_init, argc, my_argv, NULL);
933 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
937 use SomeDynamicallyLoadedModule;
939 print "Now I can use extensions!\n"'
941 B<ExtUtils::Embed> can also automate writing the I<xs_init> glue code.
943 % perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit -- -o perlxsi.c
944 % cc -c perlxsi.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
945 % cc -c interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
946 % cc -o interp perlxsi.o interp.o `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ldopts`
948 Consult L<perlxs> and L<perlguts> for more details.
950 =head1 Embedding Perl under Win32
952 At the time of this writing (5.004), there are two versions of Perl
953 which run under Win32. (The two versions are merging in 5.005.)
954 Interfacing to ActiveState's Perl library is quite different from the
955 examples in this documentation, as significant changes were made to
956 the internal Perl API. However, it is possible to embed ActiveState's
957 Perl runtime. For details, see the Perl for Win32 FAQ at
958 http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/win32/Perl_for_Win32_FAQ.html.
960 With the "official" Perl version 5.004 or higher, all the examples
961 within this documentation will compile and run untouched, although
962 the build process is slightly different between Unix and Win32.
964 For starters, backticks don't work under the Win32 native command shell.
965 The ExtUtils::Embed kit on CPAN ships with a script called
966 B<genmake>, which generates a simple makefile to build a program from
967 a single C source file. It can be used like this:
969 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> perl genmake interp.c
970 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> nmake
971 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> interp -e "print qq{I'm embedded in Win32!\n}"
973 You may wish to use a more robust environment such as the Microsoft
974 Developer Studio. In this case, run this to generate perlxsi.c:
976 perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit
978 Create a new project and Insert -> Files into Project: perlxsi.c,
979 perl.lib, and your own source files, e.g. interp.c. Typically you'll
980 find perl.lib in B<C:\perl\lib\CORE>, if not, you should see the
981 B<CORE> directory relative to C<perl -V:archlib>. The studio will
982 also need this path so it knows where to find Perl include files.
983 This path can be added via the Tools -> Options -> Directories menu.
984 Finally, select Build -> Build interp.exe and you're ready to go.
988 You can sometimes I<write faster code> in C, but
989 you can always I<write code faster> in Perl. Because you can use
990 each from the other, combine them as you wish.
995 Jon Orwant <F<orwant@tpj.com>> and Doug MacEachern
996 <F<dougm@osf.org>>, with small contributions from Tim Bunce, Tom
997 Christiansen, Guy Decoux, Hallvard Furuseth, Dov Grobgeld, and Ilya
1000 Doug MacEachern has an article on embedding in Volume 1, Issue 4 of
1001 The Perl Journal (http://tpj.com). Doug is also the developer of the
1002 most widely-used Perl embedding: the mod_perl system
1003 (perl.apache.org), which embeds Perl in the Apache web server.
1004 Oracle, Binary Evolution, ActiveState, and Ben Sugars's nsapi_perl
1005 have used this model for Oracle, Netscape and Internet Information
1006 Server Perl plugins.
1012 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Doug MacEachern and Jon Orwant. All
1015 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
1016 documentation provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
1017 preserved on all copies.
1019 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
1020 documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
1021 that they are marked clearly as modified versions, that the authors'
1022 names and title are unchanged (though subtitles and additional
1023 authors' names may be added), and that the entire resulting derived
1024 work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical
1027 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
1028 documentation into another language, under the above conditions for