3 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTuU> ]> S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
8 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ]>
11 S<[ B<-P> ]> S<[ B<-S> ]> S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]>
12 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ]
13 [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
15 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several
18 perl Perl overview (this section)
19 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
20 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
21 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
22 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
23 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
25 perldata Perl data structures
27 perlop Perl operators and precedence
28 perlre Perl regular expressions
29 perlrun Perl execution and options
30 perlfunc Perl builtin functions
31 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
32 perlvar Perl predefined variables
33 perlsub Perl subroutines
34 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
35 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
36 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
38 perllocale Perl locale support
40 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
41 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
42 perldsc Perl data structures intro
43 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
44 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
45 perltootc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
47 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
48 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
49 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
50 perlfork Perl fork() information
51 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
52 perldbmfilter Perl DBM Filters
54 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
55 perldebug Perl debugging
56 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
58 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
59 perlport Perl portability guide
60 perlstyle Perl style guide
62 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
63 perlbook Perl book information
65 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
66 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
67 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
68 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
69 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
70 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
72 perltodo Perl things to do
73 perlhack Perl hackers guide
74 perlhist Perl history records
76 (If you're intending to read these straight through for the first time,
77 the suggested order will tend to reduce the number of forward references.)
79 By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
80 F</usr/local/man/> directory.
82 Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
83 default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
84 in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
85 subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
86 documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
87 documentation for third-party modules there.
89 You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
90 program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
91 files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
92 configuration has installed the manpages, type:
96 If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
97 and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
98 (F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
99 environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
102 If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
103 supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
104 also look into getting a replacement man program.
106 If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
107 sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
108 will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
112 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
113 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
114 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
115 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
116 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
119 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
120 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
121 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
122 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
123 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
124 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
125 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
126 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
127 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
128 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
129 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
130 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
131 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
132 files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
133 through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
136 If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
137 B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
138 and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
139 you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
140 scripts into Perl scripts.
142 But wait, there's more...
144 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
145 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
149 =item * modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
151 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
153 =item * embeddable and extensible
155 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
156 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
158 =item * roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM implementations)
160 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
162 =item * subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
164 Described in L<perlsub>.
166 =item * arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
168 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
170 =item * object-oriented programming
172 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perltoot>, and L<perlbot>.
174 =item * compilability into C code or Perl bytecode
176 Described in L<B> and L<B::Bytecode>.
178 =item * support for light-weight processes (threads)
180 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<Thread>.
182 =item * support for internationalization, localization, and Unicode
184 Described in L<perllocale> and L<utf8>.
186 =item * lexical scoping
188 Described in L<perlsub>.
190 =item * regular expression enhancements
192 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
194 =item * enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment, with integrated editor support
196 Described in L<perldebug>.
198 =item * POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
200 Described in L<POSIX>.
204 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
208 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
209 all Unix-like platforms.
211 As of May 1999, the following platforms are able to build Perl
212 from the standard source code distribution available at
213 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/index.html
215 AIX Linux SCO ODT/OSR
219 DG/UX NextSTEP Tru64 UNIX 3)
220 DomainOS OpenBSD Ultrix
221 DOS DJGPP 1) OpenSTEP UNICOS
224 HP-UX PowerMAX Windows 3.1 1)
225 Hurd QNX Windows 95 1) 4)
226 IRIX Windows 98 1) 4)
229 1) in DOS mode either the DOS or OS/2 ports can be used
230 2) formerly known as MVS
231 3) formerly known as Digital UNIX and before that DEC OSF/1
232 4) compilers: Borland, Cygwin, Mingw32 EGCS/GCC, VC++
234 The following platforms have been known to build Perl from source,
235 but we haven't been able to verify their status for the current release,
236 either because the hardware/software platforms are rare or
237 because we don't have an active champion on these platforms--or both.
240 AmigaOS GENIX PowerUX
241 ConvexOS Greenhills RISC/os
243 DC/OSx MachTen 68k SVR2
246 Dynix NEWS-OS UNICOS/mk
247 EP/IX Opus Unisys Dynix
250 Support for the following platforms is planned for the next major
258 The following platforms have their own source code distributions and
259 binaries available via http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/index.html.
266 Tandem Guardian 5.004
268 The following platforms have only binaries available via
269 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/index.html.
273 Acorn RISCOS 5.005_02
283 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
285 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
286 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
287 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
288 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
292 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
296 a2p awk to perl translator
297 s2p sed to perl translator
299 http://www.perl.com/ the Perl Home Page
300 http://www.perl.com/CPAN the Comphrehensive Perl Archive
304 The B<-w> switch produces some lovely diagnostics.
306 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
307 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
308 and errors into these longer forms.
310 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
311 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
312 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
313 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
315 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
316 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
318 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
323 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
325 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
326 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
327 output with sprintf().
329 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
330 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
333 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
334 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
335 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
336 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
337 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
338 affected by wraparound).
340 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
341 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
342 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.com . If you've succeeded
343 in compiling perl, the perlbug script in the utils/ subdirectory
344 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
346 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
347 don't tell anyone I said that.
351 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
352 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
354 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
355 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.