3 perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
7 B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]>
8 S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
9 S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
10 S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]>
11 S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]>
12 S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]>
15 S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]>
16 S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
18 If you're new to Perl, you should start with L<perlintro>, which is a
19 general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you
20 navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.
22 For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
26 perl Perl overview (this section)
27 perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
28 perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
32 perlreftut Perl references short introduction
33 perldsc Perl data structures intro
34 perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
36 perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
37 perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
39 perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
40 perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
41 perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
42 perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
44 perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques
46 perlstyle Perl style guide
48 perlcheat Perl cheat sheet
49 perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
50 perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
52 perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
53 perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
54 perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
55 perlfaq3 Programming Tools
56 perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
57 perlfaq5 Files and Formats
59 perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
60 perlfaq8 System Interaction
63 =head2 Reference Manual
66 perldata Perl data structures
67 perlop Perl operators and precedence
68 perlsub Perl subroutines
69 perlfunc Perl built-in functions
70 perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
71 perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
72 perlpod Perl plain old documentation
73 perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
74 perlrun Perl execution and options
75 perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
76 perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
77 perldebug Perl debugging
78 perlvar Perl predefined variables
79 perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
80 perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences
81 perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes
82 perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
83 perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
86 perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
87 perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
89 perlipc Perl interprocess communication
90 perlfork Perl fork() information
91 perlnumber Perl number semantics
93 perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
94 perlothrtut Old Perl threads tutorial
96 perlport Perl portability guide
97 perllocale Perl locale support
98 perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
99 perlunicode Perl Unicode support
100 perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ
101 perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial
102 perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
104 perlsec Perl security
106 perlmod Perl modules: how they work
107 perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
108 perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
109 perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
110 perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
111 perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma
113 perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
115 perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
117 perlfilter Perl source filters
119 perlglossary Perl Glossary
121 =head2 Internals and C Language Interface
123 perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
124 perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
125 perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
126 perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
127 perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
128 perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
129 perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
130 perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface
131 perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals
133 perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
134 perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
135 perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
136 perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
138 perlhack Perl hackers guide
139 perlrepository Perl source repository
143 perlbook Perl book information
144 perlcommunity Perl community information
145 perltodo Perl things to do
147 perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
149 perlhist Perl history records
150 perldelta Perl changes since previous version
151 perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0
152 perl595delta Perl changes in version 5.9.5
153 perl594delta Perl changes in version 5.9.4
154 perl593delta Perl changes in version 5.9.3
155 perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2
156 perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1
157 perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0
158 perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8
159 perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7
160 perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6
161 perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5
162 perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4
163 perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3
164 perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2
165 perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1
166 perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
167 perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3
168 perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2
169 perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1
170 perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0
171 perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
172 perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
173 perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
174 perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
176 perlartistic Perl Artistic License
177 perlgpl GNU General Public License
179 =head2 Language-Specific
181 perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
182 perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
183 perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
184 perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
186 =head2 Platform-Specific
188 perlaix Perl notes for AIX
189 perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
190 perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
191 perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS
192 perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
193 perlce Perl notes for WinCE
194 perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
195 perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX
196 perldos Perl notes for DOS
197 perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
198 perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
199 perlhaiku Perl notes for Haiku
200 perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
201 perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
202 perlirix Perl notes for Irix
203 perllinux Perl notes for Linux
204 perlmachten Perl notes for Power MachTen
205 perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
206 perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X
207 perlmint Perl notes for MiNT
208 perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
209 perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
210 perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD
211 perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
212 perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
213 perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
214 perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
215 perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
216 perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS
217 perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
218 perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian
219 perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
220 perluts Perl notes for UTS
221 perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
222 perlvms Perl notes for VMS
223 perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
224 perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
227 By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
228 F</usr/local/man/> directory.
230 Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
231 default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
232 in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
233 subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
234 documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
235 documentation for third-party modules there.
237 You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
238 program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
239 files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
240 configuration has installed the manpages, type:
244 If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
245 and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
246 (F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
247 environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
250 If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
251 supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
252 also look into getting a replacement man program.
254 If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
255 sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
256 will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
260 Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
261 text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
262 reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
263 system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
264 (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
267 Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
268 features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
269 those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
270 historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
271 BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
272 expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
273 arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
274 Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
275 unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
276 "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
277 performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
278 scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
279 scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
280 files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
281 through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
284 If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
285 B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
286 and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
287 you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
288 scripts into Perl scripts.
290 But wait, there's more...
292 Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
293 rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
299 modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
301 Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
305 embeddable and extensible
307 Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
308 L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
312 roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM
315 Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
319 subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
321 Described in L<perlsub>.
325 arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
327 Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
331 object-oriented programming
333 Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
338 support for light-weight processes (threads)
340 Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>.
344 support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization
346 Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>.
352 Described in L<perlsub>.
356 regular expression enhancements
358 Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
362 enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
363 with integrated editor support
365 Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.
369 POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
371 Described in L<POSIX>.
375 Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
379 Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
380 all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
389 Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
391 If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
392 who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
393 or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
394 Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
398 "@INC" locations of perl libraries
402 a2p awk to perl translator
403 s2p sed to perl translator
405 http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage
406 http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly)
407 http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
408 http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
412 The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
415 See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
416 diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
417 and errors into these longer forms.
419 Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
420 indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
421 (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
422 B<-e> is counted as one line.)
424 Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
425 messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
427 Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
432 The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
434 Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
435 operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
436 output with sprintf().
438 If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
439 particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
442 While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
443 (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
444 given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
445 displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
446 so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
447 affected by wraparound).
449 You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
450 information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
451 tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded
452 in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
453 can be used to help mail in a bug report.
455 Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
456 don't tell anyone I said that.
460 The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
461 how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
463 The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
464 Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.