3 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTuU> ]> S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
8 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ]>
11 S<[ B<-P> ]> S<[ B<-S> ]> S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]>
12 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ]
13 [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
15 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several
18 perl Perl overview (this section)
19 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
20 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
21 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
22 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
23 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
25 perldata Perl data structures
27 perlop Perl operators and precedence
28 perlre Perl regular expressions
29 perlrun Perl execution and options
30 perlfunc Perl builtin functions
31 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
32 perlvar Perl predefined variables
33 perlsub Perl subroutines
34 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
35 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
36 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
38 perllocale Perl locale support
40 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
41 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
42 perldsc Perl data structures intro
43 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
44 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
45 perltootc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
47 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
48 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
49 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
50 perlfork Perl fork() information
51 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
52 perldbmfilter Perl DBM Filters
54 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
55 perldebug Perl debugging
56 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
58 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
59 perlport Perl portability guide
60 perlstyle Perl style guide
62 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
63 perlbook Perl book information
65 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
66 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
67 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
68 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
69 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
70 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
71 perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
72 perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
74 perltodo Perl things to do
75 perlhack Perl hackers guide
76 perlhist Perl history records
78 (If you're intending to read these straight through for the first time,
79 the suggested order will tend to reduce the number of forward references.)
81 By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
82 F</usr/local/man/> directory.
84 Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
85 default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
86 in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
87 subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
88 documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
89 documentation for third-party modules there.
91 You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
92 program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
93 files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
94 configuration has installed the manpages, type:
98 If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
99 and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
100 (F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
101 environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
104 If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
105 supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
106 also look into getting a replacement man program.
108 If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
109 sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
110 will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
114 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
115 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
116 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
117 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
118 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
121 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
122 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
123 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
124 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
125 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
126 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
127 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
128 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
129 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
130 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
131 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
132 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
133 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
134 files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
135 through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
138 If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
139 B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
140 and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
141 you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
142 scripts into Perl scripts.
144 But wait, there's more...
146 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
147 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
151 =item * modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
153 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
155 =item * embeddable and extensible
157 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
158 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
160 =item * roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM implementations)
162 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
164 =item * subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
166 Described in L<perlsub>.
168 =item * arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
170 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
172 =item * object-oriented programming
174 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perltoot>, and L<perlbot>.
176 =item * compilability into C code or Perl bytecode
178 Described in L<B> and L<B::Bytecode>.
180 =item * support for light-weight processes (threads)
182 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<Thread>.
184 =item * support for internationalization, localization, and Unicode
186 Described in L<perllocale> and L<utf8>.
188 =item * lexical scoping
190 Described in L<perlsub>.
192 =item * regular expression enhancements
194 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
196 =item * enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment, with integrated editor support
198 Described in L<perldebug>.
200 =item * POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
202 Described in L<POSIX>.
206 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
210 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
211 all Unix-like platforms.
213 As of May 1999, the following platforms are able to build Perl
214 from the standard source code distribution available at
215 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/index.html
217 AIX Linux SCO ODT/OSR
221 DG/UX NextSTEP Tru64 UNIX 3)
222 DomainOS OpenBSD Ultrix
223 DOS DJGPP 1) OpenSTEP UNICOS
226 HP-UX PowerMAX Windows 3.1 1)
227 Hurd QNX Windows 95 1) 4)
228 IRIX Windows 98 1) 4)
231 1) in DOS mode either the DOS or OS/2 ports can be used
232 2) formerly known as MVS
233 3) formerly known as Digital UNIX and before that DEC OSF/1
234 4) compilers: Borland, Cygwin, Mingw32 EGCS/GCC, VC++
236 The following platforms have been known to build Perl from source,
237 but we haven't been able to verify their status for the current release,
238 either because the hardware/software platforms are rare or
239 because we don't have an active champion on these platforms--or both.
242 AmigaOS GENIX PowerUX
243 ConvexOS Greenhills RISC/os
245 DC/OSx MachTen 68k SVR2
248 Dynix NEWS-OS UNICOS/mk
249 EP/IX Opus Unisys Dynix
252 Support for the following platforms is planned for the next major
260 The following platforms have their own source code distributions and
261 binaries available via http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/index.html.
268 Tandem Guardian 5.004
270 The following platforms have only binaries available via
271 http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/index.html.
275 Acorn RISCOS 5.005_02
285 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
287 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
288 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
289 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
290 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
294 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
298 a2p awk to perl translator
299 s2p sed to perl translator
301 http://www.perl.com/ the Perl Home Page
302 http://www.perl.com/CPAN the Comprehensive Perl Archive
306 The B<-w> switch produces some lovely diagnostics.
308 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
309 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
310 and errors into these longer forms.
312 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
313 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
314 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
315 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
317 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
318 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
320 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
325 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
327 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
328 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
329 output with sprintf().
331 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
332 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
335 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
336 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
337 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
338 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
339 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
340 affected by wraparound).
342 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
343 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
344 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.com . If you've succeeded
345 in compiling perl, the perlbug script in the utils/ subdirectory
346 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
348 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
349 don't tell anyone I said that.
353 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
354 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
356 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
357 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.