3 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
13 =item B<Use C from Perl?>
15 Read L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<h2xs>, L<perlguts>, and L<perlapi>.
17 =item B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>
19 Read about back-quotes and about C<system> and C<exec> in L<perlfunc>.
21 =item B<Use Perl from Perl?>
23 Read about L<perlfunc/do> and L<perlfunc/eval> and L<perlfunc/require>
26 =item B<Use C from C?>
30 =item B<Use Perl from C?>
40 L<Compiling your C program>
42 L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>
44 L<Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program>
46 L<Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program>
48 L<Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program>
50 L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program>
52 L<Maintaining a persistent interpreter>
54 L<Maintaining multiple interpreter instances>
56 L<Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program>
58 L<Embedding Perl under Win32>
62 =head2 Compiling your C program
64 If you have trouble compiling the scripts in this documentation,
65 you're not alone. The cardinal rule: COMPILE THE PROGRAMS IN EXACTLY
66 THE SAME WAY THAT YOUR PERL WAS COMPILED. (Sorry for yelling.)
68 Also, every C program that uses Perl must link in the I<perl library>.
69 What's that, you ask? Perl is itself written in C; the perl library
70 is the collection of compiled C programs that were used to create your
71 perl executable (I</usr/bin/perl> or equivalent). (Corollary: you
72 can't use Perl from your C program unless Perl has been compiled on
73 your machine, or installed properly--that's why you shouldn't blithely
74 copy Perl executables from machine to machine without also copying the
77 When you use Perl from C, your C program will--usually--allocate,
78 "run", and deallocate a I<PerlInterpreter> object, which is defined by
81 If your copy of Perl is recent enough to contain this documentation
82 (version 5.002 or later), then the perl library (and I<EXTERN.h> and
83 I<perl.h>, which you'll also need) will reside in a directory
86 /usr/local/lib/perl5/your_architecture_here/CORE
90 /usr/local/lib/perl5/CORE
92 or maybe something like
96 Execute this statement for a hint about where to find CORE:
98 perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{archlib}'
100 Here's how you'd compile the example in the next section,
101 L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>, on my Linux box:
103 % gcc -O2 -Dbool=char -DHAS_BOOL -I/usr/local/include
104 -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
105 -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
106 -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
108 (That's all one line.) On my DEC Alpha running old 5.003_05, the
109 incantation is a bit different:
111 % cc -O2 -Olimit 2900 -DSTANDARD_C -I/usr/local/include
112 -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE
113 -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE -L/usr/local/lib
114 -D__LANGUAGE_C__ -D_NO_PROTO -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
116 How can you figure out what to add? Assuming your Perl is post-5.001,
117 execute a C<perl -V> command and pay special attention to the "cc" and
118 "ccflags" information.
120 You'll have to choose the appropriate compiler (I<cc>, I<gcc>, et al.) for
121 your machine: C<perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{cc}'> will tell you what
124 You'll also have to choose the appropriate library directory
125 (I</usr/local/lib/...>) for your machine. If your compiler complains
126 that certain functions are undefined, or that it can't locate
127 I<-lperl>, then you need to change the path following the C<-L>. If it
128 complains that it can't find I<EXTERN.h> and I<perl.h>, you need to
129 change the path following the C<-I>.
131 You may have to add extra libraries as well. Which ones?
132 Perhaps those printed by
134 perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{libs}'
136 Provided your perl binary was properly configured and installed the
137 B<ExtUtils::Embed> module will determine all of this information for
140 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
142 If the B<ExtUtils::Embed> module isn't part of your Perl distribution,
143 you can retrieve it from
144 http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN/modules/by-module/ExtUtils/. (If
145 this documentation came from your Perl distribution, then you're
146 running 5.004 or better and you already have it.)
148 The B<ExtUtils::Embed> kit on CPAN also contains all source code for
149 the examples in this document, tests, additional examples and other
150 information you may find useful.
152 =head2 Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
154 In a sense, perl (the C program) is a good example of embedding Perl
155 (the language), so I'll demonstrate embedding with I<miniperlmain.c>,
156 included in the source distribution. Here's a bastardized, nonportable
157 version of I<miniperlmain.c> containing the essentials of embedding:
159 #include <EXTERN.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
160 #include <perl.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
162 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; /*** The Perl interpreter ***/
164 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
166 my_perl = perl_alloc();
167 perl_construct(my_perl);
168 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, (char **)NULL);
170 perl_destruct(my_perl);
174 Notice that we don't use the C<env> pointer. Normally handed to
175 C<perl_parse> as its final argument, C<env> here is replaced by
176 C<NULL>, which means that the current environment will be used.
178 Now compile this program (I'll call it I<interp.c>) into an executable:
180 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
182 After a successful compilation, you'll be able to use I<interp> just
186 print "Pretty Good Perl \n";
187 print "10890 - 9801 is ", 10890 - 9801;
194 % interp -e 'printf("%x", 3735928559)'
197 You can also read and execute Perl statements from a file while in the
198 midst of your C program, by placing the filename in I<argv[1]> before
201 =head2 Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
203 To call individual Perl subroutines, you can use any of the B<call_*>
204 functions documented in L<perlcall>.
205 In this example we'll use C<call_argv>.
207 That's shown below, in a program I'll call I<showtime.c>.
212 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
214 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
216 char *args[] = { NULL };
217 my_perl = perl_alloc();
218 perl_construct(my_perl);
220 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, NULL);
222 /*** skipping perl_run() ***/
224 call_argv("showtime", G_DISCARD | G_NOARGS, args);
226 perl_destruct(my_perl);
230 where I<showtime> is a Perl subroutine that takes no arguments (that's the
231 I<G_NOARGS>) and for which I'll ignore the return value (that's the
232 I<G_DISCARD>). Those flags, and others, are discussed in L<perlcall>.
234 I'll define the I<showtime> subroutine in a file called I<showtime.pl>:
236 print "I shan't be printed.";
242 Simple enough. Now compile and run:
244 % cc -o showtime showtime.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
246 % showtime showtime.pl
249 yielding the number of seconds that elapsed between January 1, 1970
250 (the beginning of the Unix epoch), and the moment I began writing this
253 In this particular case we don't have to call I<perl_run>, but in
254 general it's considered good practice to ensure proper initialization
255 of library code, including execution of all object C<DESTROY> methods
256 and package C<END {}> blocks.
258 If you want to pass arguments to the Perl subroutine, you can add
259 strings to the C<NULL>-terminated C<args> list passed to
260 I<call_argv>. For other data types, or to examine return values,
261 you'll need to manipulate the Perl stack. That's demonstrated in the
262 last section of this document: L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from
265 =head2 Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
267 Perl provides two API functions to evaluate pieces of Perl code.
268 These are L<perlapi/eval_sv> and L<perlapi/eval_pv>.
270 Arguably, these are the only routines you'll ever need to execute
271 snippets of Perl code from within your C program. Your code can be as
272 long as you wish; it can contain multiple statements; it can employ
273 L<perlfunc/use>, L<perlfunc/require>, and L<perlfunc/do> to
274 include external Perl files.
276 I<eval_pv> lets us evaluate individual Perl strings, and then
277 extract variables for coercion into C types. The following program,
278 I<string.c>, executes three Perl strings, extracting an C<int> from
279 the first, a C<float> from the second, and a C<char *> from the third.
284 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
286 main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
289 char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
291 my_perl = perl_alloc();
292 perl_construct( my_perl );
294 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
297 /** Treat $a as an integer **/
298 eval_pv("$a = 3; $a **= 2", TRUE);
299 printf("a = %d\n", SvIV(get_sv("a", FALSE)));
301 /** Treat $a as a float **/
302 eval_pv("$a = 3.14; $a **= 2", TRUE);
303 printf("a = %f\n", SvNV(get_sv("a", FALSE)));
305 /** Treat $a as a string **/
306 eval_pv("$a = 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'; $a = reverse($a);", TRUE);
307 printf("a = %s\n", SvPV(get_sv("a", FALSE), n_a));
309 perl_destruct(my_perl);
313 All of those strange functions with I<sv> in their names help convert Perl scalars to C types. They're described in L<perlguts> and L<perlapi>.
315 If you compile and run I<string.c>, you'll see the results of using
316 I<SvIV()> to create an C<int>, I<SvNV()> to create a C<float>, and
317 I<SvPV()> to create a string:
321 a = Just Another Perl Hacker
323 In the example above, we've created a global variable to temporarily
324 store the computed value of our eval'd expression. It is also
325 possible and in most cases a better strategy to fetch the return value
326 from I<eval_pv()> instead. Example:
330 SV *val = eval_pv("reverse 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'", TRUE);
331 printf("%s\n", SvPV(val,n_a));
334 This way, we avoid namespace pollution by not creating global
335 variables and we've simplified our code as well.
337 =head2 Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
339 The I<eval_sv()> function lets us evaluate strings of Perl code, so we can
340 define some functions that use it to "specialize" in matches and
341 substitutions: I<match()>, I<substitute()>, and I<matches()>.
343 I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern);
345 Given a string and a pattern (e.g., C<m/clasp/> or C</\b\w*\b/>, which
346 in your C program might appear as "/\\b\\w*\\b/"), match()
347 returns 1 if the string matches the pattern and 0 otherwise.
349 int substitute(SV **string, char *pattern);
351 Given a pointer to an C<SV> and an C<=~> operation (e.g.,
352 C<s/bob/robert/g> or C<tr[A-Z][a-z]>), substitute() modifies the string
353 within the C<AV> at according to the operation, returning the number of substitutions
356 int matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **matches);
358 Given an C<SV>, a pattern, and a pointer to an empty C<AV>,
359 matches() evaluates C<$string =~ $pattern> in an array context, and
360 fills in I<matches> with the array elements, returning the number of matches found.
362 Here's a sample program, I<match.c>, that uses all three (long lines have
368 /** my_eval_sv(code, error_check)
369 ** kinda like eval_sv(),
370 ** but we pop the return value off the stack
372 SV* my_eval_sv(SV *sv, I32 croak_on_error)
379 eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR);
385 if (croak_on_error && SvTRUE(ERRSV))
386 croak(SvPVx(ERRSV, n_a));
391 /** match(string, pattern)
393 ** Used for matches in a scalar context.
395 ** Returns 1 if the match was successful; 0 otherwise.
398 I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern)
400 SV *command = NEWSV(1099, 0), *retval;
403 sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; $string =~ %s",
404 SvPV(string,n_a), pattern);
406 retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
407 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
412 /** substitute(string, pattern)
414 ** Used for =~ operations that modify their left-hand side (s/// and tr///)
416 ** Returns the number of successful matches, and
417 ** modifies the input string if there were any.
420 I32 substitute(SV **string, char *pattern)
422 SV *command = NEWSV(1099, 0), *retval;
425 sv_setpvf(command, "$string = '%s'; ($string =~ %s)",
426 SvPV(*string,n_a), pattern);
428 retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
429 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
431 *string = get_sv("string", FALSE);
435 /** matches(string, pattern, matches)
437 ** Used for matches in an array context.
439 ** Returns the number of matches,
440 ** and fills in **matches with the matching substrings
443 I32 matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **match_list)
445 SV *command = NEWSV(1099, 0);
449 sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; @array = ($string =~ %s)",
450 SvPV(string,n_a), pattern);
452 my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
453 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
455 *match_list = get_av("array", FALSE);
456 num_matches = av_len(*match_list) + 1; /** assume $[ is 0 **/
461 main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
463 PerlInterpreter *my_perl = perl_alloc();
464 char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
467 SV *text = NEWSV(1099,0);
470 perl_construct(my_perl);
471 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
473 sv_setpv(text, "When he is at a convenience store and the bill comes to some amount like 76 cents, Maynard is aware that there is something he *should* do, something that will enable him to get back a quarter, but he has no idea *what*. He fumbles through his red squeezey changepurse and gives the boy three extra pennies with his dollar, hoping that he might luck into the correct amount. The boy gives him back two of his own pennies and then the big shiny quarter that is his prize. -RICHH");
475 if (match(text, "m/quarter/")) /** Does text contain 'quarter'? **/
476 printf("match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
478 printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
480 if (match(text, "m/eighth/")) /** Does text contain 'eighth'? **/
481 printf("match: Text contains the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
483 printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
485 /** Match all occurrences of /wi../ **/
486 num_matches = matches(text, "m/(wi..)/g", &match_list);
487 printf("matches: m/(wi..)/g found %d matches...\n", num_matches);
489 for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++)
490 printf("match: %s\n", SvPV(*av_fetch(match_list, i, FALSE),n_a));
493 /** Remove all vowels from text **/
494 num_matches = substitute(&text, "s/[aeiou]//gi");
496 printf("substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...%d substitutions made.\n",
498 printf("Now text is: %s\n\n", SvPV(text,n_a));
501 /** Attempt a substitution **/
502 if (!substitute(&text, "s/Perl/C/")) {
503 printf("substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.\n\n");
507 PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
508 perl_destruct(my_perl);
512 which produces the output (again, long lines have been wrapped here)
514 match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.
516 match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.
518 matches: m/(wi..)/g found 2 matches...
522 substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...139 substitutions made.
523 Now text is: Whn h s t cnvnnc str nd th bll cms t sm mnt lk 76 cnts,
524 Mynrd s wr tht thr s smthng h *shld* d, smthng tht wll nbl hm t gt bck
525 qrtr, bt h hs n d *wht*. H fmbls thrgh hs rd sqzy chngprs nd gvs th by
526 thr xtr pnns wth hs dllr, hpng tht h mght lck nt th crrct mnt. Th by gvs
527 hm bck tw f hs wn pnns nd thn th bg shny qrtr tht s hs prz. -RCHH
529 substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.
531 =head2 Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
533 When trying to explain stacks, most computer science textbooks mumble
534 something about spring-loaded columns of cafeteria plates: the last
535 thing you pushed on the stack is the first thing you pop off. That'll
536 do for our purposes: your C program will push some arguments onto "the Perl
537 stack", shut its eyes while some magic happens, and then pop the
538 results--the return value of your Perl subroutine--off the stack.
540 First you'll need to know how to convert between C types and Perl
541 types, with newSViv() and sv_setnv() and newAV() and all their
542 friends. They're described in L<perlguts> and L<perlapi>.
544 Then you'll need to know how to manipulate the Perl stack. That's
545 described in L<perlcall>.
547 Once you've understood those, embedding Perl in C is easy.
549 Because C has no builtin function for integer exponentiation, let's
550 make Perl's ** operator available to it (this is less useful than it
551 sounds, because Perl implements ** with C's I<pow()> function). First
552 I'll create a stub exponentiation function in I<power.pl>:
559 Now I'll create a C program, I<power.c>, with a function
560 I<PerlPower()> that contains all the perlguts necessary to push the
561 two arguments into I<expo()> and to pop the return value out. Take a
567 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
570 PerlPower(int a, int b)
572 dSP; /* initialize stack pointer */
573 ENTER; /* everything created after here */
574 SAVETMPS; /* ...is a temporary variable. */
575 PUSHMARK(SP); /* remember the stack pointer */
576 XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(a))); /* push the base onto the stack */
577 XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(b))); /* push the exponent onto stack */
578 PUTBACK; /* make local stack pointer global */
579 call_pv("expo", G_SCALAR); /* call the function */
580 SPAGAIN; /* refresh stack pointer */
581 /* pop the return value from stack */
582 printf ("%d to the %dth power is %d.\n", a, b, POPi);
584 FREETMPS; /* free that return value */
585 LEAVE; /* ...and the XPUSHed "mortal" args.*/
588 int main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
590 char *my_argv[] = { "", "power.pl" };
592 my_perl = perl_alloc();
593 perl_construct( my_perl );
595 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, my_argv, (char **)NULL);
598 PerlPower(3, 4); /*** Compute 3 ** 4 ***/
600 perl_destruct(my_perl);
608 % cc -o power power.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
611 3 to the 4th power is 81.
613 =head2 Maintaining a persistent interpreter
615 When developing interactive and/or potentially long-running
616 applications, it's a good idea to maintain a persistent interpreter
617 rather than allocating and constructing a new interpreter multiple
618 times. The major reason is speed: since Perl will only be loaded into
621 However, you have to be more cautious with namespace and variable
622 scoping when using a persistent interpreter. In previous examples
623 we've been using global variables in the default package C<main>. We
624 knew exactly what code would be run, and assumed we could avoid
625 variable collisions and outrageous symbol table growth.
627 Let's say your application is a server that will occasionally run Perl
628 code from some arbitrary file. Your server has no way of knowing what
629 code it's going to run. Very dangerous.
631 If the file is pulled in by C<perl_parse()>, compiled into a newly
632 constructed interpreter, and subsequently cleaned out with
633 C<perl_destruct()> afterwards, you're shielded from most namespace
636 One way to avoid namespace collisions in this scenario is to translate
637 the filename into a guaranteed-unique package name, and then compile
638 the code into that package using L<perlfunc/eval>. In the example
639 below, each file will only be compiled once. Or, the application
640 might choose to clean out the symbol table associated with the file
641 after it's no longer needed. Using L<perlapi/call_argv>, We'll
642 call the subroutine C<Embed::Persistent::eval_file> which lives in the
643 file C<persistent.pl> and pass the filename and boolean cleanup/cache
646 Note that the process will continue to grow for each file that it
647 uses. In addition, there might be C<AUTOLOAD>ed subroutines and other
648 conditions that cause Perl's symbol table to grow. You might want to
649 add some logic that keeps track of the process size, or restarts
650 itself after a certain number of requests, to ensure that memory
651 consumption is minimized. You'll also want to scope your variables
652 with L<perlfunc/my> whenever possible.
655 package Embed::Persistent;
660 use Symbol qw(delete_package);
662 sub valid_package_name {
664 $string =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\/])/sprintf("_%2x",unpack("C",$1))/eg;
665 # second pass only for words starting with a digit
666 $string =~ s|/(\d)|sprintf("/_%2x",unpack("C",$1))|eg;
668 # Dress it up as a real package name
670 return "Embed" . $string;
674 my($filename, $delete) = @_;
675 my $package = valid_package_name($filename);
676 my $mtime = -M $filename;
677 if(defined $Cache{$package}{mtime}
679 $Cache{$package}{mtime} <= $mtime)
681 # we have compiled this subroutine already,
682 # it has not been updated on disk, nothing left to do
683 print STDERR "already compiled $package->handler\n";
687 open FH, $filename or die "open '$filename' $!";
692 #wrap the code into a subroutine inside our unique package
693 my $eval = qq{package $package; sub handler { $sub; }};
695 # hide our variables within this block
696 my($filename,$mtime,$package,$sub);
701 #cache it unless we're cleaning out each time
702 $Cache{$package}{mtime} = $mtime unless $delete;
705 eval {$package->handler;};
708 delete_package($package) if $delete;
710 #take a look if you want
711 #print Devel::Symdump->rnew($package)->as_string, $/;
722 /* 1 = clean out filename's symbol table after each request, 0 = don't */
727 static PerlInterpreter *perl = NULL;
730 main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
732 char *embedding[] = { "", "persistent.pl" };
733 char *args[] = { "", DO_CLEAN, NULL };
734 char filename [1024];
738 if((perl = perl_alloc()) == NULL) {
739 fprintf(stderr, "no memory!");
742 perl_construct(perl);
744 exitstatus = perl_parse(perl, NULL, 2, embedding, NULL);
747 exitstatus = perl_run(perl);
749 while(printf("Enter file name: ") && gets(filename)) {
751 /* call the subroutine, passing it the filename as an argument */
753 call_argv("Embed::Persistent::eval_file",
754 G_DISCARD | G_EVAL, args);
758 fprintf(stderr, "eval error: %s\n", SvPV(ERRSV,n_a));
762 PL_perl_destruct_level = 0;
770 % cc -o persistent persistent.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
772 Here's a example script file:
775 my $string = "hello";
779 print "foo says: @_\n";
785 Enter file name: test.pl
787 Enter file name: test.pl
788 already compiled Embed::test_2epl->handler
792 =head2 Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
794 Some rare applications will need to create more than one interpreter
795 during a session. Such an application might sporadically decide to
796 release any resources associated with the interpreter.
798 The program must take care to ensure that this takes place I<before>
799 the next interpreter is constructed. By default, the global variable
800 C<PL_perl_destruct_level> is set to C<0>, since extra cleaning isn't
801 needed when a program has only one interpreter.
803 Setting C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to C<1> makes everything squeaky clean:
805 PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
809 /* reset global variables here with PL_perl_destruct_level = 1 */
810 perl_construct(my_perl);
812 /* clean and reset _everything_ during perl_destruct */
813 perl_destruct(my_perl);
816 /* let's go do it again! */
819 When I<perl_destruct()> is called, the interpreter's syntax parse tree
820 and symbol tables are cleaned up, and global variables are reset.
822 Now suppose we have more than one interpreter instance running at the
823 same time. This is feasible, but only if you used the
824 C<-DMULTIPLICITY> flag when building Perl. By default, that sets
825 C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to C<1>.
833 /* we're going to embed two interpreters */
834 /* we're going to embed two interpreters */
836 #define SAY_HELLO "-e", "print qq(Hi, I'm $^X\n)"
838 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
841 *one_perl = perl_alloc(),
842 *two_perl = perl_alloc();
843 char *one_args[] = { "one_perl", SAY_HELLO };
844 char *two_args[] = { "two_perl", SAY_HELLO };
846 perl_construct(one_perl);
847 perl_construct(two_perl);
849 perl_parse(one_perl, NULL, 3, one_args, (char **)NULL);
850 perl_parse(two_perl, NULL, 3, two_args, (char **)NULL);
855 perl_destruct(one_perl);
856 perl_destruct(two_perl);
865 % cc -o multiplicity multiplicity.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
873 =head2 Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
875 If you've played with the examples above and tried to embed a script
876 that I<use()>s a Perl module (such as I<Socket>) which itself uses a C or C++ library,
877 this probably happened:
880 Can't load module Socket, dynamic loading not available in this perl.
881 (You may need to build a new perl executable which either supports
882 dynamic loading or has the Socket module statically linked into it.)
887 Your interpreter doesn't know how to communicate with these extensions
888 on its own. A little glue will help. Up until now you've been
889 calling I<perl_parse()>, handing it NULL for the second argument:
891 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, my_argv, NULL);
893 That's where the glue code can be inserted to create the initial contact between
894 Perl and linked C/C++ routines. Let's take a look some pieces of I<perlmain.c>
895 to see how Perl does this:
899 # define EXTERN_C extern "C"
901 # define EXTERN_C extern
904 static void xs_init (void);
906 EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader (CV* cv);
907 EXTERN_C void boot_Socket (CV* cv);
913 char *file = __FILE__;
914 /* DynaLoader is a special case */
915 newXS("DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader", boot_DynaLoader, file);
916 newXS("Socket::bootstrap", boot_Socket, file);
919 Simply put: for each extension linked with your Perl executable
920 (determined during its initial configuration on your
921 computer or when adding a new extension),
922 a Perl subroutine is created to incorporate the extension's
923 routines. Normally, that subroutine is named
924 I<Module::bootstrap()> and is invoked when you say I<use Module>. In
925 turn, this hooks into an XSUB, I<boot_Module>, which creates a Perl
926 counterpart for each of the extension's XSUBs. Don't worry about this
927 part; leave that to the I<xsubpp> and extension authors. If your
928 extension is dynamically loaded, DynaLoader creates I<Module::bootstrap()>
929 for you on the fly. In fact, if you have a working DynaLoader then there
930 is rarely any need to link in any other extensions statically.
933 Once you have this code, slap it into the second argument of I<perl_parse()>:
936 perl_parse(my_perl, xs_init, argc, my_argv, NULL);
941 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
945 use SomeDynamicallyLoadedModule;
947 print "Now I can use extensions!\n"'
949 B<ExtUtils::Embed> can also automate writing the I<xs_init> glue code.
951 % perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit -- -o perlxsi.c
952 % cc -c perlxsi.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
953 % cc -c interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
954 % cc -o interp perlxsi.o interp.o `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ldopts`
956 Consult L<perlxs>, L<perlguts>, and L<perlapi> for more details.
958 =head1 Embedding Perl under Win32
960 At the time of this writing (5.004), there are two versions of Perl
961 which run under Win32. (The two versions are merging in 5.005.)
962 Interfacing to ActiveState's Perl library is quite different from the
963 examples in this documentation, as significant changes were made to
964 the internal Perl API. However, it is possible to embed ActiveState's
965 Perl runtime. For details, see the Perl for Win32 FAQ at
966 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/doc/FAQs/win32/perlwin32faq.html.
968 With the "official" Perl version 5.004 or higher, all the examples
969 within this documentation will compile and run untouched, although
970 the build process is slightly different between Unix and Win32.
972 For starters, backticks don't work under the Win32 native command shell.
973 The ExtUtils::Embed kit on CPAN ships with a script called
974 B<genmake>, which generates a simple makefile to build a program from
975 a single C source file. It can be used like this:
977 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> perl genmake interp.c
978 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> nmake
979 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> interp -e "print qq{I'm embedded in Win32!\n}"
981 You may wish to use a more robust environment such as the Microsoft
982 Developer Studio. In this case, run this to generate perlxsi.c:
984 perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit
986 Create a new project and Insert -> Files into Project: perlxsi.c,
987 perl.lib, and your own source files, e.g. interp.c. Typically you'll
988 find perl.lib in B<C:\perl\lib\CORE>, if not, you should see the
989 B<CORE> directory relative to C<perl -V:archlib>. The studio will
990 also need this path so it knows where to find Perl include files.
991 This path can be added via the Tools -> Options -> Directories menu.
992 Finally, select Build -> Build interp.exe and you're ready to go.
996 You can sometimes I<write faster code> in C, but
997 you can always I<write code faster> in Perl. Because you can use
998 each from the other, combine them as you wish.
1003 Jon Orwant <F<orwant@tpj.com>> and Doug MacEachern
1004 <F<dougm@osf.org>>, with small contributions from Tim Bunce, Tom
1005 Christiansen, Guy Decoux, Hallvard Furuseth, Dov Grobgeld, and Ilya
1008 Doug MacEachern has an article on embedding in Volume 1, Issue 4 of
1009 The Perl Journal (http://tpj.com). Doug is also the developer of the
1010 most widely-used Perl embedding: the mod_perl system
1011 (perl.apache.org), which embeds Perl in the Apache web server.
1012 Oracle, Binary Evolution, ActiveState, and Ben Sugars's nsapi_perl
1013 have used this model for Oracle, Netscape and Internet Information
1014 Server Perl plugins.
1020 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Doug MacEachern and Jon Orwant. All
1023 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
1024 documentation provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
1025 preserved on all copies.
1027 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
1028 documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
1029 that they are marked clearly as modified versions, that the authors'
1030 names and title are unchanged (though subtitles and additional
1031 authors' names may be added), and that the entire resulting derived
1032 work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical
1035 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
1036 documentation into another language, under the above conditions for