3 perlembed - how to embed perl in your C program
13 =item B<Use C from Perl?>
15 Read L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<h2xs>, L<perlguts>, and L<perlapi>.
17 =item B<Use a Unix program from Perl?>
19 Read about back-quotes and about C<system> and C<exec> in L<perlfunc>.
21 =item B<Use Perl from Perl?>
23 Read about L<perlfunc/do> and L<perlfunc/eval> and L<perlfunc/require>
26 =item B<Use C from C?>
30 =item B<Use Perl from C?>
42 Compiling your C program
46 Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
50 Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
54 Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
58 Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
62 Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
66 Maintaining a persistent interpreter
70 Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
74 Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
78 Embedding Perl under Win32
82 =head2 Compiling your C program
84 If you have trouble compiling the scripts in this documentation,
85 you're not alone. The cardinal rule: COMPILE THE PROGRAMS IN EXACTLY
86 THE SAME WAY THAT YOUR PERL WAS COMPILED. (Sorry for yelling.)
88 Also, every C program that uses Perl must link in the I<perl library>.
89 What's that, you ask? Perl is itself written in C; the perl library
90 is the collection of compiled C programs that were used to create your
91 perl executable (I</usr/bin/perl> or equivalent). (Corollary: you
92 can't use Perl from your C program unless Perl has been compiled on
93 your machine, or installed properly--that's why you shouldn't blithely
94 copy Perl executables from machine to machine without also copying the
97 When you use Perl from C, your C program will--usually--allocate,
98 "run", and deallocate a I<PerlInterpreter> object, which is defined by
101 If your copy of Perl is recent enough to contain this documentation
102 (version 5.002 or later), then the perl library (and I<EXTERN.h> and
103 I<perl.h>, which you'll also need) will reside in a directory
104 that looks like this:
106 /usr/local/lib/perl5/your_architecture_here/CORE
110 /usr/local/lib/perl5/CORE
112 or maybe something like
116 Execute this statement for a hint about where to find CORE:
118 perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{archlib}'
120 Here's how you'd compile the example in the next section,
121 L<Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program>, on my Linux box:
123 % gcc -O2 -Dbool=char -DHAS_BOOL -I/usr/local/include
124 -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
125 -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/i586-linux/5.003/CORE
126 -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
128 (That's all one line.) On my DEC Alpha running old 5.003_05, the
129 incantation is a bit different:
131 % cc -O2 -Olimit 2900 -DSTANDARD_C -I/usr/local/include
132 -I/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE
133 -L/usr/local/lib/perl5/alpha-dec_osf/5.00305/CORE -L/usr/local/lib
134 -D__LANGUAGE_C__ -D_NO_PROTO -o interp interp.c -lperl -lm
136 How can you figure out what to add? Assuming your Perl is post-5.001,
137 execute a C<perl -V> command and pay special attention to the "cc" and
138 "ccflags" information.
140 You'll have to choose the appropriate compiler (I<cc>, I<gcc>, et al.) for
141 your machine: C<perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{cc}'> will tell you what
144 You'll also have to choose the appropriate library directory
145 (I</usr/local/lib/...>) for your machine. If your compiler complains
146 that certain functions are undefined, or that it can't locate
147 I<-lperl>, then you need to change the path following the C<-L>. If it
148 complains that it can't find I<EXTERN.h> and I<perl.h>, you need to
149 change the path following the C<-I>.
151 You may have to add extra libraries as well. Which ones?
152 Perhaps those printed by
154 perl -MConfig -e 'print $Config{libs}'
156 Provided your perl binary was properly configured and installed the
157 B<ExtUtils::Embed> module will determine all of this information for
160 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
162 If the B<ExtUtils::Embed> module isn't part of your Perl distribution,
163 you can retrieve it from
164 http://www.perl.com/perl/CPAN/modules/by-module/ExtUtils/
165 (If this documentation came from your Perl distribution, then you're
166 running 5.004 or better and you already have it.)
168 The B<ExtUtils::Embed> kit on CPAN also contains all source code for
169 the examples in this document, tests, additional examples and other
170 information you may find useful.
172 =head2 Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
174 In a sense, perl (the C program) is a good example of embedding Perl
175 (the language), so I'll demonstrate embedding with I<miniperlmain.c>,
176 included in the source distribution. Here's a bastardized, non-portable
177 version of I<miniperlmain.c> containing the essentials of embedding:
179 #include <EXTERN.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
180 #include <perl.h> /* from the Perl distribution */
182 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl; /*** The Perl interpreter ***/
184 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
186 PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
187 my_perl = perl_alloc();
188 perl_construct(my_perl);
189 PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
190 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, (char **)NULL);
192 perl_destruct(my_perl);
197 Notice that we don't use the C<env> pointer. Normally handed to
198 C<perl_parse> as its final argument, C<env> here is replaced by
199 C<NULL>, which means that the current environment will be used. The macros
200 PERL_SYS_INIT3() and PERL_SYS_TERM() provide system-specific tune up
201 of the C runtime environment necessary to run Perl interpreters; since
202 PERL_SYS_INIT3() may change C<env>, it may be more appropriate to provide
203 C<env> as an argument to perl_parse().
205 Now compile this program (I'll call it I<interp.c>) into an executable:
207 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
209 After a successful compilation, you'll be able to use I<interp> just
213 print "Pretty Good Perl \n";
214 print "10890 - 9801 is ", 10890 - 9801;
221 % interp -e 'printf("%x", 3735928559)'
224 You can also read and execute Perl statements from a file while in the
225 midst of your C program, by placing the filename in I<argv[1]> before
228 =head2 Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
230 To call individual Perl subroutines, you can use any of the B<call_*>
231 functions documented in L<perlcall>.
232 In this example we'll use C<call_argv>.
234 That's shown below, in a program I'll call I<showtime.c>.
239 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
241 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
243 char *args[] = { NULL };
244 PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
245 my_perl = perl_alloc();
246 perl_construct(my_perl);
248 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, argv, NULL);
249 PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
251 /*** skipping perl_run() ***/
253 call_argv("showtime", G_DISCARD | G_NOARGS, args);
255 perl_destruct(my_perl);
260 where I<showtime> is a Perl subroutine that takes no arguments (that's the
261 I<G_NOARGS>) and for which I'll ignore the return value (that's the
262 I<G_DISCARD>). Those flags, and others, are discussed in L<perlcall>.
264 I'll define the I<showtime> subroutine in a file called I<showtime.pl>:
266 print "I shan't be printed.";
272 Simple enough. Now compile and run:
274 % cc -o showtime showtime.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
276 % showtime showtime.pl
279 yielding the number of seconds that elapsed between January 1, 1970
280 (the beginning of the Unix epoch), and the moment I began writing this
283 In this particular case we don't have to call I<perl_run>, as we set
284 the PL_exit_flag PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END which executes END blocks in
287 If you want to pass arguments to the Perl subroutine, you can add
288 strings to the C<NULL>-terminated C<args> list passed to
289 I<call_argv>. For other data types, or to examine return values,
290 you'll need to manipulate the Perl stack. That's demonstrated in
291 L<Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program>.
293 =head2 Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
295 Perl provides two API functions to evaluate pieces of Perl code.
296 These are L<perlapi/eval_sv> and L<perlapi/eval_pv>.
298 Arguably, these are the only routines you'll ever need to execute
299 snippets of Perl code from within your C program. Your code can be as
300 long as you wish; it can contain multiple statements; it can employ
301 L<perlfunc/use>, L<perlfunc/require>, and L<perlfunc/do> to
302 include external Perl files.
304 I<eval_pv> lets us evaluate individual Perl strings, and then
305 extract variables for coercion into C types. The following program,
306 I<string.c>, executes three Perl strings, extracting an C<int> from
307 the first, a C<float> from the second, and a C<char *> from the third.
312 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
314 main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
316 char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
318 PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
319 my_perl = perl_alloc();
320 perl_construct( my_perl );
322 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
323 PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
326 /** Treat $a as an integer **/
327 eval_pv("$a = 3; $a **= 2", TRUE);
328 printf("a = %d\n", SvIV(get_sv("a", FALSE)));
330 /** Treat $a as a float **/
331 eval_pv("$a = 3.14; $a **= 2", TRUE);
332 printf("a = %f\n", SvNV(get_sv("a", FALSE)));
334 /** Treat $a as a string **/
335 eval_pv("$a = 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'; $a = reverse($a);", TRUE);
336 printf("a = %s\n", SvPV_nolen(get_sv("a", FALSE)));
338 perl_destruct(my_perl);
343 All of those strange functions with I<sv> in their names help convert Perl scalars to C types. They're described in L<perlguts> and L<perlapi>.
345 If you compile and run I<string.c>, you'll see the results of using
346 I<SvIV()> to create an C<int>, I<SvNV()> to create a C<float>, and
347 I<SvPV()> to create a string:
351 a = Just Another Perl Hacker
353 In the example above, we've created a global variable to temporarily
354 store the computed value of our eval'ed expression. It is also
355 possible and in most cases a better strategy to fetch the return value
356 from I<eval_pv()> instead. Example:
359 SV *val = eval_pv("reverse 'rekcaH lreP rehtonA tsuJ'", TRUE);
360 printf("%s\n", SvPV_nolen(val));
363 This way, we avoid namespace pollution by not creating global
364 variables and we've simplified our code as well.
366 =head2 Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C program
368 The I<eval_sv()> function lets us evaluate strings of Perl code, so we can
369 define some functions that use it to "specialize" in matches and
370 substitutions: I<match()>, I<substitute()>, and I<matches()>.
372 I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern);
374 Given a string and a pattern (e.g., C<m/clasp/> or C</\b\w*\b/>, which
375 in your C program might appear as "/\\b\\w*\\b/"), match()
376 returns 1 if the string matches the pattern and 0 otherwise.
378 int substitute(SV **string, char *pattern);
380 Given a pointer to an C<SV> and an C<=~> operation (e.g.,
381 C<s/bob/robert/g> or C<tr[A-Z][a-z]>), substitute() modifies the string
382 within the C<SV> as according to the operation, returning the number of substitutions
385 int matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **matches);
387 Given an C<SV>, a pattern, and a pointer to an empty C<AV>,
388 matches() evaluates C<$string =~ $pattern> in a list context, and
389 fills in I<matches> with the array elements, returning the number of matches found.
391 Here's a sample program, I<match.c>, that uses all three (long lines have
397 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
399 /** my_eval_sv(code, error_check)
400 ** kinda like eval_sv(),
401 ** but we pop the return value off the stack
403 SV* my_eval_sv(SV *sv, I32 croak_on_error)
410 eval_sv(sv, G_SCALAR);
416 if (croak_on_error && SvTRUE(ERRSV))
417 croak(SvPVx_nolen(ERRSV));
422 /** match(string, pattern)
424 ** Used for matches in a scalar context.
426 ** Returns 1 if the match was successful; 0 otherwise.
429 I32 match(SV *string, char *pattern)
431 SV *command = newSV(0), *retval;
433 sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; $string =~ %s",
434 SvPV_nolen(string), pattern);
436 retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
437 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
442 /** substitute(string, pattern)
444 ** Used for =~ operations that modify their left-hand side (s/// and tr///)
446 ** Returns the number of successful matches, and
447 ** modifies the input string if there were any.
450 I32 substitute(SV **string, char *pattern)
452 SV *command = newSV(0), *retval;
454 sv_setpvf(command, "$string = '%s'; ($string =~ %s)",
455 SvPV_nolen(*string), pattern);
457 retval = my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
458 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
460 *string = get_sv("string", FALSE);
464 /** matches(string, pattern, matches)
466 ** Used for matches in a list context.
468 ** Returns the number of matches,
469 ** and fills in **matches with the matching substrings
472 I32 matches(SV *string, char *pattern, AV **match_list)
474 SV *command = newSV(0);
477 sv_setpvf(command, "my $string = '%s'; @array = ($string =~ %s)",
478 SvPV_nolen(string), pattern);
480 my_eval_sv(command, TRUE);
481 SvREFCNT_dec(command);
483 *match_list = get_av("array", FALSE);
484 num_matches = av_len(*match_list) + 1; /** assume $[ is 0 **/
489 main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
491 char *embedding[] = { "", "-e", "0" };
496 PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
497 my_perl = perl_alloc();
498 perl_construct(my_perl);
499 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 3, embedding, NULL);
500 PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
503 sv_setpv(text, "When he is at a convenience store and the "
504 "bill comes to some amount like 76 cents, Maynard is "
505 "aware that there is something he *should* do, something "
506 "that will enable him to get back a quarter, but he has "
507 "no idea *what*. He fumbles through his red squeezey "
508 "changepurse and gives the boy three extra pennies with "
509 "his dollar, hoping that he might luck into the correct "
510 "amount. The boy gives him back two of his own pennies "
511 "and then the big shiny quarter that is his prize. "
514 if (match(text, "m/quarter/")) /** Does text contain 'quarter'? **/
515 printf("match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
517 printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'quarter'.\n\n");
519 if (match(text, "m/eighth/")) /** Does text contain 'eighth'? **/
520 printf("match: Text contains the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
522 printf("match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.\n\n");
524 /** Match all occurrences of /wi../ **/
525 num_matches = matches(text, "m/(wi..)/g", &match_list);
526 printf("matches: m/(wi..)/g found %d matches...\n", num_matches);
528 for (i = 0; i < num_matches; i++)
529 printf("match: %s\n", SvPV_nolen(*av_fetch(match_list, i, FALSE)));
532 /** Remove all vowels from text **/
533 num_matches = substitute(&text, "s/[aeiou]//gi");
535 printf("substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...%d substitutions made.\n",
537 printf("Now text is: %s\n\n", SvPV_nolen(text));
540 /** Attempt a substitution **/
541 if (!substitute(&text, "s/Perl/C/")) {
542 printf("substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.\n\n");
546 PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
547 perl_destruct(my_perl);
552 which produces the output (again, long lines have been wrapped here)
554 match: Text contains the word 'quarter'.
556 match: Text doesn't contain the word 'eighth'.
558 matches: m/(wi..)/g found 2 matches...
562 substitute: s/[aeiou]//gi...139 substitutions made.
563 Now text is: Whn h s t cnvnnc str nd th bll cms t sm mnt lk 76 cnts,
564 Mynrd s wr tht thr s smthng h *shld* d, smthng tht wll nbl hm t gt bck
565 qrtr, bt h hs n d *wht*. H fmbls thrgh hs rd sqzy chngprs nd gvs th by
566 thr xtr pnns wth hs dllr, hpng tht h mght lck nt th crrct mnt. Th by gvs
567 hm bck tw f hs wn pnns nd thn th bg shny qrtr tht s hs prz. -RCHH
569 substitute: s/Perl/C...No substitution made.
571 =head2 Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
573 When trying to explain stacks, most computer science textbooks mumble
574 something about spring-loaded columns of cafeteria plates: the last
575 thing you pushed on the stack is the first thing you pop off. That'll
576 do for our purposes: your C program will push some arguments onto "the Perl
577 stack", shut its eyes while some magic happens, and then pop the
578 results--the return value of your Perl subroutine--off the stack.
580 First you'll need to know how to convert between C types and Perl
581 types, with newSViv() and sv_setnv() and newAV() and all their
582 friends. They're described in L<perlguts> and L<perlapi>.
584 Then you'll need to know how to manipulate the Perl stack. That's
585 described in L<perlcall>.
587 Once you've understood those, embedding Perl in C is easy.
589 Because C has no builtin function for integer exponentiation, let's
590 make Perl's ** operator available to it (this is less useful than it
591 sounds, because Perl implements ** with C's I<pow()> function). First
592 I'll create a stub exponentiation function in I<power.pl>:
599 Now I'll create a C program, I<power.c>, with a function
600 I<PerlPower()> that contains all the perlguts necessary to push the
601 two arguments into I<expo()> and to pop the return value out. Take a
607 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl;
610 PerlPower(int a, int b)
612 dSP; /* initialize stack pointer */
613 ENTER; /* everything created after here */
614 SAVETMPS; /* ...is a temporary variable. */
615 PUSHMARK(SP); /* remember the stack pointer */
616 XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(a))); /* push the base onto the stack */
617 XPUSHs(sv_2mortal(newSViv(b))); /* push the exponent onto stack */
618 PUTBACK; /* make local stack pointer global */
619 call_pv("expo", G_SCALAR); /* call the function */
620 SPAGAIN; /* refresh stack pointer */
621 /* pop the return value from stack */
622 printf ("%d to the %dth power is %d.\n", a, b, POPi);
624 FREETMPS; /* free that return value */
625 LEAVE; /* ...and the XPUSHed "mortal" args.*/
628 int main (int argc, char **argv, char **env)
630 char *my_argv[] = { "", "power.pl" };
632 PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
633 my_perl = perl_alloc();
634 perl_construct( my_perl );
636 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, my_argv, (char **)NULL);
637 PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
640 PerlPower(3, 4); /*** Compute 3 ** 4 ***/
642 perl_destruct(my_perl);
651 % cc -o power power.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
654 3 to the 4th power is 81.
656 =head2 Maintaining a persistent interpreter
658 When developing interactive and/or potentially long-running
659 applications, it's a good idea to maintain a persistent interpreter
660 rather than allocating and constructing a new interpreter multiple
661 times. The major reason is speed: since Perl will only be loaded into
664 However, you have to be more cautious with namespace and variable
665 scoping when using a persistent interpreter. In previous examples
666 we've been using global variables in the default package C<main>. We
667 knew exactly what code would be run, and assumed we could avoid
668 variable collisions and outrageous symbol table growth.
670 Let's say your application is a server that will occasionally run Perl
671 code from some arbitrary file. Your server has no way of knowing what
672 code it's going to run. Very dangerous.
674 If the file is pulled in by C<perl_parse()>, compiled into a newly
675 constructed interpreter, and subsequently cleaned out with
676 C<perl_destruct()> afterwards, you're shielded from most namespace
679 One way to avoid namespace collisions in this scenario is to translate
680 the filename into a guaranteed-unique package name, and then compile
681 the code into that package using L<perlfunc/eval>. In the example
682 below, each file will only be compiled once. Or, the application
683 might choose to clean out the symbol table associated with the file
684 after it's no longer needed. Using L<perlapi/call_argv>, We'll
685 call the subroutine C<Embed::Persistent::eval_file> which lives in the
686 file C<persistent.pl> and pass the filename and boolean cleanup/cache
689 Note that the process will continue to grow for each file that it
690 uses. In addition, there might be C<AUTOLOAD>ed subroutines and other
691 conditions that cause Perl's symbol table to grow. You might want to
692 add some logic that keeps track of the process size, or restarts
693 itself after a certain number of requests, to ensure that memory
694 consumption is minimized. You'll also want to scope your variables
695 with L<perlfunc/my> whenever possible.
698 package Embed::Persistent;
703 use Symbol qw(delete_package);
705 sub valid_package_name {
707 $string =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\/])/sprintf("_%2x",unpack("C",$1))/eg;
708 # second pass only for words starting with a digit
709 $string =~ s|/(\d)|sprintf("/_%2x",unpack("C",$1))|eg;
711 # Dress it up as a real package name
713 return "Embed" . $string;
717 my($filename, $delete) = @_;
718 my $package = valid_package_name($filename);
719 my $mtime = -M $filename;
720 if(defined $Cache{$package}{mtime}
722 $Cache{$package}{mtime} <= $mtime)
724 # we have compiled this subroutine already,
725 # it has not been updated on disk, nothing left to do
726 print STDERR "already compiled $package->handler\n";
730 open FH, $filename or die "open '$filename' $!";
735 #wrap the code into a subroutine inside our unique package
736 my $eval = qq{package $package; sub handler { $sub; }};
738 # hide our variables within this block
739 my($filename,$mtime,$package,$sub);
744 #cache it unless we're cleaning out each time
745 $Cache{$package}{mtime} = $mtime unless $delete;
748 eval {$package->handler;};
751 delete_package($package) if $delete;
753 #take a look if you want
754 #print Devel::Symdump->rnew($package)->as_string, $/;
765 /* 1 = clean out filename's symbol table after each request, 0 = don't */
770 #define BUFFER_SIZE 1024
772 static PerlInterpreter *my_perl = NULL;
775 main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
777 char *embedding[] = { "", "persistent.pl" };
778 char *args[] = { "", DO_CLEAN, NULL };
779 char filename[BUFFER_SIZE];
782 PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
783 if((my_perl = perl_alloc()) == NULL) {
784 fprintf(stderr, "no memory!");
787 perl_construct(my_perl);
789 PL_origalen = 1; /* don't let $0 assignment update the proctitle or embedding[0] */
790 exitstatus = perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, 2, embedding, NULL);
791 PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END;
793 exitstatus = perl_run(my_perl);
795 while(printf("Enter file name: ") &&
796 fgets(filename, BUFFER_SIZE, stdin)) {
798 filename[strlen(filename)-1] = '\0'; /* strip \n */
799 /* call the subroutine, passing it the filename as an argument */
801 call_argv("Embed::Persistent::eval_file",
802 G_DISCARD | G_EVAL, args);
806 fprintf(stderr, "eval error: %s\n", SvPV_nolen(ERRSV));
810 PL_perl_destruct_level = 0;
811 perl_destruct(my_perl);
819 % cc -o persistent persistent.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
821 Here's an example script file:
824 my $string = "hello";
828 print "foo says: @_\n";
834 Enter file name: test.pl
836 Enter file name: test.pl
837 already compiled Embed::test_2epl->handler
841 =head2 Execution of END blocks
843 Traditionally END blocks have been executed at the end of the perl_run.
844 This causes problems for applications that never call perl_run. Since
845 perl 5.7.2 you can specify C<PL_exit_flags |= PERL_EXIT_DESTRUCT_END>
846 to get the new behaviour. This also enables the running of END blocks if
847 the perl_parse fails and C<perl_destruct> will return the exit value.
849 =head2 $0 assignments
851 When a perl script assigns a value to $0 then the perl runtime will
852 try to make this value show up as the program name reported by "ps" by
853 updating the memory pointed to by the argv passed to perl_parse() and
854 also calling API functions like setproctitle() where available. This
855 behaviour might not be appropriate when embedding perl and can be
856 disabled by assigning the value C<1> to the variable C<PL_origalen>
857 before perl_parse() is called.
859 The F<persistent.c> example above is for instance likely to segfault
860 when $0 is assigned to if the C<PL_origalen = 1;> assignment is
861 removed. This because perl will try to write to the read only memory
862 of the C<embedding[]> strings.
864 =head2 Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
866 Some rare applications will need to create more than one interpreter
867 during a session. Such an application might sporadically decide to
868 release any resources associated with the interpreter.
870 The program must take care to ensure that this takes place I<before>
871 the next interpreter is constructed. By default, when perl is not
872 built with any special options, the global variable
873 C<PL_perl_destruct_level> is set to C<0>, since extra cleaning isn't
874 usually needed when a program only ever creates a single interpreter
875 in its entire lifetime.
877 Setting C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to C<1> makes everything squeaky clean:
881 /* reset global variables here with PL_perl_destruct_level = 1 */
882 PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
883 perl_construct(my_perl);
885 /* clean and reset _everything_ during perl_destruct */
886 PL_perl_destruct_level = 1;
887 perl_destruct(my_perl);
890 /* let's go do it again! */
893 When I<perl_destruct()> is called, the interpreter's syntax parse tree
894 and symbol tables are cleaned up, and global variables are reset. The
895 second assignment to C<PL_perl_destruct_level> is needed because
896 perl_construct resets it to C<0>.
898 Now suppose we have more than one interpreter instance running at the
899 same time. This is feasible, but only if you used the Configure option
900 C<-Dusemultiplicity> or the options C<-Dusethreads -Duseithreads> when
901 building perl. By default, enabling one of these Configure options
902 sets the per-interpreter global variable C<PL_perl_destruct_level> to
903 C<1>, so that thorough cleaning is automatic and interpreter variables
904 are initialized correctly. Even if you don't intend to run two or
905 more interpreters at the same time, but to run them sequentially, like
906 in the above example, it is recommended to build perl with the
907 C<-Dusemultiplicity> option otherwise some interpreter variables may
908 not be initialized correctly between consecutive runs and your
909 application may crash.
911 See also L<perlxs/Thread-aware system interfaces>.
913 Using C<-Dusethreads -Duseithreads> rather than C<-Dusemultiplicity>
914 is more appropriate if you intend to run multiple interpreters
915 concurrently in different threads, because it enables support for
916 linking in the thread libraries of your system with the interpreter.
924 /* we're going to embed two interpreters */
925 /* we're going to embed two interpreters */
927 #define SAY_HELLO "-e", "print qq(Hi, I'm $^X\n)"
929 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **env)
931 PerlInterpreter *one_perl, *two_perl;
932 char *one_args[] = { "one_perl", SAY_HELLO };
933 char *two_args[] = { "two_perl", SAY_HELLO };
935 PERL_SYS_INIT3(&argc,&argv,&env);
936 one_perl = perl_alloc();
937 two_perl = perl_alloc();
939 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
940 perl_construct(one_perl);
941 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
942 perl_construct(two_perl);
944 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
945 perl_parse(one_perl, NULL, 3, one_args, (char **)NULL);
946 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
947 perl_parse(two_perl, NULL, 3, two_args, (char **)NULL);
949 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
951 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
954 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
955 perl_destruct(one_perl);
956 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
957 perl_destruct(two_perl);
959 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(one_perl);
961 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(two_perl);
966 Note the calls to PERL_SET_CONTEXT(). These are necessary to initialize
967 the global state that tracks which interpreter is the "current" one on
968 the particular process or thread that may be running it. It should
969 always be used if you have more than one interpreter and are making
970 perl API calls on both interpreters in an interleaved fashion.
972 PERL_SET_CONTEXT(interp) should also be called whenever C<interp> is
973 used by a thread that did not create it (using either perl_alloc(), or
974 the more esoteric perl_clone()).
978 % cc -o multiplicity multiplicity.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
986 =head2 Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C program
988 If you've played with the examples above and tried to embed a script
989 that I<use()>s a Perl module (such as I<Socket>) which itself uses a C or C++ library,
990 this probably happened:
993 Can't load module Socket, dynamic loading not available in this perl.
994 (You may need to build a new perl executable which either supports
995 dynamic loading or has the Socket module statically linked into it.)
1000 Your interpreter doesn't know how to communicate with these extensions
1001 on its own. A little glue will help. Up until now you've been
1002 calling I<perl_parse()>, handing it NULL for the second argument:
1004 perl_parse(my_perl, NULL, argc, my_argv, NULL);
1006 That's where the glue code can be inserted to create the initial contact between
1007 Perl and linked C/C++ routines. Let's take a look some pieces of I<perlmain.c>
1008 to see how Perl does this:
1010 static void xs_init (pTHX);
1012 EXTERN_C void boot_DynaLoader (pTHX_ CV* cv);
1013 EXTERN_C void boot_Socket (pTHX_ CV* cv);
1019 char *file = __FILE__;
1020 /* DynaLoader is a special case */
1021 newXS("DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader", boot_DynaLoader, file);
1022 newXS("Socket::bootstrap", boot_Socket, file);
1025 Simply put: for each extension linked with your Perl executable
1026 (determined during its initial configuration on your
1027 computer or when adding a new extension),
1028 a Perl subroutine is created to incorporate the extension's
1029 routines. Normally, that subroutine is named
1030 I<Module::bootstrap()> and is invoked when you say I<use Module>. In
1031 turn, this hooks into an XSUB, I<boot_Module>, which creates a Perl
1032 counterpart for each of the extension's XSUBs. Don't worry about this
1033 part; leave that to the I<xsubpp> and extension authors. If your
1034 extension is dynamically loaded, DynaLoader creates I<Module::bootstrap()>
1035 for you on the fly. In fact, if you have a working DynaLoader then there
1036 is rarely any need to link in any other extensions statically.
1039 Once you have this code, slap it into the second argument of I<perl_parse()>:
1042 perl_parse(my_perl, xs_init, argc, my_argv, NULL);
1047 % cc -o interp interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts -e ldopts`
1051 use SomeDynamicallyLoadedModule;
1053 print "Now I can use extensions!\n"'
1055 B<ExtUtils::Embed> can also automate writing the I<xs_init> glue code.
1057 % perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit -- -o perlxsi.c
1058 % cc -c perlxsi.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
1059 % cc -c interp.c `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ccopts`
1060 % cc -o interp perlxsi.o interp.o `perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e ldopts`
1062 Consult L<perlxs>, L<perlguts>, and L<perlapi> for more details.
1064 =head1 Embedding Perl under Win32
1066 In general, all of the source code shown here should work unmodified under
1069 However, there are some caveats about the command-line examples shown.
1070 For starters, backticks won't work under the Win32 native command shell.
1071 The ExtUtils::Embed kit on CPAN ships with a script called
1072 B<genmake>, which generates a simple makefile to build a program from
1073 a single C source file. It can be used like this:
1075 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> perl genmake interp.c
1076 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> nmake
1077 C:\ExtUtils-Embed\eg> interp -e "print qq{I'm embedded in Win32!\n}"
1079 You may wish to use a more robust environment such as the Microsoft
1080 Developer Studio. In this case, run this to generate perlxsi.c:
1082 perl -MExtUtils::Embed -e xsinit
1084 Create a new project and Insert -> Files into Project: perlxsi.c,
1085 perl.lib, and your own source files, e.g. interp.c. Typically you'll
1086 find perl.lib in B<C:\perl\lib\CORE>, if not, you should see the
1087 B<CORE> directory relative to C<perl -V:archlib>. The studio will
1088 also need this path so it knows where to find Perl include files.
1089 This path can be added via the Tools -> Options -> Directories menu.
1090 Finally, select Build -> Build interp.exe and you're ready to go.
1094 If you completely hide the short forms forms of the Perl public API,
1095 add -DPERL_NO_SHORT_NAMES to the compilation flags. This means that
1096 for example instead of writing
1098 warn("%d bottles of beer on the wall", bottlecount);
1100 you will have to write the explicit full form
1102 Perl_warn(aTHX_ "%d bottles of beer on the wall", bottlecount);
1104 (See L<perlguts/Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT for the explanation
1105 of the C<aTHX_>.> ) Hiding the short forms is very useful for avoiding
1106 all sorts of nasty (C preprocessor or otherwise) conflicts with other
1107 software packages (Perl defines about 2400 APIs with these short names,
1108 take or leave few hundred, so there certainly is room for conflict.)
1112 You can sometimes I<write faster code> in C, but
1113 you can always I<write code faster> in Perl. Because you can use
1114 each from the other, combine them as you wish.
1119 Jon Orwant <F<orwant@media.mit.edu>> and Doug MacEachern
1120 <F<dougm@covalent.net>>, with small contributions from Tim Bunce, Tom
1121 Christiansen, Guy Decoux, Hallvard Furuseth, Dov Grobgeld, and Ilya
1124 Doug MacEachern has an article on embedding in Volume 1, Issue 4 of
1125 The Perl Journal ( http://www.tpj.com/ ). Doug is also the developer of the
1126 most widely-used Perl embedding: the mod_perl system
1127 (perl.apache.org), which embeds Perl in the Apache web server.
1128 Oracle, Binary Evolution, ActiveState, and Ben Sugars's nsapi_perl
1129 have used this model for Oracle, Netscape and Internet Information
1130 Server Perl plugins.
1134 Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 Doug MacEachern and Jon Orwant. All
1137 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
1138 documentation provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
1139 preserved on all copies.
1141 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
1142 documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
1143 that they are marked clearly as modified versions, that the authors'
1144 names and title are unchanged (though subtitles and additional
1145 authors' names may be added), and that the entire resulting derived
1146 work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical
1149 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
1150 documentation into another language, under the above conditions for