3 perldiag - various Perl diagnostics
7 These messages are classified as follows (listed in increasing order of
10 (W) A warning (optional).
11 (D) A deprecation (optional).
12 (S) A severe warning (mandatory).
13 (F) A fatal error (trappable).
14 (P) An internal error you should never see (trappable).
15 (X) A very fatal error (nontrappable).
16 (A) An alien error message (not generated by Perl).
18 Optional warnings are enabled by using the B<-w> switch. Warnings may
19 be captured by setting C<$SIG{__WARN__}> to a reference to a routine that
20 will be called on each warning instead of printing it. See L<perlvar>.
21 Trappable errors may be trapped using the eval operator. See
24 Some of these messages are generic. Spots that vary are denoted with a %s,
25 just as in a printf format. Note that some messages start with a %s!
26 The symbols C<"%(-?@> sort before the letters, while C<[> and C<\> sort after.
30 =item "my" variable %s can't be in a package
32 (F) Lexically scoped variables aren't in a package, so it doesn't make sense
33 to try to declare one with a package qualifier on the front. Use local()
34 if you want to localize a package variable.
36 =item "my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope
38 (W) A lexical variable has been redeclared in the same scope, effectively
39 eliminating all access to the previous instance. This is almost always
40 a typographical error. Note that the earlier variable will still exist
41 until the end of the scope or until all closure referents to it are
44 =item "no" not allowed in expression
46 (F) The "no" keyword is recognized and executed at compile time, and returns
47 no useful value. See L<perlmod>.
49 =item "use" not allowed in expression
51 (F) The "use" keyword is recognized and executed at compile time, and returns
52 no useful value. See L<perlmod>.
54 =item % may only be used in unpack
56 (F) You can't pack a string by supplying a checksum, because the
57 checksumming process loses information, and you can't go the other
58 way. See L<perlfunc/unpack>.
60 =item %s (...) interpreted as function
62 (W) You've run afoul of the rule that says that any list operator followed
63 by parentheses turns into a function, with all the list operators arguments
64 found inside the parentheses. See L<perlop/Terms and List Operators (Leftward)>.
66 =item %s argument is not a HASH element
68 (F) The argument to exists() must be a hash element, such as
73 =item %s argument is not a HASH element or slice
75 (F) The argument to delete() must be either a hash element, such as
80 or a hash slice, such as
82 @foo{$bar, $baz, $xyzzy}
83 @{$ref->[12]}{"susie", "queue"}
85 =item %s did not return a true value
87 (F) A required (or used) file must return a true value to indicate that
88 it compiled correctly and ran its initialization code correctly. It's
89 traditional to end such a file with a "1;", though any true value would
90 do. See L<perlfunc/require>.
92 =item %s found where operator expected
94 (S) The Perl lexer knows whether to expect a term or an operator. If it
95 sees what it knows to be a term when it was expecting to see an operator,
96 it gives you this warning. Usually it indicates that an operator or
97 delimiter was omitted, such as a semicolon.
99 =item %s had compilation errors
101 (F) The final summary message when a C<perl -c> fails.
103 =item %s has too many errors
105 (F) The parser has given up trying to parse the program after 10 errors.
106 Further error messages would likely be uninformative.
108 =item %s matches null string many times
110 (W) The pattern you've specified would be an infinite loop if the
111 regular expression engine didn't specifically check for that. See L<perlre>.
113 =item %s never introduced
115 (S) The symbol in question was declared but somehow went out of scope
116 before it could possibly have been used.
120 (F) The final summary message when a C<perl -c> succeeds.
122 =item %s: Command not found
124 (A) You've accidentally run your script through B<csh> instead
125 of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into
128 =item %s: Expression syntax
130 (A) You've accidentally run your script through B<csh> instead
131 of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into
134 =item %s: Undefined variable
136 (A) You've accidentally run your script through B<csh> instead
137 of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into
142 (A) You've accidentally run your script through the Bourne shell
143 instead of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script
146 =item (Missing semicolon on previous line?)
148 (S) This is an educated guess made in conjunction with the message "%s
149 found where operator expected". Don't automatically put a semicolon on
150 the previous line just because you saw this message.
152 =item B<-P> not allowed for setuid/setgid script
154 (F) The script would have to be opened by the C preprocessor by name,
155 which provides a race condition that breaks security.
157 =item C<-T> and C<-B> not implemented on filehandles
159 (F) Perl can't peek at the stdio buffer of filehandles when it doesn't
160 know about your kind of stdio. You'll have to use a filename instead.
162 =item C<-p> destination: %s
164 (F) An error occurred during the implicit output invoked by the C<-p>
165 command-line switch. (This output goes to STDOUT unless you've
166 redirected it with select().)
168 =item 500 Server error
172 =item ?+* follows nothing in regexp
174 (F) You started a regular expression with a quantifier. Backslash it
175 if you meant it literally. See L<perlre>.
177 =item @ outside of string
179 (F) You had a pack template that specified an absolute position outside
180 the string being unpacked. See L<perlfunc/pack>.
182 =item accept() on closed fd
184 (W) You tried to do an accept on a closed socket. Did you forget to check
185 the return value of your socket() call? See L<perlfunc/accept>.
187 =item Allocation too large: %lx
189 (X) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS machine.
191 =item Allocation too large
193 (F) You can't allocate more than 2^31+"small amount" bytes.
195 =item Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s)
197 (W) The pattern match (//), substitution (s///), and transliteration (tr///)
198 operators work on scalar values. If you apply one of them to an array
199 or a hash, it will convert the array or hash to a scalar value -- the
200 length of an array, or the population info of a hash -- and then work on
201 that scalar value. This is probably not what you meant to do. See
202 L<perlfunc/grep> and L<perlfunc/map> for alternatives.
204 =item Arg too short for msgsnd
206 (F) msgsnd() requires a string at least as long as sizeof(long).
208 =item Ambiguous use of %s resolved as %s
210 (W)(S) You said something that may not be interpreted the way
211 you thought. Normally it's pretty easy to disambiguate it by supplying
212 a missing quote, operator, parenthesis pair or declaration.
214 =item Args must match #! line
216 (F) The setuid emulator requires that the arguments Perl was invoked
217 with match the arguments specified on the #! line. Since some systems
218 impose a one-argument limit on the #! line, try combining switches;
219 for example, turn C<-w -U> into C<-wU>.
221 =item Argument "%s" isn't numeric%s
223 (W) The indicated string was fed as an argument to an operator that
224 expected a numeric value instead. If you're fortunate the message
225 will identify which operator was so unfortunate.
227 =item Array @%s missing the @ in argument %d of %s()
229 (D) Really old Perl let you omit the @ on array names in some spots. This
230 is now heavily deprecated.
232 =item assertion botched: %s
234 (P) The malloc package that comes with Perl had an internal failure.
236 =item Assertion failed: file "%s"
238 (P) A general assertion failed. The file in question must be examined.
240 =item Assignment to both a list and a scalar
242 (F) If you assign to a conditional operator, the 2nd and 3rd arguments
243 must either both be scalars or both be lists. Otherwise Perl won't
244 know which context to supply to the right side.
246 =item Attempt to free non-arena SV: 0x%lx
248 (P) All SV objects are supposed to be allocated from arenas that will
249 be garbage collected on exit. An SV was discovered to be outside any
252 =item Attempt to free nonexistent shared string
254 (P) Perl maintains a reference counted internal table of strings to
255 optimize the storage and access of hash keys and other strings. This
256 indicates someone tried to decrement the reference count of a string
257 that can no longer be found in the table.
259 =item Attempt to free temp prematurely
261 (W) Mortalized values are supposed to be freed by the free_tmps()
262 routine. This indicates that something else is freeing the SV before
263 the free_tmps() routine gets a chance, which means that the free_tmps()
264 routine will be freeing an unreferenced scalar when it does try to free
267 =item Attempt to free unreferenced glob pointers
269 (P) The reference counts got screwed up on symbol aliases.
271 =item Attempt to free unreferenced scalar
273 (W) Perl went to decrement the reference count of a scalar to see if it
274 would go to 0, and discovered that it had already gone to 0 earlier,
275 and should have been freed, and in fact, probably was freed. This
276 could indicate that SvREFCNT_dec() was called too many times, or that
277 SvREFCNT_inc() was called too few times, or that the SV was mortalized
278 when it shouldn't have been, or that memory has been corrupted.
280 =item Attempt to pack pointer to temporary value
282 (W) You tried to pass a temporary value (like the result of a
283 function, or a computed expression) to the "p" pack() template. This
284 means the result contains a pointer to a location that could become
285 invalid anytime, even before the end of the current statement. Use
286 literals or global values as arguments to the "p" pack() template to
289 =item Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr
291 (W) You supplied a reference as the first argument to substr() used
292 as an lvalue, which is pretty strange. Perhaps you forgot to
293 dereference it first. See L<perlfunc/substr>.
295 =item Bad arg length for %s, is %d, should be %d
297 (F) You passed a buffer of the wrong size to one of msgctl(), semctl() or
298 shmctl(). In C parlance, the correct sizes are, respectively,
299 S<sizeof(struct msqid_ds *)>, S<sizeof(struct semid_ds *)>, and
300 S<sizeof(struct shmid_ds *)>.
302 =item Bad filehandle: %s
304 (F) A symbol was passed to something wanting a filehandle, but the symbol
305 has no filehandle associated with it. Perhaps you didn't do an open(), or
306 did it in another package.
308 =item Bad free() ignored
310 (S) An internal routine called free() on something that had never been
311 malloc()ed in the first place. Mandatory, but can be disabled by
312 setting environment variable C<PERL_BADFREE> to 1.
314 This message can be quite often seen with DB_File on systems with
315 "hard" dynamic linking, like C<AIX> and C<OS/2>. It is a bug of
316 C<Berkeley DB> which is left unnoticed if C<DB> uses I<forgiving>
321 (P) One of the internal hash routines was passed a null HV pointer.
323 =item Bad name after %s::
325 (F) You started to name a symbol by using a package prefix, and then didn't
326 finish the symbol. In particular, you can't interpolate outside of quotes,
335 $sym = "mypack::$var";
337 =item Bad symbol for array
339 (P) An internal request asked to add an array entry to something that
340 wasn't a symbol table entry.
342 =item Bad symbol for filehandle
344 (P) An internal request asked to add a filehandle entry to something that
345 wasn't a symbol table entry.
347 =item Bad symbol for hash
349 (P) An internal request asked to add a hash entry to something that
350 wasn't a symbol table entry.
352 =item Badly placed ()'s
354 (A) You've accidentally run your script through B<csh> instead
355 of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into
358 =item Bareword "%s" not allowed while "strict subs" in use
360 (F) With "strict subs" in use, a bareword is only allowed as a
361 subroutine identifier, in curly braces or to the left of the "=>" symbol.
362 Perhaps you need to predeclare a subroutine?
364 =item Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package
366 (W) You used a qualified bareword of the form C<Foo::>, but
367 the compiler saw no other uses of that namespace before that point.
368 Perhaps you need to predeclare a package?
370 =item BEGIN failed--compilation aborted
372 (F) An untrapped exception was raised while executing a BEGIN subroutine.
373 Compilation stops immediately and the interpreter is exited.
375 =item BEGIN not safe after errors--compilation aborted
377 (F) Perl found a C<BEGIN {}> subroutine (or a C<use> directive, which
378 implies a C<BEGIN {}>) after one or more compilation errors had
379 already occurred. Since the intended environment for the C<BEGIN {}>
380 could not be guaranteed (due to the errors), and since subsequent code
381 likely depends on its correct operation, Perl just gave up.
383 =item bind() on closed fd
385 (W) You tried to do a bind on a closed socket. Did you forget to check
386 the return value of your socket() call? See L<perlfunc/bind>.
388 =item Bizarre copy of %s in %s
390 (P) Perl detected an attempt to copy an internal value that is not copiable.
392 =item Callback called exit
394 (F) A subroutine invoked from an external package via perl_call_sv()
395 exited by calling exit.
397 =item Can't "goto" outside a block
399 (F) A "goto" statement was executed to jump out of what might look
400 like a block, except that it isn't a proper block. This usually
401 occurs if you tried to jump out of a sort() block or subroutine, which
402 is a no-no. See L<perlfunc/goto>.
404 =item Can't "goto" into the middle of a foreach loop
406 (F) A "goto" statement was executed to jump into the middle of a
407 foreach loop. You can't get there from here. See L<perlfunc/goto>.
409 =item Can't "last" outside a block
411 (F) A "last" statement was executed to break out of the current block,
412 except that there's this itty bitty problem called there isn't a
413 current block. Note that an "if" or "else" block doesn't count as a
414 "loopish" block, as doesn't a block given to sort(). You can usually double
415 the curlies to get the same effect though, because the inner curlies
416 will be considered a block that loops once. See L<perlfunc/last>.
418 =item Can't "next" outside a block
420 (F) A "next" statement was executed to reiterate the current block, but
421 there isn't a current block. Note that an "if" or "else" block doesn't
422 count as a "loopish" block, as doesn't a block given to sort(). You can
423 usually double the curlies to get the same effect though, because the inner
424 curlies will be considered a block that loops once. See L<perlfunc/next>.
426 =item Can't "redo" outside a block
428 (F) A "redo" statement was executed to restart the current block, but
429 there isn't a current block. Note that an "if" or "else" block doesn't
430 count as a "loopish" block, as doesn't a block given to sort(). You can
431 usually double the curlies to get the same effect though, because the inner
432 curlies will be considered a block that loops once. See L<perlfunc/redo>.
434 =item Can't bless non-reference value
436 (F) Only hard references may be blessed. This is how Perl "enforces"
437 encapsulation of objects. See L<perlobj>.
439 =item Can't break at that line
441 (S) A warning intended to only be printed while running within the debugger, indicating
442 the line number specified wasn't the location of a statement that could
445 =item Can't call method "%s" in empty package "%s"
447 (F) You called a method correctly, and it correctly indicated a package
448 functioning as a class, but that package doesn't have ANYTHING defined
449 in it, let alone methods. See L<perlobj>.
451 =item Can't call method "%s" on unblessed reference
453 (F) A method call must know in what package it's supposed to run. It
454 ordinarily finds this out from the object reference you supply, but
455 you didn't supply an object reference in this case. A reference isn't
456 an object reference until it has been blessed. See L<perlobj>.
458 =item Can't call method "%s" without a package or object reference
460 (F) You used the syntax of a method call, but the slot filled by the
461 object reference or package name contains an expression that returns
462 neither an object reference nor a package name. (Perhaps it's null?)
463 Something like this will reproduce the error:
466 process $BADREF 1,2,3;
467 $BADREF->process(1,2,3);
469 =item Can't chdir to %s
471 (F) You called C<perl -x/foo/bar>, but C</foo/bar> is not a directory
472 that you can chdir to, possibly because it doesn't exist.
474 =item Can't coerce %s to integer in %s
476 (F) Certain types of SVs, in particular real symbol table entries
477 (typeglobs), can't be forced to stop being what they are. So you can't
487 but then $foo no longer contains a glob.
489 =item Can't coerce %s to number in %s
491 (F) Certain types of SVs, in particular real symbol table entries
492 (typeglobs), can't be forced to stop being what they are.
494 =item Can't coerce %s to string in %s
496 (F) Certain types of SVs, in particular real symbol table entries
497 (typeglobs), can't be forced to stop being what they are.
499 =item Can't create pipe mailbox
501 (P) An error peculiar to VMS. The process is suffering from exhausted quotas
502 or other plumbing problems.
504 =item Can't declare %s in my
506 (F) Only scalar, array, and hash variables may be declared as lexical variables.
507 They must have ordinary identifiers as names.
509 =item Can't do inplace edit on %s: %s
511 (S) The creation of the new file failed for the indicated reason.
513 =item Can't do inplace edit without backup
515 (F) You're on a system such as MS-DOS that gets confused if you try reading
516 from a deleted (but still opened) file. You have to say C<-i.bak>, or some
519 =item Can't do inplace edit: %s E<gt> 14 characters
521 (S) There isn't enough room in the filename to make a backup name for the file.
523 =item Can't do inplace edit: %s is not a regular file
525 (S) You tried to use the B<-i> switch on a special file, such as a file in
526 /dev, or a FIFO. The file was ignored.
528 =item Can't do setegid!
530 (P) The setegid() call failed for some reason in the setuid emulator
533 =item Can't do seteuid!
535 (P) The setuid emulator of suidperl failed for some reason.
537 =item Can't do setuid
539 (F) This typically means that ordinary perl tried to exec suidperl to
540 do setuid emulation, but couldn't exec it. It looks for a name of the
541 form sperl5.000 in the same directory that the perl executable resides
542 under the name perl5.000, typically /usr/local/bin on Unix machines.
543 If the file is there, check the execute permissions. If it isn't, ask
544 your sysadmin why he and/or she removed it.
546 =item Can't do waitpid with flags
548 (F) This machine doesn't have either waitpid() or wait4(), so only waitpid()
549 without flags is emulated.
551 =item Can't do {n,m} with n E<gt> m
553 (F) Minima must be less than or equal to maxima. If you really want
554 your regexp to match something 0 times, just put {0}. See L<perlre>.
556 =item Can't emulate -%s on #! line
558 (F) The #! line specifies a switch that doesn't make sense at this point.
559 For example, it'd be kind of silly to put a B<-x> on the #! line.
561 =item Can't exec "%s": %s
563 (W) An system(), exec(), or piped open call could not execute the named
564 program for the indicated reason. Typical reasons include: the permissions
565 were wrong on the file, the file wasn't found in C<$ENV{PATH}>, the
566 executable in question was compiled for another architecture, or the
567 #! line in a script points to an interpreter that can't be run for
568 similar reasons. (Or maybe your system doesn't support #! at all.)
572 (F) Perl was trying to execute the indicated program for you because that's
573 what the #! line said. If that's not what you wanted, you may need to
574 mention "perl" on the #! line somewhere.
576 =item Can't execute %s
578 (F) You used the B<-S> switch, but the copies of the script to execute found
579 in the PATH did not have correct permissions.
581 =item Can't find %s on PATH, '.' not in PATH
583 (F) You used the B<-S> switch, but the script to execute could not be found
584 in the PATH, or at least not with the correct permissions. The script
585 exists in the current directory, but PATH prohibits running it.
587 =item Can't find %s on PATH
589 (F) You used the B<-S> switch, but the script to execute could not be found
592 =item Can't find label %s
594 (F) You said to goto a label that isn't mentioned anywhere that it's possible
595 for us to go to. See L<perlfunc/goto>.
597 =item Can't find string terminator %s anywhere before EOF
599 (F) Perl strings can stretch over multiple lines. This message means that
600 the closing delimiter was omitted. Because bracketed quotes count nesting
601 levels, the following is missing its final parenthesis:
603 print q(The character '(' starts a side comment.);
605 If you're getting this error from a here-document, you may have
606 included unseen whitespace before or after your closing tag. A good
607 programmer's editor will have a way to help you find these characters.
611 (F) A fatal error occurred while trying to fork while opening a pipeline.
613 =item Can't get filespec - stale stat buffer?
615 (S) A warning peculiar to VMS. This arises because of the difference between
616 access checks under VMS and under the Unix model Perl assumes. Under VMS,
617 access checks are done by filename, rather than by bits in the stat buffer, so
618 that ACLs and other protections can be taken into account. Unfortunately, Perl
619 assumes that the stat buffer contains all the necessary information, and passes
620 it, instead of the filespec, to the access checking routine. It will try to
621 retrieve the filespec using the device name and FID present in the stat buffer,
622 but this works only if you haven't made a subsequent call to the CRTL stat()
623 routine, because the device name is overwritten with each call. If this warning
624 appears, the name lookup failed, and the access checking routine gave up and
625 returned FALSE, just to be conservative. (Note: The access checking routine
626 knows about the Perl C<stat> operator and file tests, so you shouldn't ever
627 see this warning in response to a Perl command; it arises only if some internal
628 code takes stat buffers lightly.)
630 =item Can't get pipe mailbox device name
632 (P) An error peculiar to VMS. After creating a mailbox to act as a pipe, Perl
633 can't retrieve its name for later use.
635 =item Can't get SYSGEN parameter value for MAXBUF
637 (P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl asked $GETSYI how big you want your
638 mailbox buffers to be, and didn't get an answer.
640 =item Can't goto subroutine outside a subroutine
642 (F) The deeply magical "goto subroutine" call can only replace one subroutine
643 call for another. It can't manufacture one out of whole cloth. In general
644 you should be calling it out of only an AUTOLOAD routine anyway. See
647 =item Can't goto subroutine from an eval-string
649 (F) The "goto subroutine" call can't be used to jump out of an eval "string".
650 (You can use it to jump out of an eval {BLOCK}, but you probably don't want to.)
652 =item Can't localize through a reference
654 (F) You said something like C<local $$ref>, which Perl can't currently
655 handle, because when it goes to restore the old value of whatever $ref
656 pointed to after the scope of the local() is finished, it can't be
657 sure that $ref will still be a reference.
659 =item Can't localize lexical variable %s
661 (F) You used local on a variable name that was previously declared as a
662 lexical variable using "my". This is not allowed. If you want to
663 localize a package variable of the same name, qualify it with the
666 =item Can't locate auto/%s.al in @INC
668 (F) A function (or method) was called in a package which allows autoload,
669 but there is no function to autoload. Most probable causes are a misprint
670 in a function/method name or a failure to C<AutoSplit> the file, say, by
671 doing C<make install>.
673 =item Can't locate %s in @INC
675 (F) You said to do (or require, or use) a file that couldn't be found
676 in any of the libraries mentioned in @INC. Perhaps you need to set the
677 PERL5LIB or PERL5OPT environment variable to say where the extra library
678 is, or maybe the script needs to add the library name to @INC. Or maybe
679 you just misspelled the name of the file. See L<perlfunc/require>.
681 =item Can't locate object method "%s" via package "%s"
683 (F) You called a method correctly, and it correctly indicated a package
684 functioning as a class, but that package doesn't define that particular
685 method, nor does any of its base classes. See L<perlobj>.
687 =item Can't locate package %s for @%s::ISA
689 (W) The @ISA array contained the name of another package that doesn't seem
692 =item Can't make list assignment to \%ENV on this system
694 (F) List assignment to %ENV is not supported on some systems, notably VMS.
696 =item Can't modify %s in %s
698 (F) You aren't allowed to assign to the item indicated, or otherwise try to
699 change it, such as with an auto-increment.
701 =item Can't modify nonexistent substring
703 (P) The internal routine that does assignment to a substr() was handed
706 =item Can't msgrcv to read-only var
708 (F) The target of a msgrcv must be modifiable to be used as a receive
711 =item Can't open %s: %s
713 (S) The implicit opening of a file through use of the C<E<lt>E<gt>>
714 filehandle, either implicitly under the C<-n> or C<-p> command-line
715 switches, or explicitly, failed for the indicated reason. Usually this
716 is because you don't have read permission for a file which you named
719 =item Can't open bidirectional pipe
721 (W) You tried to say C<open(CMD, "|cmd|")>, which is not supported. You can
722 try any of several modules in the Perl library to do this, such as
723 IPC::Open2. Alternately, direct the pipe's output to a file using "E<gt>",
724 and then read it in under a different file handle.
726 =item Can't open error file %s as stderr
728 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
729 couldn't open the file specified after '2E<gt>' or '2E<gt>E<gt>' on the
730 command line for writing.
732 =item Can't open input file %s as stdin
734 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
735 couldn't open the file specified after 'E<lt>' on the command line for reading.
737 =item Can't open output file %s as stdout
739 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
740 couldn't open the file specified after 'E<gt>' or 'E<gt>E<gt>' on the command
743 =item Can't open output pipe (name: %s)
745 (P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
746 couldn't open the pipe into which to send data destined for stdout.
748 =item Can't open perl script "%s": %s
750 (F) The script you specified can't be opened for the indicated reason.
752 =item Can't redefine active sort subroutine %s
754 (F) Perl optimizes the internal handling of sort subroutines and keeps
755 pointers into them. You tried to redefine one such sort subroutine when it
756 was currently active, which is not allowed. If you really want to do
757 this, you should write C<sort { &func } @x> instead of C<sort func @x>.
759 =item Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file
761 (S) The rename done by the B<-i> switch failed for some reason, probably because
762 you don't have write permission to the directory.
764 =item Can't reopen input pipe (name: %s) in binary mode
766 (P) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl thought stdin was a pipe, and tried to
767 reopen it to accept binary data. Alas, it failed.
769 =item Can't reswap uid and euid
771 (P) The setreuid() call failed for some reason in the setuid emulator
774 =item Can't return outside a subroutine
776 (F) The return statement was executed in mainline code, that is, where
777 there was no subroutine call to return out of. See L<perlsub>.
779 =item Can't stat script "%s"
781 (P) For some reason you can't fstat() the script even though you have
782 it open already. Bizarre.
784 =item Can't swap uid and euid
786 (P) The setreuid() call failed for some reason in the setuid emulator
789 =item Can't take log of %g
791 (F) For ordinary real numbers, you can't take the logarithm of a
792 negative number or zero. There's a Math::Complex package that comes
793 standard with Perl, though, if you really want to do that for
794 the negative numbers.
796 =item Can't take sqrt of %g
798 (F) For ordinary real numbers, you can't take the square root of a
799 negative number. There's a Math::Complex package that comes standard
800 with Perl, though, if you really want to do that.
802 =item Can't undef active subroutine
804 (F) You can't undefine a routine that's currently running. You can,
805 however, redefine it while it's running, and you can even undef the
806 redefined subroutine while the old routine is running. Go figure.
810 (F) You tried to unshift an "unreal" array that can't be unshifted, such
811 as the main Perl stack.
813 =item Can't upgrade that kind of scalar
815 (P) The internal sv_upgrade routine adds "members" to an SV, making
816 it into a more specialized kind of SV. The top several SV types are
817 so specialized, however, that they cannot be interconverted. This
818 message indicates that such a conversion was attempted.
820 =item Can't upgrade to undef
822 (P) The undefined SV is the bottom of the totem pole, in the scheme
823 of upgradability. Upgrading to undef indicates an error in the
824 code calling sv_upgrade.
826 =item Can't use "my %s" in sort comparison
828 (F) The global variables $a and $b are reserved for sort comparisons.
829 You mentioned $a or $b in the same line as the E<lt>=E<gt> or cmp operator,
830 and the variable had earlier been declared as a lexical variable.
831 Either qualify the sort variable with the package name, or rename the
834 =item Can't use %s for loop variable
836 (F) Only a simple scalar variable may be used as a loop variable on a foreach.
838 =item Can't use %s ref as %s ref
840 (F) You've mixed up your reference types. You have to dereference a
841 reference of the type needed. You can use the ref() function to
842 test the type of the reference, if need be.
844 =item Can't use \1 to mean $1 in expression
846 (W) In an ordinary expression, backslash is a unary operator that creates
847 a reference to its argument. The use of backslash to indicate a backreference
848 to a matched substring is valid only as part of a regular expression pattern.
849 Trying to do this in ordinary Perl code produces a value that prints
850 out looking like SCALAR(0xdecaf). Use the $1 form instead.
852 =item Can't use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while \"strict refs\" in use
854 (F) Only hard references are allowed by "strict refs". Symbolic references
855 are disallowed. See L<perlref>.
857 =item Can't use string ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in use
859 (F) Only hard references are allowed by "strict refs". Symbolic references
860 are disallowed. See L<perlref>.
862 =item Can't use an undefined value as %s reference
864 (F) A value used as either a hard reference or a symbolic reference must
865 be a defined value. This helps to delurk some insidious errors.
867 =item Can't use global %s in "my"
869 (F) You tried to declare a magical variable as a lexical variable. This is
870 not allowed, because the magic can be tied to only one location (namely
871 the global variable) and it would be incredibly confusing to have
872 variables in your program that looked like magical variables but
875 =item Can't use subscript on %s
877 (F) The compiler tried to interpret a bracketed expression as a
878 subscript. But to the left of the brackets was an expression that
879 didn't look like an array reference, or anything else subscriptable.
881 =item Can't write to temp file for B<-e>: %s
883 (F) The write routine failed for some reason while trying to process
884 a B<-e> switch. Maybe your /tmp partition is full, or clobbered.
886 =item Can't x= to read-only value
888 (F) You tried to repeat a constant value (often the undefined value) with
889 an assignment operator, which implies modifying the value itself.
890 Perhaps you need to copy the value to a temporary, and repeat that.
892 =item Cannot create temporary file "%s"
894 (F) A temporary file could not created for some reason while trying to
895 process a B<-e> switch. Maybe your temporary file partition is full,
896 or over-protected, or clobbered.
898 =item Cannot find an opnumber for "%s"
900 (F) A string of a form C<CORE::word> was given to prototype(), but
901 there is no builtin with the name C<word>.
903 =item Cannot generate temporary filename
905 (F) While trying to process a B<-e> switch, a filename for a temporary
906 file could not be generated. Maybe your temporary file partition is
907 full, or over-protected, or clobbered.
909 =item Cannot resolve method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s'
911 (F|P) Error resolving overloading specified by a method name (as
912 opposed to a subroutine reference): no such method callable via the
913 package. If method name is C<???>, this is an internal error.
915 =item Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions
917 (W) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax beginning
918 with "[." and ending with ".]" is reserved for future extensions.
919 If you need to represent those character sequences inside a regular
920 expression character class, just quote the square brackets with the
921 backslash: "\[." and ".\]".
923 =item Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions
925 (W) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax beginning
926 with "[:" and ending with ":]" is reserved for future extensions.
927 If you need to represent those character sequences inside a regular
928 expression character class, just quote the square brackets with the
929 backslash: "\[:" and ":\]".
931 =item Character class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions
933 (W) Within regular expression character classes ([]) the syntax
934 beginning with "[=" and ending with "=]" is reserved for future extensions.
935 If you need to represent those character sequences inside a regular
936 expression character class, just quote the square brackets with the
937 backslash: "\[=" and "=\]".
939 =item chmod: mode argument is missing initial 0
941 (W) A novice will sometimes say
945 not realizing that 777 will be interpreted as a decimal number, equivalent
946 to 01411. Octal constants are introduced with a leading 0 in Perl, as in C.
948 =item Close on unopened file E<lt>%sE<gt>
950 (W) You tried to close a filehandle that was never opened.
952 =item Compilation failed in require
954 (F) Perl could not compile a file specified in a C<require> statement.
955 Perl uses this generic message when none of the errors that it encountered
956 were severe enough to halt compilation immediately.
958 =item connect() on closed fd
960 (W) You tried to do a connect on a closed socket. Did you forget to check
961 the return value of your socket() call? See L<perlfunc/connect>.
963 =item Constant subroutine %s redefined
965 (S) You redefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for
966 inlining. See L<perlsub/"Constant Functions"> for commentary and
969 =item Constant subroutine %s undefined
971 (S) You undefined a subroutine which had previously been eligible for
972 inlining. See L<perlsub/"Constant Functions"> for commentary and
975 =item Copy method did not return a reference
977 (F) The method which overloads "=" is buggy. See L<overload/Copy Constructor>.
979 =item Corrupt malloc ptr 0x%lx at 0x%lx
981 (P) The malloc package that comes with Perl had an internal failure.
983 =item corrupted regexp pointers
985 (P) The regular expression engine got confused by what the regular
986 expression compiler gave it.
988 =item corrupted regexp program
990 (P) The regular expression engine got passed a regexp program without
991 a valid magic number.
993 =item Deep recursion on subroutine "%s"
995 (W) This subroutine has called itself (directly or indirectly) 100
996 times more than it has returned. This probably indicates an infinite
997 recursion, unless you're writing strange benchmark programs, in which
998 case it indicates something else.
1000 =item Delimiter for here document is too long
1002 (F) In a here document construct like C<E<lt>E<lt>FOO>, the label
1003 C<FOO> is too long for Perl to handle. You have to be seriously
1004 twisted to write code that triggers this error.
1006 =item Did you mean &%s instead?
1008 (W) You probably referred to an imported subroutine &FOO as $FOO or some such.
1010 =item Did you mean $ or @ instead of %?
1012 (W) You probably said %hash{$key} when you meant $hash{$key} or @hash{@keys}.
1013 On the other hand, maybe you just meant %hash and got carried away.
1017 (F) You passed die() an empty string (the equivalent of C<die "">) or
1018 you called it with no args and both C<$@> and C<$_> were empty.
1020 =item Do you need to predeclare %s?
1022 (S) This is an educated guess made in conjunction with the message "%s
1023 found where operator expected". It often means a subroutine or module
1024 name is being referenced that hasn't been declared yet. This may be
1025 because of ordering problems in your file, or because of a missing
1026 "sub", "package", "require", or "use" statement. If you're
1027 referencing something that isn't defined yet, you don't actually have
1028 to define the subroutine or package before the current location. You
1029 can use an empty "sub foo;" or "package FOO;" to enter a "forward"
1032 =item Don't know how to handle magic of type '%s'
1034 (P) The internal handling of magical variables has been cursed.
1036 =item do_study: out of memory
1038 (P) This should have been caught by safemalloc() instead.
1040 =item Duplicate free() ignored
1042 (S) An internal routine called free() on something that had already
1045 =item elseif should be elsif
1047 (S) There is no keyword "elseif" in Perl because Larry thinks it's
1048 ugly. Your code will be interpreted as an attempt to call a method
1049 named "elseif" for the class returned by the following block. This is
1050 unlikely to be what you want.
1052 =item END failed--cleanup aborted
1054 (F) An untrapped exception was raised while executing an END subroutine.
1055 The interpreter is immediately exited.
1057 =item Error converting file specification %s
1059 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Because Perl may have to deal with file
1060 specifications in either VMS or Unix syntax, it converts them to a
1061 single form when it must operate on them directly. Either you've
1062 passed an invalid file specification to Perl, or you've found a
1063 case the conversion routines don't handle. Drat.
1065 =item Excessively long <> operator
1067 (F) The contents of a <> operator may not exceed the maximum size of a
1068 Perl identifier. If you're just trying to glob a long list of
1069 filenames, try using the glob() operator, or put the filenames into a
1070 variable and glob that.
1072 =item Execution of %s aborted due to compilation errors
1074 (F) The final summary message when a Perl compilation fails.
1076 =item Exiting eval via %s
1078 (W) You are exiting an eval by unconventional means, such as
1079 a goto, or a loop control statement.
1081 =item Exiting pseudo-block via %s
1083 (W) You are exiting a rather special block construct (like a sort block or
1084 subroutine) by unconventional means, such as a goto, or a loop control
1085 statement. See L<perlfunc/sort>.
1087 =item Exiting subroutine via %s
1089 (W) You are exiting a subroutine by unconventional means, such as
1090 a goto, or a loop control statement.
1092 =item Exiting substitution via %s
1094 (W) You are exiting a substitution by unconventional means, such as
1095 a return, a goto, or a loop control statement.
1097 =item Explicit blessing to '' (assuming package main)
1099 (W) You are blessing a reference to a zero length string. This has
1100 the effect of blessing the reference into the package main. This is
1101 usually not what you want. Consider providing a default target
1102 package, e.g. bless($ref, $p or 'MyPackage');
1104 =item Fatal VMS error at %s, line %d
1106 (P) An error peculiar to VMS. Something untoward happened in a VMS system
1107 service or RTL routine; Perl's exit status should provide more details. The
1108 filename in "at %s" and the line number in "line %d" tell you which section of
1109 the Perl source code is distressed.
1111 =item fcntl is not implemented
1113 (F) Your machine apparently doesn't implement fcntl(). What is this, a
1114 PDP-11 or something?
1116 =item Filehandle %s never opened
1118 (W) An I/O operation was attempted on a filehandle that was never initialized.
1119 You need to do an open() or a socket() call, or call a constructor from
1120 the FileHandle package.
1122 =item Filehandle %s opened for only input
1124 (W) You tried to write on a read-only filehandle. If you
1125 intended it to be a read-write filehandle, you needed to open it with
1126 "+E<lt>" or "+E<gt>" or "+E<gt>E<gt>" instead of with "E<lt>" or nothing. If
1127 you intended only to write the file, use "E<gt>" or "E<gt>E<gt>". See
1130 =item Filehandle opened for only input
1132 (W) You tried to write on a read-only filehandle. If you
1133 intended it to be a read-write filehandle, you needed to open it with
1134 "+E<lt>" or "+E<gt>" or "+E<gt>E<gt>" instead of with "E<lt>" or nothing. If
1135 you intended only to write the file, use "E<gt>" or "E<gt>E<gt>". See
1138 =item Final $ should be \$ or $name
1140 (F) You must now decide whether the final $ in a string was meant to be
1141 a literal dollar sign, or was meant to introduce a variable name
1142 that happens to be missing. So you have to put either the backslash or
1145 =item Final @ should be \@ or @name
1147 (F) You must now decide whether the final @ in a string was meant to be
1148 a literal "at" sign, or was meant to introduce a variable name
1149 that happens to be missing. So you have to put either the backslash or
1152 =item Format %s redefined
1154 (W) You redefined a format. To suppress this warning, say
1158 eval "format NAME =...";
1161 =item Format not terminated
1163 (F) A format must be terminated by a line with a solitary dot. Perl got
1164 to the end of your file without finding such a line.
1166 =item Found = in conditional, should be ==
1176 (or something like that).
1178 =item gdbm store returned %d, errno %d, key "%s"
1180 (S) A warning from the GDBM_File extension that a store failed.
1182 =item gethostent not implemented
1184 (F) Your C library apparently doesn't implement gethostent(), probably
1185 because if it did, it'd feel morally obligated to return every hostname
1188 =item get{sock,peer}name() on closed fd
1190 (W) You tried to get a socket or peer socket name on a closed socket.
1191 Did you forget to check the return value of your socket() call?
1193 =item getpwnam returned invalid UIC %#o for user "%s"
1195 (S) A warning peculiar to VMS. The call to C<sys$getuai> underlying the
1196 C<getpwnam> operator returned an invalid UIC.
1199 =item Glob not terminated
1201 (F) The lexer saw a left angle bracket in a place where it was expecting
1202 a term, so it's looking for the corresponding right angle bracket, and not
1203 finding it. Chances are you left some needed parentheses out earlier in
1204 the line, and you really meant a "less than".
1206 =item Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name
1208 (F) You've said "use strict vars", which indicates that all variables
1209 must either be lexically scoped (using "my"), or explicitly qualified to
1210 say which package the global variable is in (using "::").
1212 =item goto must have label
1214 (F) Unlike with "next" or "last", you're not allowed to goto an
1215 unspecified destination. See L<perlfunc/goto>.
1217 =item Had to create %s unexpectedly
1219 (S) A routine asked for a symbol from a symbol table that ought to have
1220 existed already, but for some reason it didn't, and had to be created on
1221 an emergency basis to prevent a core dump.
1223 =item Hash %%s missing the % in argument %d of %s()
1225 (D) Really old Perl let you omit the % on hash names in some spots. This
1226 is now heavily deprecated.
1228 =item Identifier too long
1230 (F) Perl limits identifiers (names for variables, functions, etc.) to
1231 about 250 characters for simple names, and somewhat more for compound
1232 names (like C<$A::B>). You've exceeded Perl's limits. Future
1233 versions of Perl are likely to eliminate these arbitrary limitations.
1235 =item Ill-formed logical name |%s| in prime_env_iter
1237 (W) A warning peculiar to VMS. A logical name was encountered when preparing
1238 to iterate over %ENV which violates the syntactic rules governing logical
1239 names. Because it cannot be translated normally, it is skipped, and will not
1240 appear in %ENV. This may be a benign occurrence, as some software packages
1241 might directly modify logical name tables and introduce nonstandard names,
1242 or it may indicate that a logical name table has been corrupted.
1244 =item Illegal character %s (carriage return)
1246 (F) A carriage return character was found in the input. This is an
1247 error, and not a warning, because carriage return characters can break
1248 multi-line strings, including here documents (e.g., C<print E<lt>E<lt>EOF;>).
1250 Under Unix, this error is usually caused by executing Perl code --
1251 either the main program, a module, or an eval'd string -- that was
1252 transferred over a network connection from a non-Unix system without
1253 properly converting the text file format.
1255 Under systems that use something other than '\n' to delimit lines of
1256 text, this error can also be caused by reading Perl code from a file
1257 handle that is in binary mode (as set by the C<binmode> operator).
1259 In either case, the Perl code in question will probably need to be
1260 converted with something like C<s/\x0D\x0A?/\n/g> before it can be
1263 =item Illegal division by zero
1265 (F) You tried to divide a number by 0. Either something was wrong in your
1266 logic, or you need to put a conditional in to guard against meaningless input.
1268 =item Illegal modulus zero
1270 (F) You tried to divide a number by 0 to get the remainder. Most numbers
1271 don't take to this kindly.
1273 =item Illegal octal digit
1275 (F) You used an 8 or 9 in a octal number.
1277 =item Illegal octal digit ignored
1279 (W) You may have tried to use an 8 or 9 in a octal number. Interpretation
1280 of the octal number stopped before the 8 or 9.
1282 =item Illegal hex digit ignored
1284 (W) You may have tried to use a character other than 0 - 9 or A - F in a
1285 hexadecimal number. Interpretation of the hexadecimal number stopped
1286 before the illegal character.
1288 =item Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: %s
1290 (X) The PERL5OPT environment variable may only be used to set the
1291 following switches: B<-[DIMUdmw]>.
1293 =item In string, @%s now must be written as \@%s
1295 (F) It used to be that Perl would try to guess whether you wanted an
1296 array interpolated or a literal @. It did this when the string was first
1297 used at runtime. Now strings are parsed at compile time, and ambiguous
1298 instances of @ must be disambiguated, either by prepending a backslash to
1299 indicate a literal, or by declaring (or using) the array within the
1300 program before the string (lexically). (Someday it will simply assume
1301 that an unbackslashed @ interpolates an array.)
1303 =item Insecure dependency in %s
1305 (F) You tried to do something that the tainting mechanism didn't like.
1306 The tainting mechanism is turned on when you're running setuid or setgid,
1307 or when you specify B<-T> to turn it on explicitly. The tainting mechanism
1308 labels all data that's derived directly or indirectly from the user,
1309 who is considered to be unworthy of your trust. If any such data is
1310 used in a "dangerous" operation, you get this error. See L<perlsec>
1311 for more information.
1313 =item Insecure directory in %s
1315 (F) You can't use system(), exec(), or a piped open in a setuid or setgid
1316 script if C<$ENV{PATH}> contains a directory that is writable by the world.
1321 (F) You can't use system(), exec(), or a piped open in a setuid or
1322 setgid script if C<$ENV{PATH}> is derived from data supplied (or
1323 potentially supplied) by the user. The script must set the path to a
1324 known value, using trustworthy data. See L<perlsec>.
1326 =item Integer overflow in hex number
1328 (S) The literal hex number you have specified is too big for your
1329 architecture. On a 32-bit architecture the largest hex literal is
1332 =item Integer overflow in octal number
1334 (S) The literal octal number you have specified is too big for your
1335 architecture. On a 32-bit architecture the largest octal literal is
1338 =item Internal inconsistency in tracking vforks
1340 (S) A warning peculiar to VMS. Perl keeps track of the number
1341 of times you've called C<fork> and C<exec>, to determine
1342 whether the current call to C<exec> should affect the current
1343 script or a subprocess (see L<perlvms/exec>). Somehow, this count
1344 has become scrambled, so Perl is making a guess and treating
1345 this C<exec> as a request to terminate the Perl script
1346 and execute the specified command.
1348 =item internal disaster in regexp
1350 (P) Something went badly wrong in the regular expression parser.
1352 =item internal error: glob failed
1354 (P) Something went wrong with the external program(s) used for C<glob>
1355 and C<E<lt>*.cE<gt>>. This may mean that your csh (C shell) is
1356 broken. If so, you should change all of the csh-related variables in
1357 config.sh: If you have tcsh, make the variables refer to it as if it
1358 were csh (e.g. C<full_csh='/usr/bin/tcsh'>); otherwise, make them all
1359 empty (except that C<d_csh> should be C<'undef'>) so that Perl will
1360 think csh is missing. In either case, after editing config.sh, run
1361 C<./Configure -S> and rebuild Perl.
1363 =item internal urp in regexp at /%s/
1365 (P) Something went badly awry in the regular expression parser.
1367 =item invalid [] range in regexp
1369 (F) The range specified in a character class had a minimum character
1370 greater than the maximum character. See L<perlre>.
1372 =item Invalid conversion in %s: "%s"
1374 (W) Perl does not understand the given format conversion.
1375 See L<perlfunc/sprintf>.
1377 =item Invalid type in pack: '%s'
1379 (F) The given character is not a valid pack type. See L<perlfunc/pack>.
1380 (W) The given character is not a valid pack type but used to be silently
1383 =item Invalid type in unpack: '%s'
1385 (F) The given character is not a valid unpack type. See L<perlfunc/unpack>.
1386 (W) The given character is not a valid unpack type but used to be silently
1389 =item ioctl is not implemented
1391 (F) Your machine apparently doesn't implement ioctl(), which is pretty
1392 strange for a machine that supports C.
1394 =item junk on end of regexp
1396 (P) The regular expression parser is confused.
1398 =item Label not found for "last %s"
1400 (F) You named a loop to break out of, but you're not currently in a
1401 loop of that name, not even if you count where you were called from.
1402 See L<perlfunc/last>.
1404 =item Label not found for "next %s"
1406 (F) You named a loop to continue, but you're not currently in a loop of
1407 that name, not even if you count where you were called from. See
1410 =item Label not found for "redo %s"
1412 (F) You named a loop to restart, but you're not currently in a loop of
1413 that name, not even if you count where you were called from. See
1416 =item listen() on closed fd
1418 (W) You tried to do a listen on a closed socket. Did you forget to check
1419 the return value of your socket() call? See L<perlfunc/listen>.
1421 =item Method for operation %s not found in package %s during blessing
1423 (F) An attempt was made to specify an entry in an overloading table that
1424 doesn't resolve to a valid subroutine. See L<overload>.
1426 =item Might be a runaway multi-line %s string starting on line %d
1428 (S) An advisory indicating that the previous error may have been caused
1429 by a missing delimiter on a string or pattern, because it eventually
1430 ended earlier on the current line.
1432 =item Misplaced _ in number
1434 (W) An underline in a decimal constant wasn't on a 3-digit boundary.
1436 =item Missing $ on loop variable
1438 (F) Apparently you've been programming in B<csh> too much. Variables are always
1439 mentioned with the $ in Perl, unlike in the shells, where it can vary from
1440 one line to the next.
1442 =item Missing comma after first argument to %s function
1444 (F) While certain functions allow you to specify a filehandle or an
1445 "indirect object" before the argument list, this ain't one of them.
1447 =item Missing operator before %s?
1449 (S) This is an educated guess made in conjunction with the message "%s
1450 found where operator expected". Often the missing operator is a comma.
1452 =item Missing right bracket
1454 (F) The lexer counted more opening curly brackets (braces) than closing ones.
1455 As a general rule, you'll find it's missing near the place you were last
1458 =item Modification of a read-only value attempted
1460 (F) You tried, directly or indirectly, to change the value of a
1461 constant. You didn't, of course, try "2 = 1", because the compiler
1462 catches that. But an easy way to do the same thing is:
1464 sub mod { $_[0] = 1 }
1467 Another way is to assign to a substr() that's off the end of the string.
1469 =item Modification of noncreatable array value attempted, subscript %d
1471 (F) You tried to make an array value spring into existence, and the
1472 subscript was probably negative, even counting from end of the array
1475 =item Modification of noncreatable hash value attempted, subscript "%s"
1477 (F) You tried to make a hash value spring into existence, and it couldn't
1478 be created for some peculiar reason.
1480 =item Module name must be constant
1482 (F) Only a bare module name is allowed as the first argument to a "use".
1484 =item msg%s not implemented
1486 (F) You don't have System V message IPC on your system.
1488 =item Multidimensional syntax %s not supported
1490 (W) Multidimensional arrays aren't written like C<$foo[1,2,3]>. They're written
1491 like C<$foo[1][2][3]>, as in C.
1493 =item Name "%s::%s" used only once: possible typo
1495 (W) Typographical errors often show up as unique variable names.
1496 If you had a good reason for having a unique name, then just mention
1497 it again somehow to suppress the message. The C<use vars> pragma is
1498 provided for just this purpose.
1500 =item Negative length
1502 (F) You tried to do a read/write/send/recv operation with a buffer length
1503 that is less than 0. This is difficult to imagine.
1505 =item nested *?+ in regexp
1507 (F) You can't quantify a quantifier without intervening parentheses. So
1508 things like ** or +* or ?* are illegal.
1510 Note, however, that the minimal matching quantifiers, C<*?>, C<+?>, and C<??> appear
1511 to be nested quantifiers, but aren't. See L<perlre>.
1515 (F) The setuid emulator requires that scripts have a well-formed #! line
1516 even on machines that don't support the #! construct.
1518 =item No %s allowed while running setuid
1520 (F) Certain operations are deemed to be too insecure for a setuid or setgid
1521 script to even be allowed to attempt. Generally speaking there will be
1522 another way to do what you want that is, if not secure, at least securable.
1525 =item No B<-e> allowed in setuid scripts
1527 (F) A setuid script can't be specified by the user.
1529 =item No comma allowed after %s
1531 (F) A list operator that has a filehandle or "indirect object" is not
1532 allowed to have a comma between that and the following arguments.
1533 Otherwise it'd be just another one of the arguments.
1535 One possible cause for this is that you expected to have imported a
1536 constant to your name space with B<use> or B<import> while no such
1537 importing took place, it may for example be that your operating system
1538 does not support that particular constant. Hopefully you did use an
1539 explicit import list for the constants you expect to see, please see
1540 L<perlfunc/use> and L<perlfunc/import>. While an explicit import list
1541 would probably have caught this error earlier it naturally does not
1542 remedy the fact that your operating system still does not support that
1543 constant. Maybe you have a typo in the constants of the symbol import
1544 list of B<use> or B<import> or in the constant name at the line where
1545 this error was triggered?
1547 =item No command into which to pipe on command line
1549 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection,
1550 and found a '|' at the end of the command line, so it doesn't know where you
1551 want to pipe the output from this command.
1553 =item No DB::DB routine defined
1555 (F) The currently executing code was compiled with the B<-d> switch,
1556 but for some reason the perl5db.pl file (or some facsimile thereof)
1557 didn't define a routine to be called at the beginning of each
1558 statement. Which is odd, because the file should have been required
1559 automatically, and should have blown up the require if it didn't parse
1562 =item No dbm on this machine
1564 (P) This is counted as an internal error, because every machine should
1565 supply dbm nowadays, because Perl comes with SDBM. See L<SDBM_File>.
1567 =item No DBsub routine
1569 (F) The currently executing code was compiled with the B<-d> switch,
1570 but for some reason the perl5db.pl file (or some facsimile thereof)
1571 didn't define a DB::sub routine to be called at the beginning of each
1572 ordinary subroutine call.
1574 =item No error file after 2E<gt> or 2E<gt>E<gt> on command line
1576 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection,
1577 and found a '2E<gt>' or a '2E<gt>E<gt>' on the command line, but can't find
1578 the name of the file to which to write data destined for stderr.
1580 =item No input file after E<lt> on command line
1582 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection,
1583 and found a 'E<lt>' on the command line, but can't find the name of the file
1584 from which to read data for stdin.
1586 =item No output file after E<gt> on command line
1588 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection,
1589 and found a lone 'E<gt>' at the end of the command line, so it doesn't know
1590 where you wanted to redirect stdout.
1592 =item No output file after E<gt> or E<gt>E<gt> on command line
1594 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl handles its own command line redirection,
1595 and found a 'E<gt>' or a 'E<gt>E<gt>' on the command line, but can't find the
1596 name of the file to which to write data destined for stdout.
1598 =item No Perl script found in input
1600 (F) You called C<perl -x>, but no line was found in the file beginning
1601 with #! and containing the word "perl".
1603 =item No setregid available
1605 (F) Configure didn't find anything resembling the setregid() call for
1608 =item No setreuid available
1610 (F) Configure didn't find anything resembling the setreuid() call for
1613 =item No space allowed after B<-I>
1615 (F) The argument to B<-I> must follow the B<-I> immediately with no
1618 =item No such pipe open
1620 (P) An error peculiar to VMS. The internal routine my_pclose() tried to
1621 close a pipe which hadn't been opened. This should have been caught earlier as
1622 an attempt to close an unopened filehandle.
1624 =item No such signal: SIG%s
1626 (W) You specified a signal name as a subscript to %SIG that was not recognized.
1627 Say C<kill -l> in your shell to see the valid signal names on your system.
1629 =item Not a CODE reference
1631 (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a code value (that is, a
1632 subroutine), but found a reference to something else instead. You can
1633 use the ref() function to find out what kind of ref it really was.
1634 See also L<perlref>.
1636 =item Not a format reference
1638 (F) I'm not sure how you managed to generate a reference to an anonymous
1639 format, but this indicates you did, and that it didn't exist.
1641 =item Not a GLOB reference
1643 (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a "typeglob" (that is,
1644 a symbol table entry that looks like C<*foo>), but found a reference to
1645 something else instead. You can use the ref() function to find out
1646 what kind of ref it really was. See L<perlref>.
1648 =item Not a HASH reference
1650 (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a hash value, but
1651 found a reference to something else instead. You can use the ref()
1652 function to find out what kind of ref it really was. See L<perlref>.
1654 =item Not a perl script
1656 (F) The setuid emulator requires that scripts have a well-formed #! line
1657 even on machines that don't support the #! construct. The line must
1660 =item Not a SCALAR reference
1662 (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a scalar value, but
1663 found a reference to something else instead. You can use the ref()
1664 function to find out what kind of ref it really was. See L<perlref>.
1666 =item Not a subroutine reference
1668 (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to a code value (that is, a
1669 subroutine), but found a reference to something else instead. You can
1670 use the ref() function to find out what kind of ref it really was.
1671 See also L<perlref>.
1673 =item Not a subroutine reference in overload table
1675 (F) An attempt was made to specify an entry in an overloading table that
1676 doesn't somehow point to a valid subroutine. See L<overload>.
1678 =item Not an ARRAY reference
1680 (F) Perl was trying to evaluate a reference to an array value, but
1681 found a reference to something else instead. You can use the ref()
1682 function to find out what kind of ref it really was. See L<perlref>.
1684 =item Not enough arguments for %s
1686 (F) The function requires more arguments than you specified.
1688 =item Not enough format arguments
1690 (W) A format specified more picture fields than the next line supplied.
1693 =item Null filename used
1695 (F) You can't require the null filename, especially because on many machines
1696 that means the current directory! See L<perlfunc/require>.
1698 =item Null picture in formline
1700 (F) The first argument to formline must be a valid format picture
1701 specification. It was found to be empty, which probably means you
1702 supplied it an uninitialized value. See L<perlform>.
1704 =item NULL OP IN RUN
1706 (P) Some internal routine called run() with a null opcode pointer.
1710 (P) An attempt was made to realloc NULL.
1712 =item NULL regexp argument
1714 (P) The internal pattern matching routines blew it big time.
1716 =item NULL regexp parameter
1718 (P) The internal pattern matching routines are out of their gourd.
1720 =item Number too long
1722 (F) Perl limits the representation of decimal numbers in programs to about
1723 about 250 characters. You've exceeded that length. Future versions of
1724 Perl are likely to eliminate this arbitrary limitation. In the meantime,
1725 try using scientific notation (e.g. "1e6" instead of "1_000_000").
1727 =item Odd number of elements in hash assignment
1729 (S) You specified an odd number of elements to initialize a hash, which
1730 is odd, because hashes come in key/value pairs.
1732 =item Offset outside string
1734 (F) You tried to do a read/write/send/recv operation with an offset
1735 pointing outside the buffer. This is difficult to imagine.
1736 The sole exception to this is that C<sysread()>ing past the buffer
1737 will extend the buffer and zero pad the new area.
1741 (S) An internal warning that the grammar is screwed up.
1745 (S) An internal warning that the grammar is screwed up.
1747 =item Operation `%s': no method found,%s
1749 (F) An attempt was made to perform an overloaded operation for which
1750 no handler was defined. While some handlers can be autogenerated in
1751 terms of other handlers, there is no default handler for any
1752 operation, unless C<fallback> overloading key is specified to be
1753 true. See L<overload>.
1755 =item Operator or semicolon missing before %s
1757 (S) You used a variable or subroutine call where the parser was
1758 expecting an operator. The parser has assumed you really meant
1759 to use an operator, but this is highly likely to be incorrect.
1760 For example, if you say "*foo *foo" it will be interpreted as
1761 if you said "*foo * 'foo'".
1763 =item Out of memory for yacc stack
1765 (F) The yacc parser wanted to grow its stack so it could continue parsing,
1766 but realloc() wouldn't give it more memory, virtual or otherwise.
1768 =item Out of memory!
1770 (X|F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient
1771 remaining memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request.
1773 The request was judged to be small, so the possibility to trap it
1774 depends on the way perl was compiled. By default it is not trappable.
1775 However, if compiled for this, Perl may use the contents of C<$^M> as
1776 an emergency pool after die()ing with this message. In this case the
1777 error is trappable I<once>.
1779 =item Out of memory during request for %s
1781 (F) The malloc() function returned 0, indicating there was insufficient
1782 remaining memory (or virtual memory) to satisfy the request. However,
1783 the request was judged large enough (compile-time default is 64K), so
1784 a possibility to shut down by trapping this error is granted.
1788 (W) A single call to write() produced more lines than can fit on a page.
1791 =item panic: ck_grep
1793 (P) Failed an internal consistency check trying to compile a grep.
1795 =item panic: ck_split
1797 (P) Failed an internal consistency check trying to compile a split.
1799 =item panic: corrupt saved stack index
1801 (P) The savestack was requested to restore more localized values than there
1802 are in the savestack.
1806 (P) We popped the context stack to an eval context, and then discovered
1807 it wasn't an eval context.
1809 =item panic: do_match
1811 (P) The internal pp_match() routine was called with invalid operational data.
1813 =item panic: do_split
1815 (P) Something terrible went wrong in setting up for the split.
1817 =item panic: do_subst
1819 (P) The internal pp_subst() routine was called with invalid operational data.
1821 =item panic: do_trans
1823 (P) The internal do_trans() routine was called with invalid operational data.
1827 (P) The library function frexp() failed, making printf("%f") impossible.
1831 (P) We popped the context stack to a context with the specified label,
1832 and then discovered it wasn't a context we know how to do a goto in.
1834 =item panic: INTERPCASEMOD
1836 (P) The lexer got into a bad state at a case modifier.
1838 =item panic: INTERPCONCAT
1840 (P) The lexer got into a bad state parsing a string with brackets.
1844 (P) We popped the context stack to a block context, and then discovered
1845 it wasn't a block context.
1847 =item panic: leave_scope clearsv
1849 (P) A writable lexical variable became read-only somehow within the scope.
1851 =item panic: leave_scope inconsistency
1853 (P) The savestack probably got out of sync. At least, there was an
1854 invalid enum on the top of it.
1858 (P) Something requested a negative number of bytes of malloc.
1860 =item panic: mapstart
1862 (P) The compiler is screwed up with respect to the map() function.
1864 =item panic: null array
1866 (P) One of the internal array routines was passed a null AV pointer.
1868 =item panic: pad_alloc
1870 (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating
1871 and freeing temporaries and lexicals from.
1873 =item panic: pad_free curpad
1875 (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating
1876 and freeing temporaries and lexicals from.
1878 =item panic: pad_free po
1880 (P) An invalid scratch pad offset was detected internally.
1882 =item panic: pad_reset curpad
1884 (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating
1885 and freeing temporaries and lexicals from.
1887 =item panic: pad_sv po
1889 (P) An invalid scratch pad offset was detected internally.
1891 =item panic: pad_swipe curpad
1893 (P) The compiler got confused about which scratch pad it was allocating
1894 and freeing temporaries and lexicals from.
1896 =item panic: pad_swipe po
1898 (P) An invalid scratch pad offset was detected internally.
1900 =item panic: pp_iter
1902 (P) The foreach iterator got called in a non-loop context frame.
1904 =item panic: realloc
1906 (P) Something requested a negative number of bytes of realloc.
1908 =item panic: restartop
1910 (P) Some internal routine requested a goto (or something like it), and
1911 didn't supply the destination.
1915 (P) We popped the context stack to a subroutine or eval context, and
1916 then discovered it wasn't a subroutine or eval context.
1918 =item panic: scan_num
1920 (P) scan_num() got called on something that wasn't a number.
1922 =item panic: sv_insert
1924 (P) The sv_insert() routine was told to remove more string than there
1927 =item panic: top_env
1929 (P) The compiler attempted to do a goto, or something weird like that.
1933 (P) The lexer got into a bad state while processing a case modifier.
1935 =item Parentheses missing around "%s" list
1937 (W) You said something like
1943 my ($foo, $bar) = @_;
1945 Remember that "my" and "local" bind closer than comma.
1947 =item Perl %3.3f required--this is only version %s, stopped
1949 (F) The module in question uses features of a version of Perl more recent
1950 than the currently running version. How long has it been since you upgraded,
1951 anyway? See L<perlfunc/require>.
1953 =item Permission denied
1955 (F) The setuid emulator in suidperl decided you were up to no good.
1957 =item pid %d not a child
1959 (W) A warning peculiar to VMS. Waitpid() was asked to wait for a process which
1960 isn't a subprocess of the current process. While this is fine from VMS'
1961 perspective, it's probably not what you intended.
1963 =item POSIX getpgrp can't take an argument
1965 (F) Your C compiler uses POSIX getpgrp(), which takes no argument, unlike
1966 the BSD version, which takes a pid.
1968 =item Possible attempt to put comments in qw() list
1970 (W) qw() lists contain items separated by whitespace; as with literal
1971 strings, comment characters are not ignored, but are instead treated
1972 as literal data. (You may have used different delimiters than the
1973 parentheses shown here; braces are also frequently used.)
1975 You probably wrote something like this:
1982 when you should have written this:
1989 If you really want comments, build your list the
1990 old-fashioned way, with quotes and commas:
1994 'b', # another comment
1997 =item Possible attempt to separate words with commas
1999 (W) qw() lists contain items separated by whitespace; therefore commas
2000 aren't needed to separate the items. (You may have used different
2001 delimiters than the parentheses shown here; braces are also frequently
2004 You probably wrote something like this:
2008 which puts literal commas into some of the list items. Write it without
2009 commas if you don't want them to appear in your data:
2013 =item Possible memory corruption: %s overflowed 3rd argument
2015 (F) An ioctl() or fcntl() returned more than Perl was bargaining for.
2016 Perl guesses a reasonable buffer size, but puts a sentinel byte at the
2017 end of the buffer just in case. This sentinel byte got clobbered, and
2018 Perl assumes that memory is now corrupted. See L<perlfunc/ioctl>.
2020 =item Precedence problem: open %s should be open(%s)
2022 (S) The old irregular construct
2026 is now misinterpreted as
2030 because of the strict regularization of Perl 5's grammar into unary
2031 and list operators. (The old open was a little of both.) You must
2032 put parentheses around the filehandle, or use the new "or" operator
2035 =item print on closed filehandle %s
2037 (W) The filehandle you're printing on got itself closed sometime before now.
2038 Check your logic flow.
2040 =item printf on closed filehandle %s
2042 (W) The filehandle you're writing to got itself closed sometime before now.
2043 Check your logic flow.
2045 =item Probable precedence problem on %s
2047 (W) The compiler found a bareword where it expected a conditional,
2048 which often indicates that an || or && was parsed as part of the
2049 last argument of the previous construct, for example:
2053 =item Prototype mismatch: %s vs %s
2055 (S) The subroutine being declared or defined had previously been declared
2056 or defined with a different function prototype.
2058 =item Read on closed filehandle E<lt>%sE<gt>
2060 (W) The filehandle you're reading from got itself closed sometime before now.
2061 Check your logic flow.
2063 =item Reallocation too large: %lx
2065 (F) You can't allocate more than 64K on an MS-DOS machine.
2067 =item Recompile perl with B<-D>DEBUGGING to use B<-D> switch
2069 (F) You can't use the B<-D> option unless the code to produce the
2070 desired output is compiled into Perl, which entails some overhead,
2071 which is why it's currently left out of your copy.
2073 =item Recursive inheritance detected
2075 (F) More than 100 levels of inheritance were used. Probably indicates
2076 an unintended loop in your inheritance hierarchy.
2078 =item Reference found where even-sized list expected
2080 (W) You gave a single reference where Perl was expecting a list with
2081 an even number of elements (for assignment to a hash). This
2082 usually means that you used the anon hash constructor when you meant
2083 to use parens. In any case, a hash requires key/value B<pairs>.
2085 %hash = { one => 1, two => 2, }; # WRONG
2086 %hash = [ qw/ an anon array / ]; # WRONG
2087 %hash = ( one => 1, two => 2, ); # right
2088 %hash = qw( one 1 two 2 ); # also fine
2090 =item Reference found where even-sized list expected
2092 (W) You gave a single reference where Perl was expecting a list with
2093 an even number of elements (for assignment to a hash). This
2094 usually means that you used the anon hash constructor when you meant
2095 to use parens. In any case, a hash requires key/value B<pairs>.
2097 %hash = { one => 1, two => 2, }; # WRONG
2098 %hash = [ qw/ an anon array / ]; # WRONG
2099 %hash = ( one => 1, two => 2, ); # right
2100 %hash = qw( one 1 two 2 ); # also fine
2102 =item Reference miscount in sv_replace()
2104 (W) The internal sv_replace() function was handed a new SV with a
2105 reference count of other than 1.
2107 =item regexp *+ operand could be empty
2109 (F) The part of the regexp subject to either the * or + quantifier
2110 could match an empty string.
2112 =item regexp memory corruption
2114 (P) The regular expression engine got confused by what the regular
2115 expression compiler gave it.
2117 =item regexp out of space
2119 (P) A "can't happen" error, because safemalloc() should have caught it earlier.
2121 =item regexp too big
2123 (F) The current implementation of regular expressions uses shorts as
2124 address offsets within a string. Unfortunately this means that if
2125 the regular expression compiles to longer than 32767, it'll blow up.
2126 Usually when you want a regular expression this big, there is a better
2127 way to do it with multiple statements. See L<perlre>.
2129 =item Reversed %s= operator
2131 (W) You wrote your assignment operator backwards. The = must always
2132 comes last, to avoid ambiguity with subsequent unary operators.
2134 =item Runaway format
2136 (F) Your format contained the ~~ repeat-until-blank sequence, but it
2137 produced 200 lines at once, and the 200th line looked exactly like the
2138 199th line. Apparently you didn't arrange for the arguments to exhaust
2139 themselves, either by using ^ instead of @ (for scalar variables), or by
2140 shifting or popping (for array variables). See L<perlform>.
2142 =item Scalar value @%s[%s] better written as $%s[%s]
2144 (W) You've used an array slice (indicated by @) to select a single element of
2145 an array. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $).
2146 The difference is that C<$foo[&bar]> always behaves like a scalar, both when
2147 assigning to it and when evaluating its argument, while C<@foo[&bar]> behaves
2148 like a list when you assign to it, and provides a list context to its
2149 subscript, which can do weird things if you're expecting only one subscript.
2151 On the other hand, if you were actually hoping to treat the array
2152 element as a list, you need to look into how references work, because
2153 Perl will not magically convert between scalars and lists for you. See
2156 =item Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}
2158 (W) You've used a hash slice (indicated by @) to select a single element of
2159 a hash. Generally it's better to ask for a scalar value (indicated by $).
2160 The difference is that C<$foo{&bar}> always behaves like a scalar, both when
2161 assigning to it and when evaluating its argument, while C<@foo{&bar}> behaves
2162 like a list when you assign to it, and provides a list context to its
2163 subscript, which can do weird things if you're expecting only one subscript.
2165 On the other hand, if you were actually hoping to treat the hash
2166 element as a list, you need to look into how references work, because
2167 Perl will not magically convert between scalars and lists for you. See
2170 =item Script is not setuid/setgid in suidperl
2172 (F) Oddly, the suidperl program was invoked on a script without a setuid
2173 or setgid bit set. This doesn't make much sense.
2175 =item Search pattern not terminated
2177 (F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a // or m{}
2178 construct. Remember that bracketing delimiters count nesting level.
2179 Missing the leading C<$> from a variable C<$m> may cause this error.
2181 =item %sseek() on unopened file
2183 (W) You tried to use the seek() or sysseek() function on a filehandle that
2184 was either never opened or has since been closed.
2186 =item select not implemented
2188 (F) This machine doesn't implement the select() system call.
2190 =item sem%s not implemented
2192 (F) You don't have System V semaphore IPC on your system.
2194 =item semi-panic: attempt to dup freed string
2196 (S) The internal newSVsv() routine was called to duplicate a scalar
2197 that had previously been marked as free.
2199 =item Semicolon seems to be missing
2201 (W) A nearby syntax error was probably caused by a missing semicolon,
2202 or possibly some other missing operator, such as a comma.
2204 =item Send on closed socket
2206 (W) The filehandle you're sending to got itself closed sometime before now.
2207 Check your logic flow.
2209 =item Sequence (? incomplete
2211 (F) A regular expression ended with an incomplete extension (?.
2214 =item Sequence (?#... not terminated
2216 (F) A regular expression comment must be terminated by a closing
2217 parenthesis. Embedded parentheses aren't allowed. See L<perlre>.
2219 =item Sequence (?%s...) not implemented
2221 (F) A proposed regular expression extension has the character reserved
2222 but has not yet been written. See L<perlre>.
2224 =item Sequence (?%s...) not recognized
2226 (F) You used a regular expression extension that doesn't make sense.
2231 Also known as "500 Server error".
2233 B<This is a CGI error, not a Perl error>.
2235 You need to make sure your script is executable, is accessible by the user
2236 CGI is running the script under (which is probably not the user account you
2237 tested it under), does not rely on any environment variables (like PATH)
2238 from the user it isn't running under, and isn't in a location where the CGI
2239 server can't find it, basically, more or less. Please see the following
2240 for more information:
2242 http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/idiots-guide.html
2243 http://www.perl.com/perl/faq/perl-cgi-faq.html
2244 ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/www/cgi-faq
2245 http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/interface.html
2246 http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/WWW/faqs/www-security-faq.html
2248 =item setegid() not implemented
2250 (F) You tried to assign to C<$)>, and your operating system doesn't support
2251 the setegid() system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't
2254 =item seteuid() not implemented
2256 (F) You tried to assign to C<$E<gt>>, and your operating system doesn't support
2257 the seteuid() system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't
2260 =item setrgid() not implemented
2262 (F) You tried to assign to C<$(>, and your operating system doesn't support
2263 the setrgid() system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't
2266 =item setruid() not implemented
2268 (F) You tried to assign to C<$E<lt>>, and your operating system doesn't support
2269 the setruid() system call (or equivalent), or at least Configure didn't
2272 =item Setuid/gid script is writable by world
2274 (F) The setuid emulator won't run a script that is writable by the world,
2275 because the world might have written on it already.
2277 =item shm%s not implemented
2279 (F) You don't have System V shared memory IPC on your system.
2281 =item shutdown() on closed fd
2283 (W) You tried to do a shutdown on a closed socket. Seems a bit superfluous.
2285 =item SIG%s handler "%s" not defined
2287 (W) The signal handler named in %SIG doesn't, in fact, exist. Perhaps you
2288 put it into the wrong package?
2290 =item sort is now a reserved word
2292 (F) An ancient error message that almost nobody ever runs into anymore.
2293 But before sort was a keyword, people sometimes used it as a filehandle.
2295 =item Sort subroutine didn't return a numeric value
2297 (F) A sort comparison routine must return a number. You probably blew
2298 it by not using C<E<lt>=E<gt>> or C<cmp>, or by not using them correctly.
2299 See L<perlfunc/sort>.
2301 =item Sort subroutine didn't return single value
2303 (F) A sort comparison subroutine may not return a list value with more
2304 or less than one element. See L<perlfunc/sort>.
2308 (P) The split was looping infinitely. (Obviously, a split shouldn't iterate
2309 more times than there are characters of input, which is what happened.)
2310 See L<perlfunc/split>.
2312 =item Stat on unopened file E<lt>%sE<gt>
2314 (W) You tried to use the stat() function (or an equivalent file test)
2315 on a filehandle that was either never opened or has since been closed.
2317 =item Statement unlikely to be reached
2319 (W) You did an exec() with some statement after it other than a die().
2320 This is almost always an error, because exec() never returns unless
2321 there was a failure. You probably wanted to use system() instead,
2322 which does return. To suppress this warning, put the exec() in a block
2325 =item Stub found while resolving method `%s' overloading `%s' in package `%s'
2327 (P) Overloading resolution over @ISA tree may be broken by importation stubs.
2328 Stubs should never be implicitely created, but explicit calls to C<can>
2331 =item Subroutine %s redefined
2333 (W) You redefined a subroutine. To suppress this warning, say
2337 eval "sub name { ... }";
2340 =item Substitution loop
2342 (P) The substitution was looping infinitely. (Obviously, a
2343 substitution shouldn't iterate more times than there are characters of
2344 input, which is what happened.) See the discussion of substitution in
2345 L<perlop/"Quote and Quote-like Operators">.
2347 =item Substitution pattern not terminated
2349 (F) The lexer couldn't find the interior delimiter of a s/// or s{}{}
2350 construct. Remember that bracketing delimiters count nesting level.
2351 Missing the leading C<$> from variable C<$s> may cause this error.
2353 =item Substitution replacement not terminated
2355 (F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a s/// or s{}{}
2356 construct. Remember that bracketing delimiters count nesting level.
2357 Missing the leading C<$> from variable C<$s> may cause this error.
2359 =item substr outside of string
2361 (S),(W) You tried to reference a substr() that pointed outside of a
2362 string. That is, the absolute value of the offset was larger than the
2363 length of the string. See L<perlfunc/substr>. This warning is
2364 mandatory if substr is used in an lvalue context (as the left hand side
2365 of an assignment or as a subroutine argument for example).
2367 =item suidperl is no longer needed since %s
2369 (F) Your Perl was compiled with B<-D>SETUID_SCRIPTS_ARE_SECURE_NOW, but a
2370 version of the setuid emulator somehow got run anyway.
2374 (F) Probably means you had a syntax error. Common reasons include:
2376 A keyword is misspelled.
2377 A semicolon is missing.
2379 An opening or closing parenthesis is missing.
2380 An opening or closing brace is missing.
2381 A closing quote is missing.
2383 Often there will be another error message associated with the syntax
2384 error giving more information. (Sometimes it helps to turn on B<-w>.)
2385 The error message itself often tells you where it was in the line when
2386 it decided to give up. Sometimes the actual error is several tokens
2387 before this, because Perl is good at understanding random input.
2388 Occasionally the line number may be misleading, and once in a blue moon
2389 the only way to figure out what's triggering the error is to call
2390 C<perl -c> repeatedly, chopping away half the program each time to see
2391 if the error went away. Sort of the cybernetic version of S<20 questions>.
2393 =item syntax error at line %d: `%s' unexpected
2395 (A) You've accidentally run your script through the Bourne shell
2396 instead of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script
2399 =item System V IPC is not implemented on this machine
2401 (F) You tried to do something with a function beginning with "sem", "shm",
2402 or "msg". See L<perlfunc/semctl>, for example.
2404 =item Syswrite on closed filehandle
2406 (W) The filehandle you're writing to got itself closed sometime before now.
2407 Check your logic flow.
2409 =item Target of goto is too deeply nested
2411 (F) You tried to use C<goto> to reach a label that was too deeply
2412 nested for Perl to reach. Perl is doing you a favor by refusing.
2414 =item tell() on unopened file
2416 (W) You tried to use the tell() function on a filehandle that was either
2417 never opened or has since been closed.
2419 =item Test on unopened file E<lt>%sE<gt>
2421 (W) You tried to invoke a file test operator on a filehandle that isn't
2422 open. Check your logic. See also L<perlfunc/-X>.
2424 =item That use of $[ is unsupported
2426 (F) Assignment to C<$[> is now strictly circumscribed, and interpreted as
2427 a compiler directive. You may say only one of
2436 This is to prevent the problem of one module changing the array base
2437 out from under another module inadvertently. See L<perlvar/$[>.
2439 =item The %s function is unimplemented
2441 The function indicated isn't implemented on this architecture, according
2442 to the probings of Configure.
2444 =item The crypt() function is unimplemented due to excessive paranoia
2446 (F) Configure couldn't find the crypt() function on your machine,
2447 probably because your vendor didn't supply it, probably because they
2448 think the U.S. Government thinks it's a secret, or at least that they
2449 will continue to pretend that it is. And if you quote me on that, I
2452 =item The stat preceding C<-l _> wasn't an lstat
2454 (F) It makes no sense to test the current stat buffer for symbolic linkhood
2455 if the last stat that wrote to the stat buffer already went past
2456 the symlink to get to the real file. Use an actual filename instead.
2458 =item times not implemented
2460 (F) Your version of the C library apparently doesn't do times(). I suspect
2461 you're not running on Unix.
2463 =item Too few args to syscall
2465 (F) There has to be at least one argument to syscall() to specify the
2466 system call to call, silly dilly.
2468 =item Too late for "B<-T>" option
2470 (X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script contains the
2471 B<-T> option, but Perl was not invoked with B<-T> in its command line.
2472 This is an error because, by the time Perl discovers a B<-T> in a
2473 script, it's too late to properly taint everything from the environment.
2476 If the Perl script is being executed as a command using the #!
2477 mechanism (or its local equivalent), this error can usually be fixed
2478 by editing the #! line so that the B<-T> option is a part of Perl's
2479 first argument: e.g. change C<perl -n -T> to C<perl -T -n>.
2481 If the Perl script is being executed as C<perl scriptname>, then the
2482 B<-T> option must appear on the command line: C<perl -T scriptname>.
2484 =item Too late for "-%s" option
2486 (X) The #! line (or local equivalent) in a Perl script contains the
2487 B<-M> or B<-m> option. This is an error because B<-M> and B<-m> options
2488 are not intended for use inside scripts. Use the C<use> pragma instead.
2494 (A) You've accidentally run your script through B<csh> instead
2495 of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into
2498 =item Too many args to syscall
2500 (F) Perl supports a maximum of only 14 args to syscall().
2502 =item Too many arguments for %s
2504 (F) The function requires fewer arguments than you specified.
2506 =item trailing \ in regexp
2508 (F) The regular expression ends with an unbackslashed backslash. Backslash
2511 =item Transliteration pattern not terminated
2513 (F) The lexer couldn't find the interior delimiter of a tr/// or tr[][]
2514 or y/// or y[][] construct. Missing the leading C<$> from variables
2515 C<$tr> or C<$y> may cause this error.
2517 =item Transliteration replacement not terminated
2519 (F) The lexer couldn't find the final delimiter of a tr/// or tr[][]
2522 =item truncate not implemented
2524 (F) Your machine doesn't implement a file truncation mechanism that
2525 Configure knows about.
2527 =item Type of arg %d to %s must be %s (not %s)
2529 (F) This function requires the argument in that position to be of a
2530 certain type. Arrays must be @NAME or C<@{EXPR}>. Hashes must be
2531 %NAME or C<%{EXPR}>. No implicit dereferencing is allowed--use the
2532 {EXPR} forms as an explicit dereference. See L<perlref>.
2534 =item umask: argument is missing initial 0
2536 (W) A umask of 222 is incorrect. It should be 0222, because octal literals
2537 always start with 0 in Perl, as in C.
2539 =item Unable to create sub named "%s"
2541 (F) You attempted to create or access a subroutine with an illegal name.
2543 =item Unbalanced context: %d more PUSHes than POPs
2545 (W) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many execution
2546 contexts were entered and left.
2548 =item Unbalanced saves: %d more saves than restores
2550 (W) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many
2551 values were temporarily localized.
2553 =item Unbalanced scopes: %d more ENTERs than LEAVEs
2555 (W) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many blocks
2556 were entered and left.
2558 =item Unbalanced tmps: %d more allocs than frees
2560 (W) The exit code detected an internal inconsistency in how many mortal
2561 scalars were allocated and freed.
2563 =item Undefined format "%s" called
2565 (F) The format indicated doesn't seem to exist. Perhaps it's really in
2566 another package? See L<perlform>.
2568 =item Undefined sort subroutine "%s" called
2570 (F) The sort comparison routine specified doesn't seem to exist. Perhaps
2571 it's in a different package? See L<perlfunc/sort>.
2573 =item Undefined subroutine &%s called
2575 (F) The subroutine indicated hasn't been defined, or if it was, it
2576 has since been undefined.
2578 =item Undefined subroutine called
2580 (F) The anonymous subroutine you're trying to call hasn't been defined,
2581 or if it was, it has since been undefined.
2583 =item Undefined subroutine in sort
2585 (F) The sort comparison routine specified is declared but doesn't seem to
2586 have been defined yet. See L<perlfunc/sort>.
2588 =item Undefined top format "%s" called
2590 (F) The format indicated doesn't seem to exist. Perhaps it's really in
2591 another package? See L<perlform>.
2593 =item Undefined value assigned to typeglob
2595 (W) An undefined value was assigned to a typeglob, a la C<*foo = undef>.
2596 This does nothing. It's possible that you really mean C<undef *foo>.
2598 =item unexec of %s into %s failed!
2600 (F) The unexec() routine failed for some reason. See your local FSF
2601 representative, who probably put it there in the first place.
2603 =item Unknown BYTEORDER
2605 (F) There are no byte-swapping functions for a machine with this byte order.
2607 =item unmatched () in regexp
2609 (F) Unbackslashed parentheses must always be balanced in regular
2610 expressions. If you're a vi user, the % key is valuable for finding
2611 the matching parenthesis. See L<perlre>.
2613 =item Unmatched right bracket
2615 (F) The lexer counted more closing curly brackets (braces) than opening
2616 ones, so you're probably missing an opening bracket. As a general
2617 rule, you'll find the missing one (so to speak) near the place you were
2620 =item unmatched [] in regexp
2622 (F) The brackets around a character class must match. If you wish to
2623 include a closing bracket in a character class, backslash it or put it first.
2626 =item Unquoted string "%s" may clash with future reserved word
2628 (W) You used a bareword that might someday be claimed as a reserved word.
2629 It's best to put such a word in quotes, or capitalize it somehow, or insert
2630 an underbar into it. You might also declare it as a subroutine.
2632 =item Unrecognized character %s
2634 (F) The Perl parser has no idea what to do with the specified character
2635 in your Perl script (or eval). Perhaps you tried to run a compressed
2636 script, a binary program, or a directory as a Perl program.
2638 =item Unrecognized signal name "%s"
2640 (F) You specified a signal name to the kill() function that was not recognized.
2641 Say C<kill -l> in your shell to see the valid signal names on your system.
2643 =item Unrecognized switch: -%s (-h will show valid options)
2645 (F) You specified an illegal option to Perl. Don't do that.
2646 (If you think you didn't do that, check the #! line to see if it's
2647 supplying the bad switch on your behalf.)
2649 =item Unsuccessful %s on filename containing newline
2651 (W) A file operation was attempted on a filename, and that operation
2652 failed, PROBABLY because the filename contained a newline, PROBABLY
2653 because you forgot to chop() or chomp() it off. See L<perlfunc/chomp>.
2655 =item Unsupported directory function "%s" called
2657 (F) Your machine doesn't support opendir() and readdir().
2659 =item Unsupported function fork
2661 (F) Your version of executable does not support forking.
2663 Note that under some systems, like OS/2, there may be different flavors of
2664 Perl executables, some of which may support fork, some not. Try changing
2665 the name you call Perl by to C<perl_>, C<perl__>, and so on.
2667 =item Unsupported function %s
2669 (F) This machine doesn't implement the indicated function, apparently.
2670 At least, Configure doesn't think so.
2672 =item Unsupported socket function "%s" called
2674 (F) Your machine doesn't support the Berkeley socket mechanism, or at
2675 least that's what Configure thought.
2677 =item Unterminated E<lt>E<gt> operator
2679 (F) The lexer saw a left angle bracket in a place where it was expecting
2680 a term, so it's looking for the corresponding right angle bracket, and not
2681 finding it. Chances are you left some needed parentheses out earlier in
2682 the line, and you really meant a "less than".
2684 =item Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated
2686 (D) Perl versions before 5.004 misinterpreted any type marker followed
2687 by "$" and a digit. For example, "$$0" was incorrectly taken to mean
2688 "${$}0" instead of "${$0}". This bug is (mostly) fixed in Perl 5.004.
2690 However, the developers of Perl 5.004 could not fix this bug completely,
2691 because at least two widely-used modules depend on the old meaning of
2692 "$$0" in a string. So Perl 5.004 still interprets "$$<digit>" in the
2693 old (broken) way inside strings; but it generates this message as a
2694 warning. And in Perl 5.005, this special treatment will cease.
2696 =item Use of $# is deprecated
2698 (D) This was an ill-advised attempt to emulate a poorly defined B<awk> feature.
2699 Use an explicit printf() or sprintf() instead.
2701 =item Use of $* is deprecated
2703 (D) This variable magically turned on multi-line pattern matching, both for
2704 you and for any luckless subroutine that you happen to call. You should
2705 use the new C<//m> and C<//s> modifiers now to do that without the dangerous
2706 action-at-a-distance effects of C<$*>.
2708 =item Use of %s in printf format not supported
2710 (F) You attempted to use a feature of printf that is accessible from
2711 only C. This usually means there's a better way to do it in Perl.
2713 =item Use of bare E<lt>E<lt> to mean E<lt>E<lt>"" is deprecated
2715 (D) You are now encouraged to use the explicitly quoted form if you
2716 wish to use an empty line as the terminator of the here-document.
2718 =item Use of implicit split to @_ is deprecated
2720 (D) It makes a lot of work for the compiler when you clobber a
2721 subroutine's argument list, so it's better if you assign the results of
2722 a split() explicitly to an array (or list).
2724 =item Use of inherited AUTOLOAD for non-method %s() is deprecated
2726 (D) As an (ahem) accidental feature, C<AUTOLOAD> subroutines are looked
2727 up as methods (using the C<@ISA> hierarchy) even when the subroutines to
2728 be autoloaded were called as plain functions (e.g. C<Foo::bar()>), not
2729 as methods (e.g. C<Foo-E<gt>bar()> or C<$obj-E<gt>bar()>).
2731 This bug will be rectified in Perl 5.005, which will use method lookup
2732 only for methods' C<AUTOLOAD>s. However, there is a significant base
2733 of existing code that may be using the old behavior. So, as an
2734 interim step, Perl 5.004 issues an optional warning when non-methods
2735 use inherited C<AUTOLOAD>s.
2737 The simple rule is: Inheritance will not work when autoloading
2738 non-methods. The simple fix for old code is: In any module that used to
2739 depend on inheriting C<AUTOLOAD> for non-methods from a base class named
2740 C<BaseClass>, execute C<*AUTOLOAD = \&BaseClass::AUTOLOAD> during startup.
2742 In code that currently says C<use AutoLoader; @ISA = qw(AutoLoader);> you
2743 should remove AutoLoader from @ISA and change C<use AutoLoader;> to
2744 C<use AutoLoader 'AUTOLOAD';>.
2746 =item Use of %s is deprecated
2748 (D) The construct indicated is no longer recommended for use, generally
2749 because there's a better way to do it, and also because the old way has
2752 =item Use of uninitialized value
2754 (W) An undefined value was used as if it were already defined. It was
2755 interpreted as a "" or a 0, but maybe it was a mistake. To suppress this
2756 warning assign an initial value to your variables.
2758 =item Useless use of %s in void context
2760 (W) You did something without a side effect in a context that does nothing
2761 with the return value, such as a statement that doesn't return a value
2762 from a block, or the left side of a scalar comma operator. Very often
2763 this points not to stupidity on your part, but a failure of Perl to parse
2764 your program the way you thought it would. For example, you'd get this
2765 if you mixed up your C precedence with Python precedence and said
2769 when you meant to say
2771 ($one, $two) = (1, 2);
2773 Another common error is to use ordinary parentheses to construct a list
2774 reference when you should be using square or curly brackets, for
2779 when you should have said
2783 The square brackets explicitly turn a list value into a scalar value,
2784 while parentheses do not. So when a parenthesized list is evaluated in
2785 a scalar context, the comma is treated like C's comma operator, which
2786 throws away the left argument, which is not what you want. See
2787 L<perlref> for more on this.
2789 =item untie attempted while %d inner references still exist
2791 (W) A copy of the object returned from C<tie> (or C<tied>) was still
2792 valid when C<untie> was called.
2794 =item Value of %s can be "0"; test with defined()
2796 (W) In a conditional expression, you used <HANDLE>, <*> (glob), C<each()>,
2797 or C<readdir()> as a boolean value. Each of these constructs can return a
2798 value of "0"; that would make the conditional expression false, which is
2799 probably not what you intended. When using these constructs in conditional
2800 expressions, test their values with the C<defined> operator.
2802 =item Variable "%s" is not imported%s
2804 (F) While "use strict" in effect, you referred to a global variable
2805 that you apparently thought was imported from another module, because
2806 something else of the same name (usually a subroutine) is exported
2807 by that module. It usually means you put the wrong funny character
2808 on the front of your variable.
2810 =item Variable "%s" may be unavailable
2812 (W) An inner (nested) I<anonymous> subroutine is inside a I<named>
2813 subroutine, and outside that is another subroutine; and the anonymous
2814 (innermost) subroutine is referencing a lexical variable defined in
2815 the outermost subroutine. For example:
2817 sub outermost { my $a; sub middle { sub { $a } } }
2819 If the anonymous subroutine is called or referenced (directly or
2820 indirectly) from the outermost subroutine, it will share the variable
2821 as you would expect. But if the anonymous subroutine is called or
2822 referenced when the outermost subroutine is not active, it will see
2823 the value of the shared variable as it was before and during the
2824 *first* call to the outermost subroutine, which is probably not what
2827 In these circumstances, it is usually best to make the middle
2828 subroutine anonymous, using the C<sub {}> syntax. Perl has specific
2829 support for shared variables in nested anonymous subroutines; a named
2830 subroutine in between interferes with this feature.
2832 =item Variable "%s" will not stay shared
2834 (W) An inner (nested) I<named> subroutine is referencing a lexical
2835 variable defined in an outer subroutine.
2837 When the inner subroutine is called, it will probably see the value of
2838 the outer subroutine's variable as it was before and during the
2839 *first* call to the outer subroutine; in this case, after the first
2840 call to the outer subroutine is complete, the inner and outer
2841 subroutines will no longer share a common value for the variable. In
2842 other words, the variable will no longer be shared.
2844 Furthermore, if the outer subroutine is anonymous and references a
2845 lexical variable outside itself, then the outer and inner subroutines
2846 will I<never> share the given variable.
2848 This problem can usually be solved by making the inner subroutine
2849 anonymous, using the C<sub {}> syntax. When inner anonymous subs that
2850 reference variables in outer subroutines are called or referenced,
2851 they are automatically rebound to the current values of such
2854 =item Variable syntax
2856 (A) You've accidentally run your script through B<csh> instead
2857 of Perl. Check the #! line, or manually feed your script into
2860 =item perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
2862 (S) The whole warning message will look something like:
2864 perl: warning: Setting locale failed.
2865 perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
2868 are supported and installed on your system.
2869 perl: warning: Falling back to the standard locale ("C").
2871 Exactly what were the failed locale settings varies. In the above the
2872 settings were that the LC_ALL was "En_US" and the LANG had no value.
2873 This error means that Perl detected that you and/or your system
2874 administrator have set up the so-called variable system but Perl could
2875 not use those settings. This was not dead serious, fortunately: there
2876 is a "default locale" called "C" that Perl can and will use, the
2877 script will be run. Before you really fix the problem, however, you
2878 will get the same error message each time you run Perl. How to really
2879 fix the problem can be found in L<perllocale> section B<LOCALE PROBLEMS>.
2881 =item Warning: something's wrong
2883 (W) You passed warn() an empty string (the equivalent of C<warn "">) or
2884 you called it with no args and C<$_> was empty.
2886 =item Warning: unable to close filehandle %s properly
2888 (S) The implicit close() done by an open() got an error indication on the
2889 close(). This usually indicates your file system ran out of disk space.
2891 =item Warning: Use of "%s" without parentheses is ambiguous
2893 (S) You wrote a unary operator followed by something that looks like a
2894 binary operator that could also have been interpreted as a term or
2895 unary operator. For instance, if you know that the rand function
2896 has a default argument of 1.0, and you write
2900 you may THINK you wrote the same thing as
2904 but in actual fact, you got
2908 So put in parentheses to say what you really mean.
2910 =item Write on closed filehandle
2912 (W) The filehandle you're writing to got itself closed sometime before now.
2913 Check your logic flow.
2915 =item X outside of string
2917 (F) You had a pack template that specified a relative position before
2918 the beginning of the string being unpacked. See L<perlfunc/pack>.
2920 =item x outside of string
2922 (F) You had a pack template that specified a relative position after
2923 the end of the string being unpacked. See L<perlfunc/pack>.
2925 =item Xsub "%s" called in sort
2927 (F) The use of an external subroutine as a sort comparison is not yet supported.
2929 =item Xsub called in sort
2931 (F) The use of an external subroutine as a sort comparison is not yet supported.
2933 =item You can't use C<-l> on a filehandle
2935 (F) A filehandle represents an opened file, and when you opened the file it
2936 already went past any symlink you are presumably trying to look for.
2937 Use a filename instead.
2939 =item YOU HAVEN'T DISABLED SET-ID SCRIPTS IN THE KERNEL YET!
2941 (F) And you probably never will, because you probably don't have the
2942 sources to your kernel, and your vendor probably doesn't give a rip
2943 about what you want. Your best bet is to use the wrapsuid script in
2944 the eg directory to put a setuid C wrapper around your script.
2946 =item You need to quote "%s"
2948 (W) You assigned a bareword as a signal handler name. Unfortunately, you
2949 already have a subroutine of that name declared, which means that Perl 5
2950 will try to call the subroutine when the assignment is executed, which is
2951 probably not what you want. (If it IS what you want, put an & in front.)
2953 =item [gs]etsockopt() on closed fd
2955 (W) You tried to get or set a socket option on a closed socket.
2956 Did you forget to check the return value of your socket() call?
2957 See L<perlfunc/getsockopt>.
2959 =item \1 better written as $1
2961 (W) Outside of patterns, backreferences live on as variables. The use
2962 of backslashes is grandfathered on the right-hand side of a
2963 substitution, but stylistically it's better to use the variable form
2964 because other Perl programmers will expect it, and it works better
2965 if there are more than 9 backreferences.
2967 =item '|' and 'E<lt>' may not both be specified on command line
2969 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
2970 found that STDIN was a pipe, and that you also tried to redirect STDIN using
2971 'E<lt>'. Only one STDIN stream to a customer, please.
2973 =item '|' and 'E<gt>' may not both be specified on command line
2975 (F) An error peculiar to VMS. Perl does its own command line redirection, and
2976 thinks you tried to redirect stdout both to a file and into a pipe to another
2977 command. You need to choose one or the other, though nothing's stopping you
2978 from piping into a program or Perl script which 'splits' output into two
2981 open(OUT,">$ARGV[0]") or die "Can't write to $ARGV[0]: $!";
2988 =item Got an error from DosAllocMem
2990 (P) An error peculiar to OS/2. Most probably you're using an obsolete
2991 version of Perl, and this should not happen anyway.
2993 =item Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX
2995 (F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERLLIB_PREFIX should be of the form
3003 with nonempty prefix1 and prefix2. If C<prefix1> is indeed a prefix
3004 of a builtin library search path, prefix2 is substituted. The error
3005 may appear if components are not found, or are too long. See
3006 "PERLLIB_PREFIX" in F<README.os2>.
3008 =item PERL_SH_DIR too long
3010 (F) An error peculiar to OS/2. PERL_SH_DIR is the directory to find the
3011 C<sh>-shell in. See "PERL_SH_DIR" in F<README.os2>.
3013 =item Process terminated by SIG%s
3015 (W) This is a standard message issued by OS/2 applications, while *nix
3016 applications die in silence. It is considered a feature of the OS/2
3017 port. One can easily disable this by appropriate sighandlers, see
3018 L<perlipc/"Signals">. See also "Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT"