3 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTuU> ]> S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
8 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ]>
11 S<[ B<-P> ]> S<[ B<-S> ]> S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]>
12 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ]
13 [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
15 If you're new to Perl, you should start with L<perlintro>, which is a
16 general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you
17 navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.
19 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
23 perl Perl overview (this section)
24 perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
25 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
29 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
30 perldsc Perl data structures intro
31 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
33 perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
34 perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
36 perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
37 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
38 perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
39 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
41 perlstyle Perl style guide
43 perlcheat Perl cheat sheet
44 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
45 perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
47 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
48 perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
49 perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
50 perlfaq3 Programming Tools
51 perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
52 perlfaq5 Files and Formats
54 perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
55 perlfaq8 System Interaction
58 =head2 Reference Manual
61 perldata Perl data structures
62 perlop Perl operators and precedence
63 perlsub Perl subroutines
64 perlfunc Perl built-in functions
65 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
66 perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
67 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
68 perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
69 perlrun Perl execution and options
70 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
71 perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
72 perldebug Perl debugging
73 perlvar Perl predefined variables
74 perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
75 perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
76 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
79 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
80 perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
82 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
83 perlfork Perl fork() information
84 perlnumber Perl number semantics
86 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
87 perlothrtut Old Perl threads tutorial
89 perlport Perl portability guide
90 perllocale Perl locale support
91 perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
92 perlunicode Perl Unicode support
93 perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
97 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
98 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
99 perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
100 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
101 perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
103 perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
105 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
107 perlfilter Perl source filters
109 =head2 Internals and C Language Interface
111 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
112 perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
113 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
114 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
115 perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
116 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
117 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
119 perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
120 perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
121 perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
122 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
124 perlhack Perl hackers guide
128 perlbook Perl book information
129 perltodo Perl things to do
131 perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
133 perlhist Perl history records
134 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
135 perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2
136 perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1
137 perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0
138 perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6
139 perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5
140 perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4
141 perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3
142 perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2
143 perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1
144 perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
145 perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3
146 perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2
147 perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1
148 perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0
149 perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
150 perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
151 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
152 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
154 perlartistic Perl Artistic License
155 perlgpl GNU General Public License
157 =head2 Language-Specific
159 perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
160 perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
161 perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
162 perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
164 =head2 Platform-Specific
166 perlaix Perl notes for AIX
167 perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
168 perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
169 perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS
170 perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
171 perlce Perl notes for WinCE
172 perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
173 perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX
174 perldos Perl notes for DOS
175 perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
176 perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
177 perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
178 perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
179 perlirix Perl notes for Irix
180 perlmachten Perl notes for Power MachTen
181 perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
182 perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X
183 perlmint Perl notes for MiNT
184 perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
185 perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
186 perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
187 perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
188 perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
189 perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
190 perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
191 perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
192 perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
193 perluts Perl notes for UTS
194 perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
195 perlvms Perl notes for VMS
196 perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
197 perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
200 By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
201 F</usr/local/man/> directory.
203 Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
204 default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
205 in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
206 subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
207 documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
208 documentation for third-party modules there.
210 You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
211 program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
212 files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
213 configuration has installed the manpages, type:
217 If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
218 and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
219 (F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
220 environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
223 If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
224 supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
225 also look into getting a replacement man program.
227 If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
228 sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
229 will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
233 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
234 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
235 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
236 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
237 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
240 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
241 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
242 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
243 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
244 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
245 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
246 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
247 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
248 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
249 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
250 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
251 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
252 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
253 files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
254 through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
257 If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
258 B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
259 and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
260 you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
261 scripts into Perl scripts.
263 But wait, there's more...
265 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
266 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
272 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
274 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
278 embeddable and extensible
280 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
281 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
285 roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM
288 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
292 subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
294 Described in L<perlsub>.
298 arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
300 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
304 object-oriented programming
306 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
311 support for light-weight processes (threads)
313 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>.
317 support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization
319 Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>.
325 Described in L<perlsub>.
329 regular expression enhancements
331 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
335 enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
336 with integrated editor support
338 Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.
342 POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
344 Described in L<POSIX>.
348 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
352 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
353 all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
362 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
364 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
365 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
366 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
367 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
371 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
375 a2p awk to perl translator
376 s2p sed to perl translator
378 http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage
379 http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly Media)
380 http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
381 http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
385 The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
388 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
389 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
390 and errors into these longer forms.
392 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
393 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
394 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
395 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
397 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
398 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
400 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
405 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
407 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
408 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
409 output with sprintf().
411 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
412 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
415 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
416 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
417 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
418 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
419 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
420 affected by wraparound).
422 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
423 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
424 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded
425 in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
426 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
428 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
429 don't tell anyone I said that.
433 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
434 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
436 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
437 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.