3 perlapi - autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
7 This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by
8 embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables
9 that may be used by extension writers. The interfaces of any functions that
10 are not listed here are subject to change without notice. For this reason,
11 blindly using functions listed in proto.h is to be avoided when writing
14 Note that all Perl API global variables must be referenced with the C<PL_>
15 prefix. Some macros are provided for compatibility with the older,
16 unadorned names, but this support may be disabled in a future release.
18 The listing is alphabetical, case insensitive.
27 A backward-compatible version of C<GIMME_V> which can only return
28 C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY>; in a void context, it returns C<G_SCALAR>.
29 Deprecated. Use C<GIMME_V> instead.
38 The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's C<wantarray>. Returns C<G_VOID>,
39 C<G_SCALAR> or C<G_ARRAY> for void, scalar or list context,
49 Used to indicate list context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME> and
57 Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See
65 Used to force a Perl C<eval> wrapper around a callback. See
73 Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See
81 Used to indicate scalar context. See C<GIMME_V>, C<GIMME>, and
89 Used to indicate void context. See C<GIMME_V> and L<perlcall>.
97 =head1 Array Manipulation Functions
103 Same as C<av_len()>. Deprecated, use C<av_len()> instead.
112 Clears an array, making it empty. Does not free the memory used by the
115 void av_clear(AV* ar)
122 Deletes the element indexed by C<key> from the array. Returns the
123 deleted element. If C<flags> equals C<G_DISCARD>, the element is freed
124 and null is returned.
126 SV* av_delete(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 flags)
133 Returns true if the element indexed by C<key> has been initialized.
135 This relies on the fact that uninitialized array elements are set to
138 bool av_exists(AV* ar, I32 key)
145 Pre-extend an array. The C<key> is the index to which the array should be
148 void av_extend(AV* ar, I32 key)
155 Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The C<key> is the
156 index. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check
157 that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a C<SV*>.
159 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for
160 more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
162 SV** av_fetch(AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)
169 Ensure than an array has a given number of elements, equivalent to
170 Perl's C<$#array = $fill;>.
172 void av_fill(AV* ar, I32 fill)
179 Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1 if the array is
182 I32 av_len(const AV* ar)
189 Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied
190 into the array, so they may be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV
191 will have a reference count of 1.
193 AV* av_make(I32 size, SV** svp)
200 Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns C<&PL_sv_undef> if the array
210 Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow automatically
211 to accommodate the addition.
213 void av_push(AV* ar, SV* val)
220 Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array.
229 Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as C<key>. The
230 return value will be NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not
231 need to be actually stored within the array (as in the case of tied
232 arrays). Otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note
233 that the caller is responsible for suitably incrementing the reference
234 count of C<val> before the call, and decrementing it if the function
237 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for
238 more information on how to use this function on tied arrays.
240 SV** av_store(AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)
247 Undefines the array. Frees the memory used by the array itself.
249 void av_undef(AV* ar)
256 Unshift the given number of C<undef> values onto the beginning of the
257 array. The array will grow automatically to accommodate the addition. You
258 must then use C<av_store> to assign values to these new elements.
260 void av_unshift(AV* ar, I32 num)
267 Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If C<create> is set and the
268 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
269 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
271 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
273 AV* get_av(const char* name, I32 create)
280 Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1.
289 Sort an array. Here is an example:
291 sortsv(AvARRAY(av), av_len(av)+1, Perl_sv_cmp_locale);
293 See lib/sort.pm for details about controlling the sorting algorithm.
295 void sortsv(SV ** array, size_t num_elts, SVCOMPARE_t cmp)
298 Found in file pp_sort.c
303 =head1 Callback Functions
309 Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
311 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
313 I32 call_argv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags, char** argv)
320 Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must
321 be on the stack. See L<perlcall>.
323 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
325 I32 call_method(const char* methname, I32 flags)
332 Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>.
334 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
336 I32 call_pv(const char* sub_name, I32 flags)
343 Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See
346 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
348 I32 call_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
355 Opening bracket on a callback. See C<LEAVE> and L<perlcall>.
360 Found in file scope.h
364 Tells Perl to C<eval> the given string and return an SV* result.
366 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
368 SV* eval_pv(const char* p, I32 croak_on_error)
375 Tells Perl to C<eval> the string in the SV.
377 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
379 I32 eval_sv(SV* sv, I32 flags)
386 Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<SAVETMPS> and
392 Found in file scope.h
396 Closing bracket on a callback. See C<ENTER> and L<perlcall>.
401 Found in file scope.h
405 Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<FREETMPS> and
411 Found in file scope.h
416 =head1 Character classes
422 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphanumeric
423 character (including underscore) or digit.
425 bool isALNUM(char ch)
428 Found in file handy.h
432 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII alphabetic
435 bool isALPHA(char ch)
438 Found in file handy.h
442 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ASCII
445 bool isDIGIT(char ch)
448 Found in file handy.h
452 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is a lowercase
455 bool isLOWER(char ch)
458 Found in file handy.h
462 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is whitespace.
464 bool isSPACE(char ch)
467 Found in file handy.h
471 Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an uppercase
474 bool isUPPER(char ch)
477 Found in file handy.h
481 Converts the specified character to lowercase.
483 char toLOWER(char ch)
486 Found in file handy.h
490 Converts the specified character to uppercase.
492 char toUPPER(char ch)
495 Found in file handy.h
500 =head1 Cloning an interpreter
506 Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one.
508 perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:
510 CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also,
511 without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks,
512 with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is
513 ready to run at the exact same point as the previous one.
514 The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the
515 threads->new doesn't.
517 CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE
518 perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old
519 variable as a key and the new variable as a value,
520 this allows it to check if something has been cloned and not
521 clone it again but rather just use the value and increase the
522 refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then perl_clone will kill
523 the ptr_table using the function
524 C<ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;>,
525 reason to keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own
526 variable who are outside the graph perl scans, example of this
527 code is in threads.xs create
530 This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perls
531 win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on
532 win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time,
533 if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter
534 and then throw it away and return to the original one,
535 you don't need to do anything.
537 PerlInterpreter* perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)
545 =head1 CV Manipulation Functions
551 Returns the stash of the CV.
560 Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine. If C<create> is set and
561 the Perl subroutine does not exist then it will be declared (which has the
562 same effect as saying C<sub name;>). If C<create> is not set and the
563 subroutine does not exist then NULL is returned.
565 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
567 CV* get_cv(const char* name, I32 create)
575 =head1 Embedding Functions
581 Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen either
582 by an explicit C<undef &foo>, or by the reference count going to zero.
583 In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that any anonymous
584 children can still follow the full lexical scope chain.
586 void cv_undef(CV* cv)
593 Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name.
594 Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should be given.
595 Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm". flags can be any of
596 PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS
597 (or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics
598 similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION>. The optional trailing SV*
599 arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's import()
600 method, similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST>.
602 void load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)
609 Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there are
619 Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
621 PerlInterpreter* perl_alloc()
628 Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
630 void perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
637 Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
639 int perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)
646 Releases a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>.
648 void perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)
655 Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See L<perlembed>.
657 int perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)
664 Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See L<perlembed>.
666 int perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)
673 Tells Perl to C<require> the file named by the string argument. It is
674 analogous to the Perl code C<eval "require '$file'">. It's even
675 implemented that way; consider using load_module instead.
677 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
679 void require_pv(const char* pv)
687 =head1 Functions in file pp_pack.c
694 The engine implementing pack() Perl function.
696 void packlist(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist)
699 Found in file pp_pack.c
703 The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters next_in_list and
704 flags are not used. This call should not be used; use packlist instead.
706 void pack_cat(SV *cat, char *pat, char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)
709 Found in file pp_pack.c
713 The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. C<unpackstring> puts the
714 extracted list items on the stack and returns the number of elements.
715 Issue C<PUTBACK> before and C<SPAGAIN> after the call to this function.
717 I32 unpackstring(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strend, U32 flags)
720 Found in file pp_pack.c
724 The engine implementing unpack() Perl function. Note: parameters strbeg, new_s
725 and ocnt are not used. This call should not be used, use unpackstring instead.
727 I32 unpack_str(char *pat, char *patend, char *s, char *strbeg, char *strend, char **new_s, I32 ocnt, U32 flags)
730 Found in file pp_pack.c
735 =head1 Global Variables
741 C<PL_modglobal> is a general purpose, interpreter global HV for use by
742 extensions that need to keep information on a per-interpreter basis.
743 In a pinch, it can also be used as a symbol table for extensions
744 to share data among each other. It is a good idea to use keys
745 prefixed by the package name of the extension that owns the data.
750 Found in file intrpvar.h
754 A convenience variable which is typically used with C<SvPV> when one
755 doesn't care about the length of the string. It is usually more efficient
756 to either declare a local variable and use that instead or to use the
762 Found in file thrdvar.h
766 This is the C<false> SV. See C<PL_sv_yes>. Always refer to this as
772 Found in file intrpvar.h
776 This is the C<undef> SV. Always refer to this as C<&PL_sv_undef>.
781 Found in file intrpvar.h
785 This is the C<true> SV. See C<PL_sv_no>. Always refer to this as
791 Found in file intrpvar.h
802 Return the SV from the GV.
811 Returns the glob with the given C<name> and a defined subroutine or
812 C<NULL>. The glob lives in the given C<stash>, or in the stashes
813 accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
815 The argument C<level> should be either 0 or -1. If C<level==0>, as a
816 side-effect creates a glob with the given C<name> in the given C<stash>
817 which in the case of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets
818 up caching info for this glob. Similarly for all the searched stashes.
820 This function grants C<"SUPER"> token as a postfix of the stash name. The
821 GV returned from C<gv_fetchmeth> may be a method cache entry, which is not
822 visible to Perl code. So when calling C<call_sv>, you should not use
823 the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV, which can be
824 obtained from the GV with the C<GvCV> macro.
826 GV* gv_fetchmeth(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
833 See L<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>.
835 GV* gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)
840 =item gv_fetchmethod_autoload
842 Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the method
843 on the C<stash>. In fact in the presence of autoloading this may be the
844 glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is
847 The third parameter of C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload> determines whether
848 AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present: non-zero
849 means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for AUTOLOAD.
850 Calling C<gv_fetchmethod> is equivalent to calling C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>
851 with a non-zero C<autoload> parameter.
853 These functions grant C<"SUPER"> token as a prefix of the method name. Note
854 that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to
855 check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the call may load a
856 different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob
857 created via a side effect to do this.
859 These functions have the same side-effects and as C<gv_fetchmeth> with
860 C<level==0>. C<name> should be writable if contains C<':'> or C<'
861 ''>. The warning against passing the GV returned by C<gv_fetchmeth> to
862 C<call_sv> apply equally to these functions.
864 GV* gv_fetchmethod_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, I32 autoload)
869 =item gv_fetchmeth_autoload
871 Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines too.
872 Returns a glob for the subroutine.
874 For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even
875 if C<level < 0>. For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV()
876 of the result may be zero.
878 GV* gv_fetchmeth_autoload(HV* stash, const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
885 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. C<name> should
886 be a valid UTF-8 string and must be null-terminated. If C<create> is set
887 then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If C<create>
888 is not set and the package does not exist then NULL is returned.
890 HV* gv_stashpv(const char* name, I32 create)
897 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. C<name> should
898 be a valid UTF-8 string. The C<namelen> parameter indicates the length of
899 the C<name>, in bytes. If C<create> is set then the package will be
900 created if it does not already exist. If C<create> is not set and the
901 package does not exist then NULL is returned.
903 HV* gv_stashpvn(const char* name, U32 namelen, I32 create)
910 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, which must be a
911 valid UTF-8 string. See C<gv_stashpv>.
913 HV* gv_stashsv(SV* sv, I32 create)
934 Null character pointer.
937 Found in file handy.h
958 Found in file handy.h
963 =head1 Hash Manipulation Functions
969 Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If C<create> is set and the
970 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
971 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
973 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
975 HV* get_hv(const char* name, I32 create)
982 This flag, used in the length slot of hash entries and magic structures,
983 specifies the structure contains an C<SV*> pointer where a C<char*> pointer
984 is to be expected. (For information only--not to be used).
991 Returns the computed hash stored in the hash entry.
1000 Returns the actual pointer stored in the key slot of the hash entry. The
1001 pointer may be either C<char*> or C<SV*>, depending on the value of
1002 C<HeKLEN()>. Can be assigned to. The C<HePV()> or C<HeSVKEY()> macros are
1003 usually preferable for finding the value of a key.
1012 If this is negative, and amounts to C<HEf_SVKEY>, it indicates the entry
1013 holds an C<SV*> key. Otherwise, holds the actual length of the key. Can
1014 be assigned to. The C<HePV()> macro is usually preferable for finding key
1017 STRLEN HeKLEN(HE* he)
1024 Returns the key slot of the hash entry as a C<char*> value, doing any
1025 necessary dereferencing of possibly C<SV*> keys. The length of the string
1026 is placed in C<len> (this is a macro, so do I<not> use C<&len>). If you do
1027 not care about what the length of the key is, you may use the global
1028 variable C<PL_na>, though this is rather less efficient than using a local
1029 variable. Remember though, that hash keys in perl are free to contain
1030 embedded nulls, so using C<strlen()> or similar is not a good way to find
1031 the length of hash keys. This is very similar to the C<SvPV()> macro
1032 described elsewhere in this document.
1034 char* HePV(HE* he, STRLEN len)
1041 Returns the key as an C<SV*>, or C<Nullsv> if the hash entry does not
1042 contain an C<SV*> key.
1051 Returns the key as an C<SV*>. Will create and return a temporary mortal
1052 C<SV*> if the hash entry contains only a C<char*> key.
1054 SV* HeSVKEY_force(HE* he)
1061 Sets the key to a given C<SV*>, taking care to set the appropriate flags to
1062 indicate the presence of an C<SV*> key, and returns the same
1065 SV* HeSVKEY_set(HE* he, SV* sv)
1072 Returns the value slot (type C<SV*>) stored in the hash entry.
1081 Returns the package name of a stash. See C<SvSTASH>, C<CvSTASH>.
1083 char* HvNAME(HV* stash)
1090 Check that a hash is in an internally consistent state.
1092 void hv_assert(HV* tb)
1099 Clears a hash, making it empty.
1101 void hv_clear(HV* tb)
1106 =item hv_clear_placeholders
1108 Clears any placeholders from a hash. If a restricted hash has any of its keys
1109 marked as readonly and the key is subsequently deleted, the key is not actually
1110 deleted but is marked by assigning it a value of &PL_sv_placeholder. This tags
1111 it so it will be ignored by future operations such as iterating over the hash,
1112 but will still allow the hash to have a value reassigned to the key at some
1113 future point. This function clears any such placeholder keys from the hash.
1114 See Hash::Util::lock_keys() for an example of its use.
1116 void hv_clear_placeholders(HV* hb)
1123 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the
1124 hash and returned to the caller. The C<klen> is the length of the key.
1125 The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then NULL
1128 SV* hv_delete(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 flags)
1135 Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the
1136 hash and returned to the caller. The C<flags> value will normally be zero;
1137 if set to G_DISCARD then NULL will be returned. C<hash> can be a valid
1138 precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be computed.
1140 SV* hv_delete_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 flags, U32 hash)
1147 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The
1148 C<klen> is the length of the key.
1150 bool hv_exists(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen)
1157 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. C<hash>
1158 can be a valid precomputed hash value, or 0 to ask for it to be
1161 bool hv_exists_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, U32 hash)
1168 Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The
1169 C<klen> is the length of the key. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be
1170 part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before
1171 dereferencing it to an C<SV*>.
1173 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1174 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1176 SV** hv_fetch(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, I32 lval)
1183 Returns the hash entry which corresponds to the specified key in the hash.
1184 C<hash> must be a valid precomputed hash number for the given C<key>, or 0
1185 if you want the function to compute it. IF C<lval> is set then the fetch
1186 will be part of a store. Make sure the return value is non-null before
1187 accessing it. The return value when C<tb> is a tied hash is a pointer to a
1188 static location, so be sure to make a copy of the structure if you need to
1191 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1192 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1194 HE* hv_fetch_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, I32 lval, U32 hash)
1201 Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. Returns the number of
1202 keys in the hash (i.e. the same as C<HvKEYS(tb)>). The return value is
1203 currently only meaningful for hashes without tie magic.
1205 NOTE: Before version 5.004_65, C<hv_iterinit> used to return the number of
1206 hash buckets that happen to be in use. If you still need that esoteric
1207 value, you can get it through the macro C<HvFILL(tb)>.
1210 I32 hv_iterinit(HV* tb)
1217 Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See
1220 char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen)
1227 Returns the key as an C<SV*> from the current position of the hash
1228 iterator. The return value will always be a mortal copy of the key. Also
1231 SV* hv_iterkeysv(HE* entry)
1238 Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit>.
1240 You may call C<hv_delete> or C<hv_delete_ent> on the hash entry that the
1241 iterator currently points to, without losing your place or invalidating your
1242 iterator. Note that in this case the current entry is deleted from the hash
1243 with your iterator holding the last reference to it. Your iterator is flagged
1244 to free the entry on the next call to C<hv_iternext>, so you must not discard
1245 your iterator immediately else the entry will leak - call C<hv_iternext> to
1246 trigger the resource deallocation.
1248 HE* hv_iternext(HV* tb)
1255 Performs an C<hv_iternext>, C<hv_iterkey>, and C<hv_iterval> in one
1258 SV* hv_iternextsv(HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)
1263 =item hv_iternext_flags
1265 Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit> and C<hv_iternext>.
1266 The C<flags> value will normally be zero; if HV_ITERNEXT_WANTPLACEHOLDERS is
1267 set the placeholders keys (for restricted hashes) will be returned in addition
1268 to normal keys. By default placeholders are automatically skipped over.
1269 Currently a placeholder is implemented with a value that is
1270 C<&Perl_sv_placeholder>. Note that the implementation of placeholders and
1271 restricted hashes may change, and the implementation currently is
1272 insufficiently abstracted for any change to be tidy.
1274 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
1275 removed without notice.
1277 HE* hv_iternext_flags(HV* tb, I32 flags)
1284 Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See
1287 SV* hv_iterval(HV* tb, HE* entry)
1294 Adds magic to a hash. See C<sv_magic>.
1296 void hv_magic(HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)
1303 Evaluates the hash in scalar context and returns the result. Handles magic when the hash is tied.
1305 SV* hv_scalar(HV* hv)
1312 Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key> and C<klen> is
1313 the length of the key. The C<hash> parameter is the precomputed hash
1314 value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value will be
1315 NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually
1316 stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise it can
1317 be dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. Note that the caller is
1318 responsible for suitably incrementing the reference count of C<val> before
1319 the call, and decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively
1320 a successful hv_store takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is
1321 usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so
1322 if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store
1323 will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do
1324 anything further to tidy up. hv_store is not implemented as a call to
1325 hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary SV for the key, so if your
1326 key data is not already in SV form then use hv_store in preference to
1329 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1330 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1332 SV** hv_store(HV* tb, const char* key, I32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)
1339 Stores C<val> in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key>. The C<hash>
1340 parameter is the precomputed hash value; if it is zero then Perl will
1341 compute it. The return value is the new hash entry so created. It will be
1342 NULL if the operation failed or if the value did not need to be actually
1343 stored within the hash (as in the case of tied hashes). Otherwise the
1344 contents of the return value can be accessed using the C<He?> macros
1345 described here. Note that the caller is responsible for suitably
1346 incrementing the reference count of C<val> before the call, and
1347 decrementing it if the function returned NULL. Effectively a successful
1348 hv_store_ent takes ownership of one reference to C<val>. This is
1349 usually what you want; a newly created SV has a reference count of one, so
1350 if all your code does is create SVs then store them in a hash, hv_store
1351 will own the only reference to the new SV, and your code doesn't need to do
1352 anything further to tidy up. Note that hv_store_ent only reads the C<key>;
1353 unlike C<val> it does not take ownership of it, so maintaining the correct
1354 reference count on C<key> is entirely the caller's responsibility. hv_store
1355 is not implemented as a call to hv_store_ent, and does not create a temporary
1356 SV for the key, so if your key data is not already in SV form then use
1357 hv_store in preference to hv_store_ent.
1359 See L<perlguts/"Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays"> for more
1360 information on how to use this function on tied hashes.
1362 HE* hv_store_ent(HV* tb, SV* key, SV* val, U32 hash)
1371 void hv_undef(HV* tb)
1378 Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1.
1388 =head1 Magical Functions
1394 Clear something magical that the SV represents. See C<sv_magic>.
1396 int mg_clear(SV* sv)
1403 Copies the magic from one SV to another. See C<sv_magic>.
1405 int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, const char* key, I32 klen)
1412 Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1414 MAGIC* mg_find(const SV* sv, int type)
1421 Free any magic storage used by the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1430 Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1439 Report on the SV's length. See C<sv_magic>.
1441 U32 mg_length(SV* sv)
1448 Turns on the magical status of an SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1450 void mg_magical(SV* sv)
1457 Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See C<sv_magic>.
1466 Invokes C<mg_get> on an SV if it has 'get' magic. This macro evaluates its
1467 argument more than once.
1469 void SvGETMAGIC(SV* sv)
1476 Arranges for a mutual exclusion lock to be obtained on sv if a suitable module
1486 Invokes C<mg_set> on an SV if it has 'set' magic. This macro evaluates its
1487 argument more than once.
1489 void SvSETMAGIC(SV* sv)
1496 Like C<SvSetSV>, but does any set magic required afterwards.
1498 void SvSetMagicSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
1503 =item SvSetMagicSV_nosteal
1505 Like C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, but does any set magic required afterwards.
1507 void SvSetMagicSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
1514 Calls C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as ssv. May evaluate arguments
1517 void SvSetSV(SV* dsb, SV* ssv)
1522 =item SvSetSV_nosteal
1524 Calls a non-destructive version of C<sv_setsv> if dsv is not the same as
1525 ssv. May evaluate arguments more than once.
1527 void SvSetSV_nosteal(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
1534 Arranges for sv to be shared between threads if a suitable module
1537 void SvSHARE(SV* sv)
1544 Releases a mutual exclusion lock on sv if a suitable module
1547 void SvUNLOCK(SV* sv)
1555 =head1 Memory Management
1561 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memcpy> function. The C<src> is the
1562 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is
1563 the type. May fail on overlapping copies. See also C<Move>.
1565 void Copy(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
1568 Found in file handy.h
1572 Like C<Copy> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
1575 void * CopyD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
1578 Found in file handy.h
1582 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memmove> function. The C<src> is the
1583 source, C<dest> is the destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is
1584 the type. Can do overlapping moves. See also C<Copy>.
1586 void Move(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
1589 Found in file handy.h
1593 Like C<Move> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
1596 void * MoveD(void* src, void* dest, int nitems, type)
1599 Found in file handy.h
1603 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function.
1605 void New(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)
1608 Found in file handy.h
1612 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function, with
1615 void Newc(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
1618 Found in file handy.h
1622 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. The allocated
1623 memory is zeroed with C<memzero>.
1625 void Newz(int id, void* ptr, int nitems, type)
1628 Found in file handy.h
1632 Fill up memory with a pattern (byte 0xAB over and over again) that
1633 hopefully catches attempts to access uninitialized memory.
1635 void Poison(void* dest, int nitems, type)
1638 Found in file handy.h
1642 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function.
1644 void Renew(void* ptr, int nitems, type)
1647 Found in file handy.h
1651 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function, with
1654 void Renewc(void* ptr, int nitems, type, cast)
1657 Found in file handy.h
1661 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<free> function.
1663 void Safefree(void* ptr)
1666 Found in file handy.h
1670 Perl's version of C<strdup()>. Returns a pointer to a newly allocated
1671 string which is a duplicate of C<pv>. The size of the string is
1672 determined by C<strlen()>. The memory allocated for the new string can
1673 be freed with the C<Safefree()> function.
1675 char* savepv(const char* pv)
1678 Found in file util.c
1682 Perl's version of what C<strndup()> would be if it existed. Returns a
1683 pointer to a newly allocated string which is a duplicate of the first
1684 C<len> bytes from C<pv>. The memory allocated for the new string can be
1685 freed with the C<Safefree()> function.
1687 char* savepvn(const char* pv, I32 len)
1690 Found in file util.c
1694 A version of C<savepv()> which allocates the duplicate string in memory
1695 which is shared between threads.
1697 char* savesharedpv(const char* pv)
1700 Found in file util.c
1704 A version of C<savepv()>/C<savepvn()> which gets the string to duplicate from
1705 the passed in SV using C<SvPV()>
1707 char* savesvpv(SV* sv)
1710 Found in file util.c
1714 This is an architecture-independent macro to copy one structure to another.
1716 void StructCopy(type src, type dest, type)
1719 Found in file handy.h
1723 The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memzero> function. The C<dest> is the
1724 destination, C<nitems> is the number of items, and C<type> is the type.
1726 void Zero(void* dest, int nitems, type)
1729 Found in file handy.h
1733 Like C<Zero> but returns dest. Useful for encouraging compilers to tail-call
1736 void * ZeroD(void* dest, int nitems, type)
1739 Found in file handy.h
1744 =head1 Miscellaneous Functions
1750 Analyses the string in order to make fast searches on it using fbm_instr()
1751 -- the Boyer-Moore algorithm.
1753 void fbm_compile(SV* sv, U32 flags)
1756 Found in file util.c
1760 Returns the location of the SV in the string delimited by C<str> and
1761 C<strend>. It returns C<Nullch> if the string can't be found. The C<sv>
1762 does not have to be fbm_compiled, but the search will not be as fast
1765 char* fbm_instr(unsigned char* big, unsigned char* bigend, SV* littlesv, U32 flags)
1768 Found in file util.c
1772 Takes a sprintf-style format pattern and conventional
1773 (non-SV) arguments and returns the formatted string.
1775 (char *) Perl_form(pTHX_ const char* pat, ...)
1777 can be used any place a string (char *) is required:
1779 char * s = Perl_form("%d.%d",major,minor);
1781 Uses a single private buffer so if you want to format several strings you
1782 must explicitly copy the earlier strings away (and free the copies when you
1785 char* form(const char* pat, ...)
1788 Found in file util.c
1792 Fill the sv with current working directory
1794 int getcwd_sv(SV* sv)
1797 Found in file util.c
1801 Returns a new version object based on the passed in SV:
1803 SV *sv = new_version(SV *ver);
1805 Does not alter the passed in ver SV. See "upg_version" if you
1806 want to upgrade the SV.
1808 SV* new_version(SV *ver)
1811 Found in file util.c
1815 Returns a pointer to the next character after the parsed
1816 version string, as well as upgrading the passed in SV to
1819 Function must be called with an already existing SV like
1822 s = scan_version(s,SV *sv, bool qv);
1824 Performs some preprocessing to the string to ensure that
1825 it has the correct characteristics of a version. Flags the
1826 object if it contains an underscore (which denotes this
1827 is a alpha version). The boolean qv denotes that the version
1828 should be interpreted as if it had multiple decimals, even if
1831 char* scan_version(const char *vstr, SV *sv, bool qv)
1834 Found in file util.c
1838 Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false.
1840 bool strEQ(char* s1, char* s2)
1843 Found in file handy.h
1847 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than or equal to
1848 the second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
1850 bool strGE(char* s1, char* s2)
1853 Found in file handy.h
1857 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than the second,
1858 C<s2>. Returns true or false.
1860 bool strGT(char* s1, char* s2)
1863 Found in file handy.h
1867 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or equal to the
1868 second, C<s2>. Returns true or false.
1870 bool strLE(char* s1, char* s2)
1873 Found in file handy.h
1877 Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the second,
1878 C<s2>. Returns true or false.
1880 bool strLT(char* s1, char* s2)
1883 Found in file handy.h
1887 Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or
1890 bool strNE(char* s1, char* s2)
1893 Found in file handy.h
1897 Test two strings to see if they are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates
1898 the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A wrapper for
1901 bool strnEQ(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
1904 Found in file handy.h
1908 Test two strings to see if they are different. The C<len> parameter
1909 indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. (A
1910 wrapper for C<strncmp>).
1912 bool strnNE(char* s1, char* s2, STRLEN len)
1915 Found in file handy.h
1919 Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
1920 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under
1921 some level of strict-ness.
1923 void sv_nolocking(SV *)
1926 Found in file util.c
1930 Dummy routine which "shares" an SV when there is no sharing module present.
1931 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under
1932 some level of strict-ness.
1934 void sv_nosharing(SV *)
1937 Found in file util.c
1939 =item sv_nounlocking
1941 Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
1942 Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could potentially warn under
1943 some level of strict-ness.
1945 void sv_nounlocking(SV *)
1948 Found in file util.c
1952 In-place upgrade of the supplied SV to a version object.
1954 SV *sv = upg_version(SV *sv);
1956 Returns a pointer to the upgraded SV.
1958 SV* upg_version(SV *ver)
1961 Found in file util.c
1965 Version object aware cmp. Both operands must already have been
1966 converted into version objects.
1968 int vcmp(SV *lvs, SV *rvs)
1971 Found in file util.c
1975 Accepts a version object and returns the normalized string
1976 representation. Call like:
1980 NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV
1981 contained within the RV.
1986 Found in file util.c
1990 Accepts a version object and returns the normalized floating
1991 point representation. Call like:
1995 NOTE: you can pass either the object directly or the SV
1996 contained within the RV.
2001 Found in file util.c
2005 In order to maintain maximum compatibility with earlier versions
2006 of Perl, this function will return either the floating point
2007 notation or the multiple dotted notation, depending on whether
2008 the original version contained 1 or more dots, respectively
2010 SV* vstringify(SV *vs)
2013 Found in file util.c
2018 =head1 Numeric functions
2024 converts a string representing a binary number to numeric form.
2026 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2027 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2028 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2029 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2030 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2031 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2032 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2034 If the value is <= C<UV_MAX> it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2035 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_bin>
2036 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2037 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2040 The binary number may optionally be prefixed with "0b" or "b" unless
2041 C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If
2042 C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the binary
2043 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2045 UV grok_bin(const char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
2048 Found in file numeric.c
2052 converts a string representing a hex number to numeric form.
2054 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2055 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2056 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2057 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2058 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2059 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2060 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2062 If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2063 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_hex>
2064 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2065 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2068 The hex number may optionally be prefixed with "0x" or "x" unless
2069 C<PERL_SCAN_DISALLOW_PREFIX> is set in I<*flags> on entry. If
2070 C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the hex
2071 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2073 UV grok_hex(const char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
2076 Found in file numeric.c
2080 Recognise (or not) a number. The type of the number is returned
2081 (0 if unrecognised), otherwise it is a bit-ORed combination of
2082 IS_NUMBER_IN_UV, IS_NUMBER_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX, IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT,
2083 IS_NUMBER_NEG, IS_NUMBER_INFINITY, IS_NUMBER_NAN (defined in perl.h).
2085 If the value of the number can fit an in UV, it is returned in the *valuep
2086 IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set to indicate that *valuep is valid, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV
2087 will never be set unless *valuep is valid, but *valuep may have been assigned
2088 to during processing even though IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set on return.
2089 If valuep is NULL, IS_NUMBER_IN_UV will be set for the same cases as when
2090 valuep is non-NULL, but no actual assignment (or SEGV) will occur.
2092 IS_NUMBER_NOT_INT will be set with IS_NUMBER_IN_UV if trailing decimals were
2093 seen (in which case *valuep gives the true value truncated to an integer), and
2094 IS_NUMBER_NEG if the number is negative (in which case *valuep holds the
2095 absolute value). IS_NUMBER_IN_UV is not set if e notation was used or the
2096 number is larger than a UV.
2098 int grok_number(const char *pv, STRLEN len, UV *valuep)
2101 Found in file numeric.c
2103 =item grok_numeric_radix
2105 Scan and skip for a numeric decimal separator (radix).
2107 bool grok_numeric_radix(const char **sp, const char *send)
2110 Found in file numeric.c
2114 converts a string representing an octal number to numeric form.
2116 On entry I<start> and I<*len> give the string to scan, I<*flags> gives
2117 conversion flags, and I<result> should be NULL or a pointer to an NV.
2118 The scan stops at the end of the string, or the first invalid character.
2119 Unless C<PERL_SCAN_SILENT_ILLDIGIT> is set in I<*flags>, encountering an
2120 invalid character will also trigger a warning.
2121 On return I<*len> is set to the length of the scanned string,
2122 and I<*flags> gives output flags.
2124 If the value is <= UV_MAX it is returned as a UV, the output flags are clear,
2125 and nothing is written to I<*result>. If the value is > UV_MAX C<grok_oct>
2126 returns UV_MAX, sets C<PERL_SCAN_GREATER_THAN_UV_MAX> in the output flags,
2127 and writes the value to I<*result> (or the value is discarded if I<result>
2130 If C<PERL_SCAN_ALLOW_UNDERSCORES> is set in I<*flags> then the octal
2131 number may use '_' characters to separate digits.
2133 UV grok_oct(const char* start, STRLEN* len, I32* flags, NV *result)
2136 Found in file numeric.c
2140 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_bin> instead.
2142 NV scan_bin(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
2145 Found in file numeric.c
2149 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_hex> instead.
2151 NV scan_hex(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
2154 Found in file numeric.c
2158 For backwards compatibility. Use C<grok_oct> instead.
2160 NV scan_oct(const char* start, STRLEN len, STRLEN* retlen)
2163 Found in file numeric.c
2168 =head1 Optree Manipulation Functions
2174 If C<cv> is a constant sub eligible for inlining. returns the constant
2175 value returned by the sub. Otherwise, returns NULL.
2177 Constant subs can be created with C<newCONSTSUB> or as described in
2178 L<perlsub/"Constant Functions">.
2180 SV* cv_const_sv(CV* cv)
2187 Creates a constant sub equivalent to Perl C<sub FOO () { 123 }> which is
2188 eligible for inlining at compile-time.
2190 CV* newCONSTSUB(HV* stash, const char* name, SV* sv)
2197 Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs.
2205 =head1 Pad Data Structures
2211 Get the value at offset po in the current pad.
2212 Use macro PAD_SV instead of calling this function directly.
2214 SV* pad_sv(PADOFFSET po)
2222 =head1 Simple Exception Handling Macros
2228 Set up neccessary local variables for exception handling.
2229 See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2234 Found in file XSUB.h
2238 Introduces a catch block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2241 Found in file XSUB.h
2245 Rethrows a previously caught exception. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2250 Found in file XSUB.h
2254 Ends a try block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2257 Found in file XSUB.h
2259 =item XCPT_TRY_START
2261 Starts a try block. See L<perlguts/"Exception Handling">.
2264 Found in file XSUB.h
2269 =head1 Stack Manipulation Macros
2275 Declare a stack marker variable, C<mark>, for the XSUB. See C<MARK> and
2285 Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<ORIGMARK>.
2294 Declares a local copy of perl's stack pointer for the XSUB, available via
2295 the C<SP> macro. See C<SP>.
2304 Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values. Once
2305 used, guarantees that there is room for at least C<nitems> to be pushed
2308 void EXTEND(SP, int nitems)
2315 Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See C<dMARK>.
2322 Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
2323 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHi>, C<mXPUSHi>
2333 Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
2334 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHn>, C<mXPUSHn>
2344 Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
2345 The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does
2346 not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHp>, C<mXPUSHp> and C<XPUSHp>.
2348 void mPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
2355 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
2356 element. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHu>,
2357 C<mXPUSHu> and C<XPUSHu>.
2366 Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
2367 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHi>, C<mPUSHi> and
2377 Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
2378 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHn>, C<mPUSHn> and
2388 Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len>
2389 indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Does not use
2390 C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHp>, C<mPUSHp> and C<PUSHp>.
2392 void mXPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
2399 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
2400 Handles 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHu>, C<mPUSHu>
2410 The original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<dORIGMARK>.
2417 Pops an integer off the stack.
2426 Pops a long off the stack.
2435 Pops a double off the stack.
2444 Pops a string off the stack. Deprecated. New code should provide
2445 a STRLEN n_a and use POPpx.
2454 Pops a string off the stack which must consist of bytes i.e. characters < 256.
2455 Requires a variable STRLEN n_a in scope.
2464 Pops a string off the stack.
2465 Requires a variable STRLEN n_a in scope.
2474 Pops an SV off the stack.
2483 Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
2484 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
2485 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
2486 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHi> instead. See also C<XPUSHi> and
2496 Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See C<PUTBACK> and
2506 Push a new mortal SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
2507 element. Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also
2508 C<PUSHs>, C<XPUSHmortal> and C<XPUSHs>.
2517 Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
2518 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
2519 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
2520 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHn> instead. See also C<XPUSHn> and
2530 Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
2531 The C<len> indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses
2532 C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to declare it. Do not
2533 call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
2534 C<mPUSHp> instead. See also C<XPUSHp> and C<mXPUSHp>.
2536 void PUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
2543 Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element.
2544 Does not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<PUSHmortal>,
2545 C<XPUSHs> and C<XPUSHmortal>.
2554 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this
2555 element. Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG>
2556 should be called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented
2557 macros to return lists from XSUB's - see C<mPUSHu> instead. See also
2558 C<XPUSHu> and C<mXPUSHu>.
2567 Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>.
2568 See C<PUSHMARK> and L<perlcall> for other uses.
2577 Stack pointer. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. See C<dSP> and
2585 Refetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See L<perlcall>.
2594 Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
2595 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to
2596 declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists
2597 from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHi> instead. See also C<PUSHi> and C<mPUSHi>.
2606 Push a new mortal SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does
2607 not handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHs>,
2608 C<PUSHmortal> and C<PUSHs>.
2617 Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Handles
2618 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to
2619 declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists
2620 from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHn> instead. See also C<PUSHn> and C<mPUSHn>.
2629 Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len>
2630 indicates the length of the string. Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so
2631 C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be called to declare it. Do not call
2632 multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to return lists from XSUB's - see
2633 C<mXPUSHp> instead. See also C<PUSHp> and C<mPUSHp>.
2635 void XPUSHp(char* str, STRLEN len)
2642 Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. Does not
2643 handle 'set' magic. Does not use C<TARG>. See also C<XPUSHmortal>,
2644 C<PUSHs> and C<PUSHmortal>.
2653 Push an unsigned integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary.
2654 Handles 'set' magic. Uses C<TARG>, so C<dTARGET> or C<dXSTARG> should be
2655 called to declare it. Do not call multiple C<TARG>-oriented macros to
2656 return lists from XSUB's - see C<mXPUSHu> instead. See also C<PUSHu> and
2666 Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually
2667 handled by C<xsubpp>.
2669 void XSRETURN(int nitems)
2672 Found in file XSUB.h
2674 =item XSRETURN_EMPTY
2676 Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately.
2681 Found in file XSUB.h
2685 Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mIV>.
2687 void XSRETURN_IV(IV iv)
2690 Found in file XSUB.h
2694 Return C<&PL_sv_no> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNO>.
2699 Found in file XSUB.h
2703 Return a double from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNV>.
2705 void XSRETURN_NV(NV nv)
2708 Found in file XSUB.h
2712 Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mPV>.
2714 void XSRETURN_PV(char* str)
2717 Found in file XSUB.h
2719 =item XSRETURN_UNDEF
2721 Return C<&PL_sv_undef> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUNDEF>.
2726 Found in file XSUB.h
2730 Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUV>.
2732 void XSRETURN_UV(IV uv)
2735 Found in file XSUB.h
2739 Return C<&PL_sv_yes> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mYES>.
2744 Found in file XSUB.h
2748 Place an integer into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The
2749 value is stored in a new mortal SV.
2751 void XST_mIV(int pos, IV iv)
2754 Found in file XSUB.h
2758 Place C<&PL_sv_no> into the specified position C<pos> on the
2761 void XST_mNO(int pos)
2764 Found in file XSUB.h
2768 Place a double into the specified position C<pos> on the stack. The value
2769 is stored in a new mortal SV.
2771 void XST_mNV(int pos, NV nv)
2774 Found in file XSUB.h
2778 Place a copy of a string into the specified position C<pos> on the stack.
2779 The value is stored in a new mortal SV.
2781 void XST_mPV(int pos, char* str)
2784 Found in file XSUB.h
2788 Place C<&PL_sv_undef> into the specified position C<pos> on the
2791 void XST_mUNDEF(int pos)
2794 Found in file XSUB.h
2798 Place C<&PL_sv_yes> into the specified position C<pos> on the
2801 void XST_mYES(int pos)
2804 Found in file XSUB.h
2815 An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file B<sv.h>
2816 in the C<svtype> enum. Test these flags with the C<SvTYPE> macro.
2823 Integer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
2830 Double type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
2837 Pointer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>.
2844 Type flag for arrays. See C<svtype>.
2851 Type flag for code refs. See C<svtype>.
2858 Type flag for hashes. See C<svtype>.
2865 Type flag for blessed scalars. See C<svtype>.
2873 =head1 SV Manipulation Functions
2879 Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If C<create> is set and the
2880 Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not
2881 set and the variable does not exist then NULL is returned.
2883 NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.
2885 SV* get_sv(const char* name, I32 create)
2888 Found in file perl.c
2890 =item looks_like_number
2892 Test if the content of an SV looks like a number (or is a number).
2893 C<Inf> and C<Infinity> are treated as numbers (so will not issue a
2894 non-numeric warning), even if your atof() doesn't grok them.
2896 I32 looks_like_number(SV* sv)
2903 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is
2906 SV* newRV_inc(SV* sv)
2913 Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original
2914 SV is B<not> incremented.
2916 SV* newRV_noinc(SV *sv)
2923 Creates a new SV. A non-zero C<len> parameter indicates the number of
2924 bytes of preallocated string space the SV should have. An extra byte for a
2925 tailing NUL is also reserved. (SvPOK is not set for the SV even if string
2926 space is allocated.) The reference count for the new SV is set to 1.
2927 C<id> is an integer id between 0 and 1299 (used to identify leaks).
2929 SV* NEWSV(int id, STRLEN len)
2932 Found in file handy.h
2936 Create a new null SV, or if len > 0, create a new empty SVt_PV type SV
2937 with an initial PV allocation of len+1. Normally accessed via the C<NEWSV>
2940 SV* newSV(STRLEN len)
2947 Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference count for the
2957 Creates a new SV and copies a floating point value into it.
2958 The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
2967 Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the
2968 SV is set to 1. If C<len> is zero, Perl will compute the length using
2969 strlen(). For efficiency, consider using C<newSVpvn> instead.
2971 SV* newSVpv(const char* s, STRLEN len)
2978 Creates a new SV and initializes it with the string formatted like
2981 SV* newSVpvf(const char* pat, ...)
2988 Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the
2989 SV is set to 1. Note that if C<len> is zero, Perl will create a zero length
2990 string. You are responsible for ensuring that the source string is at least
2991 C<len> bytes long. If the C<s> argument is NULL the new SV will be undefined.
2993 SV* newSVpvn(const char* s, STRLEN len)
2998 =item newSVpvn_share
3000 Creates a new SV with its SvPVX pointing to a shared string in the string
3001 table. If the string does not already exist in the table, it is created
3002 first. Turns on READONLY and FAKE. The string's hash is stored in the UV
3003 slot of the SV; if the C<hash> parameter is non-zero, that value is used;
3004 otherwise the hash is computed. The idea here is that as the string table
3005 is used for shared hash keys these strings will have SvPVX == HeKEY and
3006 hash lookup will avoid string compare.
3008 SV* newSVpvn_share(const char* s, I32 len, U32 hash)
3015 Creates a new SV for the RV, C<rv>, to point to. If C<rv> is not an RV then
3016 it will be upgraded to one. If C<classname> is non-null then the new SV will
3017 be blessed in the specified package. The new SV is returned and its
3018 reference count is 1.
3020 SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, const char* classname)
3027 Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original SV.
3030 SV* newSVsv(SV* old)
3037 Creates a new SV and copies an unsigned integer into it.
3038 The reference count for the SV is set to 1.
3047 Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvLEN>.
3049 STRLEN SvCUR(SV* sv)
3056 Set the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvCUR>.
3058 void SvCUR_set(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3065 Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV.
3066 See C<SvCUR>. Access the character as *(SvEND(sv)).
3075 Expands the character buffer in the SV so that it has room for the
3076 indicated number of bytes (remember to reserve space for an extra trailing
3077 NUL character). Calls C<sv_grow> to perform the expansion if necessary.
3078 Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
3080 char * SvGROW(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3087 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer.
3096 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks
3097 the B<private> setting. Use C<SvIOK>.
3106 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a signed integer.
3108 bool SvIOK_notUV(SV* sv)
3115 Unsets the IV status of an SV.
3117 void SvIOK_off(SV* sv)
3124 Tells an SV that it is an integer.
3126 void SvIOK_on(SV* sv)
3133 Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits.
3135 void SvIOK_only(SV* sv)
3142 Tells and SV that it is an unsigned integer and disables all other OK bits.
3144 void SvIOK_only_UV(SV* sv)
3151 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
3153 bool SvIOK_UV(SV* sv)
3160 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write. (either shared
3161 hash key scalars, or full Copy On Write scalars if 5.9.0 is configured for
3164 bool SvIsCOW(SV* sv)
3169 =item SvIsCOW_shared_hash
3171 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is Copy-On-Write shared hash key
3174 bool SvIsCOW_shared_hash(SV* sv)
3181 Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. See C<SvIVx> for a
3182 version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
3191 Returns the raw value in the SV's IV slot, without checks or conversions.
3192 Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvIV()>.
3201 Coerces the given SV to an integer and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate
3202 sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvIV> otherwise.
3211 Like C<SvIV> but doesn't process magic.
3213 IV SvIV_nomg(SV* sv)
3220 Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV, not including any part
3221 attributable to C<SvOOK>. See C<SvCUR>.
3223 STRLEN SvLEN(SV* sv)
3230 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
3240 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or
3241 double. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvNIOK>.
3243 bool SvNIOKp(SV* sv)
3250 Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV.
3252 void SvNIOK_off(SV* sv)
3259 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double.
3268 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the
3269 B<private> setting. Use C<SvNOK>.
3278 Unsets the NV status of an SV.
3280 void SvNOK_off(SV* sv)
3287 Tells an SV that it is a double.
3289 void SvNOK_on(SV* sv)
3296 Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits.
3298 void SvNOK_only(SV* sv)
3305 Coerce the given SV to a double and return it. See C<SvNVx> for a version
3306 which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
3315 Returns the raw value in the SV's NV slot, without checks or conversions.
3316 Only use when you are sure SvNOK is true. See also C<SvNV()>.
3325 Coerces the given SV to a double and returns it. Guarantees to evaluate
3326 sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvNV> otherwise.
3335 Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV. It also tells
3336 whether the value is defined or not.
3345 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SvIVX is a valid offset value for
3346 the SvPVX. This hack is used internally to speed up removal of characters
3347 from the beginning of a SvPV. When SvOOK is true, then the start of the
3348 allocated string buffer is really (SvPVX - SvIVX).
3357 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character
3367 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string.
3368 Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvPOK>.
3377 Unsets the PV status of an SV.
3379 void SvPOK_off(SV* sv)
3386 Tells an SV that it is a string.
3388 void SvPOK_on(SV* sv)
3395 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits.
3396 Will also turn off the UTF-8 status.
3398 void SvPOK_only(SV* sv)
3403 =item SvPOK_only_UTF8
3405 Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits,
3406 and leaves the UTF-8 status as it was.
3408 void SvPOK_only_UTF8(SV* sv)
3415 Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of
3416 the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
3417 stringified version becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic. See also
3418 C<SvPVx> for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
3420 char* SvPV(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3427 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
3429 char* SvPVbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3436 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
3437 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte>
3440 char* SvPVbytex(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3445 =item SvPVbytex_force
3447 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
3448 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVbyte_force>
3451 char* SvPVbytex_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3456 =item SvPVbyte_force
3458 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
3460 char* SvPVbyte_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3465 =item SvPVbyte_nolen
3467 Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to byte representation first if necessary.
3469 char* SvPVbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
3476 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
3478 char* SvPVutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3485 Like C<SvPV>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
3486 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8>
3489 char* SvPVutf8x(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3494 =item SvPVutf8x_force
3496 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
3497 Guarantees to evaluate sv only once; use the more efficient C<SvPVutf8_force>
3500 char* SvPVutf8x_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3505 =item SvPVutf8_force
3507 Like C<SvPV_force>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
3509 char* SvPVutf8_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3514 =item SvPVutf8_nolen
3516 Like C<SvPV_nolen>, but converts sv to utf8 first if necessary.
3518 char* SvPVutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
3525 Returns a pointer to the physical string in the SV. The SV must contain a
3535 A version of C<SvPV> which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
3537 char* SvPVx(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3544 Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string
3545 (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX>
3548 char* SvPV_force(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3553 =item SvPV_force_nomg
3555 Like C<SvPV> but will force the SV into containing just a string
3556 (C<SvPOK_only>). You want force if you are going to update the C<SvPVX>
3557 directly. Doesn't process magic.
3559 char* SvPV_force_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3566 Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of
3567 the SV if the SV does not contain a string. The SV may cache the
3568 stringified form becoming C<SvPOK>. Handles 'get' magic.
3570 char* SvPV_nolen(SV* sv)
3577 Like C<SvPV> but doesn't process magic.
3579 char* SvPV_nomg(SV* sv, STRLEN len)
3586 Returns the value of the object's reference count.
3588 U32 SvREFCNT(SV* sv)
3595 Decrements the reference count of the given SV.
3597 void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv)
3604 Increments the reference count of the given SV.
3606 SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv)
3613 Tests if the SV is an RV.
3622 Unsets the RV status of an SV.
3624 void SvROK_off(SV* sv)
3631 Tells an SV that it is an RV.
3633 void SvROK_on(SV* sv)
3640 Dereferences an RV to return the SV.
3649 Returns the stash of the SV.
3658 Taints an SV if tainting is enabled.
3660 void SvTAINT(SV* sv)
3667 Checks to see if an SV is tainted. Returns TRUE if it is, FALSE if
3670 bool SvTAINTED(SV* sv)
3677 Untaints an SV. Be I<very> careful with this routine, as it short-circuits
3678 some of Perl's fundamental security features. XS module authors should not
3679 use this function unless they fully understand all the implications of
3680 unconditionally untainting the value. Untainting should be done in the
3681 standard perl fashion, via a carefully crafted regexp, rather than directly
3682 untainting variables.
3684 void SvTAINTED_off(SV* sv)
3691 Marks an SV as tainted if tainting is enabled.
3693 void SvTAINTED_on(SV* sv)
3700 Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or
3701 false, defined or undefined. Does not handle 'get' magic.
3710 Returns the type of the SV. See C<svtype>.
3712 svtype SvTYPE(SV* sv)
3719 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an unsigned integer.
3728 Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses C<sv_upgrade> to
3729 perform the upgrade if necessary. See C<svtype>.
3731 void SvUPGRADE(SV* sv, svtype type)
3738 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains UTF-8 encoded data.
3747 Unsets the UTF-8 status of an SV.
3749 void SvUTF8_off(SV *sv)
3756 Turn on the UTF-8 status of an SV (the data is not changed, just the flag).
3757 Do not use frivolously.
3759 void SvUTF8_on(SV *sv)
3766 Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. See C<SvUVx>
3767 for a version which guarantees to evaluate sv only once.
3776 Returns the raw value in the SV's UV slot, without checks or conversions.
3777 Only use when you are sure SvIOK is true. See also C<SvUV()>.
3786 Coerces the given SV to an unsigned integer and returns it. Guarantees to
3787 evaluate sv only once. Use the more efficient C<SvUV> otherwise.
3796 Like C<SvUV> but doesn't process magic.
3798 UV SvUV_nomg(SV* sv)
3805 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a v-string.
3814 This function is only called on magical items, and is only used by
3815 sv_true() or its macro equivalent.
3817 bool sv_2bool(SV* sv)
3824 Using various gambits, try to get a CV from an SV; in addition, try if
3825 possible to set C<*st> and C<*gvp> to the stash and GV associated with it.
3827 CV* sv_2cv(SV* sv, HV** st, GV** gvp, I32 lref)
3834 Using various gambits, try to get an IO from an SV: the IO slot if its a
3835 GV; or the recursive result if we're an RV; or the IO slot of the symbol
3836 named after the PV if we're a string.
3845 Return the integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string
3846 conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first.
3847 Normally used via the C<SvIV(sv)> and C<SvIVx(sv)> macros.
3849 IV sv_2iv_flags(SV* sv, I32 flags)
3856 Marks an existing SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed "soon", either
3857 by an explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
3858 statement boundaries. SvTEMP() is turned on which means that the SV's
3859 string buffer can be "stolen" if this SV is copied. See also C<sv_newmortal>
3860 and C<sv_mortalcopy>.
3862 SV* sv_2mortal(SV* sv)
3869 Return the num value of an SV, doing any necessary string or integer
3870 conversion, magic etc. Normally used via the C<SvNV(sv)> and C<SvNVx(sv)>
3880 Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp
3881 to its length. May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a
3884 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte> macro.
3886 char* sv_2pvbyte(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
3891 =item sv_2pvbyte_nolen
3893 Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV.
3894 May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.
3896 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte_nolen> macro.
3898 char* sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)
3905 Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV, and set *lp
3906 to its length. May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
3908 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8> macro.
3910 char* sv_2pvutf8(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
3915 =item sv_2pvutf8_nolen
3917 Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV.
3918 May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.
3920 Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro.
3922 char* sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)
3929 Returns a pointer to the string value of an SV, and sets *lp to its length.
3930 If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first. Coerces sv to a string
3932 Normally invoked via the C<SvPV_flags> macro. C<sv_2pv()> and C<sv_2pv_nomg>
3933 usually end up here too.
3935 char* sv_2pv_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
3942 Like C<sv_2pv()>, but doesn't return the length too. You should usually
3943 use the macro wrapper C<SvPV_nolen(sv)> instead.
3944 char* sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)
3951 Return the unsigned integer value of an SV, doing any necessary string
3952 conversion. If flags includes SV_GMAGIC, does an mg_get() first.
3953 Normally used via the C<SvUV(sv)> and C<SvUVx(sv)> macros.
3955 UV sv_2uv_flags(SV* sv, I32 flags)
3962 Remove any string offset. You should normally use the C<SvOOK_off> macro
3965 int sv_backoff(SV* sv)
3972 Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package
3973 must be designated by its stash (see C<gv_stashpv()>). The reference count
3974 of the SV is unaffected.
3976 SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash)
3983 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV.
3984 If the SV has the UTF-8 status set, then the bytes appended should be
3985 valid UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpv_mg>.
3987 void sv_catpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
3994 Processes its arguments like C<sprintf> and appends the formatted
3995 output to an SV. If the appended data contains "wide" characters
3996 (including, but not limited to, SVs with a UTF-8 PV formatted with %s,
3997 and characters >255 formatted with %c), the original SV might get
3998 upgraded to UTF-8. Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See
3999 C<sv_catpvf_mg>. If the original SV was UTF-8, the pattern should be
4000 valid UTF-8; if the original SV was bytes, the pattern should be too.
4002 void sv_catpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
4009 Like C<sv_catpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4011 void sv_catpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
4018 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The
4019 C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8
4020 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8.
4021 Handles 'get' magic, but not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catpvn_mg>.
4023 void sv_catpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
4028 =item sv_catpvn_flags
4030 Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The
4031 C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. If the SV has the UTF-8
4032 status set, then the bytes appended should be valid UTF-8.
4033 If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<dsv> if
4034 appropriate, else not. C<sv_catpvn> and C<sv_catpvn_nomg> are implemented
4035 in terms of this function.
4037 void sv_catpvn_flags(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len, I32 flags)
4044 Like C<sv_catpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4046 void sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
4051 =item sv_catpvn_nomg
4053 Like C<sv_catpvn> but doesn't process magic.
4055 void sv_catpvn_nomg(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
4062 Like C<sv_catpv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4064 void sv_catpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
4071 Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in
4072 SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. Handles 'get' magic, but
4073 not 'set' magic. See C<sv_catsv_mg>.
4075 void sv_catsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4080 =item sv_catsv_flags
4082 Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in
4083 SV C<dsv>. Modifies C<dsv> but not C<ssv>. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC>
4084 bit set, will C<mg_get> on the SVs if appropriate, else not. C<sv_catsv>
4085 and C<sv_catsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
4087 void sv_catsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
4094 Like C<sv_catsv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4096 void sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
4103 Like C<sv_catsv> but doesn't process magic.
4105 void sv_catsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4112 Efficient removal of characters from the beginning of the string buffer.
4113 SvPOK(sv) must be true and the C<ptr> must be a pointer to somewhere inside
4114 the string buffer. The C<ptr> becomes the first character of the adjusted
4115 string. Uses the "OOK hack".
4116 Beware: after this function returns, C<ptr> and SvPVX(sv) may no longer
4117 refer to the same chunk of data.
4119 void sv_chop(SV* sv, char* ptr)
4126 Clear an SV: call any destructors, free up any memory used by the body,
4127 and free the body itself. The SV's head is I<not> freed, although
4128 its type is set to all 1's so that it won't inadvertently be assumed
4129 to be live during global destruction etc.
4130 This function should only be called when REFCNT is zero. Most of the time
4131 you'll want to call C<sv_free()> (or its macro wrapper C<SvREFCNT_dec>)
4134 void sv_clear(SV* sv)
4141 Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the
4142 string in C<sv1> is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in
4143 C<sv2>. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will
4144 coerce its args to strings if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>.
4146 I32 sv_cmp(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
4153 Compares the strings in two SVs in a locale-aware manner. Is UTF-8 and
4154 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will coerce its args to strings
4155 if necessary. See also C<sv_cmp_locale>. See also C<sv_cmp>.
4157 I32 sv_cmp_locale(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
4164 Add Collate Transform magic to an SV if it doesn't already have it.
4166 Any scalar variable may carry PERL_MAGIC_collxfrm magic that contains the
4167 scalar data of the variable, but transformed to such a format that a normal
4168 memory comparison can be used to compare the data according to the locale
4171 char* sv_collxfrm(SV* sv, STRLEN* nxp)
4178 Copies a stringified representation of the source SV into the
4179 destination SV. Automatically performs any necessary mg_get and
4180 coercion of numeric values into strings. Guaranteed to preserve
4181 UTF-8 flag even from overloaded objects. Similar in nature to
4182 sv_2pv[_flags] but operates directly on an SV instead of just the
4183 string. Mostly uses sv_2pv_flags to do its work, except when that
4184 would lose the UTF-8'ness of the PV.
4186 void sv_copypv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4193 Auto-decrement of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion
4194 if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
4201 =item sv_derived_from
4203 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is derived from the specified
4204 class. This is the function that implements C<UNIVERSAL::isa>. It works
4205 for class names as well as for objects.
4207 bool sv_derived_from(SV* sv, const char* name)
4210 Found in file universal.c
4214 Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs are
4215 identical. Is UTF-8 and 'use bytes' aware, handles get magic, and will
4216 coerce its args to strings if necessary.
4218 I32 sv_eq(SV* sv1, SV* sv2)
4223 =item sv_force_normal
4225 Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make
4226 a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
4227 an xpvmg. See also C<sv_force_normal_flags>.
4229 void sv_force_normal(SV *sv)
4234 =item sv_force_normal_flags
4236 Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make
4237 a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
4238 an xpvmg; if we're a copy-on-write scalar, this is the on-write time when
4239 we do the copy, and is also used locally. If C<SV_COW_DROP_PV> is set
4240 then a copy-on-write scalar drops its PV buffer (if any) and becomes
4241 SvPOK_off rather than making a copy. (Used where this scalar is about to be
4242 set to some other value.) In addition, the C<flags> parameter gets passed to
4243 C<sv_unref_flags()> when unrefing. C<sv_force_normal> calls this function
4244 with flags set to 0.
4246 void sv_force_normal_flags(SV *sv, U32 flags)
4253 Decrement an SV's reference count, and if it drops to zero, call
4254 C<sv_clear> to invoke destructors and free up any memory used by
4255 the body; finally, deallocate the SV's head itself.
4256 Normally called via a wrapper macro C<SvREFCNT_dec>.
4258 void sv_free(SV* sv)
4265 Get a line from the filehandle and store it into the SV, optionally
4266 appending to the currently-stored string.
4268 char* sv_gets(SV* sv, PerlIO* fp, I32 append)
4275 Expands the character buffer in the SV. If necessary, uses C<sv_unref> and
4276 upgrades the SV to C<SVt_PV>. Returns a pointer to the character buffer.
4277 Use the C<SvGROW> wrapper instead.
4279 char* sv_grow(SV* sv, STRLEN newlen)
4286 Auto-increment of the value in the SV, doing string to numeric conversion
4287 if necessary. Handles 'get' magic.
4296 Inserts a string at the specified offset/length within the SV. Similar to
4297 the Perl substr() function.
4299 void sv_insert(SV* bigsv, STRLEN offset, STRLEN len, const char* little, STRLEN littlelen)
4306 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified
4307 class. This does not check for subtypes; use C<sv_derived_from> to verify
4308 an inheritance relationship.
4310 int sv_isa(SV* sv, const char* name)
4317 Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed
4318 object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this
4321 int sv_isobject(SV* sv)
4328 A private implementation of the C<SvIVx> macro for compilers which can't
4329 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
4338 Returns the length of the string in the SV. Handles magic and type
4339 coercion. See also C<SvCUR>, which gives raw access to the xpv_cur slot.
4341 STRLEN sv_len(SV* sv)
4348 Returns the number of characters in the string in an SV, counting wide
4349 UTF-8 bytes as a single character. Handles magic and type coercion.
4351 STRLEN sv_len_utf8(SV* sv)
4358 Adds magic to an SV. First upgrades C<sv> to type C<SVt_PVMG> if necessary,
4359 then adds a new magic item of type C<how> to the head of the magic list.
4361 See C<sv_magicext> (which C<sv_magic> now calls) for a description of the
4362 handling of the C<name> and C<namlen> arguments.
4364 You need to use C<sv_magicext> to add magic to SvREADONLY SVs and also
4365 to add more than one instance of the same 'how'.
4367 void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const char* name, I32 namlen)
4374 Adds magic to an SV, upgrading it if necessary. Applies the
4375 supplied vtable and returns a pointer to the magic added.
4377 Note that C<sv_magicext> will allow things that C<sv_magic> will not.
4378 In particular, you can add magic to SvREADONLY SVs, and add more than
4379 one instance of the same 'how'.
4381 If C<namlen> is greater than zero then a C<savepvn> I<copy> of C<name> is
4382 stored, if C<namlen> is zero then C<name> is stored as-is and - as another
4383 special case - if C<(name && namlen == HEf_SVKEY)> then C<name> is assumed
4384 to contain an C<SV*> and is stored as-is with its REFCNT incremented.
4386 (This is now used as a subroutine by C<sv_magic>.)
4388 MAGIC * sv_magicext(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, const MGVTBL *vtbl, const char* name, I32 namlen)
4395 Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV (using C<sv_setsv>).
4396 The new SV is marked as mortal. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an
4397 explicit call to FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as
4398 statement boundaries. See also C<sv_newmortal> and C<sv_2mortal>.
4400 SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV* oldsv)
4407 Creates a new null SV which is mortal. The reference count of the SV is
4408 set to 1. It will be destroyed "soon", either by an explicit call to
4409 FREETMPS, or by an implicit call at places such as statement boundaries.
4410 See also C<sv_mortalcopy> and C<sv_2mortal>.
4419 Increment an SV's reference count. Use the C<SvREFCNT_inc()> wrapper
4422 SV* sv_newref(SV* sv)
4429 A private implementation of the C<SvNVx> macro for compilers which can't
4430 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
4439 Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of bytes from the
4440 start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of UTF-8 chars.
4441 Handles magic and type coercion.
4443 void sv_pos_b2u(SV* sv, I32* offsetp)
4450 Converts the value pointed to by offsetp from a count of UTF-8 chars from
4451 the start of the string, to a count of the equivalent number of bytes; if
4452 lenp is non-zero, it does the same to lenp, but this time starting from
4453 the offset, rather than from the start of the string. Handles magic and
4456 void sv_pos_u2b(SV* sv, I32* offsetp, I32* lenp)
4463 Use the C<SvPV_nolen> macro instead
4472 Use C<SvPVbyte_nolen> instead.
4474 char* sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)
4481 A private implementation of the C<SvPVbyte> macro for compilers
4482 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
4485 char* sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
4490 =item sv_pvbyten_force
4492 A private implementation of the C<SvPVbytex_force> macro for compilers
4493 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
4496 char* sv_pvbyten_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
4503 A private implementation of the C<SvPV> macro for compilers which can't
4504 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
4506 char* sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
4513 Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow.
4514 A private implementation of the C<SvPV_force> macro for compilers which
4515 can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
4517 char* sv_pvn_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
4522 =item sv_pvn_force_flags
4524 Get a sensible string out of the SV somehow.
4525 If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if
4526 appropriate, else not. C<sv_pvn_force> and C<sv_pvn_force_nomg> are
4527 implemented in terms of this function.
4528 You normally want to use the various wrapper macros instead: see
4529 C<SvPV_force> and C<SvPV_force_nomg>
4531 char* sv_pvn_force_flags(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp, I32 flags)
4538 Use the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro instead
4540 char* sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)
4547 A private implementation of the C<SvPVutf8> macro for compilers
4548 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
4551 char* sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)
4556 =item sv_pvutf8n_force
4558 A private implementation of the C<SvPVutf8_force> macro for compilers
4559 which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
4562 char* sv_pvutf8n_force(SV* sv, STRLEN* lp)
4569 Returns a string describing what the SV is a reference to.
4571 char* sv_reftype(const SV* sv, int ob)
4578 Make the first argument a copy of the second, then delete the original.
4579 The target SV physically takes over ownership of the body of the source SV
4580 and inherits its flags; however, the target keeps any magic it owns,
4581 and any magic in the source is discarded.
4582 Note that this is a rather specialist SV copying operation; most of the
4583 time you'll want to use C<sv_setsv> or one of its many macro front-ends.
4585 void sv_replace(SV* sv, SV* nsv)
4590 =item sv_report_used
4592 Dump the contents of all SVs not yet freed. (Debugging aid).
4594 void sv_report_used()
4601 Underlying implementation for the C<reset> Perl function.
4602 Note that the perl-level function is vaguely deprecated.
4604 void sv_reset(const char* s, HV* stash)
4611 Weaken a reference: set the C<SvWEAKREF> flag on this RV; give the
4612 referred-to SV C<PERL_MAGIC_backref> magic if it hasn't already; and
4613 push a back-reference to this RV onto the array of backreferences
4614 associated with that magic.
4616 SV* sv_rvweaken(SV *sv)
4623 Copies an integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
4624 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setiv_mg>.
4626 void sv_setiv(SV* sv, IV num)
4633 Like C<sv_setiv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4635 void sv_setiv_mg(SV *sv, IV i)
4642 Copies a double into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
4643 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setnv_mg>.
4645 void sv_setnv(SV* sv, NV num)
4652 Like C<sv_setnv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4654 void sv_setnv_mg(SV *sv, NV num)
4661 Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated. Does not
4662 handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpv_mg>.
4664 void sv_setpv(SV* sv, const char* ptr)
4671 Works like C<sv_catpvf> but copies the text into the SV instead of
4672 appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvf_mg>.
4674 void sv_setpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, ...)
4681 Like C<sv_setpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4683 void sv_setpvf_mg(SV *sv, const char* pat, ...)
4690 Copies an integer into the given SV, also updating its string value.
4691 Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpviv_mg>.
4693 void sv_setpviv(SV* sv, IV num)
4700 Like C<sv_setpviv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4702 void sv_setpviv_mg(SV *sv, IV iv)
4709 Copies a string into an SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of
4710 bytes to be copied. If the C<ptr> argument is NULL the SV will become
4711 undefined. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_setpvn_mg>.
4713 void sv_setpvn(SV* sv, const char* ptr, STRLEN len)
4720 Like C<sv_setpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4722 void sv_setpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)
4729 Like C<sv_setpv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4731 void sv_setpv_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr)
4738 Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
4739 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
4740 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
4741 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
4742 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
4744 SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, const char* classname, IV iv)
4751 Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
4752 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
4753 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
4754 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
4755 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
4757 SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, const char* classname, NV nv)
4764 Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
4765 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
4766 the new SV. If the C<pv> argument is NULL then C<PL_sv_undef> will be placed
4767 into the SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
4768 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
4769 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
4771 Do not use with other Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those
4772 objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process.
4774 Note that C<sv_setref_pvn> copies the string while this copies the pointer.
4776 SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, const char* classname, void* pv)
4783 Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The length of the
4784 string must be specified with C<n>. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to
4785 an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname>
4786 argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to
4787 C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will have a reference count
4788 of 1, and the RV will be returned.
4790 Note that C<sv_setref_pv> copies the pointer while this copies the string.
4792 SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, const char* classname, char* pv, STRLEN n)
4799 Copies an unsigned integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv>
4800 argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to
4801 the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the
4802 blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV
4803 will have a reference count of 1, and the RV will be returned.
4805 SV* sv_setref_uv(SV* rv, const char* classname, UV uv)
4812 Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV
4813 C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this
4814 function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic.
4815 Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous
4816 content of the destination.
4818 You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
4819 C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and
4820 C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>.
4822 void sv_setsv(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4827 =item sv_setsv_flags
4829 Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV
4830 C<dsv>. The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal, so don't use this
4831 function if the source SV needs to be reused. Does not handle 'set' magic.
4832 Loosely speaking, it performs a copy-by-value, obliterating any previous
4833 content of the destination.
4834 If the C<flags> parameter has the C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set, will C<mg_get> on
4835 C<ssv> if appropriate, else not. If the C<flags> parameter has the
4836 C<NOSTEAL> bit set then the buffers of temps will not be stolen. <sv_setsv>
4837 and C<sv_setsv_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
4839 You probably want to use one of the assortment of wrappers, such as
4840 C<SvSetSV>, C<SvSetSV_nosteal>, C<SvSetMagicSV> and
4841 C<SvSetMagicSV_nosteal>.
4843 This is the primary function for copying scalars, and most other
4844 copy-ish functions and macros use this underneath.
4846 void sv_setsv_flags(SV* dsv, SV* ssv, I32 flags)
4853 Like C<sv_setsv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4855 void sv_setsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)
4862 Like C<sv_setsv> but doesn't process magic.
4864 void sv_setsv_nomg(SV* dsv, SV* ssv)
4871 Copies an unsigned integer into the given SV, upgrading first if necessary.
4872 Does not handle 'set' magic. See also C<sv_setuv_mg>.
4874 void sv_setuv(SV* sv, UV num)
4881 Like C<sv_setuv>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4883 void sv_setuv_mg(SV *sv, UV u)
4890 Taint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_on> instead.
4891 void sv_taint(SV* sv)
4898 Test an SV for taintedness. Use C<SvTAINTED> instead.
4899 bool sv_tainted(SV* sv)
4906 Returns true if the SV has a true value by Perl's rules.
4907 Use the C<SvTRUE> macro instead, which may call C<sv_true()> or may
4908 instead use an in-line version.
4917 Removes all magic of type C<type> from an SV.
4919 int sv_unmagic(SV* sv, int type)
4926 Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of
4927 whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of
4928 as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. This is C<sv_unref_flags> with the C<flag>
4929 being zero. See C<SvROK_off>.
4931 void sv_unref(SV* sv)
4936 =item sv_unref_flags
4938 Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of
4939 whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of
4940 as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. The C<cflags> argument can contain
4941 C<SV_IMMEDIATE_UNREF> to force the reference count to be decremented
4942 (otherwise the decrementing is conditional on the reference count being
4943 different from one or the reference being a readonly SV).
4946 void sv_unref_flags(SV* sv, U32 flags)
4953 Untaint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_off> instead.
4954 void sv_untaint(SV* sv)
4961 Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Generally adds a new body type to the
4962 SV, then copies across as much information as possible from the old body.
4963 You generally want to use the C<SvUPGRADE> macro wrapper. See also C<svtype>.
4965 bool sv_upgrade(SV* sv, U32 mt)
4972 Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Normally the string is
4973 stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string.
4974 The C<ptr> should point to memory that was allocated by C<malloc>. The
4975 string length, C<len>, must be supplied. This function will realloc the
4976 memory pointed to by C<ptr>, so that pointer should not be freed or used by
4977 the programmer after giving it to sv_usepvn. Does not handle 'set' magic.
4978 See C<sv_usepvn_mg>.
4980 void sv_usepvn(SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)
4987 Like C<sv_usepvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.
4989 void sv_usepvn_mg(SV *sv, char *ptr, STRLEN len)
4994 =item sv_utf8_decode
4996 If the PV of the SV is an octet sequence in UTF-8
4997 and contains a multiple-byte character, the C<SvUTF8> flag is turned on
4998 so that it looks like a character. If the PV contains only single-byte
4999 characters, the C<SvUTF8> flag stays being off.
5000 Scans PV for validity and returns false if the PV is invalid UTF-8.
5002 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
5003 removed without notice.
5005 bool sv_utf8_decode(SV *sv)
5010 =item sv_utf8_downgrade
5012 Attempts to convert the PV of an SV from characters to bytes.
5013 If the PV contains a character beyond byte, this conversion will fail;
5014 in this case, either returns false or, if C<fail_ok> is not
5017 This is not as a general purpose Unicode to byte encoding interface:
5018 use the Encode extension for that.
5020 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
5021 removed without notice.
5023 bool sv_utf8_downgrade(SV *sv, bool fail_ok)
5028 =item sv_utf8_encode
5030 Converts the PV of an SV to UTF-8, but then turns the C<SvUTF8>
5031 flag off so that it looks like octets again.
5033 void sv_utf8_encode(SV *sv)
5038 =item sv_utf8_upgrade
5040 Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
5041 Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
5042 Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even
5043 if all the bytes have hibit clear.
5045 This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface:
5046 use the Encode extension for that.
5048 STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade(SV *sv)
5053 =item sv_utf8_upgrade_flags
5055 Converts the PV of an SV to its UTF-8-encoded form.
5056 Forces the SV to string form if it is not already.
5057 Always sets the SvUTF8 flag to avoid future validity checks even
5058 if all the bytes have hibit clear. If C<flags> has C<SV_GMAGIC> bit set,
5059 will C<mg_get> on C<sv> if appropriate, else not. C<sv_utf8_upgrade> and
5060 C<sv_utf8_upgrade_nomg> are implemented in terms of this function.
5062 This is not as a general purpose byte encoding to Unicode interface:
5063 use the Encode extension for that.
5065 STRLEN sv_utf8_upgrade_flags(SV *sv, I32 flags)
5072 A private implementation of the C<SvUVx> macro for compilers which can't
5073 cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.
5082 Processes its arguments like C<vsprintf> and appends the formatted output
5083 to an SV. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_vcatpvf_mg>.
5085 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_catpvf>.
5087 void sv_vcatpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
5094 Processes its arguments like C<vsprintf> and appends the formatted output
5095 to an SV. Uses an array of SVs if the C style variable argument list is
5096 missing (NULL). When running with taint checks enabled, indicates via
5097 C<maybe_tainted> if results are untrustworthy (often due to the use of
5100 Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_vcatpvf> and C<sv_vcatpvf_mg>.
5102 void sv_vcatpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
5109 Like C<sv_vcatpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5111 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_catpvf_mg>.
5113 void sv_vcatpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
5120 Works like C<sv_vcatpvf> but copies the text into the SV instead of
5121 appending it. Does not handle 'set' magic. See C<sv_vsetpvf_mg>.
5123 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_setpvf>.
5125 void sv_vsetpvf(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
5132 Works like C<sv_vcatpvfn> but copies the text into the SV instead of
5135 Usually used via one of its frontends C<sv_vsetpvf> and C<sv_vsetpvf_mg>.
5137 void sv_vsetpvfn(SV* sv, const char* pat, STRLEN patlen, va_list* args, SV** svargs, I32 svmax, bool *maybe_tainted)
5144 Like C<sv_vsetpvf>, but also handles 'set' magic.
5146 Usually used via its frontend C<sv_setpvf_mg>.
5148 void sv_vsetpvf_mg(SV* sv, const char* pat, va_list* args)
5156 =head1 Unicode Support
5160 =item bytes_from_utf8
5162 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding.
5163 Unlike C<utf8_to_bytes> but like C<bytes_to_utf8>, returns a pointer to
5164 the newly-created string, and updates C<len> to contain the new
5165 length. Returns the original string if no conversion occurs, C<len>
5166 is unchanged. Do nothing if C<is_utf8> points to 0. Sets C<is_utf8> to
5167 0 if C<s> is converted or contains all 7bit characters.
5169 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
5170 removed without notice.
5172 U8* bytes_from_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len, bool *is_utf8)
5175 Found in file utf8.c
5179 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from ASCII into UTF-8 encoding.
5180 Returns a pointer to the newly-created string, and sets C<len> to
5181 reflect the new length.
5183 If you want to convert to UTF-8 from other encodings than ASCII,
5184 see sv_recode_to_utf8().
5186 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
5187 removed without notice.
5189 U8* bytes_to_utf8(const U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
5192 Found in file utf8.c
5196 Return true if the strings s1 and s2 differ case-insensitively, false
5197 if not (if they are equal case-insensitively). If u1 is true, the
5198 string s1 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u2 is true,
5199 the string s2 is assumed to be in UTF-8-encoded Unicode. If u1 or u2
5200 are false, the respective string is assumed to be in native 8-bit
5203 If the pe1 and pe2 are non-NULL, the scanning pointers will be copied
5204 in there (they will point at the beginning of the I<next> character).
5205 If the pointers behind pe1 or pe2 are non-NULL, they are the end
5206 pointers beyond which scanning will not continue under any
5207 circumstances. If the byte lengths l1 and l2 are non-zero, s1+l1 and
5208 s2+l2 will be used as goal end pointers that will also stop the scan,
5209 and which qualify towards defining a successful match: all the scans
5210 that define an explicit length must reach their goal pointers for
5211 a match to succeed).
5213 For case-insensitiveness, the "casefolding" of Unicode is used
5214 instead of upper/lowercasing both the characters, see
5215 http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/ (Case Mappings).
5217 I32 ibcmp_utf8(const char* a, char **pe1, UV l1, bool u1, const char* b, char **pe2, UV l2, bool u2)
5220 Found in file utf8.c
5224 Tests if some arbitrary number of bytes begins in a valid UTF-8
5225 character. Note that an INVARIANT (i.e. ASCII) character is a valid
5226 UTF-8 character. The actual number of bytes in the UTF-8 character
5227 will be returned if it is valid, otherwise 0.
5229 STRLEN is_utf8_char(const U8 *p)
5232 Found in file utf8.c
5234 =item is_utf8_string
5236 Returns true if first C<len> bytes of the given string form a valid
5237 UTF-8 string, false otherwise. Note that 'a valid UTF-8 string' does
5238 not mean 'a string that contains code points above 0x7F encoded in UTF-8'
5239 because a valid ASCII string is a valid UTF-8 string.
5241 bool is_utf8_string(const U8 *s, STRLEN len)
5244 Found in file utf8.c
5246 =item is_utf8_string_loc
5248 Like is_ut8_string but store the location of the failure in
5251 bool is_utf8_string_loc(const U8 *s, STRLEN len, const U8 **p)
5254 Found in file utf8.c
5256 =item pv_uni_display
5258 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the string spv,
5259 length len, the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
5260 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
5262 The flags argument can have UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT set to display
5263 isPRINT()able characters as themselves, UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH
5264 to display the \\[nrfta\\] as the backslashed versions (like '\n')
5265 (UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH is preferred over UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT for \\).
5266 UNI_DISPLAY_QQ (and its alias UNI_DISPLAY_REGEX) have both
5267 UNI_DISPLAY_BACKSLASH and UNI_DISPLAY_ISPRINT turned on.
5269 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
5271 char* pv_uni_display(SV *dsv, const U8 *spv, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
5274 Found in file utf8.c
5278 The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, the PV of the ssv is
5279 assumed to be octets in that encoding and decoding the input starts
5280 from the position which (PV + *offset) pointed to. The dsv will be
5281 concatenated the decoded UTF-8 string from ssv. Decoding will terminate
5282 when the string tstr appears in decoding output or the input ends on
5283 the PV of the ssv. The value which the offset points will be modified
5284 to the last input position on the ssv.
5286 Returns TRUE if the terminator was found, else returns FALSE.
5288 bool sv_cat_decode(SV* dsv, SV *encoding, SV *ssv, int *offset, char* tstr, int tlen)
5293 =item sv_recode_to_utf8
5295 The encoding is assumed to be an Encode object, on entry the PV
5296 of the sv is assumed to be octets in that encoding, and the sv
5297 will be converted into Unicode (and UTF-8).
5299 If the sv already is UTF-8 (or if it is not POK), or if the encoding
5300 is not a reference, nothing is done to the sv. If the encoding is not
5301 an C<Encode::XS> Encoding object, bad things will happen.
5302 (See F<lib/encoding.pm> and L<Encode>).
5304 The PV of the sv is returned.
5306 char* sv_recode_to_utf8(SV* sv, SV *encoding)
5311 =item sv_uni_display
5313 Build to the scalar dsv a displayable version of the scalar sv,
5314 the displayable version being at most pvlim bytes long
5315 (if longer, the rest is truncated and "..." will be appended).
5317 The flags argument is as in pv_uni_display().
5319 The pointer to the PV of the dsv is returned.
5321 char* sv_uni_display(SV *dsv, SV *ssv, STRLEN pvlim, UV flags)
5324 Found in file utf8.c
5328 The "p" contains the pointer to the UTF-8 string encoding
5329 the character that is being converted.
5331 The "ustrp" is a pointer to the character buffer to put the
5332 conversion result to. The "lenp" is a pointer to the length
5335 The "swashp" is a pointer to the swash to use.
5337 Both the special and normal mappings are stored lib/unicore/To/Foo.pl,
5338 and loaded by SWASHGET, using lib/utf8_heavy.pl. The special (usually,
5339 but not always, a multicharacter mapping), is tried first.
5341 The "special" is a string like "utf8::ToSpecLower", which means the
5342 hash %utf8::ToSpecLower. The access to the hash is through
5343 Perl_to_utf8_case().
5345 The "normal" is a string like "ToLower" which means the swash
5348 UV to_utf8_case(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp, SV **swash, const char *normal, const char *special)
5351 Found in file utf8.c
5355 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its foldcase version and
5356 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
5357 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
5358 foldcase version may be longer than the original character (up to
5361 The first character of the foldcased version is returned
5362 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
5364 UV to_utf8_fold(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
5367 Found in file utf8.c
5371 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its lowercase version and
5372 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
5373 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
5374 lowercase version may be longer than the original character.
5376 The first character of the lowercased version is returned
5377 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
5379 UV to_utf8_lower(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
5382 Found in file utf8.c
5386 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its titlecase version and
5387 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
5388 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since the
5389 titlecase version may be longer than the original character.
5391 The first character of the titlecased version is returned
5392 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
5394 UV to_utf8_title(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
5397 Found in file utf8.c
5401 Convert the UTF-8 encoded character at p to its uppercase version and
5402 store that in UTF-8 in ustrp and its length in bytes in lenp. Note
5403 that the ustrp needs to be at least UTF8_MAXBYTES_CASE+1 bytes since
5404 the uppercase version may be longer than the original character.
5406 The first character of the uppercased version is returned
5407 (but note, as explained above, that there may be more.)
5409 UV to_utf8_upper(const U8 *p, U8* ustrp, STRLEN *lenp)
5412 Found in file utf8.c
5414 =item utf8n_to_uvchr
5416 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s>
5417 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
5418 length, in bytes, of that character.
5420 Allows length and flags to be passed to low level routine.
5422 UV utf8n_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags)
5425 Found in file utf8.c
5427 =item utf8n_to_uvuni
5429 Bottom level UTF-8 decode routine.
5430 Returns the unicode code point value of the first character in the string C<s>
5431 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding and no longer than C<curlen>;
5432 C<retlen> will be set to the length, in bytes, of that character.
5434 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, the behaviour
5435 is dependent on the value of C<flags>: if it contains UTF8_CHECK_ONLY,
5436 it is assumed that the caller will raise a warning, and this function
5437 will silently just set C<retlen> to C<-1> and return zero. If the
5438 C<flags> does not contain UTF8_CHECK_ONLY, warnings about
5439 malformations will be given, C<retlen> will be set to the expected
5440 length of the UTF-8 character in bytes, and zero will be returned.
5442 The C<flags> can also contain various flags to allow deviations from
5443 the strict UTF-8 encoding (see F<utf8.h>).
5445 Most code should use utf8_to_uvchr() rather than call this directly.
5447 UV utf8n_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN curlen, STRLEN* retlen, U32 flags)
5450 Found in file utf8.c
5454 Returns the number of UTF-8 characters between the UTF-8 pointers C<a>
5457 WARNING: use only if you *know* that the pointers point inside the
5460 IV utf8_distance(const U8 *a, const U8 *b)
5463 Found in file utf8.c
5467 Return the UTF-8 pointer C<s> displaced by C<off> characters, either
5468 forward or backward.
5470 WARNING: do not use the following unless you *know* C<off> is within
5471 the UTF-8 data pointed to by C<s> *and* that on entry C<s> is aligned
5472 on the first byte of character or just after the last byte of a character.
5474 U8* utf8_hop(U8 *s, I32 off)
5477 Found in file utf8.c
5481 Return the length of the UTF-8 char encoded string C<s> in characters.
5482 Stops at C<e> (inclusive). If C<e E<lt> s> or if the scan would end
5483 up past C<e>, croaks.
5485 STRLEN utf8_length(const U8* s, const U8 *e)
5488 Found in file utf8.c
5492 Converts a string C<s> of length C<len> from UTF-8 into byte encoding.
5493 Unlike C<bytes_to_utf8>, this over-writes the original string, and
5494 updates len to contain the new length.
5495 Returns zero on failure, setting C<len> to -1.
5497 NOTE: this function is experimental and may change or be
5498 removed without notice.
5500 U8* utf8_to_bytes(U8 *s, STRLEN *len)
5503 Found in file utf8.c
5507 Returns the native character value of the first character in the string C<s>
5508 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
5509 length, in bytes, of that character.
5511 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
5512 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
5514 UV utf8_to_uvchr(const U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen)
5517 Found in file utf8.c
5521 Returns the Unicode code point of the first character in the string C<s>
5522 which is assumed to be in UTF-8 encoding; C<retlen> will be set to the
5523 length, in bytes, of that character.
5525 This function should only be used when returned UV is considered
5526 an index into the Unicode semantic tables (e.g. swashes).
5528 If C<s> does not point to a well-formed UTF-8 character, zero is
5529 returned and retlen is set, if possible, to -1.
5531 UV utf8_to_uvuni(const U8 *s, STRLEN* retlen)
5534 Found in file utf8.c
5538 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Native codepoint C<uv> to the end
5539 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
5540 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
5541 end of the new character. In other words,
5543 d = uvchr_to_utf8(d, uv);
5545 is the recommended wide native character-aware way of saying
5549 U8* uvchr_to_utf8(U8 *d, UV uv)
5552 Found in file utf8.c
5554 =item uvuni_to_utf8_flags
5556 Adds the UTF-8 representation of the Unicode codepoint C<uv> to the end
5557 of the string C<d>; C<d> should be have at least C<UTF8_MAXBYTES+1> free
5558 bytes available. The return value is the pointer to the byte after the
5559 end of the new character. In other words,
5561 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, flags);
5565 d = uvuni_to_utf8(d, uv);
5567 (which is equivalent to)
5569 d = uvuni_to_utf8_flags(d, uv, 0);
5571 is the recommended Unicode-aware way of saying
5575 U8* uvuni_to_utf8_flags(U8 *d, UV uv, UV flags)
5578 Found in file utf8.c
5583 =head1 Variables created by C<xsubpp> and C<xsubpp> internal functions
5589 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the stack base offset,
5590 used by the C<ST>, C<XSprePUSH> and C<XSRETURN> macros. The C<dMARK> macro
5591 must be called prior to setup the C<MARK> variable.
5596 Found in file XSUB.h
5600 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the
5601 class name for a C++ XS constructor. This is always a C<char*>. See C<THIS>.
5606 Found in file XSUB.h
5610 Sets up the C<ax> variable.
5611 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
5616 Found in file XSUB.h
5620 Sets up the C<items> variable.
5621 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp> by calling C<dXSARGS>.
5626 Found in file XSUB.h
5630 Sets up the C<padoff_du> variable for an XSUB that wishes to use
5636 Found in file XSUB.h
5640 Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK.
5641 Sets up the C<ax> and C<items> variables by calling C<dAX> and C<dITEMS>.
5642 This is usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>.
5647 Found in file XSUB.h
5651 Sets up the C<ix> variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually
5652 handled automatically by C<xsubpp>.
5657 Found in file XSUB.h
5661 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the number of
5662 items on the stack. See L<perlxs/"Variable-length Parameter Lists">.
5667 Found in file XSUB.h
5671 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate which of an
5672 XSUB's aliases was used to invoke it. See L<perlxs/"The ALIAS: Keyword">.
5677 Found in file XSUB.h
5681 Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to
5685 Found in file XSUB.h
5689 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to hold the return value for an
5690 XSUB. This is always the proper type for the XSUB. See
5691 L<perlxs/"The RETVAL Variable">.
5696 Found in file XSUB.h
5700 Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack.
5705 Found in file XSUB.h
5709 Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to designate the object in a C++
5710 XSUB. This is always the proper type for the C++ object. See C<CLASS> and
5711 L<perlxs/"Using XS With C++">.
5716 Found in file XSUB.h
5720 The SV* corresponding to the $_ variable. Works even if there
5721 is a lexical $_ in scope.
5724 Found in file XSUB.h
5728 Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is handled by
5732 Found in file XSUB.h
5736 The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually
5737 handled automatically by C<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>. See C<XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK>.
5740 Found in file XSUB.h
5742 =item XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK
5744 Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable matches the XS
5745 module's C<XS_VERSION> variable. This is usually handled automatically by
5746 C<xsubpp>. See L<perlxs/"The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword">.
5748 XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK;
5751 Found in file XSUB.h
5756 =head1 Warning and Dieing
5762 This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<die> function.
5763 Normally call this function the same way you call the C C<printf>
5764 function. Calling C<croak> returns control directly to Perl,
5765 sidestepping the normal C order of execution. See C<warn>.
5767 If you want to throw an exception object, assign the object to
5768 C<$@> and then pass C<Nullch> to croak():
5770 errsv = get_sv("@", TRUE);
5771 sv_setsv(errsv, exception_object);
5774 void croak(const char* pat, ...)
5777 Found in file util.c
5781 This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<warn> function. Call this
5782 function the same way you call the C C<printf> function. See C<croak>.
5784 void warn(const char* pat, ...)
5787 Found in file util.c
5794 Until May 1997, this document was maintained by Jeff Okamoto
5795 <okamoto@corp.hp.com>. It is now maintained as part of Perl itself.
5797 With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie,
5798 Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil
5799 Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, Ulrich Pfeifer,
5800 Stephen McCamant, and Gurusamy Sarathy.
5802 API Listing originally by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>.
5804 Updated to be autogenerated from comments in the source by Benjamin Stuhl.
5808 perlguts(1), perlxs(1), perlxstut(1), perlintern(1)
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