3 perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
7 An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers
8 on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization,
9 internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other
10 than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC.
12 Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
14 =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
18 The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of
19 integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character
20 interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers.
21 The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary
22 digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII".
23 ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute
24 document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991
25 (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is
26 given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that
27 can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include
28 English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American
31 There are many character sets that extend the range of integers
32 from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer).
33 One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set.
37 The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
38 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which
39 adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European
40 languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
42 =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
44 A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
45 accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
46 include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
47 Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
48 Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without
49 the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
50 German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style
51 quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions
52 to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work.
53 In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is
54 also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
58 The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a
59 large collection of slightly different single and multi byte
60 coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1
61 and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive
62 from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings.
63 The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the
64 upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there
65 were gaps within each latin alphabet range.
67 Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
68 identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading
69 zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant.
70 E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.
72 =head2 13 variant characters
74 Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that
75 are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters
76 are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
78 \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
82 Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
83 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used
84 in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system
85 that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1
86 in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values.
90 Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus
91 Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is
92 used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
93 for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places.
97 The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from
98 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
100 =head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
102 In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a
103 character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
104 the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65.
105 This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which
106 are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers.
107 The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256?
108 (for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used)
109 In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used. This
110 means that the equivalences
112 pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character
113 unpack("U", $character) == ord $character
115 will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over
116 all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC
117 equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal
118 65, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".)
120 =head2 Unicode and UTF
122 UTF is a Unicode Transformation Format. UTF-8 is a Unicode conforming
123 representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like ASCII.
124 UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an EBCDIC
129 Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode
130 to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points
132 use Encode 'from_to';
134 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
136 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
137 from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
138 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
140 and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
142 use Encode 'from_to';
144 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
146 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
147 from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
148 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
150 For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
151 of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>.
153 =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES
155 The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
156 the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
157 C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the
158 table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1
159 extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly
160 corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> albeit with
161 substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases,
162 s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/
163 in some other cases (the C<charnames> pragma names unfortunately do
164 not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The
165 "names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are
166 somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are
167 flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets
168 are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you
169 would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table
170 (that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not
171 work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:
179 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
180 -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
182 If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
191 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
193 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
194 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
195 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
198 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
201 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
206 If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then
207 run the table through:
215 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
216 -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
218 Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
226 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
228 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
229 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
230 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
233 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
236 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
244 chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
245 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
247 <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1
248 <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2
249 <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3
250 <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55
251 <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45
252 <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46
253 <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
254 <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22
255 <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5
256 <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ***
257 <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11
258 <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12
259 <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13
260 <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14
261 <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15
262 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
263 <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17
264 <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18
265 <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19
266 <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60
267 <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61
268 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50
269 <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38
270 <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24
271 <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
272 <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63
273 <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39
274 <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28
275 <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29
276 <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30
277 <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31
278 <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
280 " 34 127 127 127 34 127
281 # 35 123 123 123 35 123
283 % 37 108 108 108 37 108
285 ' 39 125 125 125 39 125
290 , 44 107 107 107 44 107
294 0 48 240 240 240 48 240
295 1 49 241 241 241 49 241
296 2 50 242 242 242 50 242
297 3 51 243 243 243 51 243
298 4 52 244 244 244 52 244
299 5 53 245 245 245 53 245
300 6 54 246 246 246 54 246
301 7 55 247 247 247 55 247
302 8 56 248 248 248 56 248
303 9 57 249 249 249 57 249
304 : 58 122 122 122 58 122
307 = 61 126 126 126 61 126
308 > 62 110 110 110 62 110
309 ? 63 111 111 111 63 111
310 @ 64 124 124 124 64 124
311 A 65 193 193 193 65 193
312 B 66 194 194 194 66 194
313 C 67 195 195 195 67 195
314 D 68 196 196 196 68 196
315 E 69 197 197 197 69 197
316 F 70 198 198 198 70 198
317 G 71 199 199 199 71 199
318 H 72 200 200 200 72 200
319 I 73 201 201 201 73 201
320 J 74 209 209 209 74 209
321 K 75 210 210 210 75 210
322 L 76 211 211 211 76 211
323 M 77 212 212 212 77 212
324 N 78 213 213 213 78 213
325 O 79 214 214 214 79 214
326 P 80 215 215 215 80 215
327 Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
328 R 82 217 217 217 82 217
329 S 83 226 226 226 83 226
330 T 84 227 227 227 84 227
331 U 85 228 228 228 85 228
332 V 86 229 229 229 86 229
333 W 87 230 230 230 87 230
334 X 88 231 231 231 88 231
335 Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
336 Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
337 [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ###
338 \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ###
339 ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ***
340 ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ###
341 _ 95 109 109 109 95 109
342 ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ###
343 a 97 129 129 129 97 129
344 b 98 130 130 130 98 130
345 c 99 131 131 131 99 131
346 d 100 132 132 132 100 132
347 e 101 133 133 133 101 133
348 f 102 134 134 134 102 134
349 g 103 135 135 135 103 135
350 h 104 136 136 136 104 136
351 i 105 137 137 137 105 137
352 j 106 145 145 145 106 145
353 k 107 146 146 146 107 146
354 l 108 147 147 147 108 147
355 m 109 148 148 148 109 148
356 n 110 149 149 149 110 149
357 o 111 150 150 150 111 150
358 p 112 151 151 151 112 151
359 q 113 152 152 152 113 152
360 r 114 153 153 153 114 153
361 s 115 162 162 162 115 162
362 t 116 163 163 163 116 163
363 u 117 164 164 164 117 164
364 v 118 165 165 165 118 165
365 w 119 166 166 166 119 166
366 x 120 167 167 167 120 167
367 y 121 168 168 168 121 168
368 z 122 169 169 169 122 169
369 { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ###
370 | 124 79 79 79 124 79
371 } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ###
372 ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ###
373 <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7
374 <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
375 <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
376 <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
377 <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
378 <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
379 <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ***
380 <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
381 <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
382 <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
383 <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
384 <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
385 <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
386 <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
387 <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
388 <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
389 <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
390 <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
391 <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
392 <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
393 <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
394 <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
395 <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
396 <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
397 <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
398 <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
399 <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
400 <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
401 <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
402 <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
403 <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
404 <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
405 <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ###
406 <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
407 <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
408 <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ###
409 <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
410 <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
411 <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
412 <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ###
413 <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
414 <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ###
415 <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
416 <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
417 <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
418 <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ###
419 <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
420 <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
421 <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ###
422 <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
423 <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
424 <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
425 <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
426 <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
427 <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
428 <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
429 <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
430 <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
431 <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
432 <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
433 <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
434 <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
435 <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
436 <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
437 <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
438 <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
439 <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
440 <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
441 <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
442 <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
443 <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
444 <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
445 <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
446 <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
447 <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
448 <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
449 <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
450 <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
451 <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
452 <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
453 <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
454 <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
455 <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
456 <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
457 <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
458 <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
459 <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
460 <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
461 <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
462 <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
463 <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ###
464 <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
465 <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ###
466 <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
467 <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ###
468 <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
469 <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
470 <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
471 <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
472 <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
473 <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
474 <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
475 <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
476 <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
477 <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
478 <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
479 <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
480 <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
481 <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
482 <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
483 <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
484 <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
485 <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
486 <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
487 <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
488 <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
489 <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
490 <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
491 <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
492 <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
493 <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
494 <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
495 <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ###
496 <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
497 <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
498 <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
499 <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
500 <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
501 <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
503 If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
504 ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
512 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
514 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
515 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
516 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
518 If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit
519 42 in the last line to 51, like this:
527 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
529 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
530 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
531 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
533 If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit
534 51 in the last line to 60, like this:
542 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
544 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
545 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
546 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
549 =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
551 To determine the character set you are running under from perl one
552 could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more
553 character values. For example:
555 $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
556 $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
558 Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that:
560 $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9;
561 $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
563 To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of
564 the characters that differ between them. For example:
566 $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37);
567 $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
569 Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any
570 of the code sets, e.g.:
572 $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
573 $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
574 $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
575 $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
577 However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
579 $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
580 $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
582 Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII machines
583 from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine since "\r" eq
584 chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that
585 because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an
586 ASCII machine) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there.
588 To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC
589 code page you can use the Config module like so:
592 $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
598 In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
599 another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
600 above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed.
601 The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns
602 provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily
605 For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second
606 column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use
610 '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' .
611 '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' .
612 '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' .
613 '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' .
614 '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' .
615 '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' .
616 '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' .
617 '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' .
618 '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' .
619 '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' .
620 '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' .
621 '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' .
622 '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' .
623 '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' .
624 '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' .
625 '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;
627 my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
628 eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
630 To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
633 my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
634 eval '$ascii_string = tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
636 Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to
637 obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth column of the output from recipe
638 0 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as well.
642 XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility
643 available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's
644 documentation for information on iconv.
646 On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv
647 shell utility from within perl would be to:
649 # OS/390 or z/OS example
650 $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
654 # OS/390 or z/OS example
655 $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
657 For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN.
661 The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions.
663 =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
665 The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with
666 care on EBCDIC machines. For example the following array
667 will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC machine
670 @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
672 The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results
673 when operating on string or character data in a perl program running
674 on an EBCDIC machine than when run on an ASCII machine. Here is
675 an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>:
677 # EBCDIC-based examples
678 print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
679 print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
680 print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
681 print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
683 An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters
684 in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed
685 as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0) eq "\c@")>
686 C<(chr(1) eq "\cA")>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC machines has been
687 ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the
688 thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are
689 using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table
690 but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./;
691 s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./;
692 s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./;
693 s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are
694 identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only
695 one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character
696 may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC
697 machines and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on
698 0037 machines. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters
701 chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
702 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
703 "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***><
704 "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***><
705 "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING>
706 "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT>
707 "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT>
708 "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28>
709 "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.>
710 "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6>
711 "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE>
712 "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23>
713 "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13>
714 "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14>
715 "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.>
716 "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED>
717 "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN>
718 "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT>
719 "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN>
720 "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
721 "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE>
722 "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO>
723 "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE>
724 "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29>
725 "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> ***
726 "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE>
727 "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7>
728 "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL>
729 "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM>
730 "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18>
731 "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15>
732 "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\
733 "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.>
734 "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***><
735 "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><
738 =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
744 chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired
745 character return value on an EBCDIC machine. For example:
747 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
751 ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC machine.
754 $the_number_193 = ord("A");
758 The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set
759 encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
761 $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
763 $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
766 $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
771 One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
772 print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place
773 for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for
774 CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides
775 recommend something similar to:
777 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
778 # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
780 Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example
781 you should instead write that as:
783 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia
785 That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done
786 by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for
787 the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for
792 The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa
793 will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed
794 on an EBCDIC machine. Examples include:
796 printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
800 EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for
801 mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below.
805 See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use
808 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
812 See the discussion of pack() above.
816 =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
818 As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as
819 [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap
820 characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>
821 that lie between I and J would not be matched by the
822 regular expression range C</[H-K]/>.
824 If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet
825 regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such
826 as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII machines to
827 have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>.
829 Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or
830 octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following
834 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
835 $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
839 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
840 $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
844 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
849 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
850 $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
854 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
855 $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
858 The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points.
859 However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points
860 and on an EBCDIC machine it may be desirable for constructs such as
861 C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print
862 out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection
863 of character classification subs that is capable of working across the
864 four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows:
867 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
868 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
869 return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
871 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
872 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
874 if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc
875 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
880 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
881 $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
885 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
886 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
887 return $char eq "\177";
890 return $char eq "\007";
895 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
896 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
897 return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
899 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
900 return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
902 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
903 return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
905 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
907 /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/;
912 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
913 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
914 return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
916 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
918 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
920 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
922 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
924 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
926 /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
930 Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent
931 of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be
932 to use the characters in the range explicitly:
935 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
936 $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/;
939 Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
940 presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.
944 Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
945 byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a
946 host web server where the server may take care of translation for you.
947 Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
952 One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones
953 are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the
954 letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based machine the
955 two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter
958 @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
959 # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
961 The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is
962 even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047.
963 An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes
964 before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII machine, but
965 the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC machine.
966 (Astute readers will note that the upper case version of E<szlig>
967 C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of
968 E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is
969 at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl).
971 The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on
972 ASCII machines versus EBCDIC machines. What follows are some suggestions
973 on how to deal with these differences.
975 =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
977 This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require
980 =head2 MONO CASE then sort data.
982 In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to
983 C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data.
984 If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/
985 then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then
986 apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE
987 and include Latin-1 characters then apply:
990 tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/;
993 then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not
994 address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at
995 code point 255 on ASCII machines, but 223 on most EBCDIC machines
996 where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a
997 Unicode enabled Perl you might try:
1001 The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case
1002 of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason.
1004 =head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert.
1006 This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network
1009 =head2 Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
1011 This strategy can employ a network connection. As such
1012 it would be computationally expensive.
1014 =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS
1016 There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set
1017 mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the
1018 previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are
1021 =head2 URL decoding and encoding
1023 Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
1024 attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example
1025 the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form:
1027 http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
1029 may also be expressed as either of:
1031 http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
1033 http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
1035 where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example
1036 of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047:
1038 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
1039 # this array assumes code page 1047
1041 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1042 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1043 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97,
1044 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111,
1045 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214,
1046 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109,
1047 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150,
1048 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7,
1049 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27,
1050 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255,
1051 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188,
1052 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171,
1053 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119,
1054 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89,
1055 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87,
1056 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223
1058 $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge;
1060 Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such
1061 a URL under the 1047 code page:
1063 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
1064 # this array assumes code page 1047
1066 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1067 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1068 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7,
1069 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26,
1070 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124,
1071 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94,
1072 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63,
1073 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34,
1074 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177,
1075 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164,
1076 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174,
1077 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215,
1078 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245,
1079 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255,
1080 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213,
1081 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159
1083 # The following regular expression does not address the
1084 # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
1085 $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge;
1087 where a more complete solution would split the URL into components
1088 and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
1090 In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed
1091 but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047
1092 you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown.
1094 =head2 uu encoding and decoding
1096 The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC
1097 characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the
1098 following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer:
1100 $all_byte_chrs = '';
1101 for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
1102 $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
1103 ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
1104 M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
1105 M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
1106 M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
1107 MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
1108 MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
1109 ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
1111 if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
1114 $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
1115 if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
1119 Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided
1120 that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately:
1122 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1123 @e2a = ( # this must be filled in
1125 $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
1126 open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
1130 next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) ==
1132 print OUT unpack("u", $_);
1135 chmod oct($mode), $file;
1138 =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
1140 On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip characters outside of
1141 the printable set using:
1143 # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
1144 $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
1146 Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines
1147 would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a
1148 array is omitted for brevity):
1150 if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII
1151 $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII
1152 @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map
1155 $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC
1156 @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above)
1159 s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge;
1161 (although in production code the substitutions might be done
1162 in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the
1163 ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map).
1165 Such QP strings can be decoded with:
1167 # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
1168 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge;
1169 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1171 Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines
1172 would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is
1173 omitted for brevity):
1175 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge;
1176 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1178 =head2 Caesarian ciphers
1180 The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment
1181 dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius
1182 Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes
1183 referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after
1184 the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps
1185 on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the
1186 interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps
1187 (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet
1188 rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will
1189 work on ASCII and EBCDIC machines:
1191 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1194 tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
1200 perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
1203 =head1 Hashing order and checksums
1205 To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on
1206 hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored
1207 on an ASCII based machine and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based machine.
1210 =head1 I18N AND L10N
1212 Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least
1213 in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The details are system dependent
1214 and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below.
1216 =head1 MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
1218 Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters
1219 on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with
1220 the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms.
1222 Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
1226 There may be a few system dependent issues
1227 of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers.
1231 The PASE environment.
1243 Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
1249 B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing
1250 one's code page. See also L<chcp>.
1252 =item dataset access
1254 For sequential data set access try:
1256 my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
1260 my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
1262 See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
1264 =item OS/390, z/OS iconv
1266 B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
1267 See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
1271 On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files
1272 are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390
1287 This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter
1288 translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation
1289 was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts
1290 while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program
1291 (for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis
1292 as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at
1293 the first occurrence of 8 bit characters.
1295 Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to
1296 be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might
1301 L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>.
1305 http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps
1307 http://www.unicode.org/
1309 http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/
1311 http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/
1312 B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings,
1315 B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed.,
1316 ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000.
1318 B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture -
1319 Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
1321 "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing
1322 & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999;
1323 ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
1325 B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication>
1326 Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers,
1329 http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM
1330 B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer.
1334 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
1338 Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000
1339 with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and
1340 AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC
1341 help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
1342 Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and
1343 Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and
1344 registered service marks used in this document are the property of
1345 their respective owners.