1 -*- buffer-read-only: t -*-
3 !!!!!!! DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE !!!!!!!
4 This file is built by autodoc.pl extracting documentation from the C source
9 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
12 X<Perl API> X<API> X<api>
14 This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by
15 embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables
16 that may be used by extension writers. The interfaces of any functions that
17 are not listed here are subject to change without notice. For this reason,
18 blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing
21 Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the C<PL_>
22 prefix. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the older,
23 unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future release.
25 The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
35 A backward-compatible version of C<GIMME_V> which can only return
36 C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY>; in a void context, it returns C<G_SCALAR>.
37 Deprecated. Use C<GIMME_V> instead.
47 The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's C<wantarray>. Returns C<G_VOID>,
48 C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY> for void, scalar or list context,
59 Used to indicate list context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME> and
68 Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See
77 Used to force a Perl C<eval> wrapper around a callback. See
86 Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See
95 Used to indicate scalar context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME>, and
104 Used to indicate void context. See C<GIMME_V> and L<perlcall>.
112 =head1 Array Manipulation Functions
119 Same as C<av_len()>. Deprecated, use C<av_len()> instead.
129 Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory used by the
132 void av_clear(AV* ar)
140 Deletes the element indexed by C<key> from the array. Returns the
141 deleted element. If C<flags> equals C<G_DISCARD>, the element is freed
142 and null is returned.
144 SV* av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)
152 Returns true if the element indexed by C<key> has been initialized.
154 This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to
157 bool av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key)
165 Pre-extend an array. The C<key> is the index to which the array should be
168 void av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)
176 Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The C<key> is the
177 index. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check
178 that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a C<SV*>.
180 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for
181 more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
183 SV** av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
191 Set the highest index in the array to the given number, equivalent to
192 Perl's C<$#array = $fill;>.
194 The number of elements in the an array will be C<fill + 1> after
195 av_fill() returns. If the array was previously shorter then the
196 additional elements appended are set to C<PL_sv_undef>. If the array
197 was longer, then the excess elements are freed. C<av_fill(av, -1)> is
198 the same as C<av_clear(av)>.
200 void av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill)
208 Returns the highest index in the array. The number of elements in the
209 array is C<av_len(av) + 1>. Returns -1 if the array is empty.
211 I32 av_len(const AV* ar)
219 Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied
220 into the array, so they may be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV
221 will have a reference count of 1.
223 AV* av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)
231 Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns C<&PL_sv_undef> if the array
242 Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow automatically
243 to accommodate the addition.
245 void av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)
253 Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
263 Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as C<key>. The
264 return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not
265 need to be actually stored within the array (as in the case of tied
266 arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note
267 that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference
268 count of C<val> before the call, and decrementing it if the function
271 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for
272 more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
274 SV** av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
282 Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array itself.
284 void av_undef(AV* ar)
292 Unshift the given number of C<undef> values onto the beginning of the
293 array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the addition. You
294 must then use C<av_store> to assign values to these new elements.
296 void av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
304 Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If C<create> is set and the
305 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
306 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
308 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
310 AV* get_av(const char* name, I32 create)
318 Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.
328 Sort an array. Here is an example:
330 sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);
332 Currently this always uses mergesort. See sortsv_flags for a more
335 void sortsv(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
338 Found in file pp_sort.c
343 Sort an array, with various options.
345 void sortsv_flags(SV** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp, U32 flags)
348 Found in file pp_sort.c
353 =head1 Callback Functions
360 Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
362 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
364 I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
372 Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must
373 be on the stack. See L<perlcall>.
375 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
377 I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
385 Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
387 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
389 I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
397 Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See
400 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
402 I32 call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
410 Opening bracket on a callback. See C<LEAVE> and L<perlcall>.
415 Found in file scope.h
420 Tells Perl to C<eval> the given string and return an SV* result.
422 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
424 SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
432 Tells Perl to C<eval> the string in the SV.
434 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
436 I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
444 Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<SAVETMPS> and
450 Found in file scope.h
455 Closing bracket on a callback. See C<ENTER> and L<perlcall>.
460 Found in file scope.h
465 Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<FREETMPS> and
471 Found in file scope.h
476 =head1 Character classes
483 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphanumeric
484 character (including underscore) or digit.
486 bool isALNUM(char ch)
489 Found in file handy.h
494 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphabetic
497 bool isALPHA(char ch)
500 Found in file handy.h
505 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII
508 bool isDIGIT(char ch)
511 Found in file handy.h
516 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is a lowercase
519 bool isLOWER(char ch)
522 Found in file handy.h
527 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is whitespace.
529 bool isSPACE(char ch)
532 Found in file handy.h
537 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an uppercase
540 bool isUPPER(char ch)
543 Found in file handy.h
548 Converts the specified character to lowercase.
550 char toLOWER(char ch)
553 Found in file handy.h
558 Converts the specified character to uppercase.
560 char toUPPER(char ch)
563 Found in file handy.h
568 =head1 Cloning an interpreter
575 Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one.
577 perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:
579 CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also,
580 without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks,
581 with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is
582 ready to run at the exact same point as the previous one.
583 The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the
584 threads->new doesn't.
586 CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE
587 perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old
588 variable as a key and the new variable as a value,
589 this allows it to check if something has been cloned and not
590 clone it again but rather just use the value and increase the
591 refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then perl_clone will kill
592 the ptr_table using the function
593 C<ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;>,
594 reason to keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own
595 variable who are outside the graph perl scans, example of this
596 code is in threads.xs create
599 This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perls
600 win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on
601 win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time,
602 if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter
603 and then throw it away and return to the original one,
604 you don't need to do anything.
606 PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)
614 =head1 CV Manipulation Functions
621 Returns the stash of the CV.
631 Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. If C<create> is set and
632 the Perl subroutine does not exist then it will be declared (which has the
633 same effect as saying C<sub name;>). If C<create> is not set and the
634 subroutine does not exist then NULL is returned.
636 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
638 CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 create)
646 =head1 Embedding Functions
653 Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen either
654 by an explicit C<undef &foo>, or by the reference count going to zero.
655 In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that any anonymous
656 children can still follow the full lexical scope chain.
658 void cv_undef(CV* cv)
666 Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name.
667 Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should be given.
668 Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm". flags can be any of
669 PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS
670 (or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics
671 similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION>. The optional trailing SV*
672 arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's import()
673 method, similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST>.
675 void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
683 Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there are
694 Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
696 PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
704 Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
706 void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
714 Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
716 int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
724 Releases a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
726 void perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)
734 Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See L<perlembed>.
736 int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
744 Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See L<perlembed>.
746 int perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)
754 Tells Perl to C<require> the file named by the string argument. It is
755 analogous to the Perl code C<eval "require '$file'">. It's even
756 implemented that way; consider using load_module instead.
758 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
760 void require_pv(const char* pv)
768 =head1 Functions in file dump.c
776 char *pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len,
777 STRLEN pvlim, U32 flags)
781 pv_escape(dsv,pv,cur,pvlim,PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE);
783 except that an additional "\0" will be appended to the string when
784 len > cur and pv[cur] is "\0".
786 Note that the final string may be up to 7 chars longer than pvlim.
788 char* pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim)
796 |const STRLEN count|const STRLEN max
797 |STRLEN const *escaped, const U32 flags
799 Escapes at most the first "count" chars of pv and puts the results into
800 dsv such that the size of the escaped string will not exceed "max" chars
801 and will not contain any incomplete escape sequences.
803 If flags contains PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE then any double quotes in the string
804 will also be escaped.
806 Normally the SV will be cleared before the escaped string is prepared,
807 but when PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOCLEAR is set this will not occur.
809 If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI is set then the input string is treated as unicode,
810 if PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT is set then the input string is scanned
811 using C<is_utf8_string()> to determine if it is unicode.
813 If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_ALL is set then all input chars will be output
814 using C<\x01F1> style escapes, otherwise only chars above 255 will be
815 escaped using this style, other non printable chars will use octal or
816 common escaped patterns like C<\n>. If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOBACKSLASH
817 then all chars below 255 will be treated as printable and
818 will be output as literals.
820 If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR is set then only the first char of the
821 string will be escaped, regardles of max. If the string is utf8 and
822 the chars value is >255 then it will be returned as a plain hex
823 sequence. Thus the output will either be a single char,
824 an octal escape sequence, a special escape like C<\n> or a 3 or
825 more digit hex value.
827 Returns a pointer to the escaped text as held by dsv.
829 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
831 char* pv_escape(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, STRLEN * const escaped, const U32 flags)
839 |const STRLEN count|const STRLEN max\
840 |const char const *start_color| const char const *end_color\
843 Converts a string into something presentable, handling escaping via
844 pv_escape() and supporting quoting and elipses.
846 If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_QUOTE flag is set then the result will be
847 double quoted with any double quotes in the string escaped. Otherwise
848 if the PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT flag is set then the result be wrapped in
851 If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELIPSES flag is set and not all characters in
852 string were output then an elipses C<...> will be appended to the
853 string. Note that this happens AFTER it has been quoted.
855 If start_color is non-null then it will be inserted after the opening
856 quote (if there is one) but before the escaped text. If end_color
857 is non-null then it will be inserted after the escaped text but before
858 any quotes or elipses.
860 Returns a pointer to the prettified text as held by dsv.
862 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
864 char* pv_pretty(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, char const * const start_color, char const * const end_color, const U32 flags)
872 =head1 Functions in file mathoms.c
880 See L<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>.
882 GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
885 Found in file mathoms.c
890 The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters next_in_list and
891 flags are not used. This call should not be used; use packlist instead.
893 void pack_cat(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)
896 Found in file mathoms.c
898 =item sv_2pvbyte_nolen
901 Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV.
902 May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
904 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte_nolen> macro.
906 char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
909 Found in file mathoms.c
911 =item sv_2pvutf8_nolen
914 Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV.
915 May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
917 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro.
919 char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
922 Found in file mathoms.c
927 Like C<sv_2pv()>, but doesn't return the length too. You should usually
928 use the macro wrapper C<SvPV_nolen(sv)> instead.
929 char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)
932 Found in file mathoms.c
937 Like C<sv_catpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
939 void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
942 Found in file mathoms.c
947 Like C<sv_catsv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
949 void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
952 Found in file mathoms.c
954 =item sv_force_normal
957 Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make
958 a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
959 an xpvmg. See also C<sv_force_normal_flags>.
961 void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
964 Found in file mathoms.c
969 A private implementation of the C<SvIVx> macro for compilers which can't
970 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
975 Found in file mathoms.c
980 Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
981 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
982 potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
984 "Superseded" by sv_nosharing().
986 void sv_nolocking(SV *sv)
989 Found in file mathoms.c
994 Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
995 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
996 potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
998 "Superseded" by sv_nosharing().
1000 void sv_nounlocking(SV *sv)
1003 Found in file mathoms.c
1008 A private implementation of the C<SvNVx> macro for compilers which can't
1009 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
1014 Found in file mathoms.c
1019 Use the C<SvPV_nolen> macro instead
1024 Found in file mathoms.c
1029 Use C<SvPVbyte_nolen> instead.
1031 char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)
1034 Found in file mathoms.c
1039 A private implementation of the C<SvPVbyte> macro for compilers
1040 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
1043 char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
1046 Found in file mathoms.c
1051 A private implementation of the C<SvPV> macro for compilers which can't
1052 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
1054 char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
1057 Found in file mathoms.c
1062 Use the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro instead
1064 char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)
1067 Found in file mathoms.c
1072 A private implementation of the C<SvPVutf8> macro for compilers
1073 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
1076 char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
1079 Found in file mathoms.c
1084 Taint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_on> instead.
1085 void sv_taint(SV* sv)
1088 Found in file mathoms.c
1093 Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of
1094 whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of
1095 as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. This is C<sv_unref_flags> with the C<flag>
1096 being zero. See C<SvROK_off>.
1098 void sv_unref(SV* sv)
1101 Found in file mathoms.c
1106 Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Implemented by
1107 calling C<sv_usepvn_flags> with C<flags> of 0, hence does not handle 'set'
1108 magic. See C<sv_usepvn_flags>.
1110 void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
1113 Found in file mathoms.c
1118 Like C<sv_usepvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
1120 void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
1123 Found in file mathoms.c
1128 A private implementation of the C<SvUVx> macro for compilers which can't
1129 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
1134 Found in file mathoms.c
1139 The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. Note: parameters strbeg, new_s
1140 and ocnt are not used. This call should not be used, use unpackstring instead.
1142 I32 unpack_str(const char *pat, const char *patend, const char *s, const char *strbeg, const char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
1145 Found in file mathoms.c
1150 =head1 Functions in file pp_pack.c
1158 The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
1160 void packlist(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
1163 Found in file pp_pack.c
1168 The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. C<unpackstring> puts the
1169 extracted list items on the stack and returns the number of elements.
1170 Issue C<PUTBACK> before and C<SPAGAIN> after the call to this function.
1172 I32 unpackstring(const char *pat, const char *patend, const char *s, const char *strend, U32 flags)
1175 Found in file pp_pack.c
1180 =head1 Global Variables
1187 C<PL_modglobal> is a general purpose, interpreter global HV for use by
1188 extensions that need to keep information on a per-interpreter basis.
1189 In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol table for extensions
1190 to share data among each other. It is a good idea to use keys
1191 prefixed by the package name of the extension that owns the data.
1196 Found in file intrpvar.h
1201 A convenience variable which is typically used with C<SvPV> when one
1202 doesn't care about the length of the string. It is usually more efficient
1203 to either declare a local variable and use that instead or to use the
1204 C<SvPV_nolen> macro.
1209 Found in file thrdvar.h
1214 This is the C<false> SV. See C<PL_sv_yes>. Always refer to this as
1220 Found in file intrpvar.h
1225 This is the C<undef> SV. Always refer to this as C<&PL_sv_undef>.
1230 Found in file intrpvar.h
1235 This is the C<true> SV. See C<PL_sv_no>. Always refer to this as
1241 Found in file intrpvar.h
1253 Return the SV from the GV.
1263 If C<gv> is a typeglob whose subroutine entry is a constant sub eligible for
1264 inlining, or C<gv> is a placeholder reference that would be promoted to such
1265 a typeglob, then returns the value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns
1268 SV* gv_const_sv(GV* gv)
1276 Returns the glob with the given C<name> and a defined subroutine or
1277 C<NULL>. The glob lives in the given C<stash>, or in the stashes
1278 accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
1280 The argument C<level> should be either 0 or -1. If C<level==0>, as a
1281 side-effect creates a glob with the given C<name> in the given C<stash>
1282 which in the case of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets
1283 up caching info for this glob. Similarly for all the searched stashes.
1285 This function grants C<"SUPER"> token as a postfix of the stash name. The
1286 GV returned from C<gv_fetchmeth> may be a method cache entry, which is not
1287 visible to Perl code. So when calling C<call_sv>, you should not use
1288 the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV, which can be
1289 obtained from the GV with the C<GvCV> macro.
1291 GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
1296 =item gv_fetchmethod_autoload
1297 X<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>
1299 Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the method
1300 on the C<stash>. In fact in the presence of autoloading this may be the
1301 glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is
1304 The third parameter of C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload> determines whether
1305 AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present: non-zero
1306 means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for AUTOLOAD.
1307 Calling C<gv_fetchmethod> is equivalent to calling C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>
1308 with a non-zero C<autoload> parameter.
1310 These functions grant C<"SUPER"> token as a prefix of the method name. Note
1311 that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to
1312 check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the call may load a
1313 different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob
1314 created via a side effect to do this.
1316 These functions have the same side-effects and as C<gv_fetchmeth> with
1317 C<level==0>. C<name> should be writable if contains C<':'> or C<'
1318 ''>. The warning against passing the GV returned by C<gv_fetchmeth> to
1319 C<call_sv> apply equally to these functions.
1321 GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
1326 =item gv_fetchmeth_autoload
1327 X<gv_fetchmeth_autoload>
1329 Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines too.
1330 Returns a glob for the subroutine.
1332 For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even
1333 if C<level < 0>. For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV()
1334 of the result may be zero.
1336 GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
1344 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. C<name> should
1345 be a valid UTF-8 string and must be null-terminated. If C<create> is set
1346 then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If C<create>
1347 is not set and the package does not exist then NULL is returned.
1349 HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create)
1357 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. C<name> should
1358 be a valid UTF-8 string. The C<namelen> parameter indicates the length of
1359 the C<name>, in bytes. If C<create> is set then the package will be
1360 created if it does not already exist. If C<create> is not set and the
1361 package does not exist then NULL is returned.
1363 HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 create)
1371 Like C<gv_stashpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
1373 HV* gv_stashpvs(const char* name, I32 create)
1376 Found in file handy.h
1381 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, which must be a
1382 valid UTF-8 string. See C<gv_stashpv>.
1384 HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)
1407 Null character pointer.
1410 Found in file handy.h
1434 Found in file handy.h
1439 =head1 Hash Manipulation Functions
1446 Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If C<create> is set and the
1447 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
1448 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
1450 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
1452 HV* get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)
1455 Found in file perl.c
1460 This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and magic structures,
1461 specifies the structure contains an C<SV*> pointer where a C<char*> pointer
1462 is to be expected. (For information only--not to be used).
1470 Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
1480 Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the hash entry. The
1481 pointer may be either C<char*> or C<SV*>, depending on the value of
1482 C<HeKLEN()>. Can be assigned to. The C<HePV()> or C<HeSVKEY()> macros are
1483 usually preferable for finding the value of a key.
1493 If this is negative, and amounts to C<HEf_SVKEY>, it indicates the entry
1494 holds an C<SV*> key. Otherwise, holds the actual length of the key. Can
1495 be assigned to. The C<HePV()> macro is usually preferable for finding key
1498 STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
1506 Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a C<char*> value, doing any
1507 necessary dereferencing of possibly C<SV*> keys. The length of the string
1508 is placed in C<len> (this is a macro, so do I<not> use C<&len>). If you do
1509 not care about what the length of the key is, you may use the global
1510 variable C<PL_na>, though this is rather less efficient than using a local
1511 variable. Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free to contain
1512 embedded nulls, so using C<strlen()> or similar is not a good way to find
1513 the length of hash keys. This is very similar to the C<SvPV()> macro
1514 described elsewhere in this document.
1516 char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
1524 Returns the key as an C<SV*>, or C<NULL> if the hash entry does not
1525 contain an C<SV*> key.
1535 Returns the key as an C<SV*>. Will create and return a temporary mortal
1536 C<SV*> if the hash entry contains only a C<char*> key.
1538 SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
1546 Sets the key to a given C<SV*>, taking care to set the appropriate flags to
1547 indicate the presence of an C<SV*> key, and returns the same
1550 SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
1558 Returns the value slot (type C<SV*>) stored in the hash entry.
1568 Returns the package name of a stash, or NULL if C<stash> isn't a stash.
1569 See C<SvSTASH>, C<CvSTASH>.
1571 char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
1579 Check that a hash is in an internally consistent state.
1581 void hv_assert(HV* tb)
1589 Clears a hash, making it empty.
1591 void hv_clear(HV* tb)
1596 =item hv_clear_placeholders
1597 X<hv_clear_placeholders>
1599 Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a restricted hash has any of its keys
1600 marked as readonly and the key is subsequently deleted, the key is not actually
1601 deleted but is marked by assigning it a value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This tags
1602 it so it will be ignored by future operations such as iterating over the hash,
1603 but will still allow the hash to have a value reassigned to the key at some
1604 future point. This function clears any such placeholder keys from the hash.
1605 See Hash::Util::lock_keys() for an example of its use.
1607 void hv_clear_placeholders(HV* hb)
1615 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the
1616 hash and returned to the caller. The C<klen> is the length of the key.
1617 The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL
1620 SV* hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
1628 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the
1629 hash and returned to the caller. The C<flags> value will normally be zero;
1630 if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned. C<hash> can be a valid
1631 precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
1633 SV* hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
1641 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The
1642 C<klen> is the length of the key.
1644 bool hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)
1652 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. C<hash>
1653 can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be
1656 bool hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
1664 Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The
1665 C<klen> is the length of the key. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be
1666 part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before
1667 dereferencing it to an C<SV*>.
1669 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1670 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1672 SV** hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
1680 Like C<hv_fetch>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
1682 SV** hv_fetchs(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 lval)
1685 Found in file handy.h
1690 Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified key in the hash.
1691 C<hash> must be a valid precomputed hash number for the given C<key>, or 0
1692 if you want the function to compute it. IF C<lval> is set then the fetch
1693 will be part of a store. Make sure the return value is non-null before
1694 accessing it. The return value when C<tb> is a tied hash is a pointer to a
1695 static location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if you need to
1698 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1699 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1701 HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
1709 Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns the number of
1710 keys in the hash (i.e. the same as C<HvKEYS(tb)>). The return value is
1711 currently only meaningful for hashes without tie magic.
1713 NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, C<hv_iterinit> used to return the number of
1714 hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still need that esoteric
1715 value, you can get it through the macro C<HvFILL(tb)>.
1718 I32 hv_iterinit(HV* tb)
1726 Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See
1729 char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
1737 Returns the key as an C<SV*> from the current position of the hash
1738 iterator. The return value will always be a mortal copy of the key. Also
1741 SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
1749 Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit>.
1751 You may call C<hv_delete> or C<hv_delete_ent> on the hash entry that the
1752 iterator currently points to, without losing your place or invalidating your
1753 iterator. Note that in this case the current entry is deleted from the hash
1754 with your iterator holding the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged
1755 to free the entry on the next call to C<hv_iternext>, so you must not discard
1756 your iterator immediately else the entry will leak - call C<hv_iternext> to
1757 trigger the resource deallocation.
1759 HE* hv_iternext(HV* tb)
1767 Performs an C<hv_iternext>, C<hv_iterkey>, and C<hv_iterval> in one
1770 SV* hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
1775 =item hv_iternext_flags
1776 X<hv_iternext_flags>
1778 Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit> and C<hv_iternext>.
1779 The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is
1780 set the placeholders keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition
1781 to normal keys. By default placeholders are automatically skipped over.
1782 Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is
1783 C<&Perl_sv_placeholder>. Note that the implementation of placeholders and
1784 restricted hashes may change, and the implementation currently is
1785 insufficiently abstracted for any change to be tidy.
1787 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
1788 removed without notice.
1790 HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags)
1798 Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See
1801 SV* hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
1809 Adds magic to a hash. See C<sv_magic>.
1811 void hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
1819 Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the result. Handles magic when the hash is tied.
1821 SV* hv_scalar(HV* hv)
1829 Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key> and C<klen> is
1830 the length of the key. The C<hash> parameter is the precomputed hash
1831 value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value will be
1832 NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually
1833 stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can
1834 be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note that the caller is
1835 responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of C<val> before
1836 the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively
1837 a successful hv_store takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is
1838 usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so
1839 if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store
1840 will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do
1841 anything further to tidy up. hv_store is not implemented as a call to
1842 hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your
1843 key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to
1846 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1847 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1849 SV** hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
1857 Like C<hv_store>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair
1858 and omits the hash parameter.
1860 SV** hv_stores(HV* tb, const char* key, NULLOK SV* val)
1863 Found in file handy.h
1868 Stores C<val> in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key>. The C<hash>
1869 parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will
1870 compute it. The return value is the new hash entry so created. It will be
1871 NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually
1872 stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the
1873 contents of the return value can be accessed using the C<He?> macros
1874 described here. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably
1875 incrementing the reference count of C<val> before the call, and
1876 decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful
1877 hv_store_ent takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is
1878 usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so
1879 if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store
1880 will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do
1881 anything further to tidy up. Note that hv_store_ent only reads the C<key>;
1882 unlike C<val> it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the correct
1883 reference count on C<key> is entirely the caller's responsibility. hv_store
1884 is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary
1885 SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use
1886 hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent.
1888 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1889 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1891 HE* hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
1901 void hv_undef(HV* tb)
1909 Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.
1919 =head1 Magical Functions
1926 Clear something magical that the SV represents. See C<sv_magic>.
1928 int mg_clear(SV* sv)
1936 Copies the magic from one SV to another. See C<sv_magic>.
1938 int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
1946 Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1948 MAGIC* mg_find(const SV* sv, int type)
1956 Free any magic storage used by the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1966 Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1976 Report on the SV's length. See C<sv_magic>.
1978 U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
1986 Turns on the magical status of an SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1988 void mg_magical(SV* sv)
1996 Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
2006 Invokes C<mg_get> on an SV if it has 'get' magic. This macro evaluates its
2007 argument more than once.
2009 void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
2017 Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv if a suitable module
2028 Invokes C<mg_set> on an SV if it has 'set' magic. This macro evaluates its
2029 argument more than once.
2031 void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
2039 Like C<SvSetSV>, but does any set magic required afterwards.
2041 void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
2046 =item SvSetMagicSV_nosteal
2047 X<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>
2049 Like C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, but does any set magic required afterwards.
2051 void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
2059 Calls C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments
2062 void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
2067 =item SvSetSV_nosteal
2070 Calls a non-destructive version of C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as
2071 ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.
2073 void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
2081 Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable module
2084 void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
2092 Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module
2095 void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
2103 =head1 Memory Management
2110 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memcpy> function. The C<src> is the
2111 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is
2112 the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See also C<Move>.
2114 void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2117 Found in file handy.h
2122 Like C<Copy> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2125 void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2128 Found in file handy.h
2133 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memmove> function. The C<src> is the
2134 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is
2135 the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also C<Copy>.
2137 void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2140 Found in file handy.h
2145 Like C<Move> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2148 void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
2151 Found in file handy.h
2156 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function.
2158 In 5.9.3, Newx() and friends replace the older New() API, and drops
2159 the first parameter, I<x>, a debug aid which allowed callers to identify
2160 themselves. This aid has been superseded by a new build option,
2161 PERL_MEM_LOG (see L<perlhack/PERL_MEM_LOG>). The older API is still
2162 there for use in XS modules supporting older perls.
2164 void Newx(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
2167 Found in file handy.h
2172 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function, with
2173 cast. See also C<Newx>.
2175 void Newxc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
2178 Found in file handy.h
2183 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. The allocated
2184 memory is zeroed with C<memzero>. See also C<Newx>.
2186 void Newxz(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
2189 Found in file handy.h
2194 PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
2196 void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2199 Found in file handy.h
2204 PoisonWith(0xEF) for catching access to freed memory.
2206 void PoisonFree(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2209 Found in file handy.h
2214 PoisonWith(0xAB) for catching access to allocated but uninitialized memory.
2216 void PoisonNew(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2219 Found in file handy.h
2224 Fill up memory with a byte pattern (a byte repeated over and over
2225 again) that hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized memory.
2227 void PoisonWith(void* dest, int nitems, type, U8 byte)
2230 Found in file handy.h
2235 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function.
2237 void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
2240 Found in file handy.h
2245 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function, with
2248 void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
2251 Found in file handy.h
2256 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<free> function.
2258 void Safefree(void* ptr)
2261 Found in file handy.h
2266 Perl's version of C<strdup()>. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated
2267 string which is a duplicate of C<pv>. The size of the string is
2268 determined by C<strlen()>. The memory allocated for the new string can
2269 be freed with the C<Safefree()> function.
2271 char* savepv(const char* pv)
2274 Found in file util.c
2279 Perl's version of what C<strndup()> would be if it existed. Returns a
2280 pointer to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of the first
2281 C<len> bytes from C<pv>, plus a trailing NUL byte. The memory allocated for
2282 the new string can be freed with the C<Safefree()> function.
2284 char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
2287 Found in file util.c
2292 Like C<savepvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
2294 char* savepvs(const char* s)
2297 Found in file handy.h
2302 A version of C<savepv()> which allocates the duplicate string in memory
2303 which is shared between threads.
2305 char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
2308 Found in file util.c
2313 A version of C<savepv()>/C<savepvn()> which gets the string to duplicate from
2314 the passed in SV using C<SvPV()>
2316 char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
2319 Found in file util.c
2324 This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure to another.
2326 void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
2329 Found in file handy.h
2334 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memzero> function. The C<dest> is the
2335 destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is the type.
2337 void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2340 Found in file handy.h
2345 Like C<Zero> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
2348 void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
2351 Found in file handy.h
2356 =head1 Miscellaneous Functions
2363 Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it using fbm_instr()
2364 -- the Boyer-Moore algorithm.
2366 void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
2369 Found in file util.c
2374 Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by C<str> and
2375 C<strend>. It returns C<NULL> if the string can't be found. The C<sv>
2376 does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the search will not be as fast
2379 char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
2382 Found in file util.c
2387 Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional
2388 (non-SV) arguments and returns the formatted string.
2390 (char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
2392 can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
2394 char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
2396 Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several strings you
2397 must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when you
2400 char* form(const char* pat, ...)
2403 Found in file util.c
2408 Fill the sv with current working directory
2410 int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
2413 Found in file util.c
2418 The C library C<snprintf> functionality, if available and
2419 standards-compliant (uses C<vsnprintf>, actually). However, if the
2420 C<vsnprintf> is not available, will unfortunately use the unsafe
2421 C<vsprintf> which can overrun the buffer (there is an overrun check,
2422 but that may be too late). Consider using C<sv_vcatpvf> instead, or
2423 getting C<vsnprintf>.
2425 int my_snprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len, const char *format, ...)
2428 Found in file util.c
2433 The C library C<sprintf>, wrapped if necessary, to ensure that it will return
2434 the length of the string written to the buffer. Only rare pre-ANSI systems
2435 need the wrapper function - usually this is a direct call to C<sprintf>.
2437 int my_sprintf(char *buffer, const char *pat, ...)
2440 Found in file util.c
2445 The C library C<vsnprintf> if available and standards-compliant.
2446 However, if if the C<vsnprintf> is not available, will unfortunately
2447 use the unsafe C<vsprintf> which can overrun the buffer (there is an
2448 overrun check, but that may be too late). Consider using
2449 C<sv_vcatpvf> instead, or getting C<vsnprintf>.
2451 int my_vsnprintf(char *buffer, const Size_t len, const char *format, va_list ap)
2454 Found in file util.c
2459 Returns a new version object based on the passed in SV:
2461 SV *sv = new_version(SV *ver);
2463 Does not alter the passed in ver SV. See "upg_version" if you
2464 want to upgrade the SV.
2466 SV* new_version(SV *ver)
2469 Found in file util.c
2474 Returns a pointer to the next character after the parsed
2475 version string, as well as upgrading the passed in SV to
2478 Function must be called with an already existing SV like
2481 s = scan_version(s,SV *sv, bool qv);
2483 Performs some preprocessing to the string to ensure that
2484 it has the correct characteristics of a version. Flags the
2485 object if it contains an underscore (which denotes this
2486 is a alpha version). The boolean qv denotes that the version
2487 should be interpreted as if it had multiple decimals, even if
2490 const char* scan_version(const char *vstr, SV *sv, bool qv)
2493 Found in file util.c
2498 Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false.
2500 bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
2503 Found in file handy.h
2508 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than or equal to
2509 the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2511 bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
2514 Found in file handy.h
2519 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than the second,
2520 C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2522 bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
2525 Found in file handy.h
2530 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or equal to the
2531 second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2533 bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
2536 Found in file handy.h
2541 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the second,
2542 C<s2>. Returns true or false.
2544 bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
2547 Found in file handy.h
2552 Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or
2555 bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
2558 Found in file handy.h
2563 Test two strings to see if they are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates
2564 the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
2567 bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
2570 Found in file handy.h
2575 Test two strings to see if they are different. The C<len> parameter
2576 indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A
2577 wrapper for C<strncmp>).
2579 bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
2582 Found in file handy.h
2587 Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is no sharing module present.
2588 Or "locks" it. Or "unlocks" it. In other words, ignores its single SV argument.
2589 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
2590 potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.
2592 void sv_nosharing(SV *sv)
2595 Found in file util.c
2600 In-place upgrade of the supplied SV to a version object.
2602 SV *sv = upg_version(SV *sv);
2604 Returns a pointer to the upgraded SV.
2606 SV* upg_version(SV *ver)
2609 Found in file util.c
2614 Version object aware cmp. Both operands must already have been
2615 converted into version objects.
2617 int vcmp(SV *lvs, SV *rvs)
2620 Found in file util.c
2625 Accepts a version object and returns the normalized string
2626 representation. Call like:
2630 NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV
2631 contained within the RV.
2636 Found in file util.c
2641 Accepts a version object and returns the normalized floating
2642 point representation. Call like:
2646 NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV
2647 contained within the RV.
2652 Found in file util.c
2657 In order to maintain maximum compatibility with earlier versions
2658 of Perl, this function will return either the floating point
2659 notation or the multiple dotted notation, depending on whether
2660 the original version contained 1 or more dots, respectively
2662 SV* vstringify(SV *vs)
2665 Found in file util.c
2670 Validates that the SV contains a valid version object.
2672 bool vverify(SV *vobj);
2674 Note that it only confirms the bare minimum structure (so as not to get
2675 confused by derived classes which may contain additional hash entries):
2677 bool vverify(SV *vs)
2680 Found in file util.c
2685 =head1 Multicall Functions
2692 Declare local variables for a multicall. See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2702 Make a lightweight callback. See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2712 Closing bracket for a lightweight callback.
2713 See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2720 =item PUSH_MULTICALL
2723 Opening bracket for a lightweight callback.
2724 See L<perlcall/Lightweight Callbacks>.
2734 =head1 Numeric functions
2741 converts a string representing a binary number to numeric form.
2743 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2744 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2745 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2746 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2747 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2748 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2749 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2751 If the value is <= C<UV_MAX> it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2752 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_bin>
2753 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2754 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2757 The binary number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or "b" unless
2758 C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If
2759 C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the binary
2760 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2762 UV grok_bin(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
2765 Found in file numeric.c
2770 converts a string representing a hex number to numeric form.
2772 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2773 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2774 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2775 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2776 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2777 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2778 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2780 If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2781 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_hex>
2782 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2783 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2786 The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or "x" unless
2787 C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If
2788 C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the hex
2789 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2791 UV grok_hex(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
2794 Found in file numeric.c
2799 Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is returned
2800 (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a bit-ORed combination of
2801 IS_NUMBER_IN_UV, IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT,
2802 IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN (defined in perl.h).
2804 If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in the *valuep
2805 IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
2806 will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned
2807 to during processing even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set on return.
2808 If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the same cases as when
2809 valuep is non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will occur.
2811 IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV if trailing decimals were
2812 seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer), and
2813 IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is negative (in which case *valuep holds the
2814 absolute value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation was used or the
2815 number is larger than a UV.
2817 int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
2820 Found in file numeric.c
2822 =item grok_numeric_radix
2823 X<grok_numeric_radix>
2825 Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix).
2827 bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
2830 Found in file numeric.c
2835 converts a string representing an octal number to numeric form.
2837 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2838 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2839 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2840 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2841 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2842 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2843 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2845 If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2846 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_oct>
2847 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2848 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2851 If C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the octal
2852 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2854 UV grok_oct(const char* start, STRLEN* len_p, I32* flags, NV *result)
2857 Found in file numeric.c
2862 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_bin> instead.
2864 NV scan_bin(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
2867 Found in file numeric.c
2872 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_hex> instead.
2874 NV scan_hex(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
2877 Found in file numeric.c
2882 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_oct> instead.
2884 NV scan_oct(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
2887 Found in file numeric.c
2892 =head1 Optree Manipulation Functions
2899 If C<cv> is a constant sub eligible for inlining. returns the constant
2900 value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NULL.
2902 Constant subs can be created with C<newCONSTSUB> or as described in
2903 L<perlsub/"Constant Functions">.
2905 SV* cv_const_sv(CV* cv)
2913 Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl C<sub FOO () { 123 }> which is
2914 eligible for inlining at compile-time.
2916 CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, const char* name, SV* sv)
2924 Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. I<filename> needs to be
2925 static storage, as it is used directly as CvFILE(), without a copy being made.
2933 =head1 Pad Data Structures
2940 Get the value at offset po in the current pad.
2941 Use macro PAD_SV instead of calling this function directly.
2943 SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)
2951 =head1 Simple Exception Handling Macros
2958 Set up necessary local variables for exception handling.
2959 See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2964 Found in file XSUB.h
2969 Introduces a catch block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2972 Found in file XSUB.h
2977 Rethrows a previously caught exception. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2982 Found in file XSUB.h
2987 Ends a try block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2990 Found in file XSUB.h
2992 =item XCPT_TRY_START
2995 Starts a try block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2998 Found in file XSUB.h
3003 =head1 Stack Manipulation Macros
3010 Declare a stack marker variable, C<mark>, for the XSUB. See C<MARK> and
3021 Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<ORIGMARK>.
3031 Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB, available via
3032 the C<SP> macro. See C<SP>.
3042 Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values. Once
3043 used, guarantees that there is room for at least C<nitems> to be pushed
3046 void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
3054 Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See C<dMARK>.
3062 Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3063 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHi>, C<mXPUSHi>
3074 Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3075 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHn>, C<mXPUSHn>
3086 Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3087 The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does
3088 not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHp>, C<mXPUSHp> and C<XPUSHp>.
3090 void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3098 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
3099 element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHu>,
3100 C<mXPUSHu> and C<XPUSHu>.
3110 Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3111 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHi>, C<mPUSHi> and
3122 Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3123 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHn>, C<mPUSHn> and
3134 Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len>
3135 indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
3136 C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHp>, C<mPUSHp> and C<PUSHp>.
3138 void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3146 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
3147 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHu>, C<mPUSHu>
3158 The original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<dORIGMARK>.
3166 Pops an integer off the stack.
3176 Pops a long off the stack.
3186 Pops a double off the stack.
3196 Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should use POPpx.
3206 Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes i.e. characters < 256.
3216 Pops a string off the stack.
3226 Pops an SV off the stack.
3236 Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3237 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
3238 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
3239 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHi> instead. See also C<XPUSHi> and
3250 Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See C<PUTBACK> and
3261 Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
3262 element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also
3263 C<PUSHs>, C<XPUSHmortal> and C<XPUSHs>.
3273 Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3274 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
3275 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
3276 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHn> instead. See also C<XPUSHn> and
3287 Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3288 The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
3289 C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to declare it. Do not
3290 call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
3291 C<mPUSHp> instead. See also C<XPUSHp> and C<mXPUSHp>.
3293 void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3301 Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
3302 Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHmortal>,
3303 C<XPUSHs> and C<XPUSHmortal>.
3313 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
3314 element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG>
3315 should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented
3316 macros to return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHu> instead. See also
3317 C<XPUSHu> and C<mXPUSHu>.
3327 Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>.
3328 See C<PUSHMARK> and L<perlcall> for other uses.
3338 Stack pointer. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. See C<dSP> and
3347 Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See L<perlcall>.
3357 Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3358 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to
3359 declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists
3360 from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHi> instead. See also C<PUSHi> and C<mPUSHi>.
3370 Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does
3371 not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHs>,
3372 C<PUSHmortal> and C<PUSHs>.
3382 Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
3383 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to
3384 declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists
3385 from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHn> instead. See also C<PUSHn> and C<mPUSHn>.
3395 Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len>
3396 indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so
3397 C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to declare it. Do not call
3398 multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
3399 C<mXPUSHp> instead. See also C<PUSHp> and C<mPUSHp>.
3401 void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
3409 Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not
3410 handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHmortal>,
3411 C<PUSHs> and C<PUSHmortal>.
3421 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
3422 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
3423 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
3424 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHu> instead. See also C<PUSHu> and
3435 Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually
3436 handled by C<xsubpp>.
3438 void XSRETURN(int nitems)
3441 Found in file XSUB.h
3443 =item XSRETURN_EMPTY
3446 Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
3451 Found in file XSUB.h
3456 Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mIV>.
3458 void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
3461 Found in file XSUB.h
3466 Return C<&PL_sv_no> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNO>.
3471 Found in file XSUB.h
3476 Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNV>.
3478 void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
3481 Found in file XSUB.h
3486 Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mPV>.
3488 void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
3491 Found in file XSUB.h
3493 =item XSRETURN_UNDEF
3496 Return C<&PL_sv_undef> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUNDEF>.
3501 Found in file XSUB.h
3506 Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUV>.
3508 void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
3511 Found in file XSUB.h
3516 Return C<&PL_sv_yes> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mYES>.
3521 Found in file XSUB.h
3526 Place an integer into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The
3527 value is stored in a new mortal SV.
3529 void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
3532 Found in file XSUB.h
3537 Place C<&PL_sv_no> into the specified position C<pos> on the
3540 void XST_mNO(int pos)
3543 Found in file XSUB.h
3548 Place a double into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The value
3549 is stored in a new mortal SV.
3551 void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
3554 Found in file XSUB.h
3559 Place a copy of a string into the specified position C<pos> on the stack.
3560 The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
3562 void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
3565 Found in file XSUB.h
3570 Place C<&PL_sv_undef> into the specified position C<pos> on the
3573 void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
3576 Found in file XSUB.h
3581 Place C<&PL_sv_yes> into the specified position C<pos> on the
3584 void XST_mYES(int pos)
3587 Found in file XSUB.h
3599 An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file B<sv.h>
3600 in the C<svtype> enum. Test these flags with the C<SvTYPE> macro.
3608 Integer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
3616 Double type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
3624 Pointer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
3632 Type flag for arrays. See C<svtype>.
3640 Type flag for code refs. See C<svtype>.
3648 Type flag for hashes. See C<svtype>.
3656 Type flag for blessed scalars. See C<svtype>.
3664 =head1 SV Manipulation Functions
3671 Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If C<create> is set and the
3672 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
3673 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
3675 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
3677 SV* get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)
3680 Found in file perl.c
3685 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is
3688 SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv)
3696 Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvLEN>.
3698 STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
3706 Set the current length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvCUR>
3709 void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3717 Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV.
3718 See C<SvCUR>. Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)).
3728 Returns true if the SV has get magic or overloading. If either is true then
3729 the scalar is active data, and has the potential to return a new value every
3730 time it is accessed. Hence you must be careful to only read it once per user
3731 logical operation and work with that returned value. If neither is true then
3732 the scalar's value cannot change unless written to.
3734 char* SvGAMAGIC(SV* sv)
3742 Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room for the
3743 indicated number of bytes (remember to reserve space for an extra trailing
3744 NUL character). Calls C<sv_grow> to perform the expansion if necessary.
3745 Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
3747 char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3755 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer.
3765 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks
3766 the B<private> setting. Use C<SvIOK>.
3776 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a signed integer.
3778 bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
3786 Unsets the IV status of an SV.
3788 void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
3796 Tells an SV that it is an integer.
3798 void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
3806 Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits.
3808 void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
3816 Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables all other OK bits.
3818 void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
3826 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
3828 bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
3836 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write. (either shared
3837 hash key scalars, or full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured for
3840 bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
3845 =item SvIsCOW_shared_hash
3846 X<SvIsCOW_shared_hash>
3848 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write shared hash key
3851 bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
3859 Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See C<SvIVx> for a
3860 version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
3870 Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks or conversions.
3871 Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvIV()>.
3881 Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate
3882 sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvIV> otherwise.
3892 Like C<SvIV> but doesn't process magic.
3894 IV SvIV_nomg(SV* sv)
3902 Set the value of the IV pointer in sv to val. It is possible to perform
3903 the same function of this macro with an lvalue assignment to C<SvIVX>.
3904 With future Perls, however, it will be more efficient to use
3905 C<SvIV_set> instead of the lvalue assignment to C<SvIVX>.
3907 void SvIV_set(SV* sv, IV val)
3915 Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not including any part
3916 attributable to C<SvOOK>. See C<SvCUR>.
3918 STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
3926 Set the actual length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvIV_set>.
3928 void SvLEN_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3936 Set the value of the MAGIC pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
3938 void SvMAGIC_set(SV* sv, MAGIC* val)
3946 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
3957 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
3958 double. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvNIOK>.
3960 bool SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
3968 Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
3970 void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
3978 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double.
3988 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the
3989 B<private> setting. Use C<SvNOK>.
3999 Unsets the NV status of an SV.
4001 void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
4009 Tells an SV that it is a double.
4011 void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
4019 Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits.
4021 void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
4029 Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See C<SvNVx> for a version
4030 which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4040 Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks or conversions.
4041 Only use when you are sure SvNOK is true. See also C<SvNV()>.
4051 Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate
4052 sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvNV> otherwise.
4062 Set the value of the NV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4064 void SvNV_set(SV* sv, NV val)
4072 Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV. It also tells
4073 whether the value is defined or not.
4083 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a valid offset value for
4084 the SvPVX. This hack is used internally to speed up removal of characters
4085 from the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true, then the start of the
4086 allocated string buffer is really (SvPVX - SvIVX).
4096 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character
4107 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string.
4108 Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvPOK>.
4118 Unsets the PV status of an SV.
4120 void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
4128 Tells an SV that it is a string.
4130 void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
4138 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits.
4139 Will also turn off the UTF-8 status.
4141 void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
4146 =item SvPOK_only_UTF8
4149 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits,
4150 and leaves the UTF-8 status as it was.
4152 void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
4160 Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of
4161 the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
4162 stringified version becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic. See also
4163 C<SvPVx> for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4165 char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4173 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4175 char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4183 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4184 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte>
4187 char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4192 =item SvPVbytex_force
4195 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4196 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte_force>
4199 char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4204 =item SvPVbyte_force
4207 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4209 char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4214 =item SvPVbyte_nolen
4217 Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
4219 char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
4227 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4229 char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4237 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4238 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8>
4241 char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4246 =item SvPVutf8x_force
4249 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4250 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8_force>
4253 char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4258 =item SvPVutf8_force
4261 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4263 char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4268 =item SvPVutf8_nolen
4271 Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
4273 char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
4281 Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV must contain a
4292 A version of C<SvPV> which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4294 char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4302 Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string
4303 (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX>
4306 char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4311 =item SvPV_force_nomg
4314 Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string
4315 (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX>
4316 directly. Doesn't process magic.
4318 char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4326 Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of
4327 the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
4328 stringified form becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic.
4330 char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
4338 Like C<SvPV> but doesn't process magic.
4340 char* SvPV_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
4348 Set the value of the PV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4350 void SvPV_set(SV* sv, char* val)
4358 Returns the value of the object's reference count.
4360 U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
4368 Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
4370 void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
4378 Increments the reference count of the given SV.
4380 All of the following SvREFCNT_inc* macros are optimized versions of
4381 SvREFCNT_inc, and can be replaced with SvREFCNT_inc.
4383 SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
4388 =item SvREFCNT_inc_NN
4391 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you know I<sv>
4392 is not NULL. Since we don't have to check the NULLness, it's faster
4395 SV* SvREFCNT_inc_NN(SV* sv)
4400 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple
4401 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple>
4403 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used with simple variables, not
4404 expressions or pointer dereferences. Since we don't have to store a
4405 temporary value, it's faster.
4407 SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple(SV* sv)
4412 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN
4413 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN>
4415 Same as SvREFCNT_inc_simple, but can only be used if you know I<sv>
4416 is not NULL. Since we don't have to check the NULLness, it's faster
4419 SV* SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN(SV* sv)
4424 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void
4425 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void>
4427 Same as SvREFCNT_inc_simple, but can only be used if you don't need the
4428 return value. The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful value.
4430 void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void(SV* sv)
4435 =item SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN
4436 X<SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN>
4438 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't need the return
4439 value, and you know that I<sv> is not NULL. The macro doesn't need
4440 to return a meaningful value, or check for NULLness, so it's smaller
4443 void SvREFCNT_inc_simple_void_NN(SV* sv)
4448 =item SvREFCNT_inc_void
4449 X<SvREFCNT_inc_void>
4451 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't need the
4452 return value. The macro doesn't need to return a meaningful value.
4454 void SvREFCNT_inc_void(SV* sv)
4459 =item SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN
4460 X<SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN>
4462 Same as SvREFCNT_inc, but can only be used if you don't need the return
4463 value, and you know that I<sv> is not NULL. The macro doesn't need
4464 to return a meaningful value, or check for NULLness, so it's smaller
4467 void SvREFCNT_inc_void_NN(SV* sv)
4475 Tests if the SV is an RV.
4485 Unsets the RV status of an SV.
4487 void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
4495 Tells an SV that it is an RV.
4497 void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
4505 Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
4515 Set the value of the RV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4517 void SvRV_set(SV* sv, SV* val)
4525 Returns the stash of the SV.
4535 Set the value of the STASH pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4537 void SvSTASH_set(SV* sv, HV* val)
4545 Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
4547 void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
4555 Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is, FALSE if
4558 bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
4566 Untaints an SV. Be I<very> careful with this routine, as it short-circuits
4567 some of Perl's fundamental security features. XS module authors should not
4568 use this function unless they fully understand all the implications of
4569 unconditionally untainting the value. Untainting should be done in the
4570 standard perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather than directly
4571 untainting variables.
4573 void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
4581 Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
4583 void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
4591 Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or
4592 false, defined or undefined. Does not handle 'get' magic.
4602 Returns the type of the SV. See C<svtype>.
4604 svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
4612 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
4622 Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses C<sv_upgrade> to
4623 perform the upgrade if necessary. See C<svtype>.
4625 void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
4633 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains UTF-8 encoded data.
4634 Call this after SvPV() in case any call to string overloading updates the
4645 Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
4647 void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
4655 Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed, just the flag).
4656 Do not use frivolously.
4658 void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
4666 Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. See C<SvUVx>
4667 for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
4677 Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks or conversions.
4678 Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvUV()>.
4688 Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. Guarantees to
4689 evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvUV> otherwise.
4699 Like C<SvUV> but doesn't process magic.
4701 UV SvUV_nomg(SV* sv)
4709 Set the value of the UV pointer in sv to val. See C<SvIV_set>.
4711 void SvUV_set(SV* sv, UV val)
4719 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a v-string.
4726 =item sv_catpvn_nomg
4729 Like C<sv_catpvn> but doesn't process magic.
4731 void sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
4739 Like C<sv_catsv> but doesn't process magic.
4741 void sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4746 =item sv_derived_from
4749 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from the specified class
4750 I<at the C level>. To check derivation at the Perl level, call C<isa()> as a
4753 bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)
4756 Found in file universal.c
4761 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV performs a specific, named role.
4762 The SV can be a Perl object or the name of a Perl class.
4764 bool sv_does(SV* sv, const char* name)
4767 Found in file universal.c
4769 =item sv_report_used
4772 Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging aid).
4774 void sv_report_used()
4782 Like C<sv_setsv> but doesn't process magic.
4784 void sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4792 =head1 SV-Body Allocation
4796 =item looks_like_number
4797 X<looks_like_number>
4799 Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a number).
4800 C<Inf> and C<Infinity> are treated as numbers (so will not issue a
4801 non-numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't grok them.
4803 I32 looks_like_number(SV* sv)
4811 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original
4812 SV is B<not> incremented.
4814 SV* newRV_noinc(SV* sv)
4822 Creates a new SV. A non-zero C<len> parameter indicates the number of
4823 bytes of preallocated string space the SV should have. An extra byte for a
4824 trailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not set for the SV even if string
4825 space is allocated.) The reference count for the new SV is set to 1.
4827 In 5.9.3, newSV() replaces the older NEWSV() API, and drops the first
4828 parameter, I<x>, a debug aid which allowed callers to identify themselves.
4829 This aid has been superseded by a new build option, PERL_MEM_LOG (see
4830 L<perlhack/PERL_MEM_LOG>). The older API is still there for use in XS
4831 modules supporting older perls.
4833 SV* newSV(STRLEN len)
4841 Creates a new SV from the hash key structure. It will generate scalars that
4842 point to the shared string table where possible. Returns a new (undefined)
4843 SV if the hek is NULL.
4845 SV* newSVhek(const HEK *hek)
4853 Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference count for the
4864 Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it.
4865 The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
4875 Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the
4876 SV is set to 1. If C<len> is zero, Perl will compute the length using
4877 strlen(). For efficiency, consider using C<newSVpvn> instead.
4879 SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
4887 Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string formatted like
4890 SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
4898 Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the
4899 SV is set to 1. Note that if C<len> is zero, Perl will create a zero length
4900 string. You are responsible for ensuring that the source string is at least
4901 C<len> bytes long. If the C<s> argument is NULL the new SV will be undefined.
4903 SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
4908 =item newSVpvn_share
4911 Creates a new SV with its SvPVX_const pointing to a shared string in the string
4912 table. If the string does not already exist in the table, it is created
4913 first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The string's hash is stored in the UV
4914 slot of the SV; if the C<hash> parameter is non-zero, that value is used;
4915 otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is that as the string table
4916 is used for shared hash keys these strings will have SvPVX_const == HeKEY and
4917 hash lookup will avoid string compare.
4919 SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
4927 Like C<newSVpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
4929 SV* newSVpvs(const char* s)
4932 Found in file handy.h
4934 =item newSVpvs_share
4937 Like C<newSVpvn_share>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length
4938 pair and omits the hash parameter.
4940 SV* newSVpvs_share(const char* s)
4943 Found in file handy.h
4948 Creates a new SV for the RV, C<rv>, to point to. If C<rv> is not an RV then
4949 it will be upgraded to one. If C<classname> is non-null then the new SV will
4950 be blessed in the specified package. The new SV is returned and its
4951 reference count is 1.
4953 SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
4961 Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original SV.
4964 SV* newSVsv(SV* old)
4972 Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it.
4973 The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
4983 This function is only called on magical items, and is only used by
4984 sv_true() or its macro equivalent.
4986 bool sv_2bool(SV* sv)
4994 Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition, try if
4995 possible to set C<*st> and C<*gvp> to the stash and GV associated with it.
4996 The flags in C<lref> are passed to sv_fetchsv.
4998 CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)
5006 Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO slot if its a
5007 GV; or the recursive result if we're an RV; or the IO slot of the symbol
5008 named after the PV if we're a string.
5018 Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string
5019 conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first.
5020 Normally used via the C<SvIV(sv)> and C<SvIVx(sv)> macros.
5022 IV sv_2iv_flags(SV* sv, I32 flags)
5030 Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed "soon", either
5031 by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
5032 statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is turned on which means that the SV's
5033 string buffer can be "stolen" if this SV is copied. See also C<sv_newmortal>
5034 and C<sv_mortalcopy>.
5036 SV* sv_2mortal(SV* sv)
5044 Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string or integer
5045 conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the C<SvNV(sv)> and C<SvNVx(sv)>
5056 Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp
5057 to its length. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a
5060 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte> macro.
5062 char* sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5070 Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp
5071 to its length. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
5073 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8> macro.
5075 char* sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5083 Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets *lp to its length.
5084 If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a string
5086 Normally invoked via the C<SvPV_flags> macro. C<sv_2pv()> and C<sv_2pv_nomg>
5087 usually end up here too.
5089 char* sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
5097 Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string
5098 conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first.
5099 Normally used via the C<SvUV(sv)> and C<SvUVx(sv)> macros.
5101 UV sv_2uv_flags(SV* sv, I32 flags)
5109 Remove any string offset. You should normally use the C<SvOOK_off> macro
5112 int sv_backoff(SV* sv)
5120 Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package
5121 must be designated by its stash (see C<gv_stashpv()>). The reference count
5122 of the SV is unaffected.
5124 SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
5132 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV.
5133 If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be
5134 valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpv_mg>.
5136 void sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
5144 Processes its arguments like C<sprintf> and appends the formatted
5145 output to an SV. If the appended data contains "wide" characters
5146 (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with %s,
5147 and characters >255 formatted with %c), the original SV might get
5148 upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
5149 C<sv_catpvf_mg>. If the original SV was UTF-8, the pattern should be
5150 valid UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the pattern should be too.
5152 void sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
5160 Like C<sv_catpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5162 void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
5170 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The
5171 C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8
5172 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8.
5173 Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpvn_mg>.
5175 void sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
5180 =item sv_catpvn_flags
5183 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The
5184 C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8
5185 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8.
5186 If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<dsv> if
5187 appropriate, else not. C<sv_catpvn> and C<sv_catpvn_nomg> are implemented
5188 in terms of this function.
5190 void sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
5198 Like C<sv_catpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
5200 void sv_catpvs(SV* sv, const char* s)
5203 Found in file handy.h
5208 Like C<sv_catpv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5210 void sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
5218 Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in
5219 SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. Handles 'get' magic, but
5220 not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catsv_mg>.
5222 void sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
5227 =item sv_catsv_flags
5230 Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in
5231 SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC>
5232 bit set, will C<mg_get> on the SVs if appropriate, else not. C<sv_catsv>
5233 and C<sv_catsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
5235 void sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
5243 Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the string buffer.
5244 SvPOK(sv) must be true and the C<ptr> must be a pointer to somewhere inside
5245 the string buffer. The C<ptr> becomes the first character of the adjusted
5246 string. Uses the "OOK hack".
5247 Beware: after this function returns, C<ptr> and SvPVX_const(sv) may no longer
5248 refer to the same chunk of data.
5250 void sv_chop(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
5258 Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used by the body,
5259 and free the body itself. The SV's head is I<not> freed, although
5260 its type is set to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be assumed
5261 to be live during global destruction etc.
5262 This function should only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most of the time
5263 you'll want to call C<sv_free()> (or its macro wrapper C<SvREFCNT_dec>)
5266 void sv_clear(SV* sv)
5274 Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the
5275 string in C<sv1> is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in
5276 C<sv2>. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will
5277 coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>.
5279 I32 sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
5287 Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner. Is UTF-8 and
5288 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings
5289 if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>. See also C<sv_cmp>.
5291 I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
5299 Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already have it.
5301 Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm magic that contains the
5302 scalar data of the variable, but transformed to such a format that a normal
5303 memory comparison can be used to compare the data according to the locale
5306 char* sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)
5314 Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into the
5315 destination SV. Automatically performs any necessary mg_get and
5316 coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to preserve
5317 UTF-8 flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to
5318 sv_2pv[_flags] but operates directly on an SV instead of just the
5319 string. Mostly uses sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that
5320 would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.
5322 void sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
5330 Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion
5331 if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
5341 Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs are
5342 identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will
5343 coerce its args to strings if necessary.
5345 I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
5350 =item sv_force_normal_flags
5351 X<sv_force_normal_flags>
5353 Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make
5354 a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
5355 an xpvmg; if we're a copy-on-write scalar, this is the on-write time when
5356 we do the copy, and is also used locally. If C<SV_COW_DROP_PV> is set
5357 then a copy-on-write scalar drops its PV buffer (if any) and becomes
5358 SvPOK_off rather than making a copy. (Used where this scalar is about to be
5359 set to some other value.) In addition, the C<flags> parameter gets passed to
5360 C<sv_unref_flags()> when unrefing. C<sv_force_normal> calls this function
5361 with flags set to 0.
5363 void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags)
5371 Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero, call
5372 C<sv_clear> to invoke destructors and free up any memory used by
5373 the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head itself.
5374 Normally called via a wrapper macro C<SvREFCNT_dec>.
5376 void sv_free(SV* sv)
5384 Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV, optionally
5385 appending to the currently-stored string.
5387 char* sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)
5395 Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses C<sv_unref> and
5396 upgrades the SV to C<SVt_PV>. Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
5397 Use the C<SvGROW> wrapper instead.
5399 char* sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
5407 Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion
5408 if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
5418 Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the SV. Similar to
5419 the Perl substr() function.
5421 void sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, const char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
5429 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified
5430 class. This does not check for subtypes; use C<sv_derived_from> to verify
5431 an inheritance relationship.
5433 int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)
5441 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed
5442 object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this
5445 int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
5453 Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic and type
5454 coercion. See also C<SvCUR>, which gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot.
5456 STRLEN sv_len(SV* sv)
5464 Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV, counting wide
5465 UTF-8 bytes as a single character. Handles magic and type coercion.
5467 STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV* sv)
5475 Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades C<sv> to type C<SVt_PVMG> if necessary,
5476 then adds a new magic item of type C<how> to the head of the magic list.
5478 See C<sv_magicext> (which C<sv_magic> now calls) for a description of the
5479 handling of the C<name> and C<namlen> arguments.
5481 You need to use C<sv_magicext> to add magic to SvREADONLY SVs and also
5482 to add more than one instance of the same 'how'.
5484 void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
5492 Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the
5493 supplied vtable and returns a pointer to the magic added.
5495 Note that C<sv_magicext> will allow things that C<sv_magic> will not.
5496 In particular, you can add magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than
5497 one instance of the same 'how'.
5499 If C<namlen> is greater than zero then a C<savepvn> I<copy> of C<name> is
5500 stored, if C<namlen> is zero then C<name> is stored as-is and - as another
5501 special case - if C<(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)> then C<name> is assumed
5502 to contain an C<SV*> and is stored as-is with its REFCNT incremented.
5504 (This is now used as a subroutine by C<sv_magic>.)
5506 MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen)
5514 Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using C<sv_setsv>).
5515 The new SV is marked as mortal. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an
5516 explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
5517 statement boundaries. See also C<sv_newmortal> and C<sv_2mortal>.
5519 SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
5527 Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count of the SV is
5528 set to 1. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to
5529 FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries.
5530 See also C<sv_mortalcopy> and C<sv_2mortal>.
5540 Increment an SV's reference count. Use the C<SvREFCNT_inc()> wrapper
5543 SV* sv_newref(SV* sv)
5551 Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of bytes from the
5552 start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars.
5553 Handles magic and type coercion.
5555 void sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)
5563 Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of UTF-8 chars from
5564 the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if
5565 lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this time starting from
5566 the offset, rather than from the start of the string. Handles magic and
5569 void sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)
5574 =item sv_pvbyten_force
5577 The backend for the C<SvPVbytex_force> macro. Always use the macro instead.
5579 char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5587 Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow.
5588 A private implementation of the C<SvPV_force> macro for compilers which
5589 can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
5591 char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5596 =item sv_pvn_force_flags
5597 X<sv_pvn_force_flags>
5599 Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow.
5600 If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if
5601 appropriate, else not. C<sv_pvn_force> and C<sv_pvn_force_nomg> are
5602 implemented in terms of this function.
5603 You normally want to use the various wrapper macros instead: see
5604 C<SvPV_force> and C<SvPV_force_nomg>
5606 char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
5611 =item sv_pvutf8n_force
5614 The backend for the C<SvPVutf8x_force> macro. Always use the macro instead.
5616 char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
5624 Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to.
5626 const char* sv_reftype(const SV* sv, int ob)
5634 Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete the original.
5635 The target SV physically takes over ownership of the body of the source SV
5636 and inherits its flags; however, the target keeps any magic it owns,
5637 and any magic in the source is discarded.
5638 Note that this is a rather specialist SV copying operation; most of the
5639 time you'll want to use C<sv_setsv> or one of its many macro front-ends.
5641 void sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)
5649 Underlying implementation for the C<reset> Perl function.
5650 Note that the perl-level function is vaguely deprecated.
5652 void sv_reset(const char* s, HV* stash)
5660 Weaken a reference: set the C<SvWEAKREF> flag on this RV; give the
5661 referred-to SV C<PERL_MAGIC_backref> magic if it hasn't already; and
5662 push a back-reference to this RV onto the array of backreferences
5663 associated with that magic. If the RV is magical, set magic will be
5664 called after the RV is cleared.
5666 SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *sv)
5674 Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
5675 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setiv_mg>.
5677 void sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)
5685 Like C<sv_setiv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5687 void sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)
5695 Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
5696 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setnv_mg>.
5698 void sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)
5706 Like C<sv_setnv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5708 void sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)
5716 Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated. Does not
5717 handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpv_mg>.
5719 void sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
5727 Works like C<sv_catpvf> but copies the text into the SV instead of
5728 appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvf_mg>.
5730 void sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
5738 Like C<sv_setpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5740 void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
5748 Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its string value.
5749 Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpviv_mg>.
5751 void sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
5759 Like C<sv_setpviv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5761 void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)
5769 Copies a string into an SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of
5770 bytes to be copied. If the C<ptr> argument is NULL the SV will become
5771 undefined. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvn_mg>.
5773 void sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
5781 Like C<sv_setpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5783 void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
5791 Like C<sv_setpvn>, but takes a literal string instead of a string/length pair.
5793 void sv_setpvs(SV* sv, const char* s)
5796 Found in file handy.h
5801 Like C<sv_setpv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5803 void sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
5811 Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
5812 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
5813 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
5814 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
5815 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
5817 SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
5825 Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
5826 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
5827 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
5828 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
5829 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
5831 SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
5839 Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
5840 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
5841 the new SV. If the C<pv> argument is NULL then C<PL_sv_undef> will be placed
5842 into the SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
5843 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
5844 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
5846 Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those
5847 objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process.
5849 Note that C<sv_setref_pvn> copies the string while this copies the pointer.
5851 SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
5859 Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The length of the
5860 string must be specified with C<n>. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to
5861 an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname>
5862 argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to
5863 C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count
5864 of 1, and the RV will be returned.
5866 Note that C<sv_setref_pv> copies the pointer while this copies the string.
5868 SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, const char* pv, STRLEN n)
5876 Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
5877 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
5878 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
5879 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<NULL> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
5880 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
5882 SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)
5890 Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV
5891 C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this
5892 function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic.
5893 Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous
5894 content of the destination.
5896 You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
5897 C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and
5898 C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>.
5900 void sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
5905 =item sv_setsv_flags
5908 Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV
5909 C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this
5910 function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic.
5911 Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous
5912 content of the destination.
5913 If the C<flags> parameter has the C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on
5914 C<ssv> if appropriate, else not. If the C<flags> parameter has the
5915 C<NOSTEAL> bit set then the buffers of temps will not be stolen. <sv_setsv>
5916 and C<sv_setsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
5918 You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
5919 C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and
5920 C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>.
5922 This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other
5923 copy-ish functions and macros use this underneath.
5925 void sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
5933 Like C<sv_setsv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5935 void sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
5943 Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
5944 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setuv_mg>.
5946 void sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)
5954 Like C<sv_setuv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5956 void sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)
5964 Test an SV for taintedness. Use C<SvTAINTED> instead.
5965 bool sv_tainted(SV* sv)
5973 Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules.
5974 Use the C<SvTRUE> macro instead, which may call C<sv_true()> or may
5975 instead use an in-line version.
5985 Removes all magic of type C<type> from an SV.
5987 int sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type)
5992 =item sv_unref_flags
5995 Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of
5996 whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of
5997 as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. The C<cflags> argument can contain
5998 C<SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF> to force the reference count to be decremented
5999 (otherwise the decrementing is conditional on the reference count being
6000 different from one or the reference being a readonly SV).
6003 void sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags)
6011 Untaint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_off> instead.
6012 void sv_untaint(SV* sv)
6020 Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new body type to the
6021 SV, then copies across as much information as possible from the old body.
6022 You generally want to use the C<SvUPGRADE> macro wrapper. See also C<svtype>.
6024 void sv_upgrade(SV* sv, svtype new_type)
6029 =item sv_usepvn_flags
6032 Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Normally the
6033 string is stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an
6034 outside string. The C<ptr> should point to memory that was allocated
6035 by C<malloc>. The string length, C<len>, must be supplied. By default
6036 this function will realloc (i.e. move) the memory pointed to by C<ptr>,
6037 so that pointer should not be freed or used by the programmer after
6038 giving it to sv_usepvn, and neither should any pointers from "behind"
6039 that pointer (e.g. ptr + 1) be used.
6041 If C<flags> & SV_SMAGIC is true, will call SvSETMAGIC. If C<flags> &
6042 SV_HAS_TRAILING_NUL is true, then C<ptr[len]> must be NUL, and the realloc
6043 will be skipped. (i.e. the buffer is actually at least 1 byte longer than
6044 C<len>, and already meets the requirements for storing in C<SvPVX>)
6046 void sv_usepvn_flags(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len, U32 flags)
6051 =item sv_utf8_decode
6054 If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8
6055 and contains a multiple-byte character, the C<SvUTF8> flag is turned on
6056 so that it looks like a character. If the PV contains only single-byte
6057 characters, the C<SvUTF8> flag stays being off.
6058 Scans PV for validity and returns false if the PV is invalid UTF-8.
6060 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6061 removed without notice.
6063 bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv)
6068 =item sv_utf8_downgrade
6069 X<sv_utf8_downgrade>
6071 Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters to bytes.
6072 If the PV contains a character beyond byte, this conversion will fail;
6073 in this case, either returns false or, if C<fail_ok> is not
6076 This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface:
6077 use the Encode extension for that.
6079 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6080 removed without notice.
6082 bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok)
6087 =item sv_utf8_encode
6090 Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns the C<SvUTF8>
6091 flag off so that it looks like octets again.
6093 void sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv)
6098 =item sv_utf8_upgrade
6101 Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
6102 Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
6103 Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even
6104 if all the bytes have hibit clear.
6106 This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface:
6107 use the Encode extension for that.
6109 STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)
6114 =item sv_utf8_upgrade_flags
6115 X<sv_utf8_upgrade_flags>
6117 Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
6118 Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
6119 Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even
6120 if all the bytes have hibit clear. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set,
6121 will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if appropriate, else not. C<sv_utf8_upgrade> and
6122 C<sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
6124 This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface:
6125 use the Encode extension for that.
6127 STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)
6135 Processes its arguments like C<vsprintf> and appends the formatted output
6136 to an SV. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_vcatpvf_mg>.
6138 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_catpvf>.
6140 void sv_vcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6148 Processes its arguments like C<vsprintf> and appends the formatted output
6149 to an SV. Uses an array of SVs if the C style variable argument list is
6150 missing (NULL). When running with taint checks enabled, indicates via
6151 C<maybe_tainted> if results are untrustworthy (often due to the use of
6154 Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_vcatpvf> and C<sv_vcatpvf_mg>.
6156 void sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
6164 Like C<sv_vcatpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
6166 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_catpvf_mg>.
6168 void sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6176 Works like C<sv_vcatpvf> but copies the text into the SV instead of
6177 appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_vsetpvf_mg>.
6179 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_setpvf>.
6181 void sv_vsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6189 Works like C<sv_vcatpvfn> but copies the text into the SV instead of
6192 Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_vsetpvf> and C<sv_vsetpvf_mg>.
6194 void sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
6202 Like C<sv_vsetpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
6204 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_setpvf_mg>.
6206 void sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
6214 =head1 Unicode Support
6218 =item bytes_from_utf8
6221 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding.
6222 Unlike C<utf8_to_bytes> but like C<bytes_to_utf8>, returns a pointer to
6223 the newly-created string, and updates C<len> to contain the new
6224 length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, C<len>
6225 is unchanged. Do nothing if C<is_utf8> points to 0. Sets C<is_utf8> to
6226 0 if C<s> is converted or contains all 7bit characters.
6228 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6229 removed without notice.
6231 U8* bytes_from_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
6234 Found in file utf8.c
6239 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from ASCII into UTF-8 encoding.
6240 Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets C<len> to
6241 reflect the new length.
6243 If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings than ASCII,
6244 see sv_recode_to_utf8().
6246 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6247 removed without notice.
6249 U8* bytes_to_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
6252 Found in file utf8.c
6257 Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false
6258 if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the
6259 string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is true,
6260 the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2
6261 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit
6264 If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied
6265 in there (they will point at the beginning of the I<next> character).
6266 If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are the end
6267 pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any
6268 circumstances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and
6269 s2+l2 will be used as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan,
6270 and which qualify towards defining a successful match: all the scans
6271 that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for
6272 a match to succeed).
6274 For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used
6275 instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see
6276 http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
6278 I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
6281 Found in file utf8.c
6286 Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
6287 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid
6288 UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character
6289 will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
6291 STRLEN is_utf8_char(const U8 *p)
6294 Found in file utf8.c
6296 =item is_utf8_string
6299 Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string form a valid
6300 UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does
6301 not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8'
6302 because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.
6304 See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string_loc().
6306 bool is_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
6309 Found in file utf8.c
6311 =item is_utf8_string_loc
6312 X<is_utf8_string_loc>
6314 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
6315 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
6316 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>.
6318 See also is_utf8_string_loclen() and is_utf8_string().
6320 bool is_utf8_string_loc(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **p)
6323 Found in file utf8.c
6325 =item is_utf8_string_loclen
6326 X<is_utf8_string_loclen>
6328 Like is_utf8_string() but stores the location of the failure (in the
6329 case of "utf8ness failure") or the location s+len (in the case of
6330 "utf8ness success") in the C<ep>, and the number of UTF-8
6331 encoded characters in the C<el>.
6333 See also is_utf8_string_loc() and is_utf8_string().
6335 bool is_utf8_string_loclen(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **ep, STRLEN *el)
6338 Found in file utf8.c
6340 =item pv_uni_display
6343 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv,
6344 length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
6345 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
6347 The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display
6348 isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH
6349 to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n')
6350 (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\).
6351 UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both
6352 UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
6354 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
6356 char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, const U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
6359 Found in file utf8.c
6364 The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of the ssv is
6365 assumed to be octets in that encoding and decoding the input starts
6366 from the position which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv will be
6367 concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv. Decoding will terminate
6368 when the string tstr appears in decoding output or the input ends on
6369 the PV of the ssv. The value which the offset points will be modified
6370 to the last input position on the ssv.
6372 Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.
6374 bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
6379 =item sv_recode_to_utf8
6380 X<sv_recode_to_utf8>
6382 The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry the PV
6383 of the sv is assumed to be octets in that encoding, and the sv
6384 will be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8).
6386 If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the encoding
6387 is not a reference, nothing is done to the sv. If the encoding is not
6388 an C<Encode::XS> Encoding object, bad things will happen.
6389 (See F<lib/encoding.pm> and L<Encode>).
6391 The PV of the sv is returned.
6393 char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
6398 =item sv_uni_display
6401 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv,
6402 the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
6403 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
6405 The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
6407 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
6409 char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
6412 Found in file utf8.c
6417 The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding
6418 the character that is being converted.
6420 The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the
6421 conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length
6424 The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
6426 Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl,
6427 and loaded by SWASHNEW, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually,
6428 but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
6430 The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the
6431 hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through
6432 Perl_to_utf8_case().
6434 The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash
6437 UV to_utf8_case(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swashp, const char *normal, const char *special)
6440 Found in file utf8.c
6445 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and
6446 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6447 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
6448 foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to
6451 The first character of the foldcased version is returned
6452 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6454 UV to_utf8_fold(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6457 Found in file utf8.c
6462 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and
6463 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6464 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
6465 lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
6467 The first character of the lowercased version is returned
6468 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6470 UV to_utf8_lower(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6473 Found in file utf8.c
6478 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and
6479 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6480 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
6481 titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
6483 The first character of the titlecased version is returned
6484 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6486 UV to_utf8_title(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6489 Found in file utf8.c
6494 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and
6495 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
6496 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
6497 the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
6499 The first character of the uppercased version is returned
6500 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
6502 UV to_utf8_upper(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
6505 Found in file utf8.c
6507 =item utf8n_to_uvchr
6512 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string
6514 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
6515 length, in bytes, of that character.
6517 Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.
6519 UV utf8n_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
6522 Found in file utf8.c
6524 =item utf8n_to_uvuni
6527 Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine.
6528 Returns the unicode code point value of the first character in the string C<s>
6529 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than C<curlen>;
6530 C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
6532 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour
6533 is dependent on the value of C<flags>: if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY,
6534 it is assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and this function
6535 will silently just set C<retlen> to C<-1> and return zero. If the
6536 C<flags> does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about
6537 malformations will be given, C<retlen> will be set to the expected
6538 length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be returned.
6540 The C<flags> can also contain various flags to allow deviations from
6541 the strict UTF-8 encoding (see F<utf8.h>).
6543 Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.
6545 UV utf8n_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN *retlen, U32 flags)
6548 Found in file utf8.c
6553 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers C<a>
6556 WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the
6559 IV utf8_distance(const U8 *a, const U8 *b)
6562 Found in file utf8.c
6567 Return the UTF-8 pointer C<s> displaced by C<off> characters, either
6568 forward or backward.
6570 WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* C<off> is within
6571 the UTF-8 data pointed to by C<s> *and* that on entry C<s> is aligned
6572 on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character.
6574 U8* utf8_hop(const U8 *s, I32 off)
6577 Found in file utf8.c
6582 Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string C<s> in characters.
6583 Stops at C<e> (inclusive). If C<e E<lt> s> or if the scan would end
6584 up past C<e>, croaks.
6586 STRLEN utf8_length(const U8* s, const U8 *e)
6589 Found in file utf8.c
6594 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding.
6595 Unlike C<bytes_to_utf8>, this over-writes the original string, and
6596 updates len to contain the new length.
6597 Returns zero on failure, setting C<len> to -1.
6599 If you need a copy of the string, see C<bytes_from_utf8>.
6601 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
6602 removed without notice.
6604 U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
6607 Found in file utf8.c
6612 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s>
6613 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
6614 length, in bytes, of that character.
6616 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
6617 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
6619 UV utf8_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
6622 Found in file utf8.c
6627 Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string C<s>
6628 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
6629 length, in bytes, of that character.
6631 This function should only be used when returned UV is considered
6632 an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
6634 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
6635 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
6637 UV utf8_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN *retlen)
6640 Found in file utf8.c
6645 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint C<uv> to the end
6646 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
6647 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
6648 end of the new character. In other words,
6650 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
6652 is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
6656 U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
6659 Found in file utf8.c
6661 =item uvuni_to_utf8_flags
6662 X<uvuni_to_utf8_flags>
6664 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint C<uv> to the end
6665 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
6666 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
6667 end of the new character. In other words,
6669 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
6673 d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
6675 (which is equivalent to)
6677 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
6679 is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
6683 U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
6686 Found in file utf8.c
6691 =head1 Variables created by C<xsubpp> and C<xsubpp> internal functions
6698 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the stack base offset,
6699 used by the C<ST>, C<XSprePUSH> and C<XSRETURN> macros. The C<dMARK> macro
6700 must be called prior to setup the C<MARK> variable.
6705 Found in file XSUB.h
6710 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the
6711 class name for a C++ XS constructor. This is always a C<char*>. See C<THIS>.
6716 Found in file XSUB.h
6721 Sets up the C<ax> variable.
6722 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
6727 Found in file XSUB.h
6732 Sets up the C<ax> variable and stack marker variable C<mark>.
6733 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
6738 Found in file XSUB.h
6743 Sets up the C<items> variable.
6744 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
6749 Found in file XSUB.h
6754 Sets up the C<padoff_du> variable for an XSUB that wishes to use
6760 Found in file XSUB.h
6765 Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK.
6766 Sets up the C<ax> and C<items> variables by calling C<dAX> and C<dITEMS>.
6767 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>.
6772 Found in file XSUB.h
6777 Sets up the C<ix> variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually
6778 handled automatically by C<xsubpp>.
6783 Found in file XSUB.h
6788 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the number of
6789 items on the stack. See L<perlxs/"Variable-length Parameter Lists">.
6794 Found in file XSUB.h
6799 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate which of an
6800 XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it. See L<perlxs/"The ALIAS: Keyword">.
6805 Found in file XSUB.h
6810 Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to
6814 Found in file XSUB.h
6819 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to hold the return value for an
6820 XSUB. This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See
6821 L<perlxs/"The RETVAL Variable">.
6826 Found in file XSUB.h
6831 Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
6836 Found in file XSUB.h
6841 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to designate the object in a C++
6842 XSUB. This is always the proper type for the C++ object. See C<CLASS> and
6843 L<perlxs/"Using XS With C++">.
6848 Found in file XSUB.h
6853 The SV* corresponding to the $_ variable. Works even if there
6854 is a lexical $_ in scope.
6857 Found in file XSUB.h
6862 Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is handled by
6866 Found in file XSUB.h
6871 The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually
6872 handled automatically by C<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>. See C<XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK>.
6875 Found in file XSUB.h
6877 =item XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
6878 X<XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK>
6880 Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable matches the XS
6881 module's C<XS_VERSION> variable. This is usually handled automatically by
6882 C<xsubpp>. See L<perlxs/"The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword">.
6884 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
6887 Found in file XSUB.h
6892 =head1 Warning and Dieing
6899 This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<die> function.
6900 Normally call this function the same way you call the C C<printf>
6901 function. Calling C<croak> returns control directly to Perl,
6902 sidestepping the normal C order of execution. See C<warn>.
6904 If you want to throw an exception object, assign the object to
6905 C<$@> and then pass C<NULL> to croak():
6907 errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE);
6908 sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object);
6911 void croak(const char* pat, ...)
6914 Found in file util.c
6919 This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<warn> function. Call this
6920 function the same way you call the C C<printf> function. See C<croak>.
6922 void warn(const char* pat, ...)
6925 Found in file util.c
6932 Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto
6933 <okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself.
6935 With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie,
6936 Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil
6937 Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer,
6938 Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.
6940 API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
6942 Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl.
6946 perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)
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