3 perlclib - Internal replacements for standard C library functions
7 One thing Perl porters should note is that F<perl> doesn't tend to use that
8 much of the C standard library internally; you'll see very little use of,
9 for example, the F<ctype.h> functions in there. This is because Perl
10 tends to reimplement or abstract standard library functions, so that we
11 know exactly how they're going to operate.
13 This is a reference card for people who are familiar with the C library
14 and who want to do things the Perl way; to tell them which functions
15 they ought to use instead of the more normal C functions.
19 In the following tables:
41 C<sv>, C<av>, C<hv>, etc. represent variables of their respective types.
43 =head2 File Operations
45 Instead of the F<stdio.h> functions, you should use the Perl abstraction
46 layer. Instead of C<FILE*> types, you need to be handling C<PerlIO*>
47 types. Don't forget that with the new PerlIO layered I/O abstraction
48 C<FILE*> types may not even be available. See also the C<perlapio>
49 documentation for more information about the following functions:
54 stdout PerlIO_stdout()
55 stderr PerlIO_stderr()
57 fopen(fn, mode) PerlIO_open(fn, mode)
58 freopen(fn, mode, stream) PerlIO_reopen(fn, mode, perlio) (Deprecated)
59 fflush(stream) PerlIO_flush(perlio)
60 fclose(stream) PerlIO_close(perlio)
62 =head2 File Input and Output
66 fprintf(stream, fmt, ...) PerlIO_printf(perlio, fmt, ...)
68 [f]getc(stream) PerlIO_getc(perlio)
69 [f]putc(stream, n) PerlIO_putc(perlio, n)
70 ungetc(n, stream) PerlIO_ungetc(perlio, n)
72 Note that the PerlIO equivalents of C<fread> and C<fwrite> are slightly
73 different from their C library counterparts:
75 fread(p, size, n, stream) PerlIO_read(perlio, buf, numbytes)
76 fwrite(p, size, n, stream) PerlIO_write(perlio, buf, numbytes)
78 fputs(s, stream) PerlIO_puts(perlio, s)
80 There is no equivalent to C<fgets>; one should use C<sv_gets> instead:
82 fgets(s, n, stream) sv_gets(sv, perlio, append)
84 =head2 File Positioning
88 feof(stream) PerlIO_eof(perlio)
89 fseek(stream, n, whence) PerlIO_seek(perlio, n, whence)
90 rewind(stream) PerlIO_rewind(perlio)
92 fgetpos(stream, p) PerlIO_getpos(perlio, sv)
93 fsetpos(stream, p) PerlIO_setpos(perlio, sv)
95 ferror(stream) PerlIO_error(perlio)
96 clearerr(stream) PerlIO_clearerr(perlio)
98 =head2 Memory Management and String Handling
102 t* p = malloc(n) New(id, p, n, t)
103 t* p = calloc(n, s) Newz(id, p, n, t)
104 p = realloc(p, n) Renew(p, n, t)
105 memcpy(dst, src, n) Copy(src, dst, n, t)
106 memmove(dst, src, n) Move(src, dst, n, t)
107 memcpy/*(struct foo *) StructCopy(src, dst, t)
108 memset(dst, 0, n * sizeof(t)) Zero(dst, n, t)
109 memzero(dst, 0) Zero(dst, n, char)
113 strndup(p, n) savepvn(p, n) (Hey, strndup doesn't exist!)
115 strstr(big, little) instr(big, little)
116 strcmp(s1, s2) strLE(s1, s2) / strEQ(s1, s2) / strGT(s1,s2)
117 strncmp(s1, s2, n) strnNE(s1, s2, n) / strnEQ(s1, s2, n)
119 Notice the different order of arguments to C<Copy> and C<Move> than used
120 in C<memcpy> and C<memmove>.
122 Most of the time, though, you'll want to be dealing with SVs internally
123 instead of raw C<char *> strings:
126 strcpy(dt, src) sv_setpv(sv, s)
127 strncpy(dt, src, n) sv_setpvn(sv, s, n)
128 strcat(dt, src) sv_catpv(sv, s)
129 strncat(dt, src) sv_catpvn(sv, s)
130 sprintf(s, fmt, ...) sv_setpvf(sv, fmt, ...)
132 Note also the existence of C<sv_catpvf> and C<sv_vcatpvfn>, combining
133 concatenation with formatting.
135 =head2 Character Class Tests
137 There are two types of character class tests that Perl implements: one
138 type deals in C<char>s and are thus B<not> Unicode aware (and hence
139 deprecated unless you B<know> you should use them) and the other type
140 deal in C<UV>s and know about Unicode properties. In the following
141 table, C<c> is a C<char>, and C<u> is a Unicode codepoint.
143 Instead Of: Use: But better use:
145 isalnum(c) isALNUM(c) isALNUM_uni(u)
146 isalpha(c) isALPHA(c) isALPHA_uni(u)
147 iscntrl(c) isCNTRL(c) isCNTRL_uni(u)
148 isdigit(c) isDIGIT(c) isDIGIT_uni(u)
149 isgraph(c) isGRAPH(c) isGRAPH_uni(u)
150 islower(c) isLOWER(c) isLOWER_uni(u)
151 isprint(c) isPRINT(c) isPRINT_uni(u)
152 ispunct(c) isPUNCT(c) isPUNCT_uni(u)
153 isspace(c) isSPACE(c) isSPACE_uni(u)
154 isupper(c) isUPPER(c) isUPPER_uni(u)
155 isxdigit(c) isXDIGIT(c) isXDIGIT_uni(u)
157 tolower(c) toLOWER(c) toLOWER_uni(u)
158 toupper(c) toUPPER(c) toUPPER_uni(u)
160 =head2 F<stdlib.h> functions
166 strtod(s, *p) Nothing. Just don't use it.
167 strtol(s, *p, n) Strtol(s, *p, n)
168 strtoul(s, *p, n) Strtoul(s, *p, n)
170 Notice also the C<grok_bin>, C<grok_hex>, and C<grok_oct> functions in
171 F<numeric.c> for converting strings representing numbers in the respective
174 In theory C<Strtol> and C<Strtoul> may not be defined if the machine perl is
175 built on doesn't actually have strtol and strtoul. But as those 2
176 functions are part of the 1989 ANSI C spec we suspect you'll find them
179 int rand() double Drand01()
180 srand(n) { seedDrand01((Rand_seed_t)n);
181 PL_srand_called = TRUE; }
184 system(s) Don't. Look at pp_system or use my_popen
186 getenv(s) PerlEnv_getenv(s)
187 setenv(s, val) my_putenv(s, val)
189 =head2 Miscellaneous functions
191 You should not even B<want> to use F<setjmp.h> functions, but if you
192 think you do, use the C<JMPENV> stack in F<scope.h> instead.
194 For C<signal>/C<sigaction>, use C<rsignal(signo, handler)>.
198 C<perlapi>, C<perlapio>, C<perlguts>