1 -*- buffer-read-only: t -*-
3 !!!!!!! DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE !!!!!!!
4 This file is built by autodoc.pl extracting documentation from the C source
9 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
12 X<Perl API> X<API> X<api>
14 This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by
15 embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables
16 that may be used by extension writers. The interfaces of any functions that
17 are not listed here are subject to change without notice. For this reason,
18 blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing
21 Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the C<PL_>
22 prefix. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the older,
23 unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future release.
25 The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
35 A backward-compatible version of C<GIMME_V> which can only return
36 C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY>; in a void context, it returns C<G_SCALAR>.
37 Deprecated. Use C<GIMME_V> instead.
47 The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's C<wantarray>. Returns C<G_VOID>,
48 C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY> for void, scalar or list context,
59 Used to indicate list context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME> and
68 Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See
77 Used to force a Perl C<eval> wrapper around a callback. See
86 Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See
95 Used to indicate scalar context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME>, and
104 Used to indicate void context. See C<GIMME_V> and L<perlcall>.
112 =head1 Array Manipulation Functions
119 Same as C<av_len()>. Deprecated, use C<av_len()> instead.
129 Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory used by the
132 void av_clear(AV* ar)
137 =item av_create_and_push
138 X<av_create_and_push>
140 Push an SV onto the end of the array, creating the array if necessary.
141 A small internal helper function to remove a commonly duplicated idiom.
143 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
144 removed without notice.
146 void av_create_and_push(AV **const avp, SV *const val)
151 =item av_create_and_unshift_one
152 X<av_create_and_unshift_one>
154 Unshifts an SV onto the beginning of the array, creating the array if
156 A small internal helper function to remove a commonly duplicated idiom.
158 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
159 removed without notice.
161 SV** av_create_and_unshift_one(AV **const avp, SV *const val)
169 Deletes the element indexed by C<key> from the array. Returns the
170 deleted element. If C<flags> equals C<G_DISCARD>, the element is freed
171 and null is returned.
173 SV* av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)
181 Returns true if the element indexed by C<key> has been initialized.
183 This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to
186 bool av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key)
194 Pre-extend an array. The C<key> is the index to which the array should be
197 void av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)
205 Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The C<key> is the
206 index. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check
207 that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a C<SV*>.
209 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for
210 more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
212 SV** av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
220 Set the highest index in the array to the given number, equivalent to
221 Perl's C<$#array = $fill;>.
223 The number of elements in the an array will be C<fill + 1> after
224 av_fill() returns. If the array was previously shorter then the
225 additional elements appended are set to C<PL_sv_undef>. If the array
226 was longer, then the excess elements are freed. C<av_fill(av, -1)> is
227 the same as C<av_clear(av)>.
229 void av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill)
237 Returns the highest index in the array. The number of elements in the
238 array is C<av_len(av) + 1>. Returns -1 if the array is empty.
240 I32 av_len(const AV* ar)
248 Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied
249 into the array, so they may be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV
250 will have a reference count of 1.
252 AV* av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)
260 Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns C<&PL_sv_undef> if the array
271 Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow automatically
272 to accommodate the addition.
274 void av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)
282 Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
292 Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as C<key>. The
293 return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not
294 need to be actually stored within the array (as in the case of tied
295 arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note
296 that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference
297 count of C<val> before the call, and decrementing it if the function
300 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for
301 more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
303 SV** av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
311 Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array itself.
313 void av_undef(AV* ar)
321 Unshift the given number of C<undef> values onto the beginning of the
322 array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the addition. You
323 must then use C<av_store> to assign values to these new elements.
325 void av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
333 Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If C<create> is set and the
334 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
335 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
337 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
339 AV* get_av(const char* name, I32 create)
347 Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.
357 Sort an array. Here is an example:
359 sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);
361 Currently this always uses mergesort. See sortsv_flags for a more
364 void sortsv(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
367 Found in file pp_sort.c
372 Sort an array, with various options.
374 void sortsv_flags(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp, U32 flags)
377 Found in file pp_sort.c
382 =head1 Callback Functions
389 Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
391 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
393 I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
401 Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must
402 be on the stack. See L<perlcall>.
404 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
406 I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
414 Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
416 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
418 I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
426 Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See
429 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
431 I32 call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
439 Opening bracket on a callback. See C<LEAVE> and L<perlcall>.
444 Found in file scope.h
449 Tells Perl to C<eval> the given string and return an SV* result.
451 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
453 SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
461 Tells Perl to C<eval> the string in the SV.
463 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
465 I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
473 Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<SAVETMPS> and
479 Found in file scope.h
484 Closing bracket on a callback. See C<ENTER> and L<perlcall>.
489 Found in file scope.h
494 Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<FREETMPS> and
500 Found in file scope.h
505 =head1 Character classes
512 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphanumeric
513 character (including underscore) or digit.
515 bool isALNUM(char ch)
518 Found in file handy.h
523 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphabetic
526 bool isALPHA(char ch)
529 Found in file handy.h
534 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII
537 bool isDIGIT(char ch)
540 Found in file handy.h
545 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is a lowercase
548 bool isLOWER(char ch)
551 Found in file handy.h
556 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is whitespace.
558 bool isSPACE(char ch)
561 Found in file handy.h
566 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an uppercase
569 bool isUPPER(char ch)
572 Found in file handy.h
577 Converts the specified character to lowercase.
579 char toLOWER(char ch)
582 Found in file handy.h
587 Converts the specified character to uppercase.
589 char toUPPER(char ch)
592 Found in file handy.h
597 =head1 Cloning an interpreter
604 Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one.
606 perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:
608 CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also,
609 without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks,
610 with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is
611 ready to run at the exact same point as the previous one.
612 The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the
613 threads->create doesn't.
615 CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE
616 perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old
617 variable as a key and the new variable as a value,
618 this allows it to check if something has been cloned and not
619 clone it again but rather just use the value and increase the
620 refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then perl_clone will kill
621 the ptr_table using the function
622 C<ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;>,
623 reason to keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own
624 variable who are outside the graph perl scans, example of this
625 code is in threads.xs create
628 This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perls
629 win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on
630 win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time,
631 if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter
632 and then throw it away and return to the original one,
633 you don't need to do anything.
635 PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)
643 =head1 CV Manipulation Functions
650 Returns the stash of the CV.
660 Uses C<strlen> to get the length of C<name>, then calls C<get_cvn_flags>.
662 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
664 CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 flags)
672 Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. C<flags> are passed to
673 C<gv_fetchpvn_flags>. If C<GV_ADD> is set and the Perl subroutine does not
674 exist then it will be declared (which has the same effect as saying
675 C<sub name;>). If C<GV_ADD> is not set and the subroutine does not exist
676 then NULL is returned.
678 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
680 CV* get_cvn_flags(const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
688 =head1 Embedding Functions
695 Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen either
696 by an explicit C<undef &foo>, or by the reference count going to zero.
697 In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that any anonymous
698 children can still follow the full lexical scope chain.
700 void cv_undef(CV* cv)
708 Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name.
709 Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should be given.
710 Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm". flags can be any of
711 PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS
712 (or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics
713 similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION>. The optional trailing SV*
714 arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's import()
715 method, similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST>.
717 void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
725 Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there are
736 Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
738 PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
746 Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
748 void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
756 Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
758 int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
766 Releases a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
768 void perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)
776 Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See L<perlembed>.
778 int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
786 Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See L<perlembed>.
788 int perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)
796 Tells Perl to C<require> the file named by the string argument. It is
797 analogous to the Perl code C<eval "require '$file'">. It's even
798 implemented that way; consider using load_module instead.
800 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
802 void require_pv(const char* pv)
810 =head1 Functions in file dump.c
818 char *pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len,
819 STRLEN pvlim, U32 flags)
823 pv_escape(dsv,pv,cur,pvlim,PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE);
825 except that an additional "\0" will be appended to the string when
826 len > cur and pv[cur] is "\0".
828 Note that the final string may be up to 7 chars longer than pvlim.
830 char* pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim)
838 |const STRLEN count|const STRLEN max
839 |STRLEN const *escaped, const U32 flags
841 Escapes at most the first "count" chars of pv and puts the results into
842 dsv such that the size of the escaped string will not exceed "max" chars
843 and will not contain any incomplete escape sequences.
845 If flags contains PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE then any double quotes in the string
846 will also be escaped.
848 Normally the SV will be cleared before the escaped string is prepared,
849 but when PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOCLEAR is set this will not occur.
851 If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI is set then the input string is treated as unicode,
852 if PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT is set then the input string is scanned
853 using C<is_utf8_string()> to determine if it is unicode.
855 If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_ALL is set then all input chars will be output
856 using C<\x01F1> style escapes, otherwise only chars above 255 will be
857 escaped using this style, other non printable chars will use octal or
858 common escaped patterns like C<\n>. If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOBACKSLASH
859 then all chars below 255 will be treated as printable and
860 will be output as literals.
862 If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR is set then only the first char of the
863 string will be escaped, regardles of max. If the string is utf8 and
864 the chars value is >255 then it will be returned as a plain hex
865 sequence. Thus the output will either be a single char,
866 an octal escape sequence, a special escape like C<\n> or a 3 or
867 more digit hex value.
869 If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_RE is set then the escape char used will be a '%' and
870 not a '\\'. This is because regexes very often contain backslashed
871 sequences, whereas '%' is not a particularly common character in patterns.
873 Returns a pointer to the escaped text as held by dsv.
875 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
877 char* pv_escape(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, STRLEN * const escaped, const U32 flags)
885 |const STRLEN count|const STRLEN max\
886 |const char const *start_color| const char const *end_color\
889 Converts a string into something presentable, handling escaping via
890 pv_escape() and supporting quoting and elipses.
892 If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_QUOTE flag is set then the result will be
893 double quoted with any double quotes in the string escaped. Otherwise
894 if the PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT flag is set then the result be wrapped in
897 If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELIPSES flag is set and not all characters in
898 string were output then an elipses C<...> will be appended to the
899 string. Note that this happens AFTER it has been quoted.
901 If start_color is non-null then it will be inserted after the opening
902 quote (if there is one) but before the escaped text. If end_color
903 is non-null then it will be inserted after the escaped text but before
904 any quotes or elipses.
906 Returns a pointer to the prettified text as held by dsv.
908 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
910 char* pv_pretty(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, char const * const start_color, char const * const end_color, const U32 flags)
918 =head1 Functions in file mathoms.c
926 See L<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>.
928 GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
931 Found in file mathoms.c
936 The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters next_in_list and
937 flags are not used. This call should not be used; use packlist instead.
939 void pack_cat(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)
942 Found in file mathoms.c
944 =item sv_2pvbyte_nolen
947 Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV.
948 May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
950 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte_nolen> macro.
952 char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
955 Found in file mathoms.c
957 =item sv_2pvutf8_nolen
960 Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV.
961 May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
963 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro.
965 char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
968 Found in file mathoms.c
973 Like C<sv_2pv()>, but doesn't return the length too. You should usually
974 use the macro wrapper C<SvPV_nolen(sv)> instead.
975 char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)
978 Found in file mathoms.c
983 Like C<sv_catpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
985 void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
988 Found in file mathoms.c
993 Like C<sv_catsv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
995 void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
998 Found in file mathoms.c
1000 =item sv_force_normal
1003 Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make
1004 a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
1005 an xpvmg. See also C<sv_force_normal_flags>.
1007 void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
1010 Found in file mathoms.c
1015 A private implementation of the C<SvIVx> macro for compilers which can't
1016 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
1021 Found in file mathoms.c
1026 Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
1027 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
1028 potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
1030 "Superseded" by sv_nosharing().
1032 void sv_nolocking(SV *sv)
1035 Found in file mathoms.c
1037 =item sv_nounlocking
1040 Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
1041 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
1042 potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
1044 "Superseded" by sv_nosharing().
1046 void sv_nounlocking(SV *sv)
1049 Found in file mathoms.c
1054 A private implementation of the C<SvNVx> macro for compilers which can't
1055 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
1060 Found in file mathoms.c
1065 Use the C<SvPV_nolen> macro instead
1070 Found in file mathoms.c
1075 Use C<SvPVbyte_nolen> instead.
1077 char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)
1080 Found in file mathoms.c
1085 A private implementation of the C<SvPVbyte> macro for compilers
1086 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
1089 char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
1092 Found in file mathoms.c
1097 A private implementation of the C<SvPV> macro for compilers which can't
1098 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
1100 char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
1103 Found in file mathoms.c
1108 Use the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro instead
1110 char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)
1113 Found in file mathoms.c
1118 A private implementation of the C<SvPVutf8> macro for compilers
1119 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
1122 char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
1125 Found in file mathoms.c
1130 Taint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_on> instead.
1131 void sv_taint(SV* sv)
1134 Found in file mathoms.c
1139 Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of
1140 whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of
1141 as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. This is C<sv_unref_flags> with the C<flag>
1142 being zero. See C<SvROK_off>.
1144 void sv_unref(SV* sv)
1147 Found in file mathoms.c
1152 Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Implemented by
1153 calling C<sv_usepvn_flags> with C<flags> of 0, hence does not handle 'set'
1154 magic. See C<sv_usepvn_flags>.
1156 void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
1159 Found in file mathoms.c
1164 Like C<sv_usepvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
1166 void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
1169 Found in file mathoms.c
1174 A private implementation of the C<SvUVx> macro for compilers which can't
1175 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
1180 Found in file mathoms.c
1185 The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. Note: parameters strbeg, new_s
1186 and ocnt are not used. This call should not be used, use unpackstring instead.
1188 I32 unpack_str(const char *pat, const char *patend, const char *s, const char *strbeg, const char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
1191 Found in file mathoms.c
1196 =head1 Functions in file pp_pack.c
1204 The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
1206 void packlist(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
1209 Found in file pp_pack.c
1214 The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. C<unpackstring> puts the
1215 extracted list items on the stack and returns the number of elements.
1216 Issue C<PUTBACK> before and C<SPAGAIN> after the call to this function.
1218 I32 unpackstring(const char *pat, const char *patend, const char *s, const char *strend, U32 flags)
1221 Found in file pp_pack.c
1226 =head1 Global Variables
1233 C<PL_modglobal> is a general purpose, interpreter global HV for use by
1234 extensions that need to keep information on a per-interpreter basis.
1235 In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol table for extensions
1236 to share data among each other. It is a good idea to use keys
1237 prefixed by the package name of the extension that owns the data.
1242 Found in file intrpvar.h
1247 A convenience variable which is typically used with C<SvPV> when one
1248 doesn't care about the length of the string. It is usually more efficient
1249 to either declare a local variable and use that instead or to use the
1250 C<SvPV_nolen> macro.
1255 Found in file thrdvar.h
1260 This is the C<false> SV. See C<PL_sv_yes>. Always refer to this as
1266 Found in file intrpvar.h
1271 This is the C<undef> SV. Always refer to this as C<&PL_sv_undef>.
1276 Found in file intrpvar.h
1281 This is the C<true> SV. See C<PL_sv_no>. Always refer to this as
1287 Found in file intrpvar.h
1299 Return the SV from the GV.
1309 If C<gv> is a typeglob whose subroutine entry is a constant sub eligible for
1310 inlining, or C<gv> is a placeholder reference that would be promoted to such
1311 a typeglob, then returns the value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns
1314 SV* gv_const_sv(GV* gv)
1322 Returns the glob with the given C<name> and a defined subroutine or
1323 C<NULL>. The glob lives in the given C<stash>, or in the stashes
1324 accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
1326 The argument C<level> should be either 0 or -1. If C<level==0>, as a
1327 side-effect creates a glob with the given C<name> in the given C<stash>
1328 which in the case of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets
1329 up caching info for this glob.
1331 This function grants C<"SUPER"> token as a postfix of the stash name. The
1332 GV returned from C<gv_fetchmeth> may be a method cache entry, which is not
1333 visible to Perl code. So when calling C<call_sv>, you should not use
1334 the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV, which can be
1335 obtained from the GV with the C<GvCV> macro.
1337 GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
1342 =item gv_fetchmethod_autoload
1343 X<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>
1345 Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the method
1346 on the C<stash>. In fact in the presence of autoloading this may be the
1347 glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is
1350 The third parameter of C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload> determines whether
1351 AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present: non-zero
1352 means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for AUTOLOAD.
1353 Calling C<gv_fetchmethod> is equivalent to calling C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>
1354 with a non-zero C<autoload> parameter.
1356 These functions grant C<"SUPER"> token as a prefix of the method name. Note
1357 that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to
1358 check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the call may load a
1359 different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob
1360 created via a side effect to do this.
1362 These functions have the same side-effects and as C<gv_fetchmeth> with
1363 C<level==0>. C<name> should be writable if contains C<':'> or C<'
1364 ''>. The warning against passing the GV returned by C<gv_fetchmeth> to
1365 C<call_sv> apply equally to these functions.
1367 GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
1372 =item gv_fetchmeth_autoload
1373 X<gv_fetchmeth_autoload>
1375 Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines too.
1376 Returns a glob for the subroutine.
1378 For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even
1379 if C<level < 0>. For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV()
1380 of the result may be zero.
1382 GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
1390 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. Uses C<strlen> to
1391 determine the length of C<name>, then calls C<gv_stashpvn()>.
1393 HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 flags)
1401 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. The C<namelen>
1402 parameter indicates the length of the C<name>, in bytes. C<flags> is passed
1403 to C<gv_fetchpvn_flags()>, so if set to C<GV_ADD> then the package will be
1404 created if it does not already exist. If the package does not exist and
1405 C<flags> is 0 (or any other setting that does not create packages) then NULL
1409 HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 flags)
1417 Like C<gv_stashpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
1419 HV* gv_stashpvs(const char* name, I32 create)
1422 Found in file handy.h
1427 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. See C<gv_stashpvn>.
1429 HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
1452 Null character pointer.
1455 Found in file handy.h
1479 Found in file handy.h
1484 =head1 Hash Manipulation Functions
1491 Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If C<create> is set and the
1492 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
1493 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
1495 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
1497 HV* get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)
1500 Found in file perl.c
1505 This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and magic structures,
1506 specifies the structure contains an C<SV*> pointer where a C<char*> pointer
1507 is to be expected. (For information only--not to be used).
1515 Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
1525 Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the hash entry. The
1526 pointer may be either C<char*> or C<SV*>, depending on the value of
1527 C<HeKLEN()>. Can be assigned to. The C<HePV()> or C<HeSVKEY()> macros are
1528 usually preferable for finding the value of a key.
1538 If this is negative, and amounts to C<HEf_SVKEY>, it indicates the entry
1539 holds an C<SV*> key. Otherwise, holds the actual length of the key. Can
1540 be assigned to. The C<HePV()> macro is usually preferable for finding key
1543 STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
1551 Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a C<char*> value, doing any
1552 necessary dereferencing of possibly C<SV*> keys. The length of the string
1553 is placed in C<len> (this is a macro, so do I<not> use C<&len>). If you do
1554 not care about what the length of the key is, you may use the global
1555 variable C<PL_na>, though this is rather less efficient than using a local
1556 variable. Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free to contain
1557 embedded nulls, so using C<strlen()> or similar is not a good way to find
1558 the length of hash keys. This is very similar to the C<SvPV()> macro
1559 described elsewhere in this document.
1561 char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
1569 Returns the key as an C<SV*>, or C<NULL> if the hash entry does not
1570 contain an C<SV*> key.
1580 Returns the key as an C<SV*>. Will create and return a temporary mortal
1581 C<SV*> if the hash entry contains only a C<char*> key.
1583 SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
1591 Sets the key to a given C<SV*>, taking care to set the appropriate flags to
1592 indicate the presence of an C<SV*> key, and returns the same
1595 SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
1603 Returns the value slot (type C<SV*>) stored in the hash entry.
1613 Returns the package name of a stash, or NULL if C<stash> isn't a stash.
1614 See C<SvSTASH>, C<CvSTASH>.
1616 char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
1624 Check that a hash is in an internally consistent state.
1626 void hv_assert(HV* tb)
1634 Clears a hash, making it empty.
1636 void hv_clear(HV* tb)
1641 =item hv_clear_placeholders
1642 X<hv_clear_placeholders>
1644 Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a restricted hash has any of its keys
1645 marked as readonly and the key is subsequently deleted, the key is not actually
1646 deleted but is marked by assigning it a value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This tags
1647 it so it will be ignored by future operations such as iterating over the hash,
1648 but will still allow the hash to have a value reassigned to the key at some
1649 future point. This function clears any such placeholder keys from the hash.
1650 See Hash::Util::lock_keys() for an example of its use.
1652 void hv_clear_placeholders(HV* hb)
1660 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the
1661 hash and returned to the caller. The C<klen> is the length of the key.
1662 The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL
1665 SV* hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
1673 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the
1674 hash and returned to the caller. The C<flags> value will normally be zero;
1675 if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned. C<hash> can be a valid
1676 precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
1678 SV* hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
1686 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The
1687 C<klen> is the length of the key.
1689 bool hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)
1697 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. C<hash>
1698 can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be
1701 bool hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
1709 Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The
1710 C<klen> is the length of the key. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be
1711 part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before
1712 dereferencing it to an C<SV*>.
1714 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1715 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1717 SV** hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
1725 Like C<hv_fetch>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
1727 SV** hv_fetchs(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 lval)
1730 Found in file handy.h
1735 Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified key in the hash.
1736 C<hash> must be a valid precomputed hash number for the given C<key>, or 0
1737 if you want the function to compute it. IF C<lval> is set then the fetch
1738 will be part of a store. Make sure the return value is non-null before
1739 accessing it. The return value when C<tb> is a tied hash is a pointer to a
1740 static location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if you need to
1743 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1744 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1746 HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
1754 Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns the number of
1755 keys in the hash (i.e. the same as C<HvKEYS(tb)>). The return value is
1756 currently only meaningful for hashes without tie magic.
1758 NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, C<hv_iterinit> used to return the number of
1759 hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still need that esoteric
1760 value, you can get it through the macro C<HvFILL(tb)>.
1763 I32 hv_iterinit(HV* tb)
1771 Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See
1774 char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
1782 Returns the key as an C<SV*> from the current position of the hash
1783 iterator. The return value will always be a mortal copy of the key. Also
1786 SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
1794 Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit>.
1796 You may call C<hv_delete> or C<hv_delete_ent> on the hash entry that the
1797 iterator currently points to, without losing your place or invalidating your
1798 iterator. Note that in this case the current entry is deleted from the hash
1799 with your iterator holding the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged
1800 to free the entry on the next call to C<hv_iternext>, so you must not discard
1801 your iterator immediately else the entry will leak - call C<hv_iternext> to
1802 trigger the resource deallocation.
1804 HE* hv_iternext(HV* tb)
1812 Performs an C<hv_iternext>, C<hv_iterkey>, and C<hv_iterval> in one
1815 SV* hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
1820 =item hv_iternext_flags
1821 X<hv_iternext_flags>
1823 Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit> and C<hv_iternext>.
1824 The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is
1825 set the placeholders keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition
1826 to normal keys. By default placeholders are automatically skipped over.
1827 Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is
1828 C<&Perl_sv_placeholder>. Note that the implementation of placeholders and
1829 restricted hashes may change, and the implementation currently is
1830 insufficiently abstracted for any change to be tidy.
1832 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
1833 removed without notice.
1835 HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags)
1843 Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See
1846 SV* hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
1854 Adds magic to a hash. See C<sv_magic>.
1856 void hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
1864 Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the result. Handles magic when the hash is tied.
1866 SV* hv_scalar(HV* hv)
1874 Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key> and C<klen> is
1875 the length of the key. The C<hash> parameter is the precomputed hash
1876 value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value will be
1877 NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually
1878 stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can
1879 be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note that the caller is
1880 responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of C<val> before
1881 the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively
1882 a successful hv_store takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is
1883 usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so
1884 if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store
1885 will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do
1886 anything further to tidy up. hv_store is not implemented as a call to
1887 hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your
1888 key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to
1891 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1892 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1894 SV** hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
1902 Like C<hv_store>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair
1903 and omits the hash parameter.
1905 SV** hv_stores(HV* tb, const char* key, NULLOK SV* val)
1908 Found in file handy.h
1913 Stores C<val> in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key>. The C<hash>
1914 parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will
1915 compute it. The return value is the new hash entry so created. It will be
1916 NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually
1917 stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the
1918 contents of the return value can be accessed using the C<He?> macros
1919 described here. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably
1920 incrementing the reference count of C<val> before the call, and
1921 decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful
1922 hv_store_ent takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is
1923 usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so
1924 if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store
1925 will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do
1926 anything further to tidy up. Note that hv_store_ent only reads the C<key>;
1927 unlike C<val> it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the correct
1928 reference count on C<key> is entirely the caller's responsibility. hv_store
1929 is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary
1930 SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use
1931 hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent.
1933 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1934 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1936 HE* hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
1946 void hv_undef(HV* tb)
1954 Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.
1964 =head1 Magical Functions
1971 Clear something magical that the SV represents. See C<sv_magic>.
1973 int mg_clear(SV* sv)
1981 Copies the magic from one SV to another. See C<sv_magic>.
1983 int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
1991 Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1993 MAGIC* mg_find(const SV* sv, int type)
2001 Free any magic storage used by the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
2011 Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
2021 Report on the SV's length. See C<sv_magic>.
2023 U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
2031 Turns on the magical status of an SV. See C<sv_magic>.
2033 void mg_magical(SV* sv)
2041 Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
2051 Invokes C<mg_get> on an SV if it has 'get' magic. This macro evaluates its
2052 argument more than once.
2054 void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
2062 Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv if a suitable module
2073 Invokes C<mg_set> on an SV if it has 'set' magic. This macro evaluates its
2074 argument more than once.
2076 void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
2084 Like C<SvSetSV>, but does any set magic required afterwards.
2086 void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
2091 =item SvSetMagicSV_nosteal
2092 X<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>
2094 Like C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, but does any set magic required afterwards.
2096 void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
2104 Calls C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments
2107 void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
2112 =item SvSetSV_nosteal
2115 Calls a non-destructive version of C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as
2116 ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.
2118 void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
2126 Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable module
2129 void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
2137 Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module
2140 void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
2148 =head1 Memory Management
2155 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memcpy> function. The C<src> is the
2156 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is
2157 the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See also C<Move>.
2159 void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2162 Found in file handy.h
2167 Like C<Copy> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2170 void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2173 Found in file handy.h
2178 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memmove> function. The C<src> is the
2179 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is
2180 the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also C<Copy>.
2182 void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2185 Found in file handy.h
2190 Like C<Move> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2193 void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2196 Found in file handy.h
2201 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function.
2203 In 5.9.3, Newx() and friends replace the older New() API, and drops
2204 the first parameter, I<x>, a debug aid which allowed callers to identify
2205 themselves. This aid has been superseded by a new build option,
2206 PERL_MEM_LOG (see L<perlhack/PERL_MEM_LOG>). The older API is still
2207 there for use in XS modules supporting older perls.
2209 void Newx(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
2212 Found in file handy.h
2217 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function, with
2218 cast. See also C<Newx>.
2220 void Newxc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
2223 Found in file handy.h
2228 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. The allocated
2229 memory is zeroed with C<memzero>. See also C<Newx>.
2231 void Newxz(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
2234 Found in file handy.h
2239 PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
2241 void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2244 Found in file handy.h
2249 PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
2251 void PoisonFree(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2254 Found in file handy.h
2259 PoisonWith(0xAB) for catching access to allocated but uninitialized memory.
2261 void PoisonNew(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2264 Found in file handy.h
2269 Fill up memory with a byte pattern (a byte repeated over and over
2270 again) that hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized memory.
2272 void PoisonWith(void* dest, int nitems, type, U8 byte)
2275 Found in file handy.h
2280 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function.
2282 void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
2285 Found in file handy.h
2290 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function, with
2293 void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
2296 Found in file handy.h
2301 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<free> function.
2303 void Safefree(void* ptr)
2306 Found in file handy.h
2311 Perl's version of C<strdup()>. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated
2312 string which is a duplicate of C<pv>. The size of the string is
2313 determined by C<strlen()>. The memory allocated for the new string can
2314 be freed with the C<Safefree()> function.
2316 char* savepv(const char* pv)
2319 Found in file util.c
2324 Perl's version of what C<strndup()> would be if it existed. Returns a
2325 pointer to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of the first
2326 C<len> bytes from C<pv>, plus a trailing NUL byte. The memory allocated for
2327 the new string can be freed with the C<Safefree()> function.
2329 char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
2332 Found in file util.c
2337 Like C<savepvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
2339 char* savepvs(const char* s)
2342 Found in file handy.h
2347 A version of C<savepv()> which allocates the duplicate string in memory
2348 which is shared between threads.
2350 char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
2353 Found in file util.c
2358 A version of C<savepvn()> which allocates the duplicate string in memory
2359 which is shared between threads. (With the specific difference that a NULL
2360 pointer is not acceptable)
2362 char* savesharedpvn(const char *const pv, const STRLEN len)
2365 Found in file util.c
2370 A version of C<savepv()>/C<savepvn()> which gets the string to duplicate from
2371 the passed in SV using C<SvPV()>
2373 char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
2376 Found in file util.c
2381 This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure to another.
2383 void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
2386 Found in file handy.h
2391 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memzero> function. The C<dest> is the
2392 destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is the type.
2394 void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2397 Found in file handy.h
2402 Like C<Zero> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2405 void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2408 Found in file handy.h
2413 =head1 Miscellaneous Functions
2420 Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it using fbm_instr()
2421 -- the Boyer-Moore algorithm.
2423 void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
2426 Found in file util.c
2431 Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by C<str> and
2432 C<strend>. It returns C<NULL> if the string can't be found. The C<sv>
2433 does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the search will not be as fast
2436 char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
2439 Found in file util.c
2444 Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional
2445 (non-SV) arguments and returns the formatted string.
2447 (char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
2449 can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
2451 char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
2453 Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several strings you
2454 must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when you
2457 char* form(const char* pat, ...)
2460 Found in file util.c
2465 Fill the sv with current working directory
2467 int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
2470 Found in file util.c
2475 The C library C<snprintf> functionality, if available and
2476 standards-compliant (uses C<vsnprintf>, actually). However, if the
2477 C<vsnprintf> is not available, will unfortunately use the unsafe
2478 C<vsprintf> which can overrun the buffer (there is an overrun check,
2479 but that may be too late). Consider using C<sv_vcatpvf> instead, or
2480 getting C<vsnprintf>.
2482 int my_snprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len, const char *format, ...)
2485 Found in file util.c
2490 The C library C<sprintf>, wrapped if necessary, to ensure that it will return
2491 the length of the string written to the buffer. Only rare pre-ANSI systems
2492 need the wrapper function - usually this is a direct call to C<sprintf>.
2494 int my_sprintf(char *buffer, const char *pat, ...)
2497 Found in file util.c
2502 The C library C<vsnprintf> if available and standards-compliant.
2503 However, if if the C<vsnprintf> is not available, will unfortunately
2504 use the unsafe C<vsprintf> which can overrun the buffer (there is an
2505 overrun check, but that may be too late). Consider using
2506 C<sv_vcatpvf> instead, or getting C<vsnprintf>.
2508 int my_vsnprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len, const char *format, va_list ap)
2511 Found in file util.c
2516 Returns a new version object based on the passed in SV:
2518 SV *sv = new_version(SV *ver);
2520 Does not alter the passed in ver SV. See "upg_version" if you
2521 want to upgrade the SV.
2523 SV* new_version(SV *ver)
2526 Found in file util.c
2531 Returns a pointer to the next character after the parsed
2532 version string, as well as upgrading the passed in SV to
2535 Function must be called with an already existing SV like
2538 s = scan_version(s, SV *sv, bool qv);
2540 Performs some preprocessing to the string to ensure that
2541 it has the correct characteristics of a version. Flags the
2542 object if it contains an underscore (which denotes this
2543 is an alpha version). The boolean qv denotes that the version
2544 should be interpreted as if it had multiple decimals, even if
2547 const char* scan_version(const char *vstr, SV *sv, bool qv)
2550 Found in file util.c
2555 Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false.
2557 bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
2560 Found in file handy.h
2565 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than or equal to
2566 the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2568 bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
2571 Found in file handy.h
2576 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than the second,
2577 C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2579 bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
2582 Found in file handy.h
2587 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or equal to the
2588 second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2590 bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
2593 Found in file handy.h
2598 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the second,
2599 C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2601 bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
2604 Found in file handy.h
2609 Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or
2612 bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
2615 Found in file handy.h
2620 Test two strings to see if they are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates
2621 the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
2624 bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
2627 Found in file handy.h
2632 Test two strings to see if they are different. The C<len> parameter
2633 indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A
2634 wrapper for C<strncmp>).
2636 bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
2639 Found in file handy.h
2644 Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is no sharing module present.
2645 Or "locks" it. Or "unlocks" it. In other words, ignores its single SV argument.
2646 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
2647 potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
2649 void sv_nosharing(SV *sv)
2652 Found in file util.c
2657 In-place upgrade of the supplied SV to a version object.
2659 SV *sv = upg_version(SV *sv, bool qv);
2661 Returns a pointer to the upgraded SV. Set the boolean qv if you want
2662 to force this SV to be interpreted as an "extended" version.
2664 SV* upg_version(SV *ver, bool qv)
2667 Found in file util.c
2672 Version object aware cmp. Both operands must already have been
2673 converted into version objects.
2675 int vcmp(SV *lvs, SV *rvs)
2678 Found in file util.c
2683 Accepts a version object and returns the normalized string
2684 representation. Call like:
2688 NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV
2689 contained within the RV.
2694 Found in file util.c
2699 Accepts a version object and returns the normalized floating
2700 point representation. Call like:
2704 NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV
2705 contained within the RV.
2710 Found in file util.c
2715 In order to maintain maximum compatibility with earlier versions
2716 of Perl, this function will return either the floating point
2717 notation or the multiple dotted notation, depending on whether
2718 the original version contained 1 or more dots, respectively
2720 SV* vstringify(SV *vs)
2723 Found in file util.c
2728 Validates that the SV contains a valid version object.
2730 bool vverify(SV *vobj);
2732 Note that it only confirms the bare minimum structure (so as not to get
2733 confused by derived classes which may contain additional hash entries):
2735 bool vverify(SV *vs)
2738 Found in file util.c
2743 =head1 MRO Functions
2747 =item mro_get_linear_isa
2748 X<mro_get_linear_isa>
2750 Returns either C<mro_get_linear_isa_c3> or
2751 C<mro_get_linear_isa_dfs> for the given stash,
2752 dependant upon which MRO is in effect
2753 for that stash. The return value is a
2756 You are responsible for C<SvREFCNT_inc()> on the
2757 return value if you plan to store it anywhere
2758 semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted
2759 out from under you the next time the cache is
2762 AV* mro_get_linear_isa(HV* stash)
2767 =item mro_get_linear_isa_c3
2768 X<mro_get_linear_isa_c3>
2770 Returns the C3 linearization of @ISA
2771 the given stash. The return value is a read-only AV*.
2772 C<level> should be 0 (it is used internally in this
2773 function's recursion).
2775 You are responsible for C<SvREFCNT_inc()> on the
2776 return value if you plan to store it anywhere
2777 semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted
2778 out from under you the next time the cache is
2781 AV* mro_get_linear_isa_c3(HV* stash, I32 level)
2786 =item mro_get_linear_isa_dfs
2787 X<mro_get_linear_isa_dfs>
2789 Returns the Depth-First Search linearization of @ISA
2790 the given stash. The return value is a read-only AV*.
2791 C<level> should be 0 (it is used internally in this
2792 function's recursion).
2794 You are responsible for C<SvREFCNT_inc()> on the
2795 return value if you plan to store it anywhere
2796 semi-permanently (otherwise it might be deleted
2797 out from under you the next time the cache is
2800 AV* mro_get_linear_isa_dfs(HV* stash, I32 level)
2805 =item mro_method_changed_in
2806 X<mro_method_changed_in>
2808 Invalidates method caching on any child classes
2809 of the given stash, so that they might notice
2810 the changes in this one.
2812 Ideally, all instances of C<PL_sub_generation++> in
2813 the perl source outside of C<mro.c> should be
2814 replaced by calls to this. This conversion is
2817 Perl has always had problems with method caches
2818 getting out of sync when one directly manipulates
2819 stashes via things like C<%{Foo::} = %{Bar::}> or
2820 C<${Foo::}{bar} = ...> or the equivalent. If
2821 you do this in core or XS code, call this afterwards
2822 on the destination stash to get things back in sync.
2824 If you're doing such a thing from pure perl, use
2825 C<mro::method_changed_in(classname)>, which
2828 void mro_method_changed_in(HV* stash)
2836 =head1 Multicall Functions
2843 Declare local variables for a multicall. See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2853 Make a lightweight callback. See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2863 Closing bracket for a lightweight callback.
2864 See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2871 =item PUSH_MULTICALL
2874 Opening bracket for a lightweight callback.
2875 See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2885 =head1 Numeric functions
2892 converts a string representing a binary number to numeric form.
2894 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2895 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2896 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2897 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2898 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2899 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2900 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2902 If the value is <= C<UV_MAX> it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2903 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_bin>
2904 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2905 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2908 The binary number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or "b" unless
2909 C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If
2910 C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the binary
2911 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2913 UV grok_bin(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
2916 Found in file numeric.c
2921 converts a string representing a hex number to numeric form.
2923 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2924 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2925 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2926 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2927 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2928 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2929 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2931 If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2932 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_hex>
2933 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2934 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2937 The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or "x" unless
2938 C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If
2939 C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the hex
2940 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2942 UV grok_hex(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
2945 Found in file numeric.c
2950 Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is returned
2951 (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a bit-ORed combination of
2952 IS_NUMBER_IN_UV, IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT,
2953 IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN (defined in perl.h).
2955 If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in the *valuep
2956 IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
2957 will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned
2958 to during processing even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set on return.
2959 If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the same cases as when
2960 valuep is non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will occur.
2962 IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV if trailing decimals were
2963 seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer), and
2964 IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is negative (in which case *valuep holds the
2965 absolute value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation was used or the
2966 number is larger than a UV.
2968 int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
2971 Found in file numeric.c
2973 =item grok_numeric_radix
2974 X<grok_numeric_radix>
2976 Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix).
2978 bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
2981 Found in file numeric.c
2986 converts a string representing an octal number to numeric form.
2988 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2989 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2990 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2991 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2992 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2993 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2994 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2996 If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2997 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_oct>
2998 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2999 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
3002 If C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the octal
3003 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
3005 UV grok_oct(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
3008 Found in file numeric.c
3013 Return a non-zero integer if the sign bit on an NV is set, and 0 if
3016 If Configure detects this system has a signbit() that will work with
3017 our NVs, then we just use it via the #define in perl.h. Otherwise,
3018 fall back on this implementation. As a first pass, this gets everything
3019 right except -0.0. Alas, catching -0.0 is the main use for this function,
3020 so this is not too helpful yet. Still, at least we have the scaffolding
3021 in place to support other systems, should that prove useful.
3024 Configure notes: This function is called 'Perl_signbit' instead of a
3025 plain 'signbit' because it is easy to imagine a system having a signbit()
3026 function or macro that doesn't happen to work with our particular choice
3027 of NVs. We shouldn't just re-#define signbit as Perl_signbit and expect
3028 the standard system headers to be happy. Also, this is a no-context
3029 function (no pTHX_) because Perl_signbit() is usually re-#defined in
3030 perl.h as a simple macro call to the system's signbit().
3031 Users should just always call Perl_signbit().
3033 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
3034 removed without notice.
3036 int Perl_signbit(NV f)
3039 Found in file numeric.c
3044 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_bin> instead.
3046 NV scan_bin(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
3049 Found in file numeric.c
3054 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_hex> instead.
3056 NV scan_hex(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
3059 Found in file numeric.c
3064 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_oct> instead.
3066 NV scan_oct(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
3069 Found in file numeric.c
3074 =head1 Optree Manipulation Functions
3081 If C<cv> is a constant sub eligible for inlining. returns the constant
3082 value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NULL.
3084 Constant subs can be created with C<newCONSTSUB> or as described in
3085 L<perlsub/"Constant Functions">.
3087 SV* cv_const_sv(CV* cv)
3095 Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl C<sub FOO () { 123 }> which is
3096 eligible for inlining at compile-time.
3098 CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, const char* name, SV* sv)
3106 Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. I<filename> needs to be
3107 static storage, as it is used directly as CvFILE(), without a copy being made.
3115 =head1 Pad Data Structures
3122 Get the value at offset po in the current pad.
3123 Use macro PAD_SV instead of calling this function directly.
3125 SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)
3133 =head1 Simple Exception Handling Macros
3140 Set up necessary local variables for exception handling.
3141 See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
3146 Found in file XSUB.h
3151 Introduces a catch block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
3154 Found in file XSUB.h
3159 Rethrows a previously caught exception. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
3164 Found in file XSUB.h
3169 Ends a try block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
3172 Found in file XSUB.h
3174 =item XCPT_TRY_START
3177 Starts a try block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
3180 Found in file XSUB.h
3185 =head1 Stack Manipulation Macros
3192 Declare a stack marker variable, C<mark>, for the XSUB. See C<MARK> and
3203 Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<ORIGMARK>.
3213 Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB, available via
3214 the C<SP> macro. See C<SP>.
3224 Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values. Once
3225 used, guarantees that there is room for at least C<nitems> to be pushed
3228 void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
3236 Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See C<dMARK>.
3244 Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3245 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHi>, C<mXPUSHi>
3256 Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3257 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHn>, C<mXPUSHn>
3268 Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3269 The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does
3270 not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHp>, C<mXPUSHp> and C<XPUSHp>.
3272 void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3280 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
3281 element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHu>,
3282 C<mXPUSHu> and C<XPUSHu>.
3292 Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3293 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHi>, C<mPUSHi> and
3304 Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3305 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHn>, C<mPUSHn> and
3316 Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len>
3317 indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
3318 C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHp>, C<mPUSHp> and C<PUSHp>.
3320 void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3328 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
3329 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHu>, C<mPUSHu>
3340 The original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<dORIGMARK>.
3348 Pops an integer off the stack.
3358 Pops a long off the stack.
3368 Pops a double off the stack.
3378 Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should use POPpx.
3388 Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes i.e. characters < 256.
3398 Pops a string off the stack.
3408 Pops an SV off the stack.
3418 Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3419 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
3420 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
3421 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHi> instead. See also C<XPUSHi> and
3432 Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See C<PUTBACK> and
3443 Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
3444 element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also
3445 C<PUSHs>, C<XPUSHmortal> and C<XPUSHs>.
3455 Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3456 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
3457 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
3458 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHn> instead. See also C<XPUSHn> and
3469 Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3470 The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
3471 C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to declare it. Do not
3472 call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
3473 C<mPUSHp> instead. See also C<XPUSHp> and C<mXPUSHp>.
3475 void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3483 Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3484 Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHmortal>,
3485 C<XPUSHs> and C<XPUSHmortal>.
3495 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
3496 element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG>
3497 should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented
3498 macros to return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHu> instead. See also
3499 C<XPUSHu> and C<mXPUSHu>.
3509 Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>.
3510 See C<PUSHMARK> and L<perlcall> for other uses.
3520 Stack pointer. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. See C<dSP> and
3529 Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See L<perlcall>.
3539 Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3540 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to
3541 declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists
3542 from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHi> instead. See also C<PUSHi> and C<mPUSHi>.
3552 Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does
3553 not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHs>,
3554 C<PUSHmortal> and C<PUSHs>.
3564 Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3565 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to
3566 declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists
3567 from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHn> instead. See also C<PUSHn> and C<mPUSHn>.
3577 Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len>
3578 indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so
3579 C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to declare it. Do not call
3580 multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
3581 C<mXPUSHp> instead. See also C<PUSHp> and C<mPUSHp>.
3583 void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3591 Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not
3592 handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHmortal>,
3593 C<PUSHs> and C<PUSHmortal>.
3603 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
3604 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
3605 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
3606 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHu> instead. See also C<PUSHu> and
3617 Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually
3618 handled by C<xsubpp>.
3620 void XSRETURN(int nitems)
3623 Found in file XSUB.h
3625 =item XSRETURN_EMPTY
3628 Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
3633 Found in file XSUB.h
3638 Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mIV>.
3640 void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
3643 Found in file XSUB.h
3648 Return C<&PL_sv_no> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNO>.
3653 Found in file XSUB.h
3658 Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNV>.
3660 void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
3663 Found in file XSUB.h
3668 Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mPV>.
3670 void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
3673 Found in file XSUB.h
3675 =item XSRETURN_UNDEF
3678 Return C<&PL_sv_undef> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUNDEF>.
3683 Found in file XSUB.h
3688 Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUV>.
3690 void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
3693 Found in file XSUB.h
3698 Return C<&PL_sv_yes> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mYES>.
3703 Found in file XSUB.h
3708 Place an integer into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The
3709 value is stored in a new mortal SV.
3711 void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
3714 Found in file XSUB.h
3719 Place C<&PL_sv_no> into the specified position C<pos> on the
3722 void XST_mNO(int pos)
3725 Found in file XSUB.h
3730 Place a double into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The value
3731 is stored in a new mortal SV.
3733 void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
3736 Found in file XSUB.h
3741 Place a copy of a string into the specified position C<pos> on the stack.
3742 The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
3744 void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
3747 Found in file XSUB.h
3752 Place C<&PL_sv_undef> into the specified position C<pos> on the
3755 void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
3758 Found in file XSUB.h
3763 Place C<&PL_sv_yes> into the specified position C<pos> on the
3766 void XST_mYES(int pos)
3769 Found in file XSUB.h
3781 An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file B<sv.h>
3782 in the C<svtype> enum. Test these flags with the C<SvTYPE> macro.
3790 Integer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
3798 Double type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
3806 Pointer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
3814 Type flag for arrays. See C<svtype>.
3822 Type flag for code refs. See C<svtype>.
3830 Type flag for hashes. See C<svtype>.
3838 Type flag for blessed scalars. See C<svtype>.
3846 =head1 SV Manipulation Functions
3853 Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If C<create> is set and the
3854 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
3855 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
3857 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
3859 SV* get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)
3862 Found in file perl.c
3867 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is
3870 SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv)
3878 Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvLEN>.
3880 STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
3888 Set the current length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvCUR>
3891 void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3899 Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV.
3900 See C<SvCUR>. Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)).
3910 Returns true if the SV has get magic or overloading. If either is true then
3911 the scalar is active data, and has the potential to return a new value every
3912 time it is accessed. Hence you must be careful to only read it once per user
3913 logical operation and work with that returned value. If neither is true then
3914 the scalar's value cannot change unless written to.
3916 char* SvGAMAGIC(SV* sv)
3924 Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room for the
3925 indicated number of bytes (remember to reserve space for an extra trailing
3926 NUL character). Calls C<sv_grow> to perform the expansion if necessary.
3927 Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
3929 char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3937 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains an integer.
3947 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks
3948 the B<private> setting. Use C<SvIOK>.
3958 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a signed integer.
3960 bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
3968 Unsets the IV status of an SV.
3970 void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
3978 Tells an SV that it is an integer.
3980 void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
3988 Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits.
3990 void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
3998 Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables all other OK bits.
4000 void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
4008 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
4010 bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
4018 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write. (either shared
4019 hash key scalars, or full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured for
4022 bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
4027 =item SvIsCOW_shared_hash
4028 X<SvIsCOW_shared_hash>
4030 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write shared hash key
4033 bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
4041 Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See C<SvIVx> for a
4042 version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4052 Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks or conversions.
4053 Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvIV()>.
4063 Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate
4064 C<sv> only once. Only use this if C<sv> is an expression with side effects,
4065 otherwise use the more efficient C<SvIV>.
4075 Like C<SvIV> but doesn't process magic.
4077 IV SvIV_nomg(SV* sv)
4085 Set the value of the IV pointer in sv to val. It is possible to perform
4086 the same function of this macro with an lvalue assignment to C<SvIVX>.
4087 With future Perls, however, it will be more efficient to use
4088 C<SvIV_set> instead of the lvalue assignment to C<SvIVX>.
4090 void SvIV_set(SV* sv, IV val)
4098 Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not including any part
4099 attributable to C<SvOOK>. See C<SvCUR>.
4101 STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
4109 Set the actual length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvIV_set>.
4111 void SvLEN_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4119 Set the value of the MAGIC pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4121 void SvMAGIC_set(SV* sv, MAGIC* val)
4129 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
4140 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
4141 double. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvNIOK>.
4151 Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
4153 void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
4161 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a double.
4171 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the
4172 B<private> setting. Use C<SvNOK>.
4182 Unsets the NV status of an SV.
4184 void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
4192 Tells an SV that it is a double.
4194 void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
4202 Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits.
4204 void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
4212 Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See C<SvNVx> for a version
4213 which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4223 Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks or conversions.
4224 Only use when you are sure SvNOK is true. See also C<SvNV()>.
4234 Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate
4235 C<sv> only once. Only use this if C<sv> is an expression with side effects,
4236 otherwise use the more efficient C<SvNV>.
4246 Set the value of the NV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4248 void SvNV_set(SV* sv, NV val)
4256 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the value is an SV. It also tells
4257 whether the value is defined or not.
4267 Returns a U32 indicating whether the SvIVX is a valid offset value for
4268 the SvPVX. This hack is used internally to speed up removal of characters
4269 from the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true, then the start of the
4270 allocated string buffer is really (SvPVX - SvIVX).
4280 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a character
4291 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains a character string.
4292 Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvPOK>.
4302 Unsets the PV status of an SV.
4304 void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
4312 Tells an SV that it is a string.
4314 void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
4322 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits.
4323 Will also turn off the UTF-8 status.
4325 void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
4330 =item SvPOK_only_UTF8
4333 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits,
4334 and leaves the UTF-8 status as it was.
4336 void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
4344 Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of
4345 the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
4346 stringified version becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic. See also
4347 C<SvPVx> for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4349 char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4357 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4359 char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4367 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4368 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte>
4371 char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4376 =item SvPVbytex_force
4379 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4380 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte_force>
4383 char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4388 =item SvPVbyte_force
4391 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4393 char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4398 =item SvPVbyte_nolen
4401 Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4403 char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
4411 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4413 char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4421 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4422 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8>
4425 char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4430 =item SvPVutf8x_force
4433 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4434 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8_force>
4437 char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4442 =item SvPVutf8_force
4445 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4447 char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4452 =item SvPVutf8_nolen
4455 Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4457 char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
4465 Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV must contain a
4476 A version of C<SvPV> which guarantees to evaluate C<sv> only once.
4477 Only use this if C<sv> is an expression with side effects, otherwise use the
4478 more efficient C<SvPVX>.
4480 char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4488 Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string
4489 (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX>
4492 char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4497 =item SvPV_force_nomg
4500 Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string
4501 (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX>
4502 directly. Doesn't process magic.
4504 char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4512 Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of
4513 the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
4514 stringified form becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic.
4516 char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
4524 Like C<SvPV> but doesn't process magic.
4526 char* SvPV_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4534 Set the value of the PV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4536 void SvPV_set(SV* sv, char* val)
4544 Returns the value of the object's reference count.
4546 U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
4554 Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
4556 void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
4564 Increments the reference count of the given SV.
4566 All of the following SvREFCNT_inc* macros are optimized versions of
4567 SvREFCNT_inc, and can be replaced with SvREFCNT_inc.
4569 SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
4574 =item SvREFCNT_inc_NN
4577 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you know I<sv>
4578 is not NULL. Since we don't have to check the NULLness, it's faster
4581 SV* SvREFCNT_inc_NN(SV* sv)
4586 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple
4587 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple>
4589 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used with expressions without side
4590 effects. Since we don't have to store a temporary value, it's faster.
4592 SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple(SV* sv)
4597 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN
4598 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN>
4600 Same as SvREFCNT_inc_simple, but can only be used if you know I<sv>
4601 is not NULL. Since we don't have to check the NULLness, it's faster
4604 SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN(SV* sv)
4609 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void
4610 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void>
4612 Same as SvREFCNT_inc_simple, but can only be used if you don't need the
4613 return value. The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful value.
4615 void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(SV* sv)
4620 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN
4621 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN>
4623 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't need the return
4624 value, and you know that I<sv> is not NULL. The macro doesn't need
4625 to return a meaningful value, or check for NULLness, so it's smaller
4628 void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(SV* sv)
4633 =item SvREFCNT_inc_void
4634 X<SvREFCNT_inc_void>
4636 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't need the
4637 return value. The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful value.
4639 void SvREFCNT_inc_void(SV* sv)
4644 =item SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN
4645 X<SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN>
4647 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't need the return
4648 value, and you know that I<sv> is not NULL. The macro doesn't need
4649 to return a meaningful value, or check for NULLness, so it's smaller
4652 void SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN(SV* sv)
4660 Tests if the SV is an RV.
4670 Unsets the RV status of an SV.
4672 void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
4680 Tells an SV that it is an RV.
4682 void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
4690 Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
4700 Set the value of the RV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4702 void SvRV_set(SV* sv, SV* val)
4710 Returns the stash of the SV.
4720 Set the value of the STASH pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4722 void SvSTASH_set(SV* sv, HV* val)
4730 Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
4732 void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
4740 Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is, FALSE if
4743 bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
4751 Untaints an SV. Be I<very> careful with this routine, as it short-circuits
4752 some of Perl's fundamental security features. XS module authors should not
4753 use this function unless they fully understand all the implications of
4754 unconditionally untainting the value. Untainting should be done in the
4755 standard perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather than directly
4756 untainting variables.
4758 void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
4766 Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
4768 void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
4776 Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or
4777 false, defined or undefined. Does not handle 'get' magic.
4787 Returns the type of the SV. See C<svtype>.
4789 svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
4797 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
4807 Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses C<sv_upgrade> to
4808 perform the upgrade if necessary. See C<svtype>.
4810 void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
4818 Returns a U32 value indicating whether the SV contains UTF-8 encoded data.
4819 Call this after SvPV() in case any call to string overloading updates the
4830 Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
4832 void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
4840 Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed, just the flag).
4841 Do not use frivolously.
4843 void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
4851 Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. See C<SvUVx>
4852 for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4862 Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks or conversions.
4863 Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvUV()>.
4873 Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. Guarantees to
4874 C<sv> only once. Only use this if C<sv> is an expression with side effects,
4875 otherwise use the more efficient C<SvUV>.
4885 Like C<SvUV> but doesn't process magic.
4887 UV SvUV_nomg(SV* sv)
4895 Set the value of the UV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4897 void SvUV_set(SV* sv, UV val)
4905 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a v-string.
4912 =item sv_catpvn_nomg
4915 Like C<sv_catpvn> but doesn't process magic.
4917 void sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
4925 Like C<sv_catsv> but doesn't process magic.
4927 void sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4932 =item sv_derived_from
4935 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from the specified class
4936 I<at the C level>. To check derivation at the Perl level, call C<isa()> as a
4939 bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)
4942 Found in file universal.c
4947 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV performs a specific, named role.
4948 The SV can be a Perl object or the name of a Perl class.
4950 bool sv_does(SV* sv, const char* name)
4953 Found in file universal.c
4955 =item sv_report_used
4958 Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging aid).
4960 void sv_report_used()
4968 Like C<sv_setsv> but doesn't process magic.
4970 void sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4978 =head1 SV-Body Allocation
4982 =item looks_like_number
4983 X<looks_like_number>
4985 Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a number).
4986 C<Inf> and C<Infinity> are treated as numbers (so will not issue a
4987 non-numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't grok them.
4989 I32 looks_like_number(SV* sv)
4997 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original
4998 SV is B<not> incremented.
5000 SV* newRV_noinc(SV* sv)
5008 Creates a new SV. A non-zero C<len> parameter indicates the number of
5009 bytes of preallocated string space the SV should have. An extra byte for a
5010 trailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not set for the SV even if string
5011 space is allocated.) The reference count for the new SV is set to 1.
5013 In 5.9.3, newSV() replaces the older NEWSV() API, and drops the first
5014 parameter, I<x>, a debug aid which allowed callers to identify themselves.
5015 This aid has been superseded by a new build option, PERL_MEM_LOG (see
5016 L<perlhack/PERL_MEM_LOG>). The older API is still there for use in XS
5017 modules supporting older perls.
5019 SV* newSV(STRLEN len)
5027 Creates a new SV from the hash key structure. It will generate scalars that
5028 point to the shared string table where possible. Returns a new (undefined)
5029 SV if the hek is NULL.
5031 SV* newSVhek(const HEK *hek)
5039 Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference count for the
5050 Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it.
5051 The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
5061 Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the
5062 SV is set to 1. If C<len> is zero, Perl will compute the length using
5063 strlen(). For efficiency, consider using C<newSVpvn> instead.
5065 SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
5073 Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string formatted like
5076 SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
5084 Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the
5085 SV is set to 1. Note that if C<len> is zero, Perl will create a zero length
5086 string. You are responsible for ensuring that the source string is at least
5087 C<len> bytes long. If the C<s> argument is NULL the new SV will be undefined.
5089 SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
5094 =item newSVpvn_share
5097 Creates a new SV with its SvPVX_const pointing to a shared string in the string
5098 table. If the string does not already exist in the table, it is created
5099 first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The string's hash is stored in the UV
5100 slot of the SV; if the C<hash> parameter is non-zero, that value is used;
5101 otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is that as the string table
5102 is used for shared hash keys these strings will have SvPVX_const == HeKEY and
5103 hash lookup will avoid string compare.
5105 SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
5113 Like C<newSVpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
5115 SV* newSVpvs(const char* s)
5118 Found in file handy.h
5120 =item newSVpvs_share
5123 Like C<newSVpvn_share>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length
5124 pair and omits the hash parameter.
5126 SV* newSVpvs_share(const char* s)
5129 Found in file handy.h
5134 Creates a new SV for the RV, C<rv>, to point to. If C<rv> is not an RV then
5135 it will be upgraded to one. If C<classname> is non-null then the new SV will
5136 be blessed in the specified package. The new SV is returned and its
5137 reference count is 1.
5139 SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
5147 Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original SV.
5150 SV* newSVsv(SV* old)
5158 Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it.
5159 The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
5169 Creates a new SV, of the type specificied. The reference count for the new SV
5172 SV* newSV_type(svtype type)
5180 This function is only called on magical items, and is only used by
5181 sv_true() or its macro equivalent.
5183 bool sv_2bool(SV* sv)
5191 Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition, try if
5192 possible to set C<*st> and C<*gvp> to the stash and GV associated with it.
5193 The flags in C<lref> are passed to sv_fetchsv.
5195 CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)
5203 Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO slot if its a
5204 GV; or the recursive result if we're an RV; or the IO slot of the symbol
5205 named after the PV if we're a string.
5215 Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string
5216 conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first.
5217 Normally used via the C<SvIV(sv)> and C<SvIVx(sv)> macros.
5219 IV sv_2iv_flags(SV* sv, I32 flags)
5227 Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed "soon", either
5228 by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
5229 statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is turned on which means that the SV's
5230 string buffer can be "stolen" if this SV is copied. See also C<sv_newmortal>
5231 and C<sv_mortalcopy>.
5233 SV* sv_2mortal(SV* sv)
5241 Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string or integer
5242 conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the C<SvNV(sv)> and C<SvNVx(sv)>
5253 Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp
5254 to its length. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a
5257 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte> macro.
5259 char* sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5267 Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp
5268 to its length. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
5270 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8> macro.
5272 char* sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5280 Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets *lp to its length.
5281 If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a string
5283 Normally invoked via the C<SvPV_flags> macro. C<sv_2pv()> and C<sv_2pv_nomg>
5284 usually end up here too.
5286 char* sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
5294 Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string
5295 conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first.
5296 Normally used via the C<SvUV(sv)> and C<SvUVx(sv)> macros.
5298 UV sv_2uv_flags(SV* sv, I32 flags)
5306 Remove any string offset. You should normally use the C<SvOOK_off> macro
5309 int sv_backoff(SV* sv)
5317 Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package
5318 must be designated by its stash (see C<gv_stashpv()>). The reference count
5319 of the SV is unaffected.
5321 SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
5329 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV.
5330 If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be
5331 valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpv_mg>.
5333 void sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
5341 Processes its arguments like C<sprintf> and appends the formatted
5342 output to an SV. If the appended data contains "wide" characters
5343 (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with %s,
5344 and characters >255 formatted with %c), the original SV might get
5345 upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
5346 C<sv_catpvf_mg>. If the original SV was UTF-8, the pattern should be
5347 valid UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the pattern should be too.
5349 void sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
5357 Like C<sv_catpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5359 void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
5367 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The
5368 C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8
5369 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8.
5370 Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpvn_mg>.
5372 void sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
5377 =item sv_catpvn_flags
5380 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The
5381 C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8
5382 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8.
5383 If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<dsv> if
5384 appropriate, else not. C<sv_catpvn> and C<sv_catpvn_nomg> are implemented
5385 in terms of this function.
5387 void sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
5395 Like C<sv_catpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
5397 void sv_catpvs(SV* sv, const char* s)
5400 Found in file handy.h
5405 Like C<sv_catpv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5407 void sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
5415 Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in
5416 SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. Handles 'get' magic, but
5417 not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catsv_mg>.
5419 void sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
5424 =item sv_catsv_flags
5427 Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in
5428 SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC>
5429 bit set, will C<mg_get> on the SVs if appropriate, else not. C<sv_catsv>
5430 and C<sv_catsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
5432 void sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
5440 Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the string buffer.
5441 SvPOK(sv) must be true and the C<ptr> must be a pointer to somewhere inside
5442 the string buffer. The C<ptr> becomes the first character of the adjusted
5443 string. Uses the "OOK hack".
5444 Beware: after this function returns, C<ptr> and SvPVX_const(sv) may no longer
5445 refer to the same chunk of data.
5447 void sv_chop(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
5455 Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used by the body,
5456 and free the body itself. The SV's head is I<not> freed, although
5457 its type is set to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be assumed
5458 to be live during global destruction etc.
5459 This function should only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most of the time
5460 you'll want to call C<sv_free()> (or its macro wrapper C<SvREFCNT_dec>)
5463 void sv_clear(SV* sv)
5471 Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the
5472 string in C<sv1> is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in
5473 C<sv2>. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will
5474 coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>.
5476 I32 sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
5484 Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner. Is UTF-8 and
5485 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings
5486 if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>. See also C<sv_cmp>.
5488 I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
5496 Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already have it.
5498 Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm magic that contains the
5499 scalar data of the variable, but transformed to such a format that a normal
5500 memory comparison can be used to compare the data according to the locale
5503 char* sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)
5511 Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into the
5512 destination SV. Automatically performs any necessary mg_get and
5513 coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to preserve
5514 UTF8 flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to
5515 sv_2pv[_flags] but operates directly on an SV instead of just the
5516 string. Mostly uses sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that
5517 would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.
5519 void sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
5527 Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion
5528 if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
5538 Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs are
5539 identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will
5540 coerce its args to strings if necessary.
5542 I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
5547 =item sv_force_normal_flags
5548 X<sv_force_normal_flags>
5550 Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make
5551 a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
5552 an xpvmg; if we're a copy-on-write scalar, this is the on-write time when
5553 we do the copy, and is also used locally. If C<SV_COW_DROP_PV> is set
5554 then a copy-on-write scalar drops its PV buffer (if any) and becomes
5555 SvPOK_off rather than making a copy. (Used where this scalar is about to be
5556 set to some other value.) In addition, the C<flags> parameter gets passed to
5557 C<sv_unref_flags()> when unrefing. C<sv_force_normal> calls this function
5558 with flags set to 0.
5560 void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags)
5568 Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero, call
5569 C<sv_clear> to invoke destructors and free up any memory used by
5570 the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head itself.
5571 Normally called via a wrapper macro C<SvREFCNT_dec>.
5573 void sv_free(SV* sv)
5581 Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV, optionally
5582 appending to the currently-stored string.
5584 char* sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)
5592 Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses C<sv_unref> and
5593 upgrades the SV to C<SVt_PV>. Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
5594 Use the C<SvGROW> wrapper instead.
5596 char* sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
5604 Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion
5605 if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
5615 Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the SV. Similar to
5616 the Perl substr() function.
5618 void sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, const char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
5626 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified
5627 class. This does not check for subtypes; use C<sv_derived_from> to verify
5628 an inheritance relationship.
5630 int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)
5638 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed
5639 object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this
5642 int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
5650 Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic and type
5651 coercion. See also C<SvCUR>, which gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot.
5653 STRLEN sv_len(SV* sv)
5661 Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV, counting wide
5662 UTF-8 bytes as a single character. Handles magic and type coercion.
5664 STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV* sv)
5672 Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades C<sv> to type C<SVt_PVMG> if necessary,
5673 then adds a new magic item of type C<how> to the head of the magic list.
5675 See C<sv_magicext> (which C<sv_magic> now calls) for a description of the
5676 handling of the C<name> and C<namlen> arguments.
5678 You need to use C<sv_magicext> to add magic to SvREADONLY SVs and also
5679 to add more than one instance of the same 'how'.
5681 void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
5689 Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the
5690 supplied vtable and returns a pointer to the magic added.
5692 Note that C<sv_magicext> will allow things that C<sv_magic> will not.
5693 In particular, you can add magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than
5694 one instance of the same 'how'.
5696 If C<namlen> is greater than zero then a C<savepvn> I<copy> of C<name> is
5697 stored, if C<namlen> is zero then C<name> is stored as-is and - as another
5698 special case - if C<(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)> then C<name> is assumed
5699 to contain an C<SV*> and is stored as-is with its REFCNT incremented.
5701 (This is now used as a subroutine by C<sv_magic>.)
5703 MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen)
5711 Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using C<sv_setsv>).
5712 The new SV is marked as mortal. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an
5713 explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
5714 statement boundaries. See also C<sv_newmortal> and C<sv_2mortal>.
5716 SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
5724 Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count of the SV is
5725 set to 1. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to
5726 FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries.
5727 See also C<sv_mortalcopy> and C<sv_2mortal>.
5737 Increment an SV's reference count. Use the C<SvREFCNT_inc()> wrapper
5740 SV* sv_newref(SV* sv)
5748 Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of bytes from the
5749 start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars.
5750 Handles magic and type coercion.
5752 void sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)
5760 Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of UTF-8 chars from
5761 the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if
5762 lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this time starting from
5763 the offset, rather than from the start of the string. Handles magic and
5766 void sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)
5771 =item sv_pvbyten_force
5774 The backend for the C<SvPVbytex_force> macro. Always use the macro instead.
5776 char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5784 Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow.
5785 A private implementation of the C<SvPV_force> macro for compilers which
5786 can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
5788 char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5793 =item sv_pvn_force_flags
5794 X<sv_pvn_force_flags>
5796 Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow.
5797 If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if
5798 appropriate, else not. C<sv_pvn_force> and C<sv_pvn_force_nomg> are
5799 implemented in terms of this function.
5800 You normally want to use the various wrapper macros instead: see
5801 C<SvPV_force> and C<SvPV_force_nomg>
5803 char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
5808 =item sv_pvutf8n_force
5811 The backend for the C<SvPVutf8x_force> macro. Always use the macro instead.
5813 char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5821 Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to.
5823 const char* sv_reftype(const SV* sv, int ob)
5831 Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete the original.
5832 The target SV physically takes over ownership of the body of the source SV
5833 and inherits its flags; however, the target keeps any magic it owns,
5834 and any magic in the source is discarded.
5835 Note that this is a rather specialist SV copying operation; most of the
5836 time you'll want to use C<sv_setsv> or one of its many macro front-ends.
5838 void sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)
5846 Underlying implementation for the C<reset> Perl function.
5847 Note that the perl-level function is vaguely deprecated.
5849 void sv_reset(const char* s, HV* stash)
5857 Weaken a reference: set the C<SvWEAKREF> flag on this RV; give the
5858 referred-to SV C<PERL_MAGIC_backref> magic if it hasn't already; and
5859 push a back-reference to this RV onto the array of backreferences
5860 associated with that magic. If the RV is magical, set magic will be
5861 called after the RV is cleared.
5863 SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *sv)
5871 Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
5872 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setiv_mg>.
5874 void sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)
5882 Like C<sv_setiv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5884 void sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)
5892 Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
5893 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setnv_mg>.
5895 void sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)
5903 Like C<sv_setnv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5905 void sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)
5913 Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated. Does not
5914 handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpv_mg>.
5916 void sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
5924 Works like C<sv_catpvf> but copies the text into the SV instead of
5925 appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvf_mg>.
5927 void sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
5935 Like C<sv_setpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5937 void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
5945 Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its string value.
5946 Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpviv_mg>.
5948 void sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
5956 Like C<sv_setpviv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5958 void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)
5966 Copies a string into an SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of
5967 bytes to be copied. If the C<ptr> argument is NULL the SV will become
5968 undefined. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvn_mg>.
5970 void sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
5978 Like C<sv_setpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5980 void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
5988 Like C<sv_setpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
5990 void sv_setpvs(SV* sv, const char* s)
5993 Found in file handy.h
5998 Like C<sv_setpv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
6000 void sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
6008 Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
6009 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
6010 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
6011 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
6012 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
6014 SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
6022 Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
6023 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
6024 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
6025 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
6026 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
6028 SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
6036 Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
6037 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
6038 the new SV. If the C<pv> argument is NULL then C<PL_sv_undef> will be placed
6039 into the SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
6040 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
6041 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
6043 Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those
6044 objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process.
6046 Note that C<sv_setref_pvn> copies the string while this copies the pointer.
6048 SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
6056 Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The length of the
6057 string must be specified with C<n>. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to
6058 an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname>
6059 argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to
6060 C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count
6061 of 1, and the RV will be returned.
6063 Note that C<sv_setref_pv> copies the pointer while this copies the string.
6065 SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, const char* pv, STRLEN n)
6073 Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
6074 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
6075 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
6076 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
6077 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
6079 SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)
6087 Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV
6088 C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this
6089 function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic.
6090 Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous
6091 content of the destination.
6093 You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
6094 C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and
6095 C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>.
6097 void sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
6102 =item sv_setsv_flags
6105 Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV
6106 C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this
6107 function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic.
6108 Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous
6109 content of the destination.
6110 If the C<flags> parameter has the C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on
6111 C<ssv> if appropriate, else not. If the C<flags> parameter has the
6112 C<NOSTEAL> bit set then the buffers of temps will not be stolen. <sv_setsv>
6113 and C<sv_setsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
6115 You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
6116 C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and
6117 C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>.
6119 This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other
6120 copy-ish functions and macros use this underneath.
6122 void sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
6130 Like C<sv_setsv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
6132 void sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
6140 Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
6141 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setuv_mg>.
6143 void sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)
6151 Like C<sv_setuv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
6153 void sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)
6161 Test an SV for taintedness. Use C<SvTAINTED> instead.
6162 bool sv_tainted(SV* sv)
6170 Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules.
6171 Use the C<SvTRUE> macro instead, which may call C<sv_true()> or may
6172 instead use an in-line version.
6182 Removes all magic of type C<type> from an SV.
6184 int sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type)
6189 =item sv_unref_flags
6192 Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of
6193 whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of
6194 as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. The C<cflags> argument can contain
6195 C<SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF> to force the reference count to be decremented
6196 (otherwise the decrementing is conditional on the reference count being
6197 different from one or the reference being a readonly SV).
6200 void sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags)
6208 Untaint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_off> instead.
6209 void sv_untaint(SV* sv)
6217 Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new body type to the
6218 SV, then copies across as much information as possible from the old body.
6219 You generally want to use the C<SvUPGRADE> macro wrapper. See also C<svtype>.
6221 void sv_upgrade(SV* sv, svtype new_type)
6226 =item sv_usepvn_flags
6229 Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Normally the
6230 string is stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an
6231 outside string. The C<ptr> should point to memory that was allocated
6232 by C<malloc>. The string length, C<len>, must be supplied. By default
6233 this function will realloc (i.e. move) the memory pointed to by C<ptr>,
6234 so that pointer should not be freed or used by the programmer after
6235 giving it to sv_usepvn, and neither should any pointers from "behind"
6236 that pointer (e.g. ptr + 1) be used.
6238 If C<flags> & SV_SMAGIC is true, will call SvSETMAGIC. If C<flags> &
6239 SV_HAS_TRAILING_NUL is true, then C<ptr[len]> must be NUL, and the realloc
6240 will be skipped. (i.e. the buffer is actually at least 1 byte longer than
6241 C<len>, and already meets the requirements for storing in C<SvPVX>)
6243 void sv_usepvn_flags(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len, U32 flags)
6248 =item sv_utf8_decode
6251 If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8
6252 and contains a multiple-byte character, the C<SvUTF8> flag is turned on
6253 so that it looks like a character. If the PV contains only single-byte
6254 characters, the C<SvUTF8> flag stays being off.
6255 Scans PV for validity and returns false if the PV is invalid UTF-8.
6257 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6258 removed without notice.
6260 bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv)
6265 =item sv_utf8_downgrade
6266 X<sv_utf8_downgrade>
6268 Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters to bytes.
6269 If the PV contains a character beyond byte, this conversion will fail;
6270 in this case, either returns false or, if C<fail_ok> is not
6273 This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface:
6274 use the Encode extension for that.
6276 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6277 removed without notice.
6279 bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok)
6284 =item sv_utf8_encode
6287 Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns the C<SvUTF8>
6288 flag off so that it looks like octets again.
6290 void sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv)
6295 =item sv_utf8_upgrade
6298 Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
6299 Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
6300 Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even
6301 if all the bytes have hibit clear.
6303 This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface:
6304 use the Encode extension for that.
6306 STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)
6311 =item sv_utf8_upgrade_flags
6312 X<sv_utf8_upgrade_flags>
6314 Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
6315 Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
6316 Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even
6317 if all the bytes have hibit clear. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set,
6318 will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if appropriate, else not. C<sv_utf8_upgrade> and
6319 C<sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
6321 This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface:
6322 use the Encode extension for that.
6324 STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)
6332 Processes its arguments like C<vsprintf> and appends the formatted output
6333 to an SV. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_vcatpvf_mg>.
6335 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_catpvf>.
6337 void sv_vcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6345 Processes its arguments like C<vsprintf> and appends the formatted output
6346 to an SV. Uses an array of SVs if the C style variable argument list is
6347 missing (NULL). When running with taint checks enabled, indicates via
6348 C<maybe_tainted> if results are untrustworthy (often due to the use of
6351 Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_vcatpvf> and C<sv_vcatpvf_mg>.
6353 void sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
6361 Like C<sv_vcatpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
6363 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_catpvf_mg>.
6365 void sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6373 Works like C<sv_vcatpvf> but copies the text into the SV instead of
6374 appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_vsetpvf_mg>.
6376 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_setpvf>.
6378 void sv_vsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6386 Works like C<sv_vcatpvfn> but copies the text into the SV instead of
6389 Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_vsetpvf> and C<sv_vsetpvf_mg>.
6391 void sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
6399 Like C<sv_vsetpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
6401 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_setpvf_mg>.
6403 void sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6411 =head1 Unicode Support
6415 =item bytes_from_utf8
6418 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding.
6419 Unlike C<utf8_to_bytes> but like C<bytes_to_utf8>, returns a pointer to
6420 the newly-created string, and updates C<len> to contain the new
6421 length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, C<len>
6422 is unchanged. Do nothing if C<is_utf8> points to 0. Sets C<is_utf8> to
6423 0 if C<s> is converted or contains all 7bit characters.
6425 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6426 removed without notice.
6428 U8* bytes_from_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
6431 Found in file utf8.c
6436 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from ASCII into UTF-8 encoding.
6437 Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets C<len> to
6438 reflect the new length.
6440 If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings than ASCII,
6441 see sv_recode_to_utf8().
6443 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6444 removed without notice.
6446 U8* bytes_to_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
6449 Found in file utf8.c
6454 Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false
6455 if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the
6456 string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is true,
6457 the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2
6458 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit
6461 If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied
6462 in there (they will point at the beginning of the I<next> character).
6463 If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are the end
6464 pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any
6465 circumstances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and
6466 s2+l2 will be used as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan,
6467 and which qualify towards defining a successful match: all the scans
6468 that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for
6469 a match to succeed).
6471 For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used
6472 instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see
6473 http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
6475 I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
6478 Found in file utf8.c
6483 Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
6484 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid
6485 UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character
6486 will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
6488 STRLEN is_utf8_char(const U8 *p)
6491 Found in file utf8.c
6493 =item is_utf8_string
6496 Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string form a valid
6497 UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does
6498 not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8'
6499 because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.
6501 See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string_loc().
6503 bool is_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
6506 Found in file utf8.c
6508 =item is_utf8_string_loc
6509 X<is_utf8_string_loc>
6511 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
6512 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
6513 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>.
6515 See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string().
6517 bool is_utf8_string_loc(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **p)
6520 Found in file utf8.c
6522 =item is_utf8_string_loclen
6523 X<is_utf8_string_loclen>
6525 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
6526 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
6527 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>, and the number of UTF-8
6528 encoded characters in the C<el>.
6530 See also is_utf8_string_loc() and is_utf8_string().
6532 bool is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
6535 Found in file utf8.c
6537 =item pv_uni_display
6540 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv,
6541 length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
6542 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
6544 The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display
6545 isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH
6546 to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n')
6547 (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\).
6548 UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both
6549 UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
6551 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
6553 char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, const U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
6556 Found in file utf8.c
6561 The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of the ssv is
6562 assumed to be octets in that encoding and decoding the input starts
6563 from the position which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv will be
6564 concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv. Decoding will terminate
6565 when the string tstr appears in decoding output or the input ends on
6566 the PV of the ssv. The value which the offset points will be modified
6567 to the last input position on the ssv.
6569 Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.
6571 bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
6576 =item sv_recode_to_utf8
6577 X<sv_recode_to_utf8>
6579 The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry the PV
6580 of the sv is assumed to be octets in that encoding, and the sv
6581 will be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8).
6583 If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the encoding
6584 is not a reference, nothing is done to the sv. If the encoding is not
6585 an C<Encode::XS> Encoding object, bad things will happen.
6586 (See F<lib/encoding.pm> and L<Encode>).
6588 The PV of the sv is returned.
6590 char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
6595 =item sv_uni_display
6598 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv,
6599 the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
6600 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
6602 The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
6604 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
6606 char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
6609 Found in file utf8.c
6614 The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding
6615 the character that is being converted.
6617 The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the
6618 conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length
6621 The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
6623 Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl,
6624 and loaded by SWASHNEW, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually,
6625 but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
6627 The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the
6628 hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through
6629 Perl_to_utf8_case().
6631 The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash
6634 UV to_utf8_case(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swashp, const char *normal, const char *special)
6637 Found in file utf8.c
6642 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and
6643 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6644 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
6645 foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to
6648 The first character of the foldcased version is returned
6649 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6651 UV to_utf8_fold(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6654 Found in file utf8.c
6659 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and
6660 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6661 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
6662 lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
6664 The first character of the lowercased version is returned
6665 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6667 UV to_utf8_lower(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6670 Found in file utf8.c
6675 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and
6676 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6677 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
6678 titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
6680 The first character of the titlecased version is returned
6681 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6683 UV to_utf8_title(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6686 Found in file utf8.c
6691 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and
6692 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6693 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
6694 the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
6696 The first character of the uppercased version is returned
6697 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6699 UV to_utf8_upper(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6702 Found in file utf8.c
6704 =item utf8n_to_uvchr
6709 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string
6711 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
6712 length, in bytes, of that character.
6714 Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.
6716 UV utf8n_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
6719 Found in file utf8.c
6721 =item utf8n_to_uvuni
6724 Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine.
6725 Returns the unicode code point value of the first character in the string C<s>
6726 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than C<curlen>;
6727 C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
6729 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour
6730 is dependent on the value of C<flags>: if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY,
6731 it is assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and this function
6732 will silently just set C<retlen> to C<-1> and return zero. If the
6733 C<flags> does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about
6734 malformations will be given, C<retlen> will be set to the expected
6735 length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be returned.
6737 The C<flags> can also contain various flags to allow deviations from
6738 the strict UTF-8 encoding (see F<utf8.h>).
6740 Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.
6742 UV utf8n_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
6745 Found in file utf8.c
6750 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers C<a>
6753 WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the
6756 IV utf8_distance(const U8 *a, const U8 *b)
6759 Found in file utf8.c
6764 Return the UTF-8 pointer C<s> displaced by C<off> characters, either
6765 forward or backward.
6767 WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* C<off> is within
6768 the UTF-8 data pointed to by C<s> *and* that on entry C<s> is aligned
6769 on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character.
6771 U8* utf8_hop(const U8 *s, I32 off)
6774 Found in file utf8.c
6779 Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string C<s> in characters.
6780 Stops at C<e> (inclusive). If C<e E<lt> s> or if the scan would end
6781 up past C<e>, croaks.
6783 STRLEN utf8_length(const U8* s, const U8 *e)
6786 Found in file utf8.c
6791 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding.
6792 Unlike C<bytes_to_utf8>, this over-writes the original string, and
6793 updates len to contain the new length.
6794 Returns zero on failure, setting C<len> to -1.
6796 If you need a copy of the string, see C<bytes_from_utf8>.
6798 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6799 removed without notice.
6801 U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
6804 Found in file utf8.c
6809 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s>
6810 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
6811 length, in bytes, of that character.
6813 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
6814 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
6816 UV utf8_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
6819 Found in file utf8.c
6824 Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string C<s>
6825 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
6826 length, in bytes, of that character.
6828 This function should only be used when returned UV is considered
6829 an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
6831 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
6832 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
6834 UV utf8_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
6837 Found in file utf8.c
6842 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint C<uv> to the end
6843 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
6844 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
6845 end of the new character. In other words,
6847 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
6849 is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
6853 U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
6856 Found in file utf8.c
6858 =item uvuni_to_utf8_flags
6859 X<uvuni_to_utf8_flags>
6861 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint C<uv> to the end
6862 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
6863 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
6864 end of the new character. In other words,
6866 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
6870 d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
6872 (which is equivalent to)
6874 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
6876 is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
6880 U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
6883 Found in file utf8.c
6888 =head1 Variables created by C<xsubpp> and C<xsubpp> internal functions
6895 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the stack base offset,
6896 used by the C<ST>, C<XSprePUSH> and C<XSRETURN> macros. The C<dMARK> macro
6897 must be called prior to setup the C<MARK> variable.
6902 Found in file XSUB.h
6907 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the
6908 class name for a C++ XS constructor. This is always a C<char*>. See C<THIS>.
6913 Found in file XSUB.h
6918 Sets up the C<ax> variable.
6919 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
6924 Found in file XSUB.h
6929 Sets up the C<ax> variable and stack marker variable C<mark>.
6930 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
6935 Found in file XSUB.h
6940 Sets up the C<items> variable.
6941 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
6946 Found in file XSUB.h
6951 Sets up the C<padoff_du> variable for an XSUB that wishes to use
6957 Found in file XSUB.h
6962 Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK.
6963 Sets up the C<ax> and C<items> variables by calling C<dAX> and C<dITEMS>.
6964 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>.
6969 Found in file XSUB.h
6974 Sets up the C<ix> variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually
6975 handled automatically by C<xsubpp>.
6980 Found in file XSUB.h
6985 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the number of
6986 items on the stack. See L<perlxs/"Variable-length Parameter Lists">.
6991 Found in file XSUB.h
6996 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate which of an
6997 XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it. See L<perlxs/"The ALIAS: Keyword">.
7002 Found in file XSUB.h
7007 Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to
7011 Found in file XSUB.h
7016 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to hold the return value for an
7017 XSUB. This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See
7018 L<perlxs/"The RETVAL Variable">.
7023 Found in file XSUB.h
7028 Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
7033 Found in file XSUB.h
7038 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to designate the object in a C++
7039 XSUB. This is always the proper type for the C++ object. See C<CLASS> and
7040 L<perlxs/"Using XS With C++">.
7045 Found in file XSUB.h
7050 The SV* corresponding to the $_ variable. Works even if there
7051 is a lexical $_ in scope.
7054 Found in file XSUB.h
7059 Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is handled by
7063 Found in file XSUB.h
7068 The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually
7069 handled automatically by C<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>. See C<XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK>.
7072 Found in file XSUB.h
7074 =item XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
7075 X<XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK>
7077 Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable matches the XS
7078 module's C<XS_VERSION> variable. This is usually handled automatically by
7079 C<xsubpp>. See L<perlxs/"The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword">.
7081 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
7084 Found in file XSUB.h
7089 =head1 Warning and Dieing
7096 This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<die> function.
7097 Normally call this function the same way you call the C C<printf>
7098 function. Calling C<croak> returns control directly to Perl,
7099 sidestepping the normal C order of execution. See C<warn>.
7101 If you want to throw an exception object, assign the object to
7102 C<$@> and then pass C<NULL> to croak():
7104 errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE);
7105 sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object);
7108 void croak(const char* pat, ...)
7111 Found in file util.c
7116 This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<warn> function. Call this
7117 function the same way you call the C C<printf> function. See C<croak>.
7119 void warn(const char* pat, ...)
7122 Found in file util.c
7129 Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto
7130 <okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself.
7132 With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie,
7133 Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil
7134 Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer,
7135 Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.
7137 API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
7139 Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl.
7143 perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)
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