3 perldelta - what's new for perl v5.6 (as of v5.5.58)
7 This document describes differences between the 5.005 release and this one.
9 =head1 Incompatible Changes
11 =head2 Perl Source Incompatibilities
13 None known at this time.
15 =head2 C Source Incompatibilities
21 Release 5.005 grandfathered old global symbol names by providing preprocessor
22 macros for extension source compatibility. As of release 5.6, these
23 preprocessor definitions are not available by default. You need to explicitly
24 compile perl with C<-DPERL_POLLUTE> to get these definitions. For
25 extensions still using the old symbols, this option can be
26 specified via MakeMaker:
28 perl Makefile.PL POLLUTE=1
30 =item C<PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC>
32 Enabling Perl's malloc in release 5.005 and earlier caused
33 the namespace of system versions of the malloc family of functions to
34 be usurped by the Perl versions, since by default they used the
37 Besides causing problems on platforms that do not allow these functions to
38 be cleanly replaced, this also meant that the system versions could not
39 be called in programs that used Perl's malloc. Previous versions of Perl
40 have allowed this behaviour to be suppressed with the HIDEMYMALLOC and
41 EMBEDMYMALLOC preprocessor definitions.
43 As of release 5.6, Perl's malloc family of functions have default names
44 distinct from the system versions. You need to explicitly compile perl with
45 C<-DPERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC> to get the older behaviour. HIDEMYMALLOC
46 and EMBEDMYMALLOC have no effect, since the behaviour they enabled is now
49 Note that these functions do B<not> constitute Perl's memory allocation API.
50 See L<perlguts/"Memory Allocation"> for further information about that.
52 =item C<PL_na> and C<dTHR> Issues
54 The C<PL_na> global is now thread local, so a C<dTHR> declaration is needed
55 in the scope in which the global appears. XSUBs should handle this automatically,
56 but if you have used C<PL_na> in support functions, you either need to
57 change the C<PL_na> to a local variable (which is recommended), or put in
62 =head2 Compatible C Source API Changes
66 =item C<PATCHLEVEL> is now C<PERL_VERSION>
68 The cpp macros C<PERL_REVISION>, C<PERL_VERSION>, and C<PERL_SUBVERSION>
69 are now available by default from perl.h, and reflect the base revision,
70 patchlevel, and subversion respectively. C<PERL_REVISION> had no
71 prior equivalent, while C<PERL_VERSION> and C<PERL_SUBVERSION> were
72 previously available as C<PATCHLEVEL> and C<SUBVERSION>.
74 The new names cause less pollution of the B<cpp> namespace and reflect what
75 the numbers have come to stand for in common practice. For compatibility,
76 the old names are still supported when F<patchlevel.h> is explicitly
77 included (as required before), so there is no source incompatibility
82 =head2 Binary Incompatibilities
84 This release is not binary compatible with the 5.005 release or its
89 =head2 Unicode and UTF-8 support
91 Perl can optionally use UTF-8 as its internal representation for character
92 strings. The C<use utf8> pragma enables this support in the current lexical
93 scope. See L<utf8> for more information.
95 =head2 Lexically scoped warning categories
97 You can now control the granularity of warnings emitted by perl at a finer
98 level using the C<use warning> pragma. See L<warning> and L<perllexwarn>
101 =head2 Binary numbers supported
103 Binary numbers are now supported as literals, in s?printf formats, and
107 printf "The answer is: %b\n", oct("0b101010");
109 =head2 syswrite() ease-of-use
111 The length argument of C<syswrite()> is now optional.
113 =head2 64-bit support
115 Better 64-bit support -- but full support still a distant goal. One
116 must Configure with -Duse64bits to get Configure to probe for the
117 extent of 64-bit support. Depending on the platform (hints file) more
118 or less 64-awareness becomes available. As of 5.005_54 at least
119 somewhat 64-bit aware platforms are HP-UX 11 or better, Solaris 2.6 or
120 better, IRIX 6.2 or better. Naturally 64-bit platforms like Digital
121 Unix and UNICOS also have 64-bit support.
123 =head2 Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
127 print defined(&foo,&bar,&baz);
128 print uc("foo","bar","baz");
131 used to be accidentally allowed in earlier versions, and produced
132 unpredictable behaviour. Some produced ancillary warnings
133 when used in this way; others silently did the wrong thing.
135 The parenthesized forms of most unary operators that expect a single
136 argument now ensure that they are not called with more than one
137 argument, making the cases shown above syntax errors. The usual
140 print defined &foo, &bar, &baz;
141 print uc "foo", "bar", "baz";
144 remains unchanged. See L<perlop>.
146 =head2 POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
148 For example to match alphabetic characters use /[[:alpha:]]/.
149 See L<perlre> for details.
151 =head2 Improved C<qw//> operator
153 The C<qw//> operator is now evaluated at compile time into a true list
154 instead of being replaced with a run time call to C<split()>. This
155 removes the confusing misbehaviour of C<qw//> in scalar context, which
156 had inherited that behaviour from split().
160 $foo = ($bar) = qw(a b c); print "$foo|$bar\n";
162 now correctly prints "3|a", instead of "2|a".
164 =head2 pack() format 'Z' supported
166 The new format type 'Z' is useful for packing and unpacking null-terminated
167 strings. See L<perlfunc/"pack">.
169 =head2 pack() format modifier '!' supported
171 The new format type modifier '!' is useful for packing and unpacking
172 native shorts, ints, and longs. See L<perlfunc/"pack">.
174 =head2 $^X variables may now have names longer than one character
176 Formerly, $^X was synonymous with ${"\cX"}, but $^XY was a syntax
177 error. Now variable names that begin with a control character may be
178 arbitrarily long. However, for compatibility reasons, these variables
179 I<must> be written with explicit braces, as C<${^XY}> for example.
180 C<${^XYZ}> is synonymous with ${"\cXYZ"}. Variable names with more
181 than one control character, such as C<${^XY^Z}>, are illegal.
183 The old syntax has not changed. As before, `^X' may be either a
184 literal control-X character or the two-character sequence `caret' plus
185 `X'. When braces are omitted, the variable name stops after the
186 control character. Thus C<"$^XYZ"> continues to be synonymous with
187 C<$^X . "YZ"> as before.
189 As before, lexical variables may not have names beginning with control
190 characters. As before, variables whose names begin with a control
191 character are always forced to be in package `main'. All such variables
192 are reserved for future extensions, except those that begin with
193 C<^_>, which may be used by user programs and is guaranteed not to
194 acquire special meaning in any future version of Perl.
196 =head1 Significant bug fixes
198 =head2 E<lt>HANDLEE<gt> on empty files
200 With C<$/> set to C<undef>, slurping an empty file returns a string of
201 zero length (instead of C<undef>, as it used to) the first time the
202 HANDLE is read. Further reads yield C<undef>.
204 This means that the following will append "foo" to an empty file (it used
207 perl -0777 -pi -e 's/^/foo/' empty_file
211 perl -pi -e 's/^/foo/' empty_file
213 is unchanged (it continues to leave the file empty).
215 =head2 C<eval '...'> improvements
217 Line numbers (as reflected by caller() and most diagnostics) within
218 C<eval '...'> were often incorrect when here documents were involved.
219 This has been corrected.
221 Lexical lookups for variables appearing in C<eval '...'> within
222 functions that were themselves called within an C<eval '...'> were
223 searching the wrong place for lexicals. The lexical search now
224 correctly ends at the subroutine's block boundary.
226 Parsing of here documents used to be flawed when they appeared as
227 the replacement expression in C<eval 's/.../.../e'>. This has
230 =head2 Automatic flushing of output buffers
232 fork(), exec(), system(), qx//, and pipe open()s now flush buffers
233 of all files opened for output when the operation
234 was attempted. This mostly eliminates confusing
235 buffering mishaps suffered by users unaware of how Perl internally
238 =head2 Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
240 Constructs such as C<open(E<lt>FHE<gt>)> and C<close(E<lt>FHE<gt>)>
241 are compile time errors. Attempting to read from filehandles that
242 were opened only for writing will now produce warnings (just as
243 writing to read-only filehandles does).
245 =head1 Supported Platforms
251 VM/ESA is now supported.
255 Siemens BS2000 is now supported under the POSIX Shell.
259 The Mach CThreads (NEXTSTEP, OPENSTEP) are now supported by the Thread
264 GNU/Hurd is now supported.
268 Rhapsody is now supported.
272 EPOC is is now supported (on Psion 5).
282 IO constants (SEEK_*, _IO*).
286 Directory-related IO methods (new, read, close, rewind, tied delete).
288 =item op/io_multihomed
290 INET sockets with multi-homed hosts.
306 Verify operations that access pad objects (lexicals and temporaries).
310 =head1 Modules and Pragmata
318 Added Dumpvalue module provides screen dumps of Perl data.
322 You can now run tests for I<n> seconds instead of guessing the right
323 number of tests to run: e.g. timethese(-5, ...) will run each
324 code for at least 5 CPU seconds. Zero as the "number of repetitions"
325 means "for at least 3 CPU seconds". The output format has also
326 changed. For example:
328 use Benchmark;$x=3;timethese(-5,{a=>sub{$x*$x},b=>sub{$x**2}})
330 will now output something like this:
332 Benchmark: running a, b, each for at least 5 CPU seconds...
333 a: 5 wallclock secs ( 5.77 usr + 0.00 sys = 5.77 CPU) @ 200551.91/s (n=1156516)
334 b: 4 wallclock secs ( 5.00 usr + 0.02 sys = 5.02 CPU) @ 159605.18/s (n=800686)
336 New features: "each for at least N CPU seconds...", "wallclock secs",
337 and the "@ operations/CPU second (n=operations)".
341 The Devel::Peek module provides access to the internal representation
342 of Perl variables and data. It is a data debugging tool for the XS programmer.
346 More Fcntl constants added: F_SETLK64, F_SETLKW64, O_LARGEFILE for
347 large (more than 4G) file access (64-bit support is not yet
348 working, though, so no need to get overly excited), Free/Net/OpenBSD
349 locking behaviour flags F_FLOCK, F_POSIX, Linux F_SHLCK, and
350 O_ACCMODE: the mask of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, and O_RDWR.
354 New methods have been added to the File::Spec module: devnull() returns
355 the name of the null device (/dev/null on Unix) and tmpdir() the name of
356 the temp directory (normally /tmp on Unix). There are now also methods
357 to convert between absolute and relative filenames: abs2rel() and
358 rel2abs(). For compatibility with operating systems that specify volume
359 names in file paths, the splitpath(), splitdir(), and catdir() methods
362 =item File::Spec::Functions
364 The new File::Spec::Functions modules provides a function interface
365 to the File::Spec module. Allows shorthand
367 $fullname = catfile($dir1, $dir2, $file);
371 $fullname = File::Spec->catfile($dir1, $dir2, $file);
375 The logical operations C<E<lt>E<lt>>, C<E<gt>E<gt>>, C<&>, C<|>,
376 and C<~> are now supported on bigints.
380 The accessor methods Re, Im, arg, abs, rho, and theta can now also
381 act as mutators (accessor $z->Re(), mutator $z->Re(3)).
385 A little bit of radial trigonometry (cylindrical and spherical),
386 radial coordinate conversions, and the great circle distance were added.
390 An EXISTS method has been added to this module (and sdbm_exists() has
391 been added to the underlying sdbm library), so one can now call exists
392 on an SDBM_File tied hash and get the correct result, rather than a
397 The timelocal() and timegm() functions used to silently return bogus
398 results when the date exceeded the machine's integer range. They
399 now consistently croak() if the date falls in an unsupported range.
403 The error return value in list context has been changed for all functions
404 that return a list of values. Previously these functions returned a list
405 with a single element C<undef> if an error occurred. Now these functions
406 return the empty list in these situations. This applies to the following
412 The remaining functions are unchanged and continue to return C<undef> on
413 error even in list context.
415 The Win32::SetLastError(ERROR) function has been added as a complement
416 to the Win32::GetLastError() function.
418 The new Win32::GetFullPathName(FILENAME) returns the full absolute
419 pathname for FILENAME in scalar context. In list context it returns
420 a two-element list containing the fully qualified directory name and
425 A new feature called "DBM Filters" has been added to all the
426 DBM modules--DB_File, GDBM_File, NDBM_File, ODBM_File, and SDBM_File.
427 DBM Filters add four new methods to each DBM module:
434 These can be used to filter key-value pairs before the pairs are
435 written to the database or just after they are read from the database.
436 See L<perldbmfilter> for further information.
442 C<use utf8> to enable UTF-8 and Unicode support.
444 C<use caller 'encoding'> allows modules to inherit pragmatic attributes
445 from the caller's context. C<encoding> is currently the only supported
448 Lexical warnings pragma, C<use warning;>, to control optional warnings.
450 C<use filetest> to control the behaviour of filetests (C<-r> C<-w> ...).
451 Currently only one subpragma implemented, "use filetest 'access';",
452 that enables the use of access(2) or equivalent to check
453 permissions instead of using stat(2) as usual. This matters
454 in filesystems where there are ACLs (access control lists): the
455 stat(2) might lie, but access(2) knows better.
457 =head1 Utility Changes
461 =head1 Documentation Changes
465 =item perlopentut.pod
467 A tutorial on using open() effectively.
471 A tutorial that introduces the essentials of references.
475 A tutorial on managing class data for object modules.
479 =head1 New Diagnostics
481 =item /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through
483 (W) You used a backslash-character combination which is not recognized
484 by Perl. This combination appears in an interpolated variable or a
485 C<'>-delimited regular expression.
487 =item Filehandle %s opened only for output
489 (W) You tried to read from a filehandle opened only for writing. If you
490 intended it to be a read-write filehandle, you needed to open it with
491 "+E<lt>" or "+E<gt>" or "+E<gt>E<gt>" instead of with "E<lt>" or nothing. If
492 you intended only to read from the file, use "E<lt>". See
495 =item Missing command in piped open
497 (W) You used the C<open(FH, "| command")> or C<open(FH, "command |")>
498 construction, but the command was missing or blank.
500 =item Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through
502 (W) You used a backslash-character combination which is not recognized
505 =item defined(@array) is deprecated
507 (D) defined() is not usually useful on arrays because it checks for an
508 undefined I<scalar> value. If you want to see if the array is empty,
509 just use C<if (@array) { # not empty }> for example.
511 =item defined(%hash) is deprecated
513 (D) defined() is not usually useful on hashes because it checks for an
514 undefined I<scalar> value. If you want to see if the hash is empty,
515 just use C<if (%hash) { # not empty }> for example.
517 =head1 Obsolete Diagnostics
521 =head1 Configuration Changes
523 =head2 installusrbinperl
525 You can use "Configure -Uinstallusrbinperl" which causes installperl
526 to skip installing perl also as /usr/bin/perl. This is useful if you
527 prefer not to modify /usr/bin for some reason or another but harmful
528 because many scripts assume to find Perl in /usr/bin/perl.
532 You can use "Configure -Dusesocks" which causes Perl to probe
533 for the SOCKS proxy protocol library, http://www.socks.nec.com/
537 If you find what you think is a bug, you might check the headers of
538 articles recently posted to the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup.
539 There may also be information at http://www.perl.com/perl/, the Perl
542 If you believe you have an unreported bug, please run the B<perlbug>
543 program included with your release. Make sure to trim your bug down
544 to a tiny but sufficient test case. Your bug report, along with the
545 output of C<perl -V>, will be sent off to perlbug@perl.com to be
546 analysed by the Perl porting team.
550 The F<Changes> file for exhaustive details on what changed.
552 The F<INSTALL> file for how to build Perl.
554 The F<README> file for general stuff.
556 The F<Artistic> and F<Copying> files for copyright information.
560 Written by Gurusamy Sarathy <F<gsar@umich.edu>>, with many contributions
561 from The Perl Porters.
563 Send omissions or corrections to <F<perlbug@perl.com>>.